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Human Communication
Judy C. Pearson
Paul E. Nelson
Scott Titsworth
Lynn Harter
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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PART ONE
Fundamentals of Communication Studies
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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CHAPTER
1
Human Communication:
The Essentials
• Chapter Summary
•Communication is Essential
•Communication: The Process of Exchanging
Meaning
•Communication Principles
•Components of Communication
•How Does Communication Occur?
•What are Communication Contexts?
•What are the Goals of Communication Study?
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Communication is Essential
• Studying communication can...
•Improve the way you see yourself
•Improve the way others see you
•Increase what you know about human
relationships
Continued...
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Communication is Essential
• Studying communication can...
•Teach you important life skills
•Help you exercise your constitutionally
guaranteed freedom of speech
•Help you succeed professionally
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Communication: the Process of
Exchanging Meaning
•Communication is the process by which
meaning is exchanged between individuals
through a common system of symbols, signs,
and behavior.
•Communication is considered a process
because it is an activity, an exchange, or a set of
behaviors that occurs over time--it is not an
unchanging product.
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Communication: the Process of
Exchanging Meaning
•Meaning is the shared understanding of the
message constructed in the minds of the
communicators.
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Communication Principles
• Communication Begins with the Self
“Every individual exists in a continually
changing world of experience of which he [or
she] is the center.”
Continued...
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Communication Principles
• Communication Begins with the Self
•Barnlund’s six-person concept:
1. How you view yourself
2. How you view the other person.
3 How you believe the other person views you.
4. How the other person views himself or herself.
5. How the other person views you.
6. How the other person believes you view him or her.
Continued...
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Communication Principles
Insert Figure 1.1 Here
Figure 1.1: Barnlund’s “six people” involved in every two-person communication.
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Communication Principles
• Communication Involves Others
•A dialogue is the act of taking part in a
conversation, discussion, or negotiation.
•The competent communicator considers the
other person’s needs and expectations.
•Communication begins with the self, as define
largely by others, and involves others, as
defined largely by the self.
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Communication Principles
• Communication is Complicated
•Communication involves choices about the multiple
aspects of the message:
--verbal, nonverbal, and behavioral aspects,
--choices surrounding transmission channels used
--characteristics of the speaker
--relationship between speaker and audience
--characteristics of the audience
--the situation in which the communication occurs
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Communication Principles
• An Increased Quantity of Communication
Does Not Increase the Quality of
Communciation
• “Communication is Inevitable, Irreversible,
and Unrepeatable”
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Components of Communication
• People
•The source initiates the message
•The receiver is the intended target of the message
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Components of Communication
• Message
•The message is the verbal and nonverbal form of the
idea, thought, or feeling that one person (the source)
wishes to communicate to another person or group of
people (the receiver).
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Components of Communication
• Channel
•The channel is the means by which a message
moves from the source to the receiver of the message.
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Components of Communication
• Feedback
•Feedback is the receiver’s verbal and nonverbal
response to the source’s message.
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Components of Communication
• Code
•A code is a systematic arrangement of symbols used
to create meanings in the mind of another person or
persons.
--Syntax are rules of arrangement of code.
--Grammar are rules of function of code.
• Verbal and nonverbal codes are the two types of
codes used in communication.
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Components of Communication
• Encoding and Decoding
•Encoding is the act of putting an idea or a thought
into a code.
•Decoding is assigning meaning to that idea or
thought.
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Components of Communication
• Noise
•Noise is any interference in the encoding and
decoding processes that reduces the clarity of a
message.
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How Does Communication
Occur?
•The Action Model
•The Interaction Model
•The Transaction Model
•The Constructivist Model
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How Does Communication
Occur?
Insert Figure 1.2 Here
Figure 1.2: Perspectives on communication.
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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What Are Communication
Contexts?
•Intrapersonal Communication
•Interpersonal Communication
•Public Communication
•Mass Communication
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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What Are Communication
Contexts?
Insert Table 1.1 Here
Table 1.1: Differences Among Communication Contexts.
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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What Are The Goals of
Communication Study?
•Effective Communications
•Ethical Communication
•The Nine Commandments of
Communication Ethics
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.