GENERAL BIOLOGY II
LAB PRACTICAL II
ANIMALS & FUNGI - PHYLA & CLASSES
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General Biology II
Lab Practical 2 Presentation
Animals and Fungi
Phyla & Classes
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Kingdom Fungi
• Fungi are
–
–
–
–
Heterotrophic
Sessile
Sexual or Asexual Reproduction
Haploid
• Parts of a Fungus
–
–
–
–
Hyphae
Mycelium
Spores
Spore-Producing structures (zygosporangium,
basidiosporangium, etc)
– Cell Wall composed of chitin
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Chytridiomycota
Chytridiomycetes
Unicellular Molds
Sexual and Asexual
Reproduction
Zoospores
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Zygomycota
Zygomycetes - Bread Molds
Zygomycetes Have
Sporangia
Hyphae
Zygosporangia
Mycelia
Sexual and Asexual
Reproduction
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Ascomycota
Ascomycetes – Sac Fungi
Ascomycetes Have
Hyphae
Mycelium
Antheridium
Ascogonium
Ascocarp
Ascus
Ascospores
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Basidiomycota
Basidiomycetes – Club Fungi
Basidiomycetes Have
Hyphae
Mycelia
Mushrooms
Gills
Basidia
Basidiospores
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Fungi Imperfecta
Fungi Imperfecta
Asexual Reproduction
Example: Penicillin
Note: All Fungi have been moved to
other Phylums due to all fungi being
found to do sexual reproduction.
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Kingdom Animalia
• Animals are
– Heterotrophic
– Motile
– Diploid
– Sexual Reproduction
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Phylum Porifera
Phylum Porifera – Sponges
Poriferans Have
Asymmetry
Begin as larvae
Below tissue level of organization
Collar Cells (Choanocytes) – bring in nutrients
Amoebocytes – distribute nutrients, make
spicules
Spicules – calcium carbonate or silica spikes in
the extracellular matrix
Both sexual and asexual reproduction.
Spongocoel – central cavity of a sponge
Sessile as adult, Mobile as larvae
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Phylum Porifera
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Phylum Porifera
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Phylum Porifera
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Phylum Porifera – Class Calcarea
Calcareous Sponges
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Phylum Porifera – Class Hexactinellida
Glass Sponges
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Phylum Porifera – Class Demospongia
Bath Sponges
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Phylum Cnidaria
Cnidarians have
Radial Symmetry
Dimorphism
Begin as Polyps
Adults are medusa
Some have only a polyp or a medusa
stage
Ectoderm and Endoderm tissue
Mesoglia
Incomplete Digestive System
No coelom
Cnidocytes – stinging cells
Nematocysts
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Hydrozoa
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Phylum Cnidaria
Hydrocoral – Class Hydrozoa
Hydrozoans have both a
polyp and a medusa stage,
and live as colonial polyps.
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Phylum Cnidaria
Man of War – Class Hydrozoa
The man of war jellyfish is an
example of the medusa stage of
cnidarians
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Scyphozoa
True Jellyfish
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Scyphozoa
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Scyphozoa
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Phylum Cnidaria
Cassiopeia – Class Scyphozoa
Scyphozoans have only a medusa
stage or a very reduced polyp
stage.
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Cubozoa
Box Jellyfish
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Anthozoa
Sea Anemones, Sea Fans, Sea Pens, and Corals
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Anthozoa
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Phylum Cnidaria – Class Anthozoa
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Phylum Cnidaria
Sea Anemone – Class Anthozoa
Anthozoans only have a
polyp stage
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Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
- Corals are in the
phylum Cnidaria,
class Anthozoa
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Phylum Ctenophora
Comb Jellies
Comb plates – fused cillia
Colloblasts – adhesives cells
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Platyhelminthes
consists of flatworms,
tapeworms and flukes
They have
Bilateral Symmetry
Eye Spots with ganglia and
two ventral nerve cords
Incomplete digestive system
No segments
No coelom
Protostomes
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Turbellaria
Free living flatworms
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Turbellaria
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Turbellaria
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Cestoda
Tapeworms
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Trematoda
Parasitic Flukes
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Monogenea
Ectoparasitic flatworms
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Phylum Platyhelminthes – Class Monogenea
Monogenea are tiny flukes that
infect the outside of a host
Ectoparasitic flatworms
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Phylum Rotifera
Phylum Rotifera consists of
microscopic organisms with
some complex organ systems,
despite their tiny size
Rotifers have
Bilateral Symmetry
Complete Digestive System
Distinctive crown of cilia that
draws water into the mouth
Pseudocoelom
Ability to undergo
parthenogenesis
Protostome Development
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Phylum Rotifera
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Phylum Rotifera
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Phylum Mollusca
Phylum Mollusca includes
animals like clams, octopi,
snails, and mussels
Molluscs Have
Bilateral Symmetry
Complete digestive system
True Coelom
Most have open, but
some have closed
circulatory systems
(squid/octopi)
Calcareous Shells secreted
by mantle
Muscular foot
Visceral Mass
Protostome Development
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Phylum Mollusca
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Phylum Mollusca - Polyplacophora
Chitons
Dorsal shell with 8 plates
Ventral foot
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Gastropoda
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Gastropoda
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Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda – Snails, Slugs
Gastropods Have
Single spiraled shell, or no shell in slugs
Complete Digestive System
Undergo torsion in embryonic development
Distinct head with eyes
Have Radula made of chitin
Have gills
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Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia – Clams, Oysters, Scallops, Mussels
Bivalves Have
Calcareous Shells secreted by the mantle, covers
visceral mass
Muscular foot for movement
Complete digestive system
Open circulatory system
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Bivalvia
Kidney
Umbo
Pericardial
Sinus
Posterior
Adductor
Heart
Excurrent
Siphon
Stomach
Anterior
Adductor
Incurrent
Siphon
Mouth
Gill
Intestines
Calcareous
Shell
Muscular
Foot
Mantle
Labial Palps
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda
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Phylum Mollusca - Cephalopoda
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda
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Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda – Squids,
Octopi, Chambered Nautiluses
Cephalopods Have
Closed Circulatory System
Well Developed Brains
Internalized or nonexistent
shell (nautiluses are the only
cephalopods with a shell)
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Monoplacophora
“Gastroverms”
Single cap-shaped shell
Thought to be extinct until 1952
Segmented with vital organs duplicated in
each segment
Live in deep water mostly in ocean trenches
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Phylum Mollusca – Class Scaphopoda
Tusk or Tooth Shells
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Phylum Annelida
Phylum Annelida – Segmented
worms – Earthworms, Leeches
Annelids Have
Segmented body
Complete Digestive tract
True coelom
Closed circulatory system
Gas Exchange through skin (earthworms)
Gills (marine worms)
Pair of metanephridia in each
segment
Both male and female reproductive
organs
Protostome Development
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Phylum Annelida – Class Polychaeta
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Phylum Annelida – Class Polychaeta
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Phylum Annelida – Class Oligochaeta
Hearts
Mouth
Pharynx
Crop
Esophagus
Gizzard
Intestine
Ventral Nerve Cord
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Phylum Annelida – Class Oligochaeta
Blood Vessel
Dorsal Vessel
Intestine
Metanephridia
Nephrostome
Ventral Vessel
Ventral
Nerve
Cord
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Phylum Annelida – Class Oligochaeta
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How many “hearts” does
an earthworm have?
Mouth
Pharynx
Aortic Arches
Esophagus
Crop
Intestine
Gizzard
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Phylum Annelida – Class Hirudinea
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Phylum Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)
Most Bryozoa are colonial.
Have a lophophore (crown of hollow tentacles)
Individuals are referred to as zooids
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Phylum Brachiopoda
Lamp shells
Have lophophores
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Phylum Nematoda
Roundworms
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Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms
Nematodes Have
Non-segmented body
Non-living Cuticle covering (form of exoskeleton)
First complete “tube within a tube” body scheme
Pseudocoelom
Lateral Nerve Cords
Protostome Development
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Phylum Nematomorpha
Horsehair Worm
Vestigial digestive system
Digestion occurs through absorption
Adults are free living in damp environments
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Phylum Kinorhyncha
Characteristics of Kinorhyncha
Bilateral Symmetry
Pseudocoelomate
Through gut with anus
Ventral nerve cord
No circulatory system
Live in marine environments
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Phylum Priapulida
Penis worms
No circulatory system
Complete digestive track
Pseudocoelom
Cuticle of chitin
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Phylum Loricifera
Loricifera
Adults are pseudocoelomates
Most Larvae are acoelomates
Produce protective case – lorica
Have distinct cuticle
Have retractable head.
Complete digestive tract
Lives in marine environments
Note: a species of Loricifera is the only animal
that does not do aerobic respiration
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Phylum Tardigrada
Water Bears
Most microscopic
Polyextremophyles
Segmented bodies
Ventral nervous system
Open circulatory system with hemocoel
True Coelom
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Phylum Onychophora
Velvet worms
Chitinous exoskeleton
Open circulatory system with hemocoels
Ventral heart
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Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda –
Insects, Arachnids, and
Crustaceans
Arthropods have
Exoskeleton made of chitin
Open circulatory system
Bilateral Symmetry
Complete Digestive Tract
Ventral nerve cords
Segmented Bodies
Jointed legs
Protostome Development
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Merostromata
Horseshoe Crabs
Heavy Carapace
Compound eyes
Long Spiked Telson
Book gills
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Pycnogonida
Sea Spiders
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Arachnida
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Phylum Arthropoda - Arachnida
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Arachnida
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Chilopoda
Centipedes
one pair of legs per segment
chitinous skeleton
carnivorous
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Diplopoda
Millipedes
two pairs of legs per segment
have repugnatorial glands
herbivorous
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Symphyla
Symphylans
Juveniles have 6 pairs of legs.
With each moult, 1 pair of legs is gained.
Translucent lacking pigment
Two body regions
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Pauropoda
Pauropods
12-segmented trunk
9 pairs of legs
lack eyes and hearts
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Phylum Arthropoda – Subphylum Trilobita
Trilobites
Ancestral arthropods
Extinct
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Branchiopoda
Brine shrimp
Tadpole shrimp
Fairy shrimp
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Ostracoda
Ostracods
Seed Shrimp
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Maxillopoda
Barnacles
Tongue worms
Fish Lice
Copepods
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Malacostraca
Lobsters
Crabs
Shrimp
Isopods
Pill bugs
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Malacostraca
Lobsters
Crabs
Shrimp
Isopods
Pill bugs
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Malacostraca
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Malacostraca
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Malacostraca
Heart
Stomach
Esophagus
Ovary
Intestine
Digestive
Gland
(Liver)
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Phylum Arthropoda - Class Malacostraca
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Remipedia
Remipedes
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Cephalocarida
Horseshoe shrimps
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Entognatha
Entognathans – Springtails, Coneheads,
Wingless
Mouthparts withdrawn into head
Absent or small compound eyes
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Phylum
Arthropoda
–
Class
Insecta
Insects
Have wings
Have mouthparts outside of head
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Insecta
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Insecta
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Phylum Arthropoda - Class Insecta
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Phylum Arthropoda – Class Insecta
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Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Echinodermata – Sea stars,
sea urchins, sea cucumbers
Echinoderms Have
Bilateral symmetry as larvae, radial
symmetry as adults
Endoskeleton of calcium carbonate
Closed circulatory system
Water vascular system
Tube feet
Madreporite (entry/exit to water
vascular system)
Deuterostome Development
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Phylum Echinodermata
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Phylum Echinodermata – Class Crinoidea
Feathers Stars, Sea Lilies
Mostly Sessile
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Phylum Echinodermata – Class Asteroidea
Starfish
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Phylum Echinodermata - – Class Asteroidea
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Phylum Echinodermata – Class Asteroidea
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Phylum Echinodermata – Class Ophiuroidea
Brittle Stars
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Phylum Echinodermata – Class Echinoidea
Sea Urchins
Sea Biscuits
Sea Dollars
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Phylum Echinodermata – Class Holothuroidea
Sea Cucumbers
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Phylum Hemichordata
Hemichordates – Acorn
worms and Pterobranchs
Hemichordates
Rare
Deuterostomes
Three Body Regions
Proboscis
Collar
Trunk
Marine Organisms
Pharyngeal Gill Slits
Class Enteropneustra
Acorn Worms
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Phylum Chordata
Phylum Chordata – All chordates, including
tunicates, lancelets, hagfish, lamprey, sharks, fish,
amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
Everything after this slide is in Phylum Chordata
All Chordates Have
Bilateral symmetry
Closed circulatory system
Complete digestive tract
True Coelom
Deuterostome Development
A hollow dorsal nerve cord
A notochord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Post anal tail
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Subphylum Urochordata
Sub-Phylum Urochordata –
Sea Squirt, Tunicates
Lose post-anal tail and notochord in adulthood
Classes include
Asicidiacea – sea squirts
Thaliacea – salps
Appendicularia - larvaceans
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Subphylum Cephalochordata
Sub-phylum Cephalochordata – Lancelets
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Pharangial
Gill Slits
Oral cirri
Cephalochordata
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Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata)
Agnatha
• Myxini (Craniate not Vertebrate)
• Cephalapidomorphi
All VERTEBRATES have a
backbone, in addition to
all the characteristics of
chordates.
Gnathostomata
• Chondrichthyes
• Osteichthyes
• Actinopterygii
• Sarcopterygii
• Actinista
• Dipnoi
• Amphibia
• Reptilia
• Aves
• Mammalia
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Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata)
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Class Myxini
Class Myxini – Hagfish
Hagfish have
Cephalization, but no backbone
Are not true vertebrates
Craniates
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Class Cephalaspidomorphi (Petromyzontida)
Class Petromyzontida – Lampreys
Lampreys Have
Teeth
True Backbone, no jaw
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Class Petromyzontida
Gill Slits
Suction
Mouth
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Class Chondrichthyes
Class Chondrichthyes – Sharks, skates and rays
Chondrichthyans Have
Living Skeleton made entirely of cartilage
Ancient chondrichthyans had
bone skeletons
Fins for swimming
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Class Chondrichthyes
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Class Chondrichthyes
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Spiny Dogfish Shark
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Spiny Dogfish
Shark
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Spiny Dogfish Shark
Heart
Stomach
Pancreas
Spleen
Intestine
Gills
Liver
Ovary
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Spiny Dogfish Shark
Gallbladder
Pectoral fin
Body of Stomach
Oviduct
Oviductal Arteries
Duodenum
Valvular Intestine
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Spiny Dogfish Shark
Naris
Teeth
Gills
Snout
Ampullae of Lorenzini
Heart
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Spiny Dogfish Shark
Uterus
Colon
Rectal Gland
Cloaca
Anterior
Mesenteric
Artery
Posterior
Cardinal Vein
Dogfish Embryo
Spiral Valve
(Exposed)
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Spiny Dogfish Shark
Stomach
Spleen
Heart
Liver
Pancreas
External
Yolk Sac
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Superclass Osteichthyes
• Comprised of 3 classes
• Actinopterygii : Rayfin fish
• Actinista : Lobefin fish
• Dipnoi : Lung fish
• All Osteichthyans have a bony, living skeleton
• Have Scales
• Are cold-blooded
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Superclass Osteichtyes
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Class Actinopterygii
Rayfin Fish
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Carp – Class Actinopterygii
Spinal Cord
Gills
Heart
Kidney
Testis
Swim Bladder
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Carp – Class Actinopterygii
Liver
Intestine
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Yellow Perch – Class Actinoptrygii
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Yellow Perch – Class Actinoptrygii
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Yellow Perch – Class Actinopterygii
8
6
9
Air Bladder
1
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Class Actinista
Class Actinista – Lobe finned fish
Only remaining genus is Latimeria
(coelacanths)
Have
Muscular bony fins
Vestigial lung
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Class Dipnoi
Class Dipnoi – Lungfish
Lungfish Have
Functional Lungs (modified swim bladder)
Modified fins
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Class Amphibia
Class Amphibia - Frogs, Salamanders,
Newts
Amphibians Have
Legs
Lungs – in adult
Gills – in tadpole
Breathe through skin
3 Chambered heart
Cold-Blooded
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Class Amphibia
Stomach
Pancreas
Intestine
Liver
Spleen
Heart
Gallbladder
Lung
Ova
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Class Amphibia
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Class Reptilia
Class Reptilia – Snakes, lizards,
turtles, dinosaurs (extinct), birds
Reptiles have
Scales
3 chambered heart with partial
septum (complete in crocodilians
and birds)
Cold-blooded (except for birds)
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Class Reptilia
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Class Reptilia
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Subclass Aves
Sub-Class Aves – Birds, are part of reptilia,
but are distinct from other reptiles
Birds Have
Feathers (modified scales)
4 Chambered Heart
Warm Blooded
Hollow Bones
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Subclass Aves
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Subclass Aves
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Class Mammalia
Class Mammalia - Canines,
Primates, Humans, Rhinos, etc.
Mammals Have
Hair
4 chambered heart
Milk
Warm-Blooded
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Class Mammalia
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Class Mammalia
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Class Mammalia
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Circulation – The Heart
The Mammalian Heart
Four Chambers – Right and left Atrium and
right and left ventricles
Two Atrioventricular Valves – Tricuspid and
Bicuspid
Two Semilunar Valves – Aortic and
Pulmonary
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Circulation
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Circulation
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Blood Pressure
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Tissue Types
• Epithelial Tissue
– Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and body cavities
– Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
– Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified
• Connective Tissue
– Sparse population of cells scattered through extracellular matrix
– Bone, Blood, Cartilage, Fibrous, Loose, Adipose,
• Muscle Tissue
– Contracts
– Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
• Nervous Tissue
– Receive, process and transfer information
– Neurons, Glia
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Epithelial Tissue
Stratified Squamous –
multilayered, regenerates
rapidly, found in harsh
environments in/on the
body
Simple Squamous –
single layer of flat cells,
found in capillaries
Simple Columnar – single
layer of tall column-like
cells, found in intestines
Simple Cuboidal –
single layer of cubeshaped cells, found in
kidneys and glands
Pseudostratified
Columnar – squished and
abnormally shaped
columnar cells, usually
ciliated, found in upper
respiratory tract
Reproductive Cells –
sperm and egg cells are
haploid gametes
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Connective Tissue
Adipose – Cells contain a
large fat droplet, used for
energy storage
Fibrous – dense with
collagenous fibers, found
in tendons and ligaments
Bone – Osteocytes,
osteoblasts, and
osteoclasts suspended in
an extracellular matrix of
hard calcium
Loose/Areolar - binds
epithelia and organs in
place, has loosely
connected fibers
Blood – made up of
plasma, erythrocytes,
leukocytes and
platelets, carries
nutrients and wastes
Cartilage – chondrocytes
secrete a rubbery matrix
of collagen and
chondroitin sulfate,
found in joints
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Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle – Bundles of long, un-branched,
striated cells, responsible for voluntary
movement, made up of sarcomeres
Smooth Muscle – non-striated and spindle
shaped, responsible for involuntary activity of
things like the stomach and
constriction/dilation of arteries
Cardiac Muscle – branched and striated, has
intercalated disks to help transfer of electrical
signals, found only in the heart, responsible
for contraction of the walls of the heart
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Nervous Tissue
Neurons – Receive and
transmit signal throughout
the body via the nervous
system. Have dendrites for
receiving impulses from
other nerve cells and axons
for sending out impulses to
other cells
Glia – cells that support,
nourish, and insulate the
neurons
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Questions
Prepared by
D. Leonard - Learning Specialist
& K. Martin – Peer Tutor
The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College
http://www.daytonastate.edu/asc/ascsciencehandouts.html
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