HISTORY OF NUCLEAR
MEDICINE
Los Angeles
g
and California
Heinrich R Schelbert
George
g V Taplin
p
Professor
University of California at Los Angeles
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th
Where it all began
University of California at Berkeley
The Berkeley campus. Le Conte Hall, in the upper right,
was one of the largest physics buildings in the world at
the time, opened in 1924 and helped lure Lawrence.
Ernest Lawrence
About the time he came to the
University of California at
Berkeley, August 1931
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Ernest Rutherford at
Cambridge University
In 1919, managed to bombard the
nucleus itself.
itself By absorbing an alpha
particle, the nucleus of nitrogen
transformed into a nucleus of oxygen
and emitted a proton.
John Cockcroft
Cockcroft, Ernest Rutherford
Rutherford, and
E.T.S. Walton.
α-particle
O
N
nucleus
Transmutation of Elements
Rutherford calls for search for “copious amounts”
of high energy particles
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"Dr Livingston has asked me to
advise you that he has obtained
1,100,000 volt protons. He also
suggested that I add ‘Whoopee'!"
—Telegram to Lawrence,
3 August
A
1931
37 inch cyclotron
The first cyclotron,
cyclotron 4.5
45
inches, 1931
J.J. Livingood, F. Exner, M.S. Livingston, D.
Sloan, E.O. Lawrence, M. White, W. Coates,
L. Laslett, and T. Lucci in 1933.
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"Shall we call it nuclear
physics or shall we call it
nuclear chemistry?"
—Lawrence, 1935
The old radiation laboratory, circa 1940’s-UC
B k l
Berkeley
Lawrence and
Livingston around 1933.
Seaborg with J. J.
Livingood
Ernest O
O. Lawrence
Lawrence, Glen T
T.
Seaborg, and J. Robert
Oppenheimer
Alvarez, Robert
Oppenheimer Willy
Oppenheimer,
Fowler and Bob Serber
(1938)
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Seven Nobel Laureates of LBL, University of California, Berkeley (UCB), with historic 37-inch
cyclotron at the Lawrence Hall of Science. Pictured Owen Chamberlain, Edwin McMillan, Emilio
Segrè, Melvin Calvin, Donald Glaser, Luis Alvarez, and Glenn T. Seaborg on March 7, 1969.
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Robert Stone and John Lawrence,
Ernest
Ernest's
s brother, treat a patient with
neutrons from the 60-inch cyclotron.
"I must confess that one reason we have undertaken
this biological work is that we thereby have been able to
get financial support for all of the work in the
laboratory. As you know, it is much easier to get funds
for medical research."
—Lawrence to Niels Bohr, 1935
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1936
Lawrence’s Berkeley colleagues, Drs.
Joseph Hamilton and Robert Stone,
administered radiosodium to treat
several leukemia patients.
1938
John Lawrence treats 29 year old
Berkeley graduate with chronic
myelogenous leukemia with
Phosphorus-32
1938
Prompted by Hamilton, Glenn Seaborg,
a nuclear chemist at the lab, searches
for an isotope of iodine with a half-life
half life
of about one week together with Jack
Livingood; Seaborg finds I-131.
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Glenn T Seaborg
and the Nuclear Chemistry
Laboratory at UC Berkeley
ƒ Iodine-131
¾ Target specific radionuclide
November 16, 1945.
¾ Drives imaging instrumentation
developments
ƒ Technetium-99m
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Emilio Segrè
Palermo, Italy, Visits Berkeley in
Summer of 1936
Molybdenum deflector shield for 27
inch cyclotron, months of
bombardment with deuterons
Element 42 element 43
“invaluable gift”
At the University of Palermo, isolates two isotopes of
element 43
Panormium
Tinacrium
Panormus
Tinacra
Palermo
Sicily
Mussolinium
Mussolini
Il Duce
Technetium
τεχνητός
“artificial”
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LOS ANGELES
UCLA
Stafford Warren
First Dean, UCLA
S h l off Medicine
School
M di i
In 1949, Gov. Warren (left) and UCLA’s first medical school dean, Stafford Warren, inspect the future site of the new medical school.
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August 1942
Manhattan Engineer District was
established (the Manhattan Project),
managed by
Brigadier General Leslie Groves
of the Army Core of Engineers
created secret atomic energy
communities almost overnight in
Oakridge, TE, Los Alamos, NM and
Hanford, Washington.
General Groves and Robert
Oppenheimer August 1944, Los
Alamos
1946
Atomic Energy Commission assumes responsibility of
Manhattan Project
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1942 – November
General Groves visits
R di l i t St
Radiologist
Stafford
ff d Warren
W
at the University of Rochester, appoints Warren to colonel in the U.S.
Army and Medical Director of the Manhattan Project
1946
Interim Medical Advisory Committee,
chaired by Manhattan Project Medical
Director Stafford Warren,
Warren maps out
biomedical research program.
The reach of the law, the Advisory
Committee for Biology and Medicine,
Medicine
was like the “blighting hand; for
thoughtful men now know how
political domination can distort free
p
inquiry into a malignant servant of
expediency and authoritarian
abstraction”
1947 Dean of UCLA School of Medicine
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Scale Model
First Atomic Nuclear
Reactor designed for
Medical Research at
UCLA
Dr. Chauncey
D
Ch
Starr
St
off North
N th American
A
i
A
Aviation's
i ti ' Nuclear
N l
Engineering Division; Gen. Omar Bradley, Chairman of the
Board, California Institute For Cancer Research; and Dr.
Stafford L. Warren, Dean of the UCLA Medical School.
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1947 – August
General Groves urged Major General Paul Hawley, director of the
medical programs of the VA, to address medical problems related to
the military’s use of atomic energy.
West Los VA Administration Hospital
Radioisotope Service
IIn 1949,
1949 Benedict
B
di t Cassen
C
off the
th UCLA At
Atomic
i Energy
E
Project
P j t
constructs first scintillation detector specifically designed for
detecting and localizing radioactivity in biological systems
The opportunity to explore the use of the scintillation detector
was seized upon by Dr. Herbert Allert, Jr., the first Chief of the
Radioisotope Service at the West Los Angeles VA Hospital
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Benedict Cassen Invents
R tili
Rectilinear
S
Scanner
iin 1950
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SCINTIGRAMS OF THE THYROID GLAND—The Diagnosis of
Morphologic
o p o og c Abnormalities
b o
es w
with I131
Franz K. Bauer, William E. Goodwin, Thomas F. Barrett, Raymond L. Libby,
and Benedict Cassen
Radiology. 1953 Dec;61(6):935-8;
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Hal O Anger
g
Donner Laboratory
Radiation Laboratory and Division
of Medical Physics
University of California at
Berkeley
Anger or Gamma
Scintillation Camera
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Nature August 2, 1952
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George V. Taplin
University of Rochester
School of Medicine
1948 jjoins
i
W
Warren St
Stafford
ff d att
UCLA to pursue research with
medical radioisotopes
1950s
Introduced radioisotope studies of liver and kidney function
1963
Labeled albumin macroaggregates with 1-131
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The UCLA Group
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SNM
Historical Timeline
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David Kuhl, MD
ƒ
As medical student built
scintillation counter for
quantitating tumor II-131
131 uptake.
ƒ
As medical resident improves
Cassen’s rectilinear scanner by
replacing the standard solenoidsolenoid
tapper display with a glow tube as
a variable light source that was
focused on x-ray
y film in a lightg
proof box.
ƒ
Develops with Edward transverse
g p y
section emission tomography
ƒ
Between 1969 and 1975 builds the MARK 4 system with a
rotating set of 32 detectors achieving a resolution of 16 mm
within a short scanning time of less than 9 min.
min
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Nobelprize in Physiology
or Medicine
M di i
1979
Godfrey N
Hounsfield
Allan M
Cormack
Michael E Phelps
P it
Positron
E
Emission
i i
T
Tomography
h
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APPLICATION OF ANNIHILATION
COINCIDENCE DETECTION TO
TRANSAXIAL RECONSTRUCTION
TOMOGRAPHY
Phelps et al
J Nuc Med 1975 (March)
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Commercial PET Scanner (ECAT) --- UCLA, 1976
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Magnus Dahlbom
Whole Body PET
SNM Annual
Meeting 1991
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th
September 17, 1991
Manuscript Number: A179-06
Evaluation of a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scanner for Whole
Body Imaging
Dear Dr. Dahlbom:
At the most recent meeting of the Editorial Board of the journal only minimal interest was
expressed in publishing manuscript A179-06. To justify…
J Nuc Med 1992;33:1191
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Simon Cherry
y
Small animal imaging
microPET
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Simon Cherry’s first
microPET prototype
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Sanjiv S. Gambhir
J Nuc Med 1998 (Nov)
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•
•
Eugene Braunwald
NIH
William L. Ashburn
UC San Diego
First Pass LV Ejection
Fraction
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
with Intracoronary
radiolabeled albumin
aggregates
In 1977, joined newly
established PET program at
UCLA
ƒ N
N-13
13 ammonia for myocardial perfusion imaging and
quantitative myocardial blood flow
ƒ Evaluation and measurement of myocardial glucose and
fatty acid metabolism and oxygen consumption with FDG
and C-11 palmitate and C-11 acetate
ƒ PET studies of experimentally induced myocardial
i h
ischemia
i
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Patient with resting chest pain
and recent anterior myocardial
infarction
First Myocardial
Perfusion
Metabolism
Imaging in
Coronary Artery
Disease Patient
1981
Myocardial Viability
Circulation 1983
N Engl J Med 1986
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