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BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW--FALL 2008
SB4 Ecology
Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within
their ecosystems
1. What is the focus of study of each of the following: anatomy, biochemistry, ecology, genetics ?
2. producer → primary consumer→ secondary consumer → tertiary consumer Define and distinguish between food
chain and food web. What is the term that describes the levels in a food chain? What types of organisms are the primary
consumers (are they herbivores , carnivores, or decomposers?)
3. The first organism in most food chains is uses the energy of the sun to make its food in a process called
_____________________, but some bacteria use chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide to produce carbohydrates in a process
called ______________________ and do not require sunlight to live.
4. An ___________________ makes its own food. Organisms that use sunlight as their energy source are
_________________________ and include plants, algae, and some bacteria. A _______________ ___ must rely on other
organisms for its own food. This group of organisms includes animals, fungi, most bacteria, and many protists.
5.
Know these terms: herbivore, carnivore, scavenger, detritivore, decomposer, predator, prey
6. What is a population? A community?
7. In a natural community, all the living things that directly or indirectly affect the environment are known as ____________
factors. Plants and animals and their interactions and nutritional relationships are examples of these factors. Nonliving things
such as water, temperature, pH, gases, etc. in an ecosystem are called _____________ factors. An ecosystem involves
interactions between both of these factors. Be able to identify examples of each of these factors.
8. Ecological pyramids include energy pyramids, biomass pyramids, and pyramids of numbers. A typical energy pyramid has
a large section at the base and sections that become progressively smaller above. This is because only about 10% of the
energy of each trophic level is passed to the next. Which trophic level will receive the largest amount of its energy directly
from the sun?
9. Not all ecological pyramids are shaped like a pyramid: some are inverted triangles or even diamonds, and both biomass
pyramids and pyramids of numbers may have these odd shapes. What is biomass and which trophic level will have the
greatest biomass?
10. The term biodiversity refers to the sum total of the variety of ____________________ in the biosphere.
11.
fox
Identify the primary consumers in the diagram by drawing a circle around them.
snake
Identify the secondary consumers by drawing a rectangle around them.
frog
Identify the tertiary consumers by drawing a triangle around them.
insects
Oak tree
mice
grass
rabbit
lettuce
In the diagram to the left, which organism is classified as both a primary and a
secondary consumer?
Which three organisms are competing for the same food source?
10. The relationship between two species that need the same resources for survival is called ___________. One species
will be better at obtaining the resources, resulting in a decline in the number of individuals in the other population.
11. Distinguish between these relationships: symbiosis, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism
12. Define niche.
13. Ecological succession describes the predictable change in species in an area over time. Which type of succession
begins on bare rock? Which type of succession begins where soil already exists?
14. What are pioneer organisms? What is a climax community?
15. In which biome would mostly deciduous trees such as oak, hickory, and maple trees be found?
16. Which biome is characterized by very low temperatures, little precipitation, and permafrost?
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17. What characteristic animals would be found in the biome that has cold to moderate winters, warm summers, fertile
soils, and is home to a variety of vegetation, such as coniferous trees, broadleaf deciduous trees, flowering shrubs,
and ferns?
18. Which biome do we live in?
19. Which biome has the greatest biological diversity?
20. _________ and __________ are the most common standing-water ecosystems; while rivers and streams make up
_______________________ ecosystems.
21. What kind of water is found in an estuary?
26. Population size generally increases as long as resources are plentiful and the birth rate
exceeds the death rate. As resources in a population become less available, populatio n
growth slows and levels out as indicated in the graph. What is the term that describes the
maximu m number of individuals that an ecosystem can sustain?
The number of organisms that enter (immigration) or leave (emigration) a population also
affects the size of a population.
27. What two factors allow a population to increase in size? Decrease?
28. Label the graphs as representing exponential or logistic
growth
29. Name three renewable resources. Name an important resource that is nonrenewable.
30. Study the carbon cycle. In what form is carbon found in the atmosphere? (hint: plants use this gas for photosynthesis)
What processes release carbon into the atmosphere? [hints: (1) all organisms need to be able to use the energy from
their food (2) human actions are responsible for much of the carbon that is added to the atmosphere]
31. What is the term for the natural phenomenon that maintains Earth’s temperature range when certain gases reflect heat
back to the Earth’s surface?
32. What is the term for the increase in Earth's average temperature caused by the buildup of carbon dioxide and other
gases in the atmosphere? What can we do to slow the buildup of CO 2 in the atmosphere?
33. Power plants that burn coal with a high sulfur content have a negative impact on the environment, including damage to
forests and aquatic ecosystems. What environmental problem is caused by these coal-burning power plants?
34. Which animal has modified ecosystems more than any other animal and has had the greatest negative impact on world
ecosystems?
35. One of the greatest threats today to biological diversity is the destruction of the places that organisms live. What is the
term that describes the place where an organism lives?
36. Define endangered species.
37. What chemical that is released into the atmosphere by human actions is the major cause of ozone depletion?
38. The water cycle includes several steps including the uptake of water through the roots of plants and the release of
water vapor to the atmosphere by plants. What is the name of the process by whic h plants release water vapor to the
atmosphere?
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SB1c Macromolecules- FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Identify the function of the four major macromolecules
1. What element is found in ALL organic compounds?
2. What are the 4 major macromolecules found in living things?
3. Which type of organic compound is produced during photosynthesis and is the main source of energy for living things?
What are the monomers (subunits) of these compounds called?
4. Cellulose, sugar, starch, glycogen and chitin are examples of which ty pe of macromolecule?
5. What type of organism contains cellulose in its cell walls?
6. Like other macromolecules, proteins are composed of monomers. What are the monomers of proteins called?
7. Proteins perform a variety of functions in a cell. The function of a special group of proteins is to speed up the chemical
reactions of metabolism. What are proteins that do this called?
8.
There are two types of nucleic acids. What are the 2 types of nucleic acids , and what is the function of each type?
9. What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
10. Oils, fats, and steroids do not dissolve in water. To which group of macromolecules do they belong?
11. Review the structure of the plasma membrane. What type of organic molecule found in plasma membranes forms the
bilayer?
What type of organic molecule found in plasma membranes acts as channels and pumps to
move substances across the membrane?
12. Carbohydrates and lipids both serve as a source of energy in living things. Which of these macromolecules releases more
energy when metabolized?
SB1d Water
Explain the Impact of Water on Life Processes
1. What is diffusion? Is energy required in this process?
2. What is osmosis? Is energy required in this process?
3. The large ovals in the diagram below represent cells in a solution. The hexagons represent dissolved solutes. The solutes
cannot cross the cell membrane.
solution A
solution B
solution C
Identify each solution as hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic.
Indicate the direction in which water will move across the membrane in each diagram and tell whether the cell will swell,
shrink, or stay the same.
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4. When an animal cell is placed in fresh water, it will burst. What does osmotic pressure (the pressure of the water against
the membrane) have to do with this ?
5. Does the process illustrated below require energy?________ How do you know? What does the circled structure
represent?_______________________ What is the name of the process? ___________________________________
For what reasons would the solute need to go through the circle structure instead of th rough the phospholipid
bilayer?_____________________________________________________________________
solutes
6. Define homeostasis.
Some single-celled organisms have a structure called the ________________ __________________ , which pumps excess
water out of the organism, thus maintaining homoeostasis by keeping a constant water balance within the cell.
25. Some materials are too large to enter or leave a cell through the cell membrane by diffusion or facilitated diffusion. Large
food particles may enter the cell by one of these processes, and waste products may leave by the other method. The
diagrams below illustrate the processes by which these materials enter or leave the cell. Label each diagram with the
term that describes the process illustrated.
Do these processes require energy?
26. Refer to the illustration below: Are the H+ ions being transported from a region of high to low concentration or from a
region of low to high concentration? Does the process illustrated below require energy? Is it active or passive
transport?
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SB1b Enzymes-Final Review
Explain how enzymes function as catalysts
1. Enzymes work with specific substrates. What model attempts to explain this mechanism of enzyme specificity?
2. Enzymes influence chemical reactions in living systems by decreasing the activation energy needed for chemical
reactions to occur. How does this affect the rate at which reactions occur?
3. The graph provided for you below is labeled.
Be able to interpret an unlabeled graph that shows the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction when an
enzyme is present and when no enzyme is present. In the graph below, circle the double-arrowed line that represents the
amount of energy required when an enzyme is used. Compare this energy to that needed when no enzyme is present. Will
this chemical reaction occur more quickly when the enzyme is present or when it is not present?
4. Recognize an enzyme, substrate and products in a picture as shown below. Note that substrate s bind to the active sites of
enzymes where they are converted into products. Circle the active site of the enzyme in the first picture below. Choose
any color and color the substrate.
6. What are 3 factors that affect the functioning of enzymes?
(be able to interpret graphs such as those shown above to identify the optimum conditions at which an enzyme might function )
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SB3a Photosynthesis – Final Review
Explain the cycling of energy through the process of photosynthesis and respiration
1.
Draw and label an ATP molecule. What is the difference in ADP and ATP?
2.
How is energy released from ATP?
3.
What is the ultimate original source of energy for all living things on Earth?
4.
What is the process that plants use to capture energy and make complex molecules such as glucose?
5.
Write the equation for photosynthesis?
6.
What is raised to a higher energy level (gets excited) and leaves the pigment to travel along a series of proteins in the
thylakoid membrane when pigment molecules such as chlorophyll absorb light energy? What is the series of proteins
along which it travels called?
7.
NADP+ is important in photosynthesis because the energy it carries is used to produce organic molecules such as
glucose. The molecule carries energy when a hydrogen ion and a high energy _______________ are attached to
NADP+, producing NADH.
8.
What substance in the atmosphere enters the food chain through photosynthesis and provides the carbon that is used to
make all organic molecules?
9.
Define autotroph and heterotroph.
10. Consider the formula for photosynthesis. What gas is produced by plants?
11. Consider the formula for photosynthesis. If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant's environment, what would
happen to the plant's production of high-energy sugars? What other environmental factors might affect
photosynthesis?
SB3a Respiration – Final Review
Explain the cycling of energy through the process of photosynthesis and respiration
1.
Write the correct equation for cellular respiration.
2.
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are almost opposite processes: _______________ removes carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere, and _________________ _______________ puts it back into the atmosphere.
3.
What is broken down to release energy during cellular respiration?
4.
List the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration:
5.
_________________ ____________________  _________________________
6.
During which part of cellular respiration is the most energy released?
7.
Define aerobic and anaerobic. Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?
8.
During cellular respiration in eukaryotes, where does electron transport take place?
9.
What is the name of the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of
oxygen?
10. What step occurs in both fermentation and cellular respiration?
11. Which type of fermentation occurs when muscles are exercised extensively in the absence of sufficient oxygen ?
What is the product that builds up in muscles and causes soreness following exercise?
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SB1a Organelles– Final Review
Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including cell membrane,
in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction
1.
All cells contain cytoplasm, which is surrounded by a _________ _________________. What are the functions of
this structure?
2.
Eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes. Prokaryotes do not have a ____________________. Eukaryotes are generally
much larger, and the _____________ of eukaryotes is contained within a _____________________. In addition, they
contain membrane-bound ____________________ that carry out various functions for t he cell.
3.
Are cell walls found in prokaryotes?
4.
Organelles help to maintain stable conditions within a cell. What is the process of maintaining stable internal
conditions called? ___________________________ How does the cell membrane help to maintain stable conditions
within a cell?
5.
Which organelle contains enzymes that help to break down food and worn-out organelles?
6.
Which organelle found in plants and algae functions to convert the energy of the sun into chemical energy that is
used as food? ___________________________ What is this process called?
7.
What are saclike structures that that cells often use to store materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
called?
8.
What is the main function of the cell wall?
9.
What kingdom of organisms contains only organisms that lack cell walls?
10. On what organelle are proteins made, and where in the cell are these organelles located?
11. The nucleus of eukaryotic cells is important because it contains DNA. Why is DNA important to cells?
12. What organelle converts food into compounds that the cell uses for growth, development, and movement?
Do all eukaryotic cells undergo this process of converting food into different chemical compounds?
What is the name of the process , and what chemical compound is produced and used by the cell to start most chemical
reactions?
13. What organelle that is found in animals (but not plants) functions during cell division to separate the chromosomes?
14. What structures do plant cells have that are not found in animal cells?
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15. Identify and name the numbered structure in the diagram above which immediately identifies this cell as a eukaryote.
16. Identify and name the numbered structure in the diagram above which helps to break down glucose into ATP?
17. Identify and name the numbered structure in the diagram above which contains enzymes that attach carbohydrates
and lipids to proteins and sends them to their final destinations.
18. Identify and name the numbered structure in the diagram above which assembles components of the cell membrane
and modifies some proteins.
19. Identify and name the numbered structure in the diagram above which controls what enters and leaves the cell.
20. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
21. In _____________________________ organisms, cells exhibit cellular specialization in whic h cells are specialized
to perform particular functions. The cells of ________________________ are not specialized and must carry out all
of the functions of life.
22. List the levels of specialization found in multicellular organisms:
cells → ______________________ → _____________________ → _______________ ________________ → organism
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SB3c, SB3b, & SB3d Taxonomy/ Kingdoms & Viruses – Final Review
Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems
Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms
Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms
1. _______________ is defined as the science of grouping organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary
history.
2. Which word in the scientific name Dermacenter variablis is the genus? ________________________ Which word is the
species?_______________________
3. List the biological hierarchy of taxons in the correct order from most diverse to least diverse:
4. A genus is composed of a number of related ______________. An order consists of a number of related
___________________. A class is composed of a number of related _________________.A kingdom is composed of a
number of related ________________.
5. The most general and largest category in Linnaeus’s system is the _______________. The most specific and smallest
category in Linnaeus’ system is the ___________________.
6. Scientists assign each kind of organism a universally accepted name in the system known as ______________________
______________________.
7. Today, biologists classify organisms not only by their physical similarities, but also by ___________________ and
behavioral similarities.
8. A diagram such as the one to the right is called a
______________________. In this diagram, tissue
formation and vascular bundles are traits that are shared by
some species but are not present in others. These traits are
called _________________ ___________________ and
indicate close evolutionary relationships among the
organisms that share the traits.
9. Define autotrophic, heterotrophic, prokaryotic, & eukaryotic
10. List the kingdoms that contain eukaryotes:
11. List the kingdoms that contain prokaryotes:
12. An organism that is unicellular, heterotrophic, has cell walls containing peptidoglycan, and does not contain a nucleus
belongs to the kingdom ______________________.
13. Which prokaryotic kingdom contains organisms that are often found in extreme environments?
14. Which kingdoms contain organisms with cell walls?
Which kingdom contains no organisms with cell walls?
15. What carbohydrate is found in the cell walls of plants?
In the cell walls of fungi?
16. In which two kingdoms might a newly discovered organism that is multicellular, nucleated, and photoautotrophic be
placed? ___________________________________________ To which of these two kingdoms do MOST multicellular,
nucleated, photosynthetic organisms belong? __________________
17. You are exploring the deciduous forest and discover a new species that is multicellular, nucleated, and has cell walls
made of chitin. You also observe that it is a heterotroph that obtains food by absorbing nutrients from the environment. You
make your name in biological circles by placing it in the kingdom __________________ and naming it after yourself!
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18. To which kingdom would single-celled eukaryotes that are either heterotrophic or photosynthetic most likely
belong?___________________________
19. Eukaryotic, photoautotrophic, multicellular organisms with cell walls of cellulose belong to which kingdom?
20. The little kid next door is always bringing you organisms and asking you what they are. One day, he brings you a really
weird-looking specimen. After examining and observing it for several weeks, you have placed it into one of the six kingdoms.
Based on the following information, into what kingdom should it be placed? contains nuclei, consists of more than one cell,
moves, consumes other organisms for food, its cells do not have walls
21. Viruses are composed of protein and nucleic acid (either RNA or DNA). Fill in the blanks to describe how these two
macromolecules are organized to form a virus: Viruses are composed of __________ or _________ surrounded by a
_______________ coat.
22. List three ways that we know viruses are not alive.
SCSh Characteristics of Science – Final Review
1. Biology is the study of _________________
2. How many variables are isolated and tested in a controlled experiment?
3. In science, a hypothesis is useful only if it can be _____________.
4. What tool is used by biologists to produce magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided
eye?
5. What safety rule is the most important rule to follow when you are working with chemicals in general but especially
with volatile chemicals?
6. Controlled experiments are designed in science. You must be able to recognize and identify the manipulated
(independent) variable, the responding (dependent) variable and the control group in an experiment. Define:
manipulated variable, responding variable, controlled variables.
Several graphs and tables will be on the final exam. You must be able to interpret them. Be sure to read all
information that accompanies the graph or table, examine the data carefully, and answer the specific question that
is being asked.