Leafcutter and Mason Bees:
a Biological Catalogue of the Genus
Megachile of the Neotropics
Anthony Raw
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz,
Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil. 45650-000
tonyraw@uesc.br
anthony_raw@yahoo.com.br
Last revised: 15 September 2003
ABSTRACT
Megachile is treated here as a single genus combining Megachile with Chalicodoma.
In the Americas the genus occurs from Alaska and the mid latitudes of Canada to
southern Chile and Argentina, but most species are tropical. They are important
pollinators of many crops and other useful plants. Despite their economic and
ecological importance, the biology of few species has been studied in detail because
they are difficult to identify. There are 397 species in the catalogue allocated to 26
subgenera (including 9 Old World species introduced to the region during historical
times). Summaries of information on the bees’ classification, biology and
geographical distributions are given.
2
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
TAXONOMIC REVIEW
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
BIOLOGY
FLOWER RELATIONSHIPS
IDENTIFICATION
PRESENTATION OF DATA
Genus Megachile Latreille
Subgenus Acentron Mitchell
Subgenus Argyropile Mitchell
Subgenus Austromegachile Mitchell
Subgenus Callomegachile Michener
Subgenus Chelostomoides Robertson
Subgenus Chrysosarus Mitchell
Subgenus Cressoniella Mitchell
Subgenus Dasymegachile Mitchell
Subgenus Eutricharaea Thomson
Subgenus Gronoceras Cockerell
Subgenus Leptorachis Mitchell
Subgenus Litomegachile Mitchell
Subgenus Melanosarus Mitchell
Subgenus Moureapis Raw
Subgenus Neochelynia Schrottky
Subgenus Pseudocentron Mitchell
Subgenus Pseudomegachile Friese
Subgenus Ptilosaroides Mitchell
Subgenus Ptilosarus Mitchell
Subgenus Rhyssomegachile Mitchell
Subgenus Sayapis Titus
Subgenus Schrottkyapis Mitchell
Subgenus Stelodides Moure
Subgenus Trichurochile Mitchell
Subgenus Tylomegachile Mitchell
Subgenus Zonomegachile Mitchell
Fossil species
New World bees placed erroneously in Megachile
Nomina nuda
REFERENCES
4
5
5
7
9
11
12
13
15
15
19
20
25
27
30
38
41
43
44
45
51
51
54
58
61
74
75
76
78
79
84
84
85
85
87
88
88
88
89
3
FOREWORD
This inventory is a labour of Sisyphus. I have been compiling it for years. With 290
references and thousands of citations in the text it is a formidable task. Additional
references are continually coming to light. Despite the unfinished state of the work,
I have been persuaded that people will find it useful in its present state. In making
it available I ask the reader to inform me of errors and omissions, which I shall be
happy to include in the inevitable revisions.
A major part of this investigation was made possible with an award from the
Royal Society of London, which allowed me to spend a sabbatical at the University of
Oxford. Visits to the British Museum (Natural History) were made possible with
grants from the British Council and the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas [CNPq
[Brazilian National Research Council]. CNPq also my financed visits to the
Universidade Federal do Paraná in Curitiba, and the Museu Nacional and Instituto
Osvaldo Cruz, both in Rio de Janeiro. The Smithsonian Institution provided a
research grant to visit the National Collection in Washington and also the collections
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York and the Academy of Natural
Sciences in Philadelphia. I am sincerely grateful to these Institutions for their
support.
I have received on loan more than 4,000 specimens of neotropical Megachile.
The following entomologists have provided me with specimens which have been
invaluable for this work. I thank Mr. M. C. Day and Mr. G. R. Else, British Museum
(Natural History), London; Mr. C. O'Toole, University Museum, Oxford, England; Dr.
R. M. McGinley, Smithsonian Institution; Dr. J. R. Rozen of the American Museum of
Natural History, New York; Dr. R. B. Roberts, Rutgers University; Dr. C. D.
Michener, University of Kansas; Dr. G. E. Bohart and Dr. Terry L. Griswold, Bee
Biology and Systematics Laboratory, U.S.D.A., Logan, Utah, U.S.A.; the late Dr. G. C.
Eickwort, University of Cornell; Dr. W. E. LaBerge, Illinois Natural History Survey;
Dr. G. Alayon García, Cuba; Dr. D. Roubik, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,
Panamá; Dr. Edgar Ormachea Acurio, Universidade Nacional San Antonio Abad del
Cusco, Peru; F. Fernández, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá; Sr. J.A.
Rafael, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus and Dr. W. L. Overal,
Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém and Padre Jesus Santiago Moure of the
Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba. Dr. Claire Villemont of the Musée
National de Histoire Naturelle, Paris kindly delivered by hand many of the types of
Vachal. Mr. Christopher O'Toole of the Oxford University Museum and Dr. V. O.
Becker of Brasilia have been of great assistance during this study.
4
INTRODUCTION
Members of the genus Megachile are among the best known bees (O’Toole & Raw
1991). Here I have followed Michener et al (1994) and treated the group as a single
genus combining Megachile with Chalicodoma. They are called "leaf-cutter bees"
because the females of most species cut leaves and petals to line their nests. Others
are the "mason bees" because they construct their nests with resin, mud or leaves
chewed into pulp. The neotropical species are from half to four times the length of a
honeybee. The earliest known member of the genus is neotropical; from Miocene
amber of the Dominican Republic (Engel 1999).
The aim of this inventory is to disentangle some of the confusion that has
existed for many years over the identification of the species of Megachile from the
Neotropics. I hope it will help in the identification of species, stimulating studies on
their biology and enabling researchers to better assess the roles of the bees as
pollinators. The inventory indicates the subgenera to which most of known species
belong. For each species the valid name and changes of names are listed and
information on the bee’s biology and its geographical distribution are given. The
subgenera are given to which 395 neotropical species belong, including 9 Old World
species introduced to the region during historical times. Dalla Torre (1896) listed 92
neotropical species that are now included in the genus Megachile. Three neotropical
species were erroneously placed at some time in the genus Megachile. Their present
statuses are indicated below. There are also three nomina nudae. Nomenclatural
questions of subgenus or species groups and of subspecies have not been addressed.
It is impossible to place the species of Megachile in their correct subgenera
with any certainty without examining the type specimens. Nonetheless, a number of
authors have done so without stating the situation. In order to improve the
authority of this work, to date I have examined 246 type specimens of neotropical
Megachile. In all the cases where “Examined” is stated I have examined the holotype.
In those cases where I have not done so, the basis of my decision is clearly stated.
TAXONOMIC REVIEW
The genus Megachile was created by Latreille in 1802 and, as originally conceived, it
was equivalent to the present family Megachilidae which comprises one of the largest
groups of bees. Of the species which Latreille included in Megachile today only the
European species, M. centuncularis and M. lagopoda remain.
Very soon, various authors began to divide up Latreille’s genus into new
genera. The first were Anthidium by Fabricius (1804), Osmia and Stelis by Panzer
(1806), Heriades by Spinola (1808) and Latreille, himself, proposed Coelioxys in
1809. Lepeletier (1841) erected the genus Chalicodoma for the species whose body
shape and mandibles differed from typical Megachile, but Mitchell (1934) returned it
to the latter genus. Creightonella was created as a subgenus of Chalicodoma by
Cockerell (1908a). Michener (1962) re-examined the groups and recognized the
genera: Megachile are the "leaf-cutter bees" and Chalicodoma are the "mason bees".
5
Table 1. The extant species of Megachile of the Americas arranged by subgenus
Subgenus
Acentron
Restricted
to
neotropics
20
Both
realms
Total
neotropical
1
21
2
Restricted
to nearctic
Total
Americas
21
6
8
Argyropile
Austromegachil
e
Callomegachile
37
37
37
4
4
4
Chelostomoides
16
Chrysosarus
51
Cressoniella
19
Dasymegachile
13
Eutricharaea
2
Gronoceras
1
1
1
1
17
Litomegachile
34
51
51
20
20
13
13
3
2
1
38
38
1
1
Megachile
Megachiloides
5
1
1
Grosapis
Leptorachis
17
1
38
5
6
5
5
59
59
1
11
Melanosarus
10
10
Moureapis
31
31
31
Neochelynia
17
17
17
Pseudocentron
Pseudomegachil
e
Ptilosaroides
71
73
73
1
1
1
2
2
2
Ptilosarus
Rhyssomegachi
le
Sayapis
15
15
15
3
3
3
22
2
3
25
6
31
Schrottkyapis
1
1
1
Stelodides
1
1
1
Trichurochile
3
3
3
Tylomegachile
6
6
6
15
Xanthosarus
Zonomegachile
3
3
15
3
Total
388
11
397
117
Percentage
75,2
2,1
76,9
22,7
516
6
However, on a global scale there are many exceptions which cast doubt on the
division between Megachile and Chalicodoma. Therefore, in recent works Professor
Michener (Michener et al 1994, Michener 2000) has treated the group as a single
genus combining Megachile and Chalicodoma and in the present work I have used
this concept of the genus.
As interpreted by Michener (2000) Megachile comprises at least 1,320 species.
In such a large genus, division into smaller, manageable groups is essential in
pursuing the alpha taxonomy with any confidence. Progress has been made at this
level with the erection of 53 subgenera (Michener op. cit). To date, 73 divisions have
been proposed. Westwood (1840) designated the European species Apis
centuncularis Linnaeus as the type of the genus Megachile.
With nearly 30 publications between 1926 and 1980, Professor T. B. Mitchell
has made by far the greatest contribution to our knowledge of New World Megachile.
He divided the American members into subgenera (Mitchell 1934, 1935, 1935b,
1936, 1937a, 1937b, 1937c, 1937d, 1943b, 1980) and, in so doing erected 18 of the
Hemisphere’s 30 subgenera. In his last work (Mitchell 1980) he divided the group
into six genera, however, we still know little of the higher taxonomy of the group and
these divisions are difficult to justify. All recent authors, including Professor
Mitchell, cite numerous exceptions in their keys and Mitchell changed his opinion on
the presence of some critical characters in several subgenera (notably Leptorachis)
between 1943 and 1980. Some others have published important works on the
neotropical members of the genus. The more notable are Schrottky (1913a), Friese
(1911) and Hurd (1979). However, the neotropical species still present many
taxonomic questions.
To date, some 560 species have been recorded from the Americas of which 516
have been allocated to 30 subgenera (Table 1). The neotropical species of Megachile
comprise 397 species in 26 subgenera (Table 1). Hurd (1979) catalogued 133
members of the genus which occur in Canada and U.S.A. (as Megachile and
Chalicodoma). Michener (2000) recognised 13 subgenera from North America of
which 4 do not reach the Neotropics. Three are confined to the nearctic (Grosapis
Mitchell, Megachiloides Mitchell and Xanthosarus Robertson), while the subgenus
Megachile is holarctic. The monotypic subgenus Grosapis is nearctic, confined to the
north of Mexico (Cockerell 1934: 3; Mitchell 1930: 292) and was not included in Dr.
Hurd’s inventory. The number of nearctic species now stands at 128 of which 11
also occur in the Neotropics.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Megachile is found almost everywhere there are flowering plants - on all tropical and
temperate continents and on many oceanic islands between 50o N and S. Species
are distributed from 45oS to 65oN and from up to 5,000 m altitude in the tropics.
However, most of the world’s subgenera have relatively restricted distributions.
In the Americas Megachile occurs from Alaska and the mid latitudes of Canada
to southern Chile and Argentina. However, 75% of the 516 species are restricted to
the neotropics (Table 1). Species also occur on the islands of southern California,
almost all West Indian islands and Bermuda.
The intensity of collecting neotropical Megachile is still very patchy so detailed
interpretations of the species’ geographical distributions are risky. For example, in
this inventory there are only 2 species recorded from Venezuela, 16 from Ecuador,
17 from the Guianas and 19 from Colombia (Table 2). However, some generalizations
can be made.
So far as is known 17 of the 30 subgenera are restricted to the neotropics and
4 to the nearctic. Although 9 subgenera have members in both realms, only 11
species occur in both. Some typically neotropical subgenera, like Acentron,
Cressoniella, Leptorachis, Melanosarus and Pseudocentron have few species in North
America. Only 10 of the 164 species in these five subgenera occur north of Mexico.
7
(However, the type species of all five are the North American representatives.) Only
two taxa are well represented in both the nearctic and the neotropical regions. The
members of Chelostomoides are well represented in much of the Nearctic and in
Central America and have followed the Andes to Peru. Only one subgenus, Sayapis,
is common throughout the Hemisphere, occurring from Canada to Argentina.
Table 2. The distributions of 515 extant species of Megachile of the
Americas by country or region
Canada
U.S.A.
Mexico
C America
West Indies
Colombia
Venezuela
Trinidad
Guianas
Brazil
Ecuador
Peru
Bolivia
Paraguay
Uruguay
Argentina
Chile
Total
Number of species recorded
% of total
27
131
75
55
30
19
2
6
17
159
16
39
63
49
4
72
16
516
5,2
25,4
14,5
10,7
5,8
3,7
0,4
1,2
3,3
30,8
3,1
7,6
12,2
9,5
0,8
14,0
3,1
Vagility
The habit of numerous species of Megachile to nest in abandoned beetle burrows in
wood and cracks in timberwork has given them great vagility and some members of
the genus are among the most widely dispersed of any bees. They occur on many
oceanic islands, presumably because their nests were transported to them. Ten
palaeotropical species have been introduced into the West Indies during historical
times where they have established populations (Hurd 1979, Raw 1985 and data
presented below). Undoubtedly the nests of these species were carried to the
Caribbean on slave ships on the "Middle Passage". Nine species are African while
M. lanata is an Indian species. Presumably the latter spread to East and West Africa
on coastal ships and thence crossed the Atlantic by the same means.
Megachile is a frequent member of other island faunas. Numerous Asian and
Australian species have reached Pacific islands (Michener 1965). Several subgenera
occur on the Solomon Islands, but only two reach more easterly islands. Species of
Eutricharaea and Callomegachile occur on the New Hebrides and New Caledonia,
while Eutricharaea also reaches Fiji, Samoa, the Ellice and Phoenix archipelagos,
Tahiti and Hawaii. Michener (1965) suggested M. (Hackeriapis) mackayensis has
probably been introduced in recent times to Lord Howe Island (650 km east of
Australia). Hawaii has also received the American species, M. gentilis which is native
to western U.S.A. and has become established on the islands (Mitchell 1935: 24).
The genus Megachile does not occur in New Zealand.
8
Several species have been accidentally or deliberately introduced to new areas
more recently. The Eurasian species, M. rotundata arrived, apparently accidentally,
in U.S.A. in the 1940's (Hurd 1979) and is now widespread. In order to improve the
pollination of alfalfa, it has been introduced into Chile (Stephen 1972) and Australia
(Winn 1988, Woodward 1994, 1996).
BIOLOGY
Nesting Biology
Most species of Megachile use existing cavities in which they construct their nests.
Various types of tubular cavities serve as nest sites. They include dead plant stalks,
rolled leaves, spaces among rocks, termite tunnels and burrows in soil. Old beetle
burrows in wood and holes in masonry are popular sites. The width of the cavity
selected depends on the size of the bee, but most species use diameters of 10 mm to
20 mm. Several species accept artificial nests of bamboo canes, bored pieces of wood
and drinking straws. A few excavate their own burrows in the soil (like many more
distantly related bees), some use existing holes in the ground, while a number use
either means of obtaining a nest site. In contrast, some species of mason bees build
an exposed nest attached to a wall or branch.
Among the earliest observations on the nesting behaviour of bees were the now
famous studies of Jean-Henri Fabre (1914, 1915) on species in southern France.
Fabre (1915) gave the first popular account of the use of trapnests to study the
nesting biology of these bees. During the same period Ferton (1896, 1897) studied
on Megachile species in southern France and Corsica.
Despite the bees’ economic and ecological importance and the relative ease of
study, the biology of few species has been studied in detail. This is unfortunate as
the readiness of many Megachile species to utilize trapnests and their fondness for
suburban gardens enables the amateur entomologist to study their nesting biology
with relative ease. Apparently the difficulties of identification have discouraged such
investigations. Detailed studies have been conducted on M. brevis (Michener 1953)
and M. umatillensis (Bohart & Youssef 1972) in U.S.A. and Krombein (1967) collected
information on several species there. The present author (Raw 1988) studied the
holarctic species, M. centuncularis in southern England. The most detailed studies
on Neotropical species are those on M. concinna, M. zaptlana, M. rufipennis and
M. lanata in Jamaica (Jayasingh & Freeman 1980, Raw 1984b, 1985). With
hundreds of publications on its biology, physiology and management, by far the bestknown species is M.. rotundata, the principal pollinator of alfalfa.
Almost all leafcutter bees construct their nests by a similar method. A female
selects a suitable tubular cavity and constructs a series of cells end to end in it. For
each cell she first cuts oval pieces of green leaves which she uses to form a cup
which is the base of the cell. Next she lines the sides of the cavity with a number of
layers of oval pieces. She then provisions the cell with food and lays an egg on the
surface of it. Finally she cuts several leaf discs to seal the cell. The food the mother
places in each cell is a paste of pollen and honey. The cell closure is positioned at a
short distance from the food mass to allow space for the larva to grow. M. pugnata
omits the cell linings and intercellular partitions. Rarely M. centuncularis omits the
cell lining, the only construction being the leaf discs placed to separate the cells
(Markowsky 1933). Many mason bees use mud and resin and others chewed leaves
to build the partitions or even the entire cell.
Generally several cells are constructed head to tail in the nest tunnel. The
females of several species secrete lactones, esters and hydrocarbons in the Dufour's
gland which are added to the provisions, but it is not known if they are germicides or
nutritional supplements (Williams et al 1986). Megachile is much more efficient than
most herbivorous insects in consuming the stored food. The growing larva
assimilates 54-58% of the energy and 90% of the nitrogen in real growth (Waldauer
1968, Wightman & Rogers 1978, cited in Roubik 1989: 151 & 282).
9
Having consumed the food reserve, the final instar larva defaecates and spins a
cocoon. In warmer climates and in regions with longer summers, development from
egg to emergence of the adult can be completed in about a month. In univoltine
species the final larval instar, called the prepupa, overwinters or aestivates and
development is completed shortly before the adult emerges from the nest.
Females of M. rotundata prefer trap-nests used by the previous generation to
new burrows. Apparently they detect aromas secreted left by the previous occupants
rather than nest residues (Parker et al 1976). The nesting female of M. centuncularis
recognizes her own nest as different from those of conspecifics (Raw 1992).
Among temperate species a female will normally live up to a month and
produce up to 25-30 eggs. In warm weather she builds and provisions about one cell
per day. Little detailed information is available on the detailed nesting behaviour of
tropical species.
In many species the female is larger than the male and occupies a larger cell
provided with a greater quantity of food. Among species which nest in existing
cavities the sex: ratio in a nest depends on cell diameter and often only males occupy
narrower nests. In each nest containing both sexes the mother bee commonly lays
female eggs in the inner cells and males in the outer ones (Raw & O'Toole 1979).
Many species are protandrous, with the adult males emerging a week before the
females.
As the cells lie head to tail in a narrow tunnel there is a question of how a bee
towards the back of the queue can emerge when siblings block the exit. Presumably
all bees nesting in tunnels behave as do M. centuncularis, Osmia rufa L, O.
ceorulescens (L) and O. leiana (Kirby) (Raw 1972, 1988). When a bee towards the
back awakens it chews through the partition to gain access to the cell in front. If
that cell is occupied, the bee nibbles the occupant. When the bee in front starts to
chew through the partition in front of it the bee behind remains still. Activity of the
bee in front is the signal to stop biting. Sometimes several bees in the nest wake up
their siblings and all emerge together. When an emerging bee encounters a dead bee
in the cell in front it bites the corpse and, as there is no response, it chews its way
out pushing the remains behind it.
Mortality
The female of a nesting bee provides the entire food supply for her offspring so she
looks for a secure place to locate the nest. Nevertheless, this rich supply of food and
the defenceless offspring suffer the attacks from numerous organisms. Predators
and other organisms which kill the developmental stages of solitary bees are of three
sorts. Cuckoo bees and some wasps and beetles kill the egg and eat the stored food.
The parasitoid wasps, Leucospis, Melittobia, Monodontomerus and Tetrasticus attack
later, killing the growing larva, the pupa or even the adult before the host can leave
the cell. A third group, which includes dermestid and tenebrioid beetles and flies
consume the stored food and apparently incidentally kill the bee larva.
Many organisms have been recorded attacking Megachile. The bees are
Coelioxys, Dioxys and Stelis. Wasps include Leucospidae (Leucospis), Eulophidae
(Melittobia and Tetrasticus), Torymidae (Monodontomerus), Pteromalidae (Pteromalus,
Dibrachys and Phaeacra), Sapygidae (Huarpea and Sapyga), Mutillidae (Dasymutilla),
Chrysididae (Chrysis) and Ichneumonidae (Aritranis and Sphaeropthalma). Beetles
are Dermestidae (Anthrenus, Trogoderma), Cleridae (Trichodes), Meloidae (Lytta and
Nemognatha, Ptinidae (Ptinus) and Tenebrionidae (Tribolium, Aprostocetus,
Phyllobeanus, Cryptolestes and Tenebrioides). Flies are Bombyliidae (Anthrax) and
Tachinidae (Aritranis, Dibrachys and Phaenaera). Two moths have been found
consuming the food in the cell (Plodia interpunctella (Huebner) - the Indian meal
moth and Vitula edmandsae Rogonot - the dried fruit moth). Mites include
Chaetodactylidae (Chaetodactylus), Saproglyphidae (Vidia) and Suidasiidae (Tortonia).
The most common cuckoo bees attacking Megachile are members of the genus
tip of the Coelioxys The abdomen of the female of Coelioxys is pointed with which, as
first reported by Ferton, she pierces the wall or the cap of a cell of the bee to deposit
an egg (illustrated in Roubik 1989: 167). The egg hatches quickly and normally
before the host's egg. The first larval instars are agile and bear long sickle-like
10
mandibles (Graenicher 1905, 1927, Baker 1971). The larva searches for the host
bee’s egg which it punctures with the mandibles and sucks dry. The second instar
larva has normal mandibles and consumes the stored food of pollen mixed with
honey which was provided for the host. The wasp, Sapyga pumila behaves like that
of Coelioxys (Torchio 1972). The adult female pierces the cap of the cell with her
ovipositor to lay her egg. Likewise, with its long sharp mandibles, the first instar
larva destroys the bee’s egg (and any other wasps' egg which may be present) before
consuming the stored food.
The eggs of clerid and meloid beetles are laid on flowers or leaves which are
later collected by the nesting bee. The first instar larva of the beetle attaches itself to
the bee and is carried back to the nest (Eves & Johansen 1974).
Several management techniques have been developed to diminish the attacks
of predators on species of Megachile of economic importance as pollinators (Eves &
Johansen 1974, Torchio 1972). The emergence trap utilizes the tendency for
predators to emerge from the cells before their hosts. There are two types, both
comprising ultra-violet light. The lamp is placed above a tray containing insecticide
or oil which attracts the insects or is located inside a box bearing small tubular
openings with glue. In both, the predatory insect is trapped and killed before the
host bee emerges. This method is said to be efficient against the insects that are
brought indoors to overwinter.
As the insects which attack the offspring of nesting bees do not construct their
own nests they spend the night in safe cavities. A second control technique is the
use of night station traps which are similar to trapnests provided for the host bees,
but of a smaller diameter to exclude the bees' entry. However, this technique must
adversely affect the populations of small species of cavity nesting bees.
Chalkbrood fungus (Ascosphaera species) attack the young stages of Megachile
and several other species of bees. In particular A. aggregata specifically attacks
Megachilidae and is a serious cause of death of M. rotundata used in alfalfa
pollination (Vandenberg & Stephen 1982). Several studies on Megachile and related
taxa which construct nests comprising linear series of cells have revealed high rates
of unidentified mortality of the developing brood (Danks 1971, Jayasingh & Freeman
1980, 1984b, 1985, 1988). When an adult female emerges from her natal nest, she
must pass through all the cells in front of her and thus come into contact with the
contents of all the cells including those in which her siblings died. This is an ideal
situation for a pathogen to pass to the next generation.
Various organisms attack adult Megachile, particularly when they are on
flowers. These include conopid flies (Physocephala and Megaselia), crab-spiders
(Thomisidae) and Strepsiptera.
FLOWER RELATIONSHIPS
Flower Preferences
Innumerable scattered publications refer to the flower taxa that Megachile species
visit. Many of the bees are polylectic, visiting the flowers of various species of plants
for food. For example, M. centuncularis in southern England averaged more than
seven plant families per cell (Raw 1988). However, nesting females of polylectic
species visit the flowers near their nests so they often collect most of their pollen
from only a few plant taxa. Often they visit particular families of plants, like
Compositae and Leguminoseae. Some species are more oligolectic, the bees
restricting their choices to a particular species or genus. For example, M. gravita
and M. pascoensis are oligolectic on Clarkia in western U.S.A. (MacSwain et al 1973).
In the species which have been studied the males fly around the flowers
frequented by the females looking for mates. The searches of some species seem to
be more general, the males quartering the areas of flowering plants. In others the
males hold territories around the plants in bloom which the females visit. In the
West Indies, males of M. lanata are commonly hold territories at flowering Crotalaria
(Raw 1984b).
11
Pollination
Innumerable species of Megachile pollinate crops and wild plants like forest trees and
other useful plants. They are especially common at species of Leguminosae,
Compositae and Labiatae. Like all species of Megachilidae, nesting females carry
pollen on the ventral side of the abdomen; an arrangement which facilitates the
pollination of these flowers.
In much of the world, species of Megachile are the major pollinators of alfalfa.
The role played by Megachile in the pollination of this plant was first recognized by
researchers in North America (Brand & Westgate 1909, Piper et al 1914, Aicher
1917, Sladen 1918a, Tysdale et al 1943). Undetermined species of Megachile tripped
84% of the flowers visited, whereas honeybees tripped only 1% (Tysdale 1940). In
order to achieve a yield of 1,300 kilos of seed per hectare in the absence of other
possible pollinators a density of 500 foraging females of pollinating Megachile species
per hectare of flowering crop is recommended (Hobbs 1956).
In most of U.S.A. M. rotundata is the most important pollinator, its presence
resulting in yields of 2,200 kilos of seed per hectare; a twenty-fold difference over its
absence. M. rotundata has been semi-domesticated and farmers are able to buy bees
and receive advice on their care (Hobbs 1973). The use of M. rotundata in regions
with a severe winter is complicated by the need to store the overwintering stages in
frost-free conditions. However, in southern Alberta two native species,
M. dentitarsus and M. perihirta, effectively fill the role (Hobbs & Lilly 1954). In hotter
climates M. concinna is an efficient pollinator of alfalfa, the bees tripping on average
10 flowers per minute. An advantage of this species is that the developmental stages
can survive high daily temperatures (>42oC) which kills the larva of M. rotundata in
Arizona and Mexico (Butler & Wargo 1963).
The effectiveness of these bees as pollinators was demonstrated by
observations in an individual female of M. perihirta, which tripped 372 alfalfa flowers
per foraging trip. Averaging 75 foraging trips per cell and 15 cells per nesting
female, each foraging bee may thus trip 418,500 flowers to produce two kilos of seed
(Hobbs 1956). An important revelation of these data is the high relative importance
of the individual bee and, hence, the need to exercise great care when applying
pesticides on the crop so as not to kill the pollinators. The susceptibility of
M. rotundata to pesticides used on alfalfa differs from that of honeybees. M.
rotundata is more susceptible to most types of pesticide (possibly because the bees
cut leaves as well as visiting the flowers). However, a few types are less harmful
(Johansen et al 1963).
M. rotundata has also been used to pollinate alfalfa in glasshouses (Aubury &
Rogers 1971). M. concinna is also a candidate as a pollinator in small enclosures,
having nested successfully in a flight room of 12 m3 and (Butler & Ritchie 1965).
IDENTIFICATION
Identification of the species of Megachile is difficult; a result of both the large
numbers involved, the very fine differences which distinguish them and the frequent
question with Hymenoptera of associating the two sexes. Unfortunately, the
difficulties encountered in their identification have deterred useful investigation on
the bees. As numerous species are major pollinators of many plants, botanists often
collect the females. Males are less often collected, possibly because they fly more
quickly and make only fleeting visits to flowers. Despite their acknowledged
importance, citations in many publications are made only to generic level, reflecting
the difficulties that exist in their identification. In order to identify the members of
this large group of superficially similar insects it is first necessary to determine the
subgenera to which they belong. The two sexes of many species of Megachile are
very different in appearance. Fortunately, many are adventive nesters so the nests
are relatively easily obtained and the collector may rear both sexes from a nest. For
12
several species, this method and the rare capture of a pair in copula have been the
only means of associating the sexes.
For identification, even to subgeneric level, the bees must be adequately
prepared. In both sexes it is essential that the mandibles be opened to expose their
inner surfaces. The fore and mid legs of the males must be sufficiently spread to
allow examination of the lower surfaces. Determination of the subgenera of females
is often difficult if the apex of the abdomen is not opened to allow examination of the
sixth sternite. The simplest method to discover how to prepare the bee is to identify
freshly caught specimens. Often pollen grains obscure the scopa of the female and
must be removed before its structure can be examined. The most useful keys to the
identification of neotropical Megachile are those of Michener et al (1994) Michener
(2000) and Silveira et al 2002.
PRESENTATION OF DATA
Information from publications containing original data is included in this survey.
However, citations in faunal lists based solely on literature searches have been
excluded. For each species the original reference and all subsequent combinations
of names are cited. In cases where insufficient information was provided in the
original reference it is provided [in square brackets]. For example, the country of the
type locality was not always cited. The names of the collectors of the type specimens
are given in curved brackets after the citation of the type locality.
Collection abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used for the collections which hold type material.
AMNH - American Museum of Natural History, New York
ANSP - Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia
BBSL - Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan
CAS - California Academy of Science, Los Angeles
GCH - Gundlach Collection, Havana
IOC - Instituto Osvaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro
IZUT - Turin
Kiel MCZ - Museum of Comparative Zoology, University of Harvard
MNHN - Musée National de Histoire Naturelle, Paris
MNHU - Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin
MPEG - Museu Paraense de Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
MZSP - Museu de Zoologia, São Paulo
NMD - National Museum, Dublin
NHML - Natural History Museum, London
NHMW - Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria
OUM - Oxford University Museum
RAW - Collection of Anthony Raw
SMM - State Museum of München
UFPR - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
KANS - University of Kansas
USNM - United States National Museum, Washington, DC.
ZMC - Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen.
Where additional information has been gleaned from specimen labels the acronym of
the collection followed by the symbol © is cited under ADDITIONAL REFERENCES.
Raw © - author’s collection
Roubik © D. W. Roubik, STRI, Panama.
Biological and taxonomic information
13
The information on each species is summarized under nine headings. In addition,
the references from which these data were derived are given with indications of the
type each contains by the following symbols:D = Geographical distribution.
F = Flowers visited (including pollination studies).
K = Keys to identification.
L = Life history (including courtship and mating, development in the nest, sex
ratios, dormancy and emergence, life-tables).
M = Morphology and anatomy (including descriptions of intersexes and mimicry).
N = Nesting (nest sites, nest architecture, building and provisioning cells, building
materials).
P = Predators (including inquiline bees, beetles and flies, predators on the
developmental stages, predators on adult bees, fungal diseases and other
pathogens).
R = Redescription of the type sex or description of allotype. Adult female = (R-F);
male (R-M) and both sexes = (R-FM).
T = Taxonomic information (locations of types).
Geographical distribution
All geographical distributions are cited by country. For the four largest countries
subdivisions are cited where the collecting sites are known.
ARGENTINA. The provinces and territories are: BA = Buenos Aires; CA = Catamarca;
CB = Chubut; CD = Cordoba; ER = Entre Rios; LP = La Pampa; LR = La Rioja; ME =
Mendoza; MI = Misiones; NE = Neuquen; TU = Tucuman.
BRAZIL. The standard abbreviations for states and territories are: AC = Acre; AM =
Amazonas; BA = Bahia; DF = Distrito Federal; ES = Espirito Santo; GO = Goias; MG
= Minas Gerais; MS = Mato Grosso do Sul; MT = Mato Grosso; PA = Pará; PB =
Paraiba; PR = Paraná; RJ = Rio de Janeiro; RN = Rio Grande do Norte; RO =
Rondônia; RS = Rio Grande do Sul; SC = Santa Catarina; SP = São Paulo.
CANADA. The provinces are: AL = Alberta; BC = British Columbia; MA = Manitoba;
NF = Newfoundland; NS = Nova Scotia; NW = Northwest Territories; ON = Ontario;
QU = Quebec; SA = Saskatchewan; YU = Yukon.
JAMAICA. The parishes are: AN = St.Ann; AW = St. Andrew; CA = St.Catherine; CL =
Clarendon; EL = St.Elizabeth; MA = Manchester; PO = Portland; ST = St.Thomas;
TR = Trelawney.
MEXICO. The states are: BC = Baja California; CA = Campeche; CH = Chihuahua;
CO = Coahuila; CP = Chiapas; DU = Durango; GU = Guadalajara; HI = Hidalgo; JA
= Jalisco; ME = Mexico City; MI = Michoacan; MO = Morelos; NA = Nayarit; NL =
Nueva Leon; OA = Oaxaca; PU = Puebla; QR = Quintana Roo; SI = Sinaloa; SL = San
Luis Potosi; SO = Sonora; TB = Tabasco; TM = Tamaulipas; VC = Vera Cruz; YU =
Yucatan; ZA = Zacatecas.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The states are: AK = Alaska; AL = Alabama; AR =
Arkansas; AZ = Arizona; CA = California; CO = Colorado; DC = District of Columbia;
FL = Florida; GA = Georgia; HI = Hawaii; ID = Idaho; IL = Illinois; IN = Indiana; IO =
Iowa; KS = Kansas; LA = Louisiana; MA = Massachusetts; MD = Maryland; ME =
Maine; MI = Michigan; MN = Minnesota; MO = Missouri; MT = Montana; NB =
Nebraska; NC = North Carolina; ND = North Dakota; NH = New Hampshire; NJ =
New Jersey; NM = New Mexico; NV = Nevada; NY = New York; OH = Ohio; OK =
Oklahoma; OR = Oregon; PA = Pennsylvania, SD = South Dakota; TN = Tennessee;
TX = Texas; UT = Utah; VA = Virginia; WA = Washington; WI = Wisconsin; WY =
Wyoming.
14
Genus Megachile Latreille
Megachile Latreille 1802: 413. Type species: Apis centuncularis Linnaeus 1758: 575.
Designation of Curtis 1828: 218.
Anthophora Fabricius 1802: 434 (not Latreille). Type species: Apis centuncularis
Linnaeus. Designation of Curtis 1828: 218.
Chalicodoma Lepeletier 1841. Type species: Apis muraria Fabricius 1798.
Designation of Girard 1879. (See Michener 1962: 20.). Synonymy of Michener et al
1994: 174, Michener 2000: 534.
Chalicodoma Michener 1962: 17-29. Pasteels 1965: 342. Michener 1965: 187.
Hurd 1979: 2072. Mitchell 1980: 30-35.
Subgenus Acentron Mitchell
Megachile subgenus Acentron Mitchell 1934: 303 & 307. Type species: Megachile
albitarsis Cresson. Original designation.
Pseudocentron subgenus Acentron Mitchell 1980: 56.
Megachile subgenus Acentron Michener et al 1994: 178.
The subgenus at present includes 21 species of which one reaches U.S.A.
1. Megachile (Acentron) acculta Cockerell
Megachile acculta Cockerell 1931c: 540. Female. Type locality: Chichenitza, Yucatan
[Mexico]. Type repository: MCZ 16269. Examined.
Megachile (Acentron) acculta Ayala et al 1997: 454 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1932: 13 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: YU.
2. Megachile (Acentron) albitarsis Cresson
Megachile albitarsis Cresson 1872: 263-264. Male. Type locality: Texas (Belfrage).
Type repository: ANSP 2461. Examined.
Megachile optiva Cresson 1872: 268. Female. Type locality: Texas (Belfrage). Type
repository: ANSP 2445. Examined. Synonymy of Mitchell 1937b: 75.(Not Megachile
optiva Provancher 1882: 232 [= M. (Megachile) relativa Cresson 1878].)
Megachile newelli Cockerell 1908b: 262-263. Female. Type locality: Keatchie,
Louisiana 8 July 1908 (W. Newell). Synonymy of Mitchell 1937b: 75.
Megachile kallstroemiae Cockerell 1908b: 264. Female. Type locality: Mesilla Park,
New Mexico, 27 July on Kallstroemia (Cockerell). Synonymy of Mitchell 1937b: 75.
Megachile (Acentron) albitarsis Mitchell 1934: 303.
Megachile kallstraemiae Mitchell 1962: 165. (Misspelling).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 454 (D). Cane 1979: 127 (M).
Cockerell 1914b: 432 (D, F, T as M. newelli). Cresson 1916: 110 (T), 126 (T).
Graenicher 1930: 162 (D, F, L). Hurd 1979: 2069 (D, F). Mitchell 1937b: 75-78 (RFM, D, F); 1962: 165-167 (D, F, L, R- FM). Moure 1948: 332 (K). Robertson 1897:
350 (D, T); 1902: 49 (K as M. optiva).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: BC; CA; CH; CP; DU; GU; JA; MI; NA; NL; OA; SI; SO; TM;
VC; ZA. U.S.A.: AR; AZ; FL; GA; IN; LA; MI; MO; NC; NM; TX.
FLOWERS. Polylectic; visits 28 genera including Leguminosae, Compositae and
others. Asclepias, Aster, Bidens leucantha, Cassia, Cephalanthus, Chrysopsis,
Coreopsis, Crotalaria, Croton linearis, Cyrilla, Eryngium, Flaveria, Gaillardia, Galactia,
Helenium tenuifolium, Helianthus, Ilex, Kallstroemia grandiflora, Lespedeza repens,
Liatris, Melanthera radiata, Melilotus, Morongia angustata, Phaseolus, Pycnanthemum
hypsopifolia, Rhus, Rudbeckia amplexicaulis, Sabal palmetto, Solidago canadensis,
Stokesia, Verbena, Verbesina encelioides, Xiris caroliana.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from May to September in northern parts and March to
November in the south.
MORPHOLOGY. Articulations of hind leg.
15
3. Megachile (Acentron) arnaui Moure
Megachile (Acentron) arnaui Moure 1948: 328. Male. Type locality: Tacanas,
Tucuman, Argentina, January 1947 (J. M. Arnau). Type repository: UFPR.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: TU.
4. Megachile (Acentron) beniensis Cockerell
Megachile beniensis Cockerell 1927a: 19-20. Male. Type locality: Huachi, Beni,
Bolivia (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29088. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) beniensis Mitchell 1934: 302.
Synonym of Megachile costaricensis Friese 1921: 80, see Hedicke 1933: 43.
Megachile (Acentron) beniensis Raw 2002 #7: 3.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Myers 1935: 137 (Trinidad, West Indies; probable
misdetermination).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni- Huachu. BRAZIL: MT- Salobra.
5. Megachile (Acentron) breviuscula Smith
Megachile breviuscula Smith 1879: 82. Female. Type locality: Orizaba, Mexico. Type
repository: NHML 17a2498. Examined. The type is labelled "brevis" in F. Smith's
hand.
Megachile (Acentron) breviuscula Ayala et al 1997: 454 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1905: 340 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: VC; Orizaba.
6. Megachile (Acentron) candida Smith
Megachile candida Smith 1879: 82-83. Female. Type locality: Mexico. Type
repository: NHML 17a2417. Examined.
Megachile candidella Mitchell 1930: 206-207. Female. Type locality: Mexico. Type
repository: ANSP 4149. Examined. Synonymy of Mitchell, pers. comm. in Michener
1954: 100 (D, F, L).
Megachile (Acentron) candida Mitchell 1934: 303.
Megachile (Acentron) candidella Mitchell 1934: 303.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 454 (D). Cheesman 1929: 145 (D).
Cockerell 1896: 286 (K); 1899a: 12 (D); 1905: 340 (K); 1949: 450. Mitchell 1930: 206
(D, L). Moure 1948: 332 (K). Schwarz 1934: 19 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BELIZE: Prieta. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Cerro Patron (4000 ft),
Rio Frio, Sevilla. GUYANA: Kartabo. HONDURAS: Zamorano. MEXICO: CP; GU; SL;
TB; VC; YU- Chichenitza; Rio Nautla. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Cerro Cobre,
Chiva Chiva, Corozal, Farfan, Juan Mina; Panamá- Old Panamá, Panamá City,
Pedregal, Pueblo Nuevo, Taboga Island, Tocumen. TRINIDAD.
FLOWERS. Elvira biflora, Melampodium divaricatum.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly most of the year.
7. Megachile (Acentron) civilis Mitchell
Megachile civilis Mitchell 1930: 208-209. Female. Type locality: Villarrica, Paraguay,
February 1923. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Acentron) civilis Mitchell 1934: 303.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Moure 1948: 331, 334 (D, K). Silveira et al 2002: 211
(D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM; SP. PARAGUAY.
8. Megachile (Acentron) costaricensis Friese
Megachile costaricensis Friese 1916: 341. Female. Type locality: San José (Schmidt)
and San Mateo (Burgdorf), Costa Rica. Type repository: MNHU. The combination is
based on a paratype female in USNM.
Megachile (Acentron) costaricensis Raw 2002 #7: 3.
Hedicke (1933: 43) suggests M. beniensis Cockerell is a synonym.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Friese 1921: 80 (N, L, P).
DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: San José.
NESTING. In bamboo stems. Cells lined with leaf cuttings.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in July.
16
PREDATORS. Possibly Coelioxys tectiformis.
9. Megachile (Acentron) dilatata Vachal
Megachile dilatata Mitchell 1928: 344-346. Gynandromorph. Type locality:
Corumbá, Brazil, April. Type repository: ANSP 4108. Examined.
Megachile (Acentron) dilatata Raw 2002 #7: 3.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 211 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MS- Corumbá; MT; PR.
MORPHOLOGY. Intersexes.
10. Megachile (Acentron) eburneipes Vachal
Megachile eburneipes Vachal 1904: 13. Male. Type locality: Tucuman [Argentina],
20 Feb 1898 (Girard). Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
ARGENTINA: CA, La Rioja, TU.
Schrottky 1913b: 247 (D). Vachal 1909: 10 (K). Strand 1910: 538.
Megachile bernardina Schrottky 1913a: 209-210. Male. Type locality: Jundiahy, São
Paulo, [Brazil] November 1900. Type repository: MZSP. Examined. Type missing left
hind tibia and tarsi.
Megachile (Acentron) bernardina Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Megachile eburneipes Raw 2002 #7: 3.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1930: 205 (D, M). Moure 1948: 332 (K).
Silveira et al 2002: 211 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; MS- Pedra Branca; MT; PR; RN; RS; SP- Jundiaí.
11. Megachile (Acentron) florensis Mitchell
Megachile florensis Mitchell 1943b: 671. New name.
Megachile manaosensis Mitchell 1930: 203-204. Male. Type locality: Flores,
Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, 2 August 1924. Type repository: Meyer. (Presumably
the citation "Flores" on the data label signifies that the specimen was collected on
flowers.)
(Not Megachile manaosensis Schrottky 1913a: 201. See Mitchell 1943b: 671.)
Megachile (Acentron) florensis Raw 2002 #7: 3.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- Manaus.
12. Megachile (Acentron) hastigera Moure
Megachile (Acentron) hastigera Moure 1948: 330-331. Male. Type locality: Curitiba,
[Paraná, Brazil] 19 November 1937 (J. S. Moure). Type repository: UFPR.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 211 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR; RS.
13. Megachile (Acentron) illustris Mitchell
Megachile illustris Mitchell 1930: 188-189. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4142. Examined.
Megachile (Acentron) illustris Raw 2002 #7: 3.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.
14. Megachile (Acentron) itapuae Schrottky
Megachile itapuae Schrottky 1908: 238. Female. Type locality: Encarnacion,
Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP.
A female determined by Schrottky and labelled "METATIPO" in MZSP is a member of
this subgenus.
Megachile (Acentron) itapuae Raw 2002 #7: 4.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Schrottky 1913a: 143 (K), 183 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP- Botucatú. PARAGUAY: Encarnacion.
15. Megachile (Acentron) lentifera Vachal
Megachile lentifera Vachal 1909: 10. Male. Type locality: Rio Grande do Sul, Brésil.
Type repository: Vachal collection, MNHN.
Megachile limae Schrottky 1913a: 176-177. Female. Type locality: Jundiaí, São
Paulo, [Brazil]. Type repository: MZSP. Synonymy of Moure 1941: 92 (D).
17
Megachile morosa Mitchell 1930: 209-210. Female. Type locality: Buenavista,
Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer. Synonymy of Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) limae Mitchell 1934: 303.
Megachile (Acentron) lentifera Mitchell 1943b: 663.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1930: 223 (D as M. limae). Moure 1942: 309,
1944a: 16 (D as M. limae); 1948: 332 (K). Schrottky 1913a: 142 & 144 (K).
Sakagami et al 1967: 272 (D, L). Silveira et al 2002: 211 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA. BRAZIL: PR- São José dos Pinhais; MS; MT; PR; RS; SPVila Ema.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from November to May in Paraná.
16. Megachile (Acentron) manaosensis Schrottky
Megachile manaosensis Schrottky 1913a: 201. Male. Type locality: Manaus, AM,
Brazil. Type repository: MZSP.
(Not Megachile manaosensis Mitchell 1930: 203. See Mitchell 1943b.)
Megachile (Acentron) manaosensis Raw 2002 #7: 4.
Schrottky considered this species to be similar to M. curvipes but it differs
morphologically. Padre Moure (pers. comm.) suspects it is near M. civilis and
M. verrucosa, both members of Acentron.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.
17. Megachile (Acentron) pallipes Smith
Megachile pallipes Smith 1879: 71. Male. Type locality: São Paulo [de Olivença],
Amazon, [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2445. Examined.
Megachile pallidipes Dalla Torre 1896: 443. [New name, but not indicated as a
replacement name. Evidently intended as a correction. Invalid emendation, D. B.
Baker pers. comm].
Megachile (Acentron) pallipes Moure 1948: 334.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.
18. Megachile (Acentron) permunda Cockerell
Megachile permunda Cockerell 1912d: 56. Male. Type locality: Natal, [RN], Brazil (W.
M. Mann). Type repository: AMNH. Examined.
Megachile (Acentron) permunda Raw 2002 #7: 4.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RN.
19. Megachile (Acentron) tupinaquina Schrottky
Megachile tupinaquina Schrottky 1913a: 202-203. Male. Type locality: Jundiaí, São
Paulo. Type repository: MZSP ?
Megachile (Acentron) tupinaquina Moure 1948: 332 [key].
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: BA; GO- Goias; MG; MT; PB- João Pessoa; SP.
20. Megachile (Acentron) veraecrucis Cockerell
Megachile veraecrucis Cockerell 1896: 285-286. Male. Type locality: San Rafael,
Vera Cruz, Mexico, 18 June (C. H. T. Townsend). Type repository: USNM 9659.
Examined.
Megachile (Acentron) veraecrucis Ayala et al 1997: 454 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1932: 13-15 (D, K).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: VC; YU.
21. Megachile (Acentron) villarricensis Mitchell
Megachile villarricensis Mitchell. 1930: 207-208. Female. Type locality: Villa Rica,
Paraguay. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Acentron) villarricensis Mitchell 1934: 303.
DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.
18
Subgenus Argyropile Mitchell
Megachile subgenus Argyropile Mitchell 1934: 302, 308. Type species: Megachile
parallela Smith 1853. Original designation.
Megachile subgenus Argyropile Mitchell 1937b: 46-47.
Megachiloides subgenus Argyropile Mitchell 1980: 40.
The subgenus comprises eight north American species, two of which reach the
neotropics in Mexico. Mitchell (1943a: 16) provided a key to the identification of the
females of seven species.
1. Megachile (Argyropile ) flavihirsuta Mitchell
Megachile flavihirsuta Mitchell 1930: 225-226. Male. Type locality: Guadalajara,
Mexico, 14 Sept (McClendon). Type repository: ANSP 4126.
Megachile (Argyropile) flavihirsuta Mitchell 1937b: 46.
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: GU; HI; JA; MI; MO; NA; PU; SI; VC; ZA.
2. Megachile (Argyropile ) parallela Mitchell
Megachile parallela Smith 1853: 191. Male. Type locality: Georgia [U.S.A.]. Type
repository: NHML 17a2413.
Megachile (Argyropile) parallela Mitchell 1934: 302.
Megachile facunda Cresson 1872: 266. Male. Type locality: Texas (Belfrage). Type
repository: ANSP 2426. Synonymy of Cockerell 1913: 536.
Megachile 6-dentata Robertson 1895: 125. Male. Type locality: Illinois. Synonymy of
Cockerell 1913: 536.
Megachile verbesinae Cockerell 1908b: 264-265. Female. Type locality: Rinconada,
Upper Rio Grande, New Mexico, 26 September at Verbesina exauriculata (Cockerell).
Synonymy of Mitchell 1944: 132.
Megachile (Argyropile) parallela var. rita Mitchell 1937b: 53. Female. Type locality:
Mt. Santiago, California, 19 Sept 1926 on Ericameria parishii (P. H. Timberlake).
Type repository: USNM 44251. Synonymy of Hurd 1979: 2066.
Megachile (Argyropile) parallela var. reta Mitchell 1943a: 16 (misspelling). Megachile
(Argyropile) parallela parallela Mitchell 1962: 159- 161 (D, F, L, R-FM).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 337 (R-M); 1915: 268 (D, F). W.P.
Cockerell 1917: 191 (D). Fischer 1951: 49-50 (N). Graenicher 1930: 162 (D, F).
Hurd 1979: 2066 (D, F, N). Mitchell 1928: 333 (M); 1937b: 48-53 (D, F, R-FM); 1941:
167 (D, F, M); 1943a: 12 (D). Parker 1981: 62, 65 (F). Robertson 1926: 378; 1929 (F
as M. sexdentata).
DISTRIBUTION. CANADA: BC. MEXICO: CH, CO; DU; HI; JA; MO; NA; OA; PU; SO;
VC; ZA. U.S.A.: ND; IN; TX; AR;CA (to 4,000 ft); GA; IO; KA; MO; NC; OK.
FLOWERS. Polylectic; visits 48 genera, including many Compositae. Agoseris,
Asclepias, Aster, Baccharis, Boltonia, Brassica geniculata, Calycadenia
multiglandulosa, Ceanothus, Centaurea melitensis, C. solstitialis, Cephalanthus,
Chrysanthemum, Chrysothamnus, Cirsium, Clarkia williamsonii, Coreopsis grandiflora,
C. lanceolata, C. tinctoria, Corethrogyne, Encelia farinosa, Ericameria parishii, Erigeron
pygmaeus, Eriophyllum confertiflorum, Gaillardia pulchella, Gilia, Gossypium,
Grindelia camporum, Gutierrezia californica, G. sarothrae, Haplopappus squarrosus, H.
vernonioides, Helenium bigelovii, Helianthus annuus, H. atrorubens, H. gracilentus, H.
nuttallii, H. petiolaris, Heliopsis, Hemizonia lobbii, H. wrightii, Heterotheca grandiflora,
H. subaxillaris, Hypericum, Lepachys, Lotus scoparius, Malacothrix tenuifolia,
Medicago, Melanthera parvifolia, Melilotus alba, Monarda punctata, Palafoxia linearis,
Petalostemon, Phaseolus, Ratibida columnaris, Rudbeckia, Senecio douglasii, Silphium,
Stephanomeria exigua, Verbena, Verbesina encelioides, Viquiera, Xanthocephalum,
Zexmenia. Also reported as oligolectic on Asterae and Heliantheae.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from June to September.
NESTING. Excavates nest 5 cm deep in ground, but also accepts trapnests. Uses
leaf-cuttings and entire leaves and leaflets of Spiraea vanhoutteii and Trifolium
repens.
MORPHOLOGY. Intersex.
19
Subgenus Austromegachile Mitchell
Megachile (Austromegachile) Mitchell 1943b: 666. Type species: Megachile
montezuma Cresson 1878. Original designation. Michener et al 1994: 149, Michener
2000: 550.
Cressoniella (Austromegachile) Mitchell 1980: 63.
Holcomegachile Moure 1953: 119. Type species: Megachile giraffa Schrottky 1913a.
Original designation. Monotypic.
Megachile (Holcomegachile) Michener et al 1994: 149. Synonymy of Michener 2000:
550.
The 37 species in the subgenus range from Mexico to Argentina. A total of 21 are
known from Brazil. One species occurs on St. Vincent (West Indies).
1. Megachile (Austromegachile) abnormis Mitchell
Megachile abnormis Mitchell 1930: 271. Male. Type locality: Tapyta, Paraguay,
November 1928. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Austromegachile) abnormis Mitchell 1943b: 667.
DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.
2. Megachile (Austromegachile) anomala Schrottky
Megachile anomala Schrottky 1902: 437. Female. Type locality: Jundiahy, S. Paulo
[state], 2 February 1900 (M. Beron). Type repository: MZSP.
Megachile campinensis Schrottky 1908: 236. Female. Type locality: Campinas, São
Paulo, Brazil. Type repository: MZSP. Synonymy of Schrottky 1913a: 164.
Megachile minuscula Schrottky 1913a: 219. Male. Type locality: Marumbí (São
Paulo ?), Brazil. Type repository: MZSP ? Synonymy of Moure 1941: 91.
Megachile (Austromegachile) anomala anomala Moure 1953: 114-115.
Megachile (Austromegachile) anomala var. oligosticta Moure 1953: 113-114. Female.
Type locality: Colopampa (1500 m) or Chulumani (1800 m), Yungas de La Paz,
Bolivia. Type repository: Colegio Máximo de San Miguel/ José, Argentina.
Megachile (Austromegachile) anomala var. weyrauchi Moure 1953: 114-115. Type
locality: Huacapistana (1800 m), Valle del Chanchamayo (800 m) or Oreja-de-Capelo
(1600 m), Peru (Dr. W.K. Weyrauch). Type repository: Collection Weyrauch or UFPR
?
Moure (1953: 114) suggested this is a synonym of M. susurrans Haliday.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Michener 1954: 102 (D, L as M. (Austromegachile)
recta). Schrottky 1913a: 139 (K); 1920: 32 (D). MZSP.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA. BOLIVIA: Colopampa (1500 m) and Chulumani (1800
m), Yungas de La Paz. BRAZIL: MG; PR; RJ- Itatiaia; SP- Ipiranga, Juquiá.
PANAMA: Chiriquí, El Volcan. PARAGUAY. PERU: Huacapistana (1800 m), Orejade- Capelo (1600 m). Valle del Chanchamayo (800 m). Schrottky's record (1920: 32)
from Manaus should be confirmed.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly February to April.
3. Megachile (Austromegachile) antiqua Mitchell
Megachile antiqua Mitchell 1930: 270. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães,
MT], Brazil, January (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4121. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) antiqua Mitchell 1943b: 667.
Megachile (Austromegachile) antigua Michener 1954: 102 (D, F, L). [Misspelling.]
Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; MT; RS; SP. MEXICO: CP; JA; MO; NA. PANAMA:
Barro Colorado.
FLOWERS. Cornuta grandiflora.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in February & March.
4. Megachile (Austromegachile) constructrix Smith
Megachile constructrix Smith 1879: 77-78. Female. Type locality: Villa Nova [Brazil].
Type repository: NHML 17a2447. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) constructrix Raw 2002 #7: 4.
20
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Alfken 1930: 11 (D). Cockerell 1905: 341 (D, K).
Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni. BRAZIL: AM- Taracuá; PA.
5. Megachile (Austromegachile) corona Mitchell
Megachile corona Mitchell 1930: 274-275. Female. Type locality: Buenavista,
Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Austromegachile) corona Mitchell 1943b: 667.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA. BRAZIL: MG, SP.
6. Megachile (Austromegachile) donata Mitchell
Megachile donata Mitchell 1930: 269. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães,
MT], Brazil, January (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4129. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) donata Mitchell 1943b: 667.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.
7. Megachile (Austromegachile) exaltata Smith
Megachile exaltata Smith 1853: 185-186. Male. Type locality: Rio Tapajoz, Brazil (H.
W. Bates). Type repository: NHML 17a2458. Examined.
Megachile (Holcomegachile) exaltata Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
Megachile (Austromegachile) exaltata Raw 2002 #7: 4.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PA. MEXICO: JA.
8. Megachile (Austromegachile) facialis Vachal
Megachile facialis Vachal 1908: 239-240. Female. Type locality: R. Mixiollo (1200
m), Huallaga, Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) facialis Raw 2002 #7: 4.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU: Huallaga.
9. Megachile (Austromegachile) fiebrigi Schrottky
Megachile fiebrigi Schrottky 1908: 234. Female. Type locality: São Paulo, Brazil.
Type repository: MZSP.
Megachile planiceps Friese 1909a: 237. Female. Type locality: S. Bernadino,
Paraguay, 7 April (Fiebrig). Type repository: MNHU. Synonymy of Schrottky 1913a:
154.
Megachile (Austromegachile) fiebrigi Mitchell 1943b: 667.
Megachile tergina Vachal 1908: 223 (December). Female. Type locality: Huallaga,
Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Synonymy of Raw 2002: #7: 4.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1930: 273 (D). Moure 1942: 311 (D).
Schrottky 1913a: 137 (K), 154-155 (D). RAW collection. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA (northern parts). BRAZIL: AM; DF- Planaltina; MG;
MS; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães, Salobra; RS; SP. PARAGUAY: Asunción, San
Bernardino. Schrottky's record (1920: 32) from Manaus should be confirmed.
10. Megachile (Austromegachile) futilis Mitchell
Megachile futilis Mitchell 1930: 254-255. Male. Type locality: Tapyta, Bolivia. Type
repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Austromegachile) futilis Raw 2002 #7: 5.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Tapyta.
11. Megachile (Austromegachile) giraffa Schrottky
Megachile giraffa Schrottky 1913a: 218. Male. Type locality: Puerto Bertoni,
Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP ?
Megachile anodonta Cockerell 1927a: 18. Male. Type locality: Reyes, Bolivia,
October (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29084. Synonymy of Moure 1953:
120.
Megachile (Holcomegachile) giraffa Moure 1953: 120 (D).
21
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K as M. anodonta); Mitchell 1930:
263 (D as M. anodonta); Moure 1942: 312 (D); 1953: 120 (D). Posey 1983: 156 (D).
Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BELIZE: Benque Viejo. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz de la Sierra. BRAZIL:
AC- Iquirí; MG; MS; MT- Bodoquena, Salobra: PA- Gorotire. HONDURAS.
PARAGUAY.
12. Megachile (Austromegachile) habilis Mitchell
Megachile habilis Mitchell 1930: 278-279. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil, January (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4122.
Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) habilis Mitchell 1943b: 667.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Michener 1954: 102 (D, L).
Moure 1942: 311 (D); 1953: 117 (D). Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buena Vista. BRAZIL: MG; MS; MT- Chapada dos
Guimarães. COLOMBIA: Santa Marta, Mount San Lorenzo (2500 ft). MEXICO.
PANAMA: Chorrera. PERU: Valle Chanchamayo (800 m).
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in May.
13. Megachile (Austromegachile) ignava Mitchell
Megachile ignava Mitchell 1930: 279-280. Female. Type locality: Buenavista,
Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Austromegachile) ignava Moure 1953: 117 (D, R-FM).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. MZSP
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buenavista. BRAZIL: AM- Içana, São Gabriel; RO- Vila
Rondônia.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly January and February.
14. Megachile (Austromegachile) incongrua Smith
Megachile incongrua Smith 1879: 78. Female. Type locality: Tunantins [Amazonas,
Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2501. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) incongrua Raw 2002 #7: 5.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM; PA.
15. Megachile (Austromegachile) insolens Mitchell
Megachile insolens Mitchell 1930: 275-276. Female. Type locality: British Guiana,
28 April 1901 (Crew). Type repository: USNM 43094. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) insolens Raw 2002 #7: 5.
DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA.
16. Megachile (Austromegachile) laevinasis Vachal
Megachile laevinasis Vachal 1904: 13. Female. Type locality: Tucuman [Argentina].
Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) laevinasis Raw 2002 #7: 5.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: TU.
17. Megachile (Austromegachile) lamnula Vachal
Megachile lamnula Vachal 1908: 227. Male. Type locality: Brésil (probablement
provenant de Goyaz). Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Austromegachile) lamnula Mitchell 1943b: 667.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 218 (D); 1920: 29 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: GO; SP- Alto da Serra. PARAGUAY.
18. Megachile (Austromegachile) lenticula Vachal
Megachile lenticula Vachal 1908: 244. Male. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type
repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Austromegachile) lenticula Mitchell 1943b: 667.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1912d: 54 (R-F, K); 1919: 218 (D); 1927a: 17
(D, K, R-M). Michener 1954: 102 (D, L). Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
22
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni; Mapirí; Riberalta, Cavinas. BRAZIL: RO- Porto
Velho; RS. PANAMA: Barro Colorado. PERU: Palacazu.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in March.
19. Megachile (Austromegachile) limata Vachal
Megachile limata Vachal 1908: 226. Female. Type locality: Cayenne [Guyane
Française]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) limata Raw 2002 #7: 5.
DISTRIBUTION. GUYANE FRANÇAISE: Cayenne.
20. Megachile (Austromegachile) melanopoda Cockerell
Megachile melanopoda Cockerell 1923a: 456-457. Male. Type locality: Issororo,
N.W.D. British Guiana, 15 June 1915 (Bodkin). Type repository: ?
Megachile (Austromegachile) melanopoda Raw 2002 #7: 5.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1930: 263 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos Guimarães. GUYANA.
21. Megachile (Austromegachile) minima Ashmead
Megachile minima Ashmead 1900: 214. Male. Type locality: St. Vincent [West
Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2494. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) minima Raw 2002 #7: 5.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Friese 1908b: 38 [female and male].
DISTRIBUTION. ST. VINCENT.
22. Megachile (Austromegachile) montezuma Cresson
Megachile montezuma Cresson 1878: 129. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast).
Type repository: ANSP 2431. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) montezuma Mitchell 1943b: 667.
Moure 1953: 114 suggested this species may be a synonym of Megachile
(Austromegachile) susurrans Haliday.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Cockerell 1912b: 26 (D, F);
1932: 14 (K). Cresson 1916: 124 (T). Mitchell 1930: 280 (D) (Misdetermination ?).
Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA. BRAZIL: MT; SP. GUATEMALA: Quirigua. MEXICO: CP;
JA; NA; SI. PARAGUAY.
23. Megachile (Austromegachile) orbiculata Mitchell
Megachile orbiculata Mitchell 1930: 273-274. Female. Type locality: Buenavista,
Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Austromegachile) orbiculata Mitchell 1943b: 667.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Michener 1954: 102 (D, F, L). Moure 1953: 117 (D).
Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buenavista; Chaparé. BRAZIL: AC; BA; MT- Chapada dos
Guimarães; PA- Obidos; RO- Vila Rondônia. PANAMA: Old Panamá.
FLOWERS. Hibiscus tiliaceus.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in April.
24. Megachile (Austromegachile) paraensis Mocsary
Megachile paraensis Mocsary 1887: 19. New name.
Megachile vigilans Smith 1879: 77. Female. Type locality: Pará [Brazil]. Type
repository: NHML 17a2428. Examined.
(Not Megachile vigilans Smith 1878: 5. Female. Type locality: As. Turcestania.)
Megachile (Austromegachile) paraensis Raw 2002 #7: 5.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Schrottky 1913a: 218 (D, R-F).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PA.
25. Megachile (Austromegachile) philinca Cockerell
Megachile philinca Cockerell 1912a: 176. Female. Type locality: Piura, Peru,
February 1911 from nest (C. H. T. Townsend). Type repository: AMNH. Examined.
23
Megachile (Austromegachile) philinca Raw 2002 #7: 5.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1930: 263 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR: Guayaquil. PERU: Piura.
NESTING. Lines cells with cut leaves.
26. Megachile (Austromegachile) recta Mitchell
Megachile recta Mitchell 1930: 277-278. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia.
Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Austromegachile) recta Mitchell 1943b: 667.
Moure 1953: 113 placed Megachile recta in synonymy, considering it a dark form of
M. anomala.
Megachile (Austromegachile) recta. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buenavista.
27. Megachile (Austromegachile) rubicunda Smith
Megachile rubicunda Smith 1879: 73-74. Male. Type locality: St. Paulo [de Olivença],
on the Amazons [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2450. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) rubicunda Raw 2002 #7: 5.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.
28. Megachile (Austromegachile) sejuncta Cockerell
Megachile sejuncta Cockerell 1927a: 20-21. Male. Type locality: Cavinas, Beni,
Bolivia, January (W.M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29091. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) sejuncta Raw 2002 #7: 5.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni.
29. Megachile (Austromegachile) semota Cockerell
Megachile semota Cockerell 1927a: 22. Male. Type locality: Huachi, Beni, Bolivia,
September (W. M. Mann). Type repository: MCZ 25439. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) semota Mitchell 1943b: 667.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K). Mitchell 1930: 263 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni; Mapirí. BRAZIL: MS- Pedra Branca; MT- Chapada
dos Guimarães; PA- Santarém.
30. Megachile (Austromegachile) subpallens Vachal
Megachile subpallens Vachal 1908: 230-231. Female. Type locality: Pachitea, Peru.
Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) subpallens Raw 2002 #7: 6.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU: Pachitea.
31. Megachile (Austromegachile) susurrans Haliday
Megachile susurrans Haliday 1836: 320. Female. Type locality: São Paulo, SP,
Brazil. Type repository: NHML 17a2476. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) susurrans Moure 1953: 114. (Synonymies with
M. montezuma Cresson and M. anomala Schrottky are suggested.)
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cruz Landim 1967: 204 (M). Silveira et al 2002: 212
(D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: BA; MG; RS; SP.
MORPHOLOGY. Thoracic salivary glands are described.
32. Megachile (Austromegachile) tepaneca Cresson
Megachile tepaneca Cresson 1878: 128-129. Female. Type locality: Mexico
(Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2430. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) tepaneca Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cresson 1916: 131 (T).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: JA; NA.
24
33. Megachile (Austromegachile) trichrootricha Moure
Megachile (Austromegachile) trichrootricha Moure 1953: 115-116. Female and male
described. Type locality: Lima, Peru, January 1949 (P. Aguilar). Type repository:
UFPR.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU: Lima.
34. Megachile (Austromegachile) tricosa Cockerell
Megachile tricosa Cockerell 1927a: 21. Male. Type locality: Tumupasa, Bolivia,
December (W.M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29092. Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) tricosa Raw 2002 #7: 6.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Tumapusa.
35. Megachile (Austromegachile) trigonaspis Schrottky
Megachile trigonaspis Schrottky 1913a: 191-192. Female. Type locality: Rincão, SP,
Brazil. Type repository: MZSP. Examined.
Megachile certa Mitchell 1930: 272. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos Guimarães,
MS], Brazil, January (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4120. Synonymy of
Moure 1953: 116-117 (D).
Megachile egressa Mitchell 1930: 276-277. Female. Type locality: Tapyta, Paraguay.
Type repository: Meyer. Synonymy of Moure 1942: 311.
Megachile (Austromegachile) trigonaspis Mitchell 1943b: 667.
Megachile (Austromegachile) certa Mitchell 1943b: 667.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Graf 1967b: 131-133 (M); Michener 1954: 104 (D, L) as
M. certa. Moure 1941: 96-98 (D, R- F); 1942: 311 (D). MZSP. Silveira et al 2002:
212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA. BOLIVIA: Buenavista. BRAZIL: GO- Jataí; MGCamisão; MS; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães, Salobra; PR- Curitiba; SC- Nova
Teutonia; SP- Rincão, Rio Claro. PANAMA: Valle de Anton. PARAGUAY: Abai,
Tapyta. PERU: Valle Chanchamayo (800 m).
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly January to April.
NESTING. Cells lined with leaf pieces.
MORPHOLOGY. Anatomy of head glands.
36. Megachile (Austromegachile) turbulenta Mitchell
Megachile turbulenta Mitchell 1930: 255-256. Male. Type locality: Buenavista,
Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Austromegachile) turbulenta Mitchell 1943b: 667.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
37. Megachile (Austromegachile) xantholeuca Cockerell
Megachile xantholeuca Cockerell 1927a: 14. Intersex [not female]. Type locality:
Cavinas, Rio Beni, Bolivia, January (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29054.
Examined.
Megachile (Austromegachile) xantholeuca Raw 2002 #7: 6.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 12 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni.
Subgenus Callomegachile Michener
Chalicodoma subgenus Callomegachile Michener 1962: 21-22. Type species:
Chalicodoma mystaceana Michener 1962: 22-24. Original designation. Michener
1965: 188-190. Mitchell 1980: 30.
Chalicodoma subgenus Carinella Pasteels 1965: 447-449. Type species: Megachile
torrida Smith 1853: 156. Original designation. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 550.
Megachile (Callomegachile) Michener et al 1994: 149, Michener 2000: 550.
Megachile (Carinula) (new name and new combination) Michener et al 1994: 149.
Synonymy of Michener 2000: 550.
25
Callomegachile at present comprises >70 species. Half occur in the East Indies, 24
are in Africa and there is one each in Australia and southern Europe. Four species
have been introduced into the New World.
1. Megachile (Callomegachile) disjuncta (Fabricius)
Apis disjuncta Fabricius 1781: 481. Type locality: Am. Mer. Ins. [West Indies]. Type
repository: ?
Anthophora disjuncta Fabricius 1804: 374.
Trachusa disjuncta Jurine 1807: 251.
Megachile disjuncta Lepeletier 1841: 331.
Megachile (Pseudomegachile) disjuncta Friese 1911: 207.
Chalicodoma (Callomegachile) disjuncta Pasteels 1965: 467-468 (D, R-FM). Michener
1965: 191.
Megachile (Pseudomegachile) disjuncta Raw 2002 #7: 6.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1937b: 164 (D). Pagden 1934: 488-489 (D, N,
P).
DISTRIBUTION. Old World: INDIA. JAPAN. MADAGASCAR. MALAYSIA.
REUNION. SEYCHELLES. New World: WEST INDIES. It is an Asian species,
introduced to African and West Indian islands.
FLOWERS. In Asia:- Crotalaria, Tephrosia.
NESTING. Nests in existing cavities around buildings. Cells constructed of leaf
pieces including Cassia alata, Crotalaria saltiana.
PREDATORS. Melittobia hawaiiensis.
2. Megachile (Callomegachile) rufipennis (Fabricius)
Apis rufipennis Fabricius 1793: 335. Female. Type locality: [St. Croix, West Indies].
Type repository: Kiel.
Anthophora rufipennis Fabricius 1804: 373.
Trachusa rufipennis Jurine 1807: 251.
Megachile rufipennis Latreille 1809: 166.
Megachile atriceps Cresson 1865: 176. Female. Type locality: Cuba. Type
repository: ANSP 2455. Synonymy of Moure 1960: 109 (D).
Megachile nigriceps Friese 1903: 277. Type locality: ? Type repository: MNHN.
Synonymy of Pasteels 1965: 476.
Megachile atriceps rukuruensis Cockerell 1937b: 146. Male. Type locality: Valley of
N. Rukuru, Karonga District, Nyasaland, 2000-4000 ft, 15-18 July 1910 (S. A.
Neave). Synonymy of Pasteels 1965: 476.
Megachile (Archimegachile) atriceps Mitchell 1943b: 671.
Chalicodoma (Callomegachile) rufipennis Pasteels 1965: 476-478.
Megachile (Callomegachile) rufipennis Raw 2002 #7: 6.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Alayo 1976: 23 (D). Cockerell 1905: 339 & 341 (K);
1935: 2 (D). Cresson 1916: 131 (T as M. atriceps). Jayasingh & Freeman 1980: 215216 (N, P). Smith 1853: 188 (T). RAW.
DISTRIBUTION. Old World: EAST AFRICA. ZAIRE: Katanga; Kivu; Kisangani. New
World: CUBA: (rare) Habana, Pinar del Rio. GUADELOUPE. HAITI: Port-au-Prince.
JAMAICA: AN; CA (locally common). MONTSERRAT. U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS: St.
Croix.
NESTING. Nests in beetle burrows in wood and trapnests of bored wood. Said to
excavate own nest in rotten wood.
PREDATORS. Suidasia and moulds. Mortality during the young stages in trapnests
in Jamaica was 58%.
3. Megachile (Callomegachile) solitaria Smith
Megachile solitaria Smith 1879: 80. Female. Type locality: St. Domingo [West
Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2425.
Megachile (Archimegachile) solitaria Mitchell 1943b: 671.
Synonym of Megachile (Carinella) torrida Smith see Pasteels 1965: 454-455, but good
species (D.B. Baker pers. comm.).
Megachile (Callomegachile) solitaria Raw 2002 #7: 6.
26
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 338 (R-F), 341 (K): 1935: 14 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. Old World: GHANA. LIBERIA. UGANDA. ZAIRE. New World:
SANTO DOMINGO.
4. Megachile (Callomegachile) torrida Smith
Megachile torridus Smith 1853: 156. Type locality: The Gambia (Rendall).
Megachile (Megachile) torrida Friese 1909b: 355 (D).
Megachile torrida Cockerell 1937b: 243 (D).
Megachile (Archimegachile) solitaria Mitchell 1943b: 671.
Chalicodoma (Carinella) torrida Pasteels 1965: 454-455.
Megachile (Megachile) torrida Raw 2002 #7: 7.
DISTRIBUTION. Old World: GAMBIA. GHANA. KENYA. LIBERIA. MALAWI.
MOZAMBIQUE. NIGERIA. TOGO. UGANDA. SENEGAL. ZAIRE. ZAMBIA.
ZIMBABWE. New World: SANTO DOMINGO.
Subgenus Chelostomoides Robertson
Chelostomoides Robertson 1901: 231. Type species: Megachile rugifrons Smith 1854:
220 [= Megachile rufimanus Robertson 1891]. Subsequent designation (Mitchell
1938: 412).
Oligotropus Robertson 1903: 168. Type species: Megachile campanulae Robertson
1903. Synonymy of Mitchell 1937a: 381.
Gnathodon Robertson 1903: 168. Type species: Megachile georgicus Cresson 1878.
Pre-occupied.
Sarogaster Robertson 1918: 92. Proposed to replace Gnathodon Robertson.
Synonymy of Mitchell 1937a: 381.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) Mitchell 1934: 298, 306, 937d: 382-383 [redescriptions
of female and male], 1943b: 664, 1956: 129-131, 1973: 6. Michener 1953: 1059,
2000: 553. Michener et al 1994: 149.
Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) Michener 1962: 20. Mitchell 1980: 35-39
[redescriptions of female and male].
Chelostomoidella Snelling 1990: 36-37. Type species: Megachile (Chelostomoides)
spinotulata Mitchell 1934. Original designation. Synonymy of Michener
The subgenus is most abundant in southwestern U.S.A., through Mexico and
Central America. Seventeen species are neotropical, one of which also occurs in
U.S.A. Three are West Indian, three have been collected in Colombia and one in
Peru. R. R. Snelling (1990) redescribed the subgenus and twenty species and also
described five new species. Both he (1990: 5-8) and Mitchell (1956: 134-138)
provided keys to the identification of members of the subgenus.
1. Megachile (Chelostomoides) abacula Cresson
Megachile abacula Cresson 1878: 130-131. Female. Type locality: Mexico
(Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2437. Examined.
Megachile (Oligotropus) gualanensis Cockerell 1912b: 27-28. Female. Type locality:
Gualan, Guatemala (W.P. Cockerell). Type repository: USNM 54861. Examined.
Synonymy of Snelling 1990: 25-26.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) gualanensis Mitchell 1934: 301.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) abacula Mitchell 1943b: 664.
Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) abacula Snelling 1990: 25-26 (D, F, L, R-FM).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). W. P. Cockerell 1912: 279
(D, N, P). Cresson 1916: 110 (T as M. gualanensis). Mitchell 1956: 135-136 (K);
1930: 177 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste. HONDURAS. MEXICO: CH, OA, YU.
GUATEMALA. NICARAGUA.
FLOWERS. Andira inermis, Cordia collococca, Lonchocarpus costaricensis, Melanthera
nivea, Phyllocarpus, Salvia.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from September to April.
NESTING. In mud walls.
27
PREDATOR. Coelioxys sanguinosus.
2.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) alucaba Snelling
Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) alucaba Snelling 1990: 26-27. Female. Type locality:
9.2 km W Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Type repository: LACM.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) alucaba Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: JA; MO; PU; SI; ZA.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in September and October.
3.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) armaticeps Cresson
Megachile armaticeps Cresson 1869: 296-297. Female. Type locality: Cuba. Type
repository: GCH (no.527).
Megachile (Sayapis) armaticeps Krombein 1953b: 22, Raw 2002 #7: 7.
Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) armaticeps Snelling 1990: 28.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Alayo 1976: 23 (D). Cresson 1916: 12 (T). Gundlach
1886: 164-165 (D, R-F).
DISTRIBUTION. CUBA: Matanza, Oriente (a rare coastal species).
4.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) asymmetrica (Snelling)
Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) asymmetrica Snelling 1990: 9-13. Male. Type locality:
Oaxaca, Mexico, 8 Sept 1965 on Caesalpinia sclerocarpa (D. H. Janzen). Type
repository: KANS.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) asymmetrica Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: JA, OA, QR; SL; YU.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults collected in February, April and September.
5.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) axyx (Snelling)
Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) axyx Snelling 1990: 32-33. Female. Type locality:
Hacienda Comelco, 24 km NW Cañas, Costa Rica, 16 Feb 1972 on Andira inermis (E.
R. Heithaus). Type repository: LACM.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) axyx Raw 2002 #7: 7.
DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste.
FLOWERS. Andira inermis, Byrsonima, Caesalpinia eriostachys, Dalbergia retusa,
Gliricidia sepium, Lonchocarpus costaricensis, Myrospermum frutescens, Pterocarpus
rohrii, Securidaca sylvestris, Simaruba glauca, Tabebuia rosea.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from November to April.
6.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) bipartita Smith
Megachile bipartita Smith 1879: 83. Female. Type locality: Oaxaca, Mexico. Type
repository: NHML 17a2471. Examined.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) bipartita Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1905: 340 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: OA.
7.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) cartagenensis Mitchell
Megachile cartagenensis Mitchell 1930: 176-177. Male. Type locality: Cartagena,
Colombia, 30 October 1926 (George Salt). Type repository: NHML 17a2408.
Examined.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) cartagenensis Mitchell 1934: 301.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1956: 137 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA.
8.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) ecplectica (Snelling)
Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) ecplectica Snelling 1990: 35-36. Female. Type
locality: 11.4 mi W Chilpancingo, 7700 ft elev., Guerrero, Mexico, 31 July 1969
(University of Kansas Mexican Expedition). Type repository: KANS.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) ecplectica Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: GU.
28
9.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) haemotoxylonae Mitchell
Megachile haemotoxylonae Mitchell 1930: 178-179. Female. Type locality:
Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Colombia, 18 February 1927 (M. A. Carriker). Type
repository: NHML 17a2403. Examined.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) haemotoxylonae Mitchell 1934: 301.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1956: 135 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Santa Marta.
FLOWERS. Haematoxylon.
10. Megachile (Chelostomoides) izucara Cresson
Megachile izucara Cresson 1878: 131. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast).
Type repository: ANSP 2438.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) izucara Mitchell 1934: 301.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455. Cresson 1916: 121 (T).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO.
11. Megachile (Chelostomoides) jamaicae (Raw)
Chelostomoides jamaicae Raw 1984a: 495. Female. Type locality: Port Royal
Cemetery, Jamaica, 11 April 1974 (A. Raw). Type repository: OUM. Examined.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) jamaicae Raw 2002 #7: 8.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Raw 1985: 2-13 (D, F, M).
This rare species is similar to Megachile (Chelostomoides) abacula in general form
and colour and in the shape of the clypeus.
DISTRIBUTION. JAMAICA: AW.
FLOWERS. Capparis ferruginea L.
12. Megachile (Chelostomoides) otomita Cresson
Megachile otomita Cresson 1878: 123. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast).
Type repository: ANSP 2417. Examined.
Megachile squamosa Friese 1916: 340. Male & Female. Type locality: San José,
Costa Rica [females]/ Popayan, Colombia [male]. Type repository: ? Synonymy of
Mitchell 1930: 176 (D).
Megachile knabi Cockerell 1919a: 215-216. Male. Type locality: Cordoba, Mexico, 20
Dec 1907 (F. Knab). Type repository: USNM 21685. Examined. Synonymy of
Mitchell 1930: 176.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) otomita Mitchell 1934: 301.
Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) otomita Snelling 1990: 19-20 (D, F, L).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Cockerell 1932: 13 (D, K);
1949: 450 (D, L). Cresson 1916: 126 (T); Friese 1921: 80 (N, L, P as M. squamosa).
Mitchell 1956: 135 (K), 138 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. BELIZE: Corozal. COLOMBIA: Antioquia, Valle; Popayan. COSTA
RICA: Cartago, Guanacaste, San José; Mount Redonda. GUATEMALA. HONDURAS:
Zamorano. MEXICO: CP, JA, MO, OA, QR, SL, TA, VC, YU- Chichenitza.
FLOWERS. Acacia tenuiflora, Andira inermis, Aster, Leonurus, Lotus, Salvia, Triplaris
americana.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly throughout the year.
NESTING. In Bamboo stems.
PREDATORS. Possibly Stelis costaricensis.
13. Megachile (Chelostomoides) peruviana Smith
Megachile peruviana Smith 1879: 79. Female. Type locality: Peru. Type repository:
NHML 17a2500. Examined.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) peruviana Mitchell 1943b: 664.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1949: 450 (D). Mitchell 1956: 135, 136 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. PERU. HONDURAS: Zamorano.
14. Megachile (Chelostomoides) quadridentata Mitchell
Megachile quadridentata Mitchell 1930: 177-178. Female. Type locality:
Guadalajara, Mexico. Type repository: USNM.
Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) quadridentata Snelling 1990: 20-21.
29
Megachile (Chelostomoides) quadridentata Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: GE, GU, JA, MO, OA, PU, SI, SL, VC, ZA.
FLOWER. Caesalpinia sclerocarpa.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly throughout the year.
15. Megachile (Chelostomoides) rawi Engel
Chelostomoides pedalis Raw 1984a: 494-495. Female. Type locality: Maryland, St.
Andrew, Jamaica, 30 June 1972 (A. Raw). Type repository: OUM. Examined.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Raw 1985: 2-13 (D, F, M).
Megachile (Chelostomoides) rawi Engel 1999: 2. New name for Chelostomoides
pedalis Raw.
This rare species is the size, colour and approximate shape of M. (Neomegachile)
pedalis Fox.
DISTRIBUTION. JAMAICA: AW.
FLOWER. Piscidia piscipula.
16. Megachile (Chelostomoides) reflexa (Snelling)
Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) reflexa Snelling 1990: 21-22. Male. Type locality:
Estacion Biologia de Chamela, near San Patricio, Jalisco, Mexico, 12 May 1980 (S. H.
Bullock). Type repository: LACM.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) reflexa Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: GE, JA, MO, NA, OA, PU, SI, SO.
FLOWERS. Antigonum leptopus, Caesalpinia sclerosa, Cercidium, Lonchocarpus,
Prosopis.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly throughout the year.
17.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) texensis Mitchell
Megachile (Chelostomoides) texensis Mitchell 1956: 132-133. Female. Type locality:
Southmost, Cameron County, Texas, 13 April 1950 on Parkinsonia (Beamer,
Stephen, Michener & Rozens). Type repository: USNM. Examined.
Chalicodoma (Chelostomoides) texensis Hurd 1979: 2076 (N, F, P).
Megachile (Chelostomoides) texensis Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Snelling 1990: 33-35 (D, F, R-FM).
DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste. MEXICO: CH, JA, PU, SO, VC, YU.
U.S.A.: TX.
FLOWERS. Agastache breviflora, Andira inermis, Caesalpinia eriostachys, Dalbergia
retusa, Gliricidia sepium, Lonchocarpus costaricensis, Parkinsonia. All are
Leguminosae.
NESTING. Nest site: old beetle burrows of ramada.
LIFE HISTORY. Flight records are from December to August.
Subgenus Chrysosarus Mitchell
Megachile (Chrysosarus) Mitchell 1943b: 664. Type species: Megachile guaranitica
Schrottky 1908. Original designation. Michener et al 1994: 149, Michener 2000:
553.
Chrysosarus subgenus Dactylomegachile Mitchell 1980: 72.
Megachile (Dactylomegachile) Mitchell 1943b: 670. Type species: Megachile
parsonsiae Schrottky 1913. Original designation.
Chrysosarus (Chrysosarus) Mitchell 1980: 72.
Chrysosarus (Dactylomegachile) Mitchell 1980: 72. Synonymy of Michener 2000:
553.
This is primarily a southern subgenuswith only one species reaching Panamá. The
51 species range from Guyana and Peru to southern Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina.
To date 20 species are known from Argentina and 21 from Brazil. T. B. Mitchell
(1943b) selected M. guaranitica as the type species of the subgenus because at that
time it was the only species of the group in which the sexes had been associated.
30
I have followed Professor Michener's suggestion that Dactylomegachile be
incorporated into Chrysosarus. The separation of the subgenera on colour and size
(used by Mitchell 1943 and Silveira et al 2002) do not hold for many of the species.
1. Megachile (Chrysosarus) acris Mitchell
Megachile acris Mitchell 1930: 297-298. Female. Type locality: Villarrica, Paraguay.
Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) acris Raw 2002 #7: 9.
DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY: Villarrica.
2. Megachile (Chrysosarus) aequalis Mitchell
Megachile aequalis Mitchell 1930: 246-247. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil, November (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4133.
Examined. [Type missing antennae.]
Megachile (Chrysosarus) aequalis Mitchell 1943b: 666.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.
3. Megachile (Chrysosarus) affabilis Mitchell
Megachile affabilis Mitchell 1930: 301-302. Female. Type locality: Villarrica,
Paraguay. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) affabilis Raw 2002 #7: 9.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP- Santo Amaro. PARAGUAY: Villarrica, Tapyta.
4. Megachile (Chrysosarus) albopunctata Jörgensen
Megachile albopunctata Jörgensen 1909: 225. Female. Type locality: Chacras de
Coria, Mendoza, Argentina, December, Hoffmannseggia falcata. Type repository: ?
Megachile (Chrysosarus) albopunctata Raw 2002 #7: 9.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Jörgensen 1912a: 127 (F, T), 132 (K); 1912b: 310 (F).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA- Andalgala, Halfín; ME- Chacras de Coria.
FLOWERS. Clematis hilarii, Hoffmannseggia falcata, Larrea tridentata, Senecio
pinnatus, Verbesina octantha.
5. Megachile (Chrysosarus) arctos Vachal
Megachile arctos Vachal 1904: 11. Female. Type locality: Chacras de Coria,
[Callanga] Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) albopunctata Raw 2002 #7: 9.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU.
6. Megachile (Chrysosarus) atricoma Vachal
Megachile atricoma Vachal 1908: 224. Female. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type
repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) atricoma Mitchell 1943b: 666.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1927a: 12-14 (D, K R-F). Mitchell 1930: 257
(D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni, Buenavista, Santa Cruz, Rio Mapirí. GUYANA.
7. Megachile (Chrysosarus) bella Mitchell
Megachile bella Mitchell 1930: 249-250. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil, May (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4135. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) bella Mitchell 1943b: 666. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
Moure (1942: 310; 1943: 181) considered M. bella to be synonym of M.diversa.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães.
8. Megachile (Chrysosarus) binota Vachal
Megachile binota Vachal 1908: 225. Female. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina].
Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) binota Raw 2002 #7: 9.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME.
31
9. Megachile (Chrysosarus) botanicarum Cockerell
Megachile botanicarum Cockerell 1923a: 453-454. Female. Type locality: Botanic
Gardens, [Georgetown] British Guiana, 23 April 1915 (G. E. Bodkin). Type
repository: NHML 17a2465. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) botanicarum Raw 2002 #7: 9.
DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA.
10. Megachile (Chrysosarus) breviata Vachal
Megachile breviata Vachal 1908: 227. Female. Type locality: Lara, 4000m, Tucuman
[Argentina] (Baer). Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) breviata Raw 2002 #7: 9.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA. BOLIVIA: Chinoli, La Paz.
11. Megachile (Chrysosarus) bruneriella Cockerell
Megachile bruneriella Cockerell 1917b: 239-240. Male. Type locality: Carcaraña,
Argentina (L. Bruner). Type repository: USNM 22906. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) bruneriella Raw 2002 #7: 9.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA.
12. Megachile (Chrysosarus) catamarcensis Schrottky
Megachile catamarcensis Schrottky 1908: 237. Female. Type locality: Catamarca,
Argentina. Type repository: MZSP ?
Megachile guaranitica catamarcensis Schrottky 1909b: 268.
Megachile catamarcensis Jörgensen 1912a: 124-125.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) catamarcensis Moure 1947: 233-234.
Megachile gomphrenae Friese 1908a: 63-65 (D, K, R-FM) (not M. (Pseudocentron)
gomphrenae Holmberg 1886). Synonymy of Jörgensen 1912b: 310.
Jörgensen 1912a: 124-125 considered Megachile collaris Friese to be the male of M.
catamarcensis.
Schrottky (1913a: 168) and Mitchell (1930: 248) considered M. catamarcensis to be a
synonym of M. (Chrysosarus) guaranitica Schrottky.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Jörgensen 1912a: 124-125 (D, L, N, P), 132 & 135 (K);
1912b: 310 (F, L).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA; ME; ST- Rio Carapari; TU. BRAZIL: SCBlumenau; SP- Barbacena, Campinas, Jundiaí. Schrottky (1913a: 169) considered
M. catamarcensis to be more typical of the Andean foothills.
FLOWERS. Acacia furcata, Caesalpinia praecox, Circium lanceolatum, Convolvulus
arvensis, Cuscuta racemosa, Cynara cordunculus, Hoffmannseggia, Hyalis argentea,
Marrubium vulgare, Prosopis alpataco, P. campestris, P. strombulifera, Psoralea
higuerilla, Senecio mendocinus and Sphaeralcea bonariensis.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly mid October to end of March.
NESTING. Nests in bamboo canes and abandoned nests of Centris in old walls. The
cell is 10mm long and 8mm wide. It is built of mud, lined with leaves and closed
with mud. Leaves cut from Delphinium, Gladiolus, Papaver, rose and Malvaceae.
PREDATOR. Coelioxys inconspicua.
13. Megachile (Chrysosarus) collaris Friese
Megachile gomphrenae var. collaris Friese 1908a: 65. Male. Type locality: Mendoza
[Argentina]. Type repository: ?
Megachile guaranitica var collaris Jörgensen 1909: 213.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) collaris Mitchell 1943b: 666.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Jörgensen 1909: 213-214 (D, F, L, N, P).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME- Chacras de Coria, Pedregal, Potrerillos.
PARAGUAY: Villa Morra.
FLOWERS. Acacia furcata, Caesalpinia praecox, Circium lanceolatum, Convolvulus
arvensis, Cuscuta racemosa, Hoffmannseggia, Hyalis argentea, Prosopis alpataco, P.
campestris, P. strombulifera, Psoralea higuerilla, Senecio mendocinus and Sphaeralcea
bonariensis.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from November to March.
32
NESTING. Nests in cane thatch of houses and in abandoned cells of Centris in old
walls. The cell is 10mm long and 8mm wide. It is built of mud, lined with leaves
and closed with mud. Leaves cut from Delphinium, Gladiolus, Papaver, rose and
Malvaceae.
PREDATOR. Coelioxys inconspicua.
14.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) compacta Smith
Megachile compacta Smith 1879: 72. Female. Type locality: Santarem [Brazil]. Type
repository: NHML 17a2442. Examined.
(Not Megachile compacta Pérez 1895. Type locality: ?)
Megachile (Chrysosarus) compacta Raw 2002 #7: 9.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Alfken 1933: 305 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PA -Santarém.
15. Megachile (Chrysosarus) conferta Mitchell
Megachile conferta Mitchell 1930: 292-293. Male. Type locality: Puno, Peru. Type
repository: MCZ 16207. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) conferta Raw 2002 #7: 10.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU.
16. Megachile (Chrysosarus) congruata Mitchell
Megachile congruens Mitchell 1930: 248-249. Male. Type locality: Pedra Branca,
Brazil, April (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4150. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) congruata Mitchell 1943b: 666. New name (Not Megachile
congruens Friese 1903: 284. Ethiopia. [= Chalicodoma (Pseudomegachile) congruens
(Pasteels 1965: 394.)]
Megachile (Chrysosarus) congruens Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: Uacarizal, MS- Corumbá, Pedra Branca; MT.
17. Megachile (Chrysosarus) conjugalis Mitchell
Megachile conjugalis Mitchell 1930: 258. Female. Type locality: San Alberto, Rio
Branco, Amazonas [Brazil]. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) conjugalis Raw 2002 #7: 10.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.
18. Megachile (Chrysosarus) contempta Mitchell
Megachile contemptus Mitchell 1930: 259. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia
? Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile contempta Moure 1943: 175. (Emendation.)
Megachile (Chrysosarus) contemptus Mitchell 1943b: 666.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) contempta Michener 1954: 102 (D, L).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buenavista. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Rio Frio. PANAMA:
Barro Colorado; Pueblo Nuevo.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in February & March.
19. Megachile (Chrysosarus) ctenophora Holmberg
Megachile ctenophora Holmberg 1886: 144. Male. Type locality: Tandil, Prov.
Buenos Aires, Argentina. Type repository: ?
Megachile (Chrysosarus) ctenophora Raw 2002 #7: 10.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63 (K), 68 (D, T). Jörgensen 1909: 224
(L, N, P); 1912a: 128 (D, F, L, T), 133 & 135 (K); 1912b: 311 (F, L). Schrottky 1913b:
247 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA; CA- Andalgala, Belem, Colpes, Joyango; ME; TU.
URUGUAY.
FLOWERS. Bulnesia retama, Calendula officinalis, Gourliacea decorticans,
Hoffmannseggia falcata, Larrea tridentata, Marrubium vulgare, prosopis alba, Senecio
pinnatus, Verbesina octantha.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly October to January.
NESTING. Nests in galls [?] of Durana (?) dependens.
33
PREDATORS. Coelioxys inconspicuum, C. laudabilis.
20. Megachile (Chrysosarus) diversa Mitchell
Megachile diversa Mitchell 1930: 261-262. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil, April (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4127.
Examined.
Megachile gomphrenae var. rufula Friese 1908a: 64-65. Sex ? Type locality:
Blumenau [Brazil]. Type repository: ? Synonymy of Moure 1943: 180-181 (D).
Jörgensen (1912a: 124) considered this to be a variety of M. guaranitica Schrottky.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) diversa Mitchell 1943b: 666.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MS; MT- Bodoquena, Chapada dos Guimarães, Salobra;
PR- Artaza, Guayra, Porto Majoli; SC- Blumenau; SP- Batatais. PARAGUAY: Puerto
Bertoni.
21. Megachile (Chrysosarus) expleta Mitchell
Megachile expleta Mitchell 1930: 252-253. Male. Type locality: Tapyta, Paraguay.
Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) expleta Raw 2002 #7: 10.
DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.
22. Megachile (Chrysosarus) fastidiosa Mitchell
Megachile fastidiosa Mitchell 1930: 179-180. Female. Type locality: Buenavista,
Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) fastidiosa Raw 2002 #7: 10.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
23. Megachile (Chrysosarus) guaranitica Schrottky
Megachile guaranitica Schrottky 1908: 236-237. Female. Type locality: Puerto
Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP.
Megachile guaranitica uruguayensis Schrottky 1908: 237. Female. Type locality:
Uruguay. Type repository: ? Synonymy of ?
Megachile gomphrenae var. ferrugineipes Friese 1908a: 65. Male. Type locality:
Jundiahy [Brazil]. Type repository: ? Synonymy of Schrottky 1913a: 168.
Megachile marcida Vachal 1908: 229-230. Female. Type locality: Mendoza/ Buenos
Aires [Argentina]. (Date 15 November, but locality is not cited on type specimen.)
Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Missing apical segment of left hind tarsis.
Synonymy of Raw 2002: 10.
Megachile guaranitica ferrugineipes Schrottky 1909b: 268.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) guaranitica Mitchell 1943b: 664.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) guaranitica Raw 2002 #7: 10.
Schrottky (1913a: 168) considered M. (Chrysosarus) catamarcensis Schrottky,
M. gomphrenae Friese and M. gomphrenae var. collaris Friese to be synonyms of
M. guaranitica.
M. guaranitica is a very variable species or species group. Friese (1908a) separated
several species and varieties, whereas Schrottky (1913a) synonymized them.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Moure 1943: 181 (D). Schrottky 1913a: 140, 142, 146
& 150 (K); 1913b: 247 (D), 251 (P). Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI. BRAZIL: AM- Manaus; MS; PR- Guaira, Majoli;
RS. PARAGUAY. URUGUAY.
PREDATOR. Coelioxys inconspicua.
24. Megachile (Chrysosarus) impudens Mitchell
Megachile impudens Mitchell 1930: 288-289. Female. Type locality: Cordova,
Argentina (Davis). Type repository: MCZ 16204. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) impudens Raw 2002 #7: 10.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA- Sierra de la Ventana; CD.
34
25. Megachile (Chrysosarus) infima Vachal
Megachile infima Vachal 1908: 238-239. Female and male. Type locality: Mendoza
[Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) infima Raw 2002 #7: 10.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME.
26. Megachile (Chrysosarus) infinita Mitchell
Megachile infinita Mitchell 1930: 204-205. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil, October (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4134.
Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) infinita Raw 2002 #7: 10.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.
27. Megachile (Chrysosarus) ivonensis Cockerell
Megachile ivonensis Cockerell 1927a: 15-16. Female. Type locality: Ivon, Beni,
Bolivia, February (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29085. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) ivonensis Mitchell 1943b: 666.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K). Mitchell 1930: 256 (D).
MZSP. ROUBIK.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni, Santa Cruz- Buenavista; Cavinas and Blancaflor.
BRAZIL: RO, Suruí, Vila Rondônia. COLOMBIA.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in January and February.
28. Megachile (Chrysosarus) jenseni Friese
Megachile jenseni Friese 1906: 95. Sex ? Type locality: Ch. de Coria, Mendoza,
Argentina. Type repository: NMW.
Megachile (Dactylomegachile) jenseni Mitchell 1943b: 671.
Hedicke (1933: 43) suggested this species is a synonym of M. (Dactylomegachile)
vagata Vachal.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) jenseni Raw 2002 #7: 11.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63-68 (D, K), 65 (F, R-M), 68 (T); 1912:
364 (D). Jensen-Haarup 1908: 105 (D, F). Jörgensen 1909: 214 (D, F, L); 1912a:
127 (F, L), 132-135 (K); 1912b: 310-311 (F, L). Vachal 1909: 12 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME- Chacras de Coria, Pedregal; Santa Rosa; NE.
FLOWERS. Circium lanceolatum, Clematis hilarii, Cynara cardunculus, Delphinium,
Hoffmannseggia falcaria/ falcata, Lycium argentinum, Senecio mendocinus,
S. pinnatus, Taraxacum officinale.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly early October to mid June.
NESTING. Nests in bamboo canes and abandoned nests of Centris in old walls. The
cell is 10mm long and 8mm wide. It is built of mud, lined with leaves and closed
with mud. Leaves cut from Delphinium, Gladiolus, Papaver, rose and Malvaceae.
PREDATOR. Coelioxys inconspicua.
29. Megachile (Chrysosarus) levilimba Vachal
Megachile levilimba Vachal 1908: 241. Female. Type locality: Goyaz, Brazil. Type
repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) levilimba Raw 2002 #7: 11.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: GO.
30. Megachile (Chrysosarus) lingulata Vachal
Megachile lingulata Vachal 1908: 230. Female. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type
repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) lingulata Raw 2002 #7: 11.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Mapirí.
31. Megachile (Chrysosarus) melanopyga Schrottky
Megachile guaranitica forma melanopyga Schrottky 1908: 237. Female. Type
locality: Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP ? Synonymy of Schrottky
?
35
(Not M. (Megachile) melanopyga Costa 1863: 45. Central Europe. [= M. hymenaea].
Synonymy of Dalla Torre 1896: 439.)
(Not Megachile melanopyga Cockerell 1909: 304-305 Type locality: Lee County,
Texas. (Not cited by Hurd 1979).
Megachile (Chrysosarus) melanopyga Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM; MG; PR.
32. Megachile (Chrysosarus) nigella Vachal
Megachile nigella Vachal 1908: 223-224. Female. Type locality: Mendoza
[Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) nigella Raw 2002 #7: 11.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME.
33. Megachile (Chrysosarus) opifex Smith
Megachile opifex Smith 1879: 71. Female. Type locality: São Paulo [de Olivença],
Amazons [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2446. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) opifex Raw 2002 #7: 11.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.
34. Megachile (Chrysosarus) pamperella Vachal
Megachile pamperella Vachal 1908: 239. Female and male. Female designated here
as lectotype. Type locality: Valley Parana, Argentina. Type repository: MNHN.
Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) pamperella Raw 2002 #7: 11.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA.
35. Megachile (Chrysosarus) parsonsiae Schrottky
Megachile parsonsiae Schrottky 1913a: 197. Female ? Type locality: Argentina,
Misiones/ Paraguay, Villa Encarnación ? Type repository: MZSP ? A male of
Sayapis at MZSP is labelled “cotipo” and “Megachile parsonsiae” in Schrottky’s hand.
Megachile (Dactylomegachile) parsonsiae Mitchell 1943b: 670. Silveira et al 2002:
212 (D).
Megachile (Chrysosarus) parsonsiae Michener 2000: 553.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1914b: 428. Friese 1908a: 63 (K), 65 (L, RM). Jörgensen 1909: 214 (D, L, F); 1912a: 128 (D, F, L), 133 & 134 (K as
M. simillima Smith; misdeterminations).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA- Andalgala; ER; ME- Pedregal; MI. BRAZIL: RS;
SP. PARAGUAY.
FLOWERS. Bidens leucantha, Clematis hilarii, Grindelia pulchella, Hoffmannseggia,
Hyalis argentea, Parsonsia mesostemon, Sphaeralcea bonariensis, Xinemedia
microptera.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly early October to March.
36. Megachile (Chrysosarus) perspicua Mitchell
Megachile perspicua Mitchell 1930: 289-290. Female. Type locality: Cordova,
Argentina. Type repository: MCZ 16203. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) perspicua Raw 2002 #7: 11.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD.
37. Megachile (Chrysosarus) pseudanthidioides Moure
Megachile pseudanthidioides Moure 1943: 183-186. Female. Type locality:
Montenegro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Type repository: UFPR.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) pseudanthidioides Raw 2002 #7: 11.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; PR- Curitiba; RS- Montenegro; SP- Batatais (860 m),
Jundiaí, Rio Claro.
38. Megachile (Chrysosarus) remigata Vachal
Megachile remigata Vachal 1908: 227. Female. Type locality: Urubamba (3000 m),
Peru. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Right mandible glued. Right antenna
36
glued to right orbit.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) remigata Raw 2002 #7: 11.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU: Urubamba.
39. Megachile (Chrysosarus) riojanensis Mitchell
Megachile riojanensis Mitchell 1930: 302. Female. Type locality: La Rioja, Argentina.
Type repository: MCZ 16208. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) riojanensis Raw 2002 #7: 11.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: LR.
40. Megachile (Chrysosarus) rubriventris Smith
Megachile rubriventris Smith 1879: 75. Female. Type locality: Santarem [Brazil].
Type repository: NHML 17a2438. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) rubriventris Raw 2002 #7: 11.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1905: 340 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PA -Santarém.
41. Megachile (Chrysosarus) ruficornis Smith
Megachile ruficornis Smith 1853: 188. Female. Type locality: Brazil. Type
repository: NHML 17a2435. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) ruficornis Raw 2002 #7: 12.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Alfken 1930: 11 (D) [doubtful identification].
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- Taracuá.
42. Megachile (Chrysosarus) rufiplantis Vachal
Megachile rufiplantis Vachal 1904: 12. Female. Type locality: Lara [Tucuman,
Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Type worn.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) rufiplantis Raw 2002 #7: 12.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: TU.
43. Megachile (Chrysosarus) tapytensis Mitchell
Megachile tapytensis Mitchell 1928: 335-337. Male. Type locality: Tapyta, Paraguay,
25 November. Type repository: ?
Megachile (Chrysosarus) tapytensis Mitchell 1943b: 666.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Moure 1943: 183 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR- Paranaí. PARAGUAY: Tapyta, Villarrica.
MORPHOLOGY. Intersex.
44. Megachile (Chrysosarus) trochantina Vachal
Megachile trochantina Vachal 1909: 14. Male. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina].
Type repository: Vachal collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) trochantina Raw 2002 #7: 12.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Jörgensen 1912a: 132 (D), 135 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME.
45. Megachile (Chrysosarus) trucis Mitchell
Megachile trucis Mitchell 1930: 251-252. Male. Type locality: Villarrica, Paraguay.
Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) trucis Raw 2002 #7: 12.
DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.
46. Megachile (Chrysosarus) tuberculifera Schrottky
Megachile tuberculifera Schrottky 1913a: 188. Female. Type locality: Campos de
Jordão, São Paulo, Brazil, 2 March 1906. Type repository: MZSP. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) tuberculifera Raw 2002 #7: 12.
Megachile (Dactylomegachile) tuberculifera Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG- Serra Caraçá (1380 m); RS; SP- Campos de Jordão.
37
47. Megachile (Chrysosarus) turpis Mitchell
Megachile turpis Mitchell 1930: 253-254. Male. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia.
Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) turpis Mitchell 1943b: 666.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
48. Megachile (Chrysosarus) vagata Vachal
Megachile vagata Vachal 1908: 228-229. Female & male. Type locality: Mendoza
[Argentina]. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Dactylomegachile) vagata Mitchell 1943b: 671.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) vagata Raw 2002 #7: 12.
Hedicke (1933: 43) suggested M. jenseni Friese is a synonym of this species.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1914b: 427 (T). Jörgensen 1912a: 131 (T),
133 & 135 (K). Vachal 1909: 12 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA; CA- Andalgala; LR; ME.
FLOWERS. Verbesina octantha.
49. Megachile (Chrysosarus) varipes Vachal
Megachile varipes Vachal 1908: 232. Female. Type locality: Urubamba, Peru. Type
repository: MNHN. Examined. Type missing left hind tíbia and tarsi.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) varipes Raw 2002 #7: 12.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU: Urubamba.
50. Megachile (Chrysosarus) vestis Mitchell
Megachile vestis Mitchell 1930: 262. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT] Brazil, April (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4128. Examined.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) vestis Cockerell 1949: 450 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Moure 1943: 175 (D, R-F).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; SP- Batatais. HONDURAS:
Zamorano Agua Amarilla.
51. Megachile (Chrysosarus) vetula Vachal
Megachile vetula Vachal 1904: 12. Female. Type locality: Lara [Tucuman,
Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Type with right mandible glued to
head and left antenna and right flagellum glued to label. Clypeus broken.
Megachile (Chrysosarus) vetula Raw 2002 #7: 12.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: TU.
Subgenus Cressoniella Mitchell
Megachile subgenus Cressoniella Mitchell 1934: 302 & 307. Type species: Megachile
zapoteca Cresson. Original designation.
Megachile subgenus Cressoniella Mitchell 1935: 42.
Cressoniella subgenus Cressoniella Mitchell 1980: 5, 63.
All 20 species included in the subgenus are neotropical, one of which reaches
southwestern U.S.A. Some of the Andean species occur at high altitudes.
1. Megachile (Cressoniella) antisanellae Cameron
Megachile antisanellae Cameron 1903: 232-233. Male. Type locality: Antisanella
[Ecuador] (11000 ft). Type repository: NHML 17a2454. Examined.
Megachile (Cressoniella) antisanellae Raw 2002 #7: 13.
DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR.
2. Megachile (Cressoniella) arcus Mitchell
Megachile (Cressoniella) arcus Mitchell 1930: 286. Male. Type locality: Santa Marta,
Colombia, 9 January 1923 (M. A. Carriker). Type repository: NHML 17a2410.
Examined.
Megachile (Cressoniella) arcus Mitchell 1934: 302.
DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Mount San Lorenzo (7000 ft), Santa Marta.
38
3. Megachile (Cressoniella) atramentata Cockerell
Megachile atramentata Cockerell 1917b: 238-239. Female. Type locality: Baia
Blanca, Argentina (L. Bruner). Type repository: USNM 22905. Examined.
Megachile (Cressoniella) atramentata Raw 2002 #7: 13.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA.
4. Megachile (Cressoniella) bidens Friese
Megachile (Cressoniella) bidens. New name. Friese 1911.
Megachile bidentata Smith 1853: 190-191. Male. Type locality: Mexico. Type
repository: NHML 17a2416. Examined.
(Not M. (Pseudocentron) bidentata (Fabricius).)
Dalla Torre (1896: 422) listed the species of both Fabricius and Smith but gave no
new name.
(Not Megachile (Ptilosarus) bidentis Cockerell 1896: 288-289.)
Megachile bidens Friese 1911: 256 [new name].
Megachile (Cressoniella) bidentata Smith in Ayala et al 1997: 455.
Megachile (Cressoniella) bidens Raw 2002 #7: 13.
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO.
5. Megachile (Cressoniella) bisinua Vachal
Megachile bisinua Vachal 1908: 233-234. Female. Type locality: Balzapampa,
Ecuador. Type repository: MNHN. Examined. Type missing flagellum of right
antenna, left antenna glued to label, right mandible glued to specimen.
Megachile (Cressoniella) bisinua Raw 2002 #7: 13.
DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR.
6. Megachile (Cressoniella) boliviensis Friese
Megachile boliviensis Friese 1916: 340. Male. Type locality: ? Guayaquil, Bolivia/
Ecuador (Alpengebeit) / San José (Schmidt) [Costa Rica]. Type repository: NHMW
211.
Megachile (Cressoniella) boliviensis Mitchell 1934: 302.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1921: 92 (D, R-F). Mitchell 1930: 285 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA./ COSTA RICA: San José, San Mateo.
7. Megachile (Cressoniella) compta Vachal
Megachile compta Vachal 1908: 233. Female. Type locality: Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Cressoniella) compta Raw 2002 #7: 13.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA.
8. Megachile (Cressoniella) ecuadoria Friese
Megachile ecuadoria Friese 1904: 187. Female and male. Type locality: Ona,
Ecuador (2000 m)/ Peru/ Bolivia/ Arica, northern Chile. Type repository: ?
Megachile (Cressoniella) ecuadoria Raw 2002 #7: 13.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1930: 287 (D, M).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA. CHILE: Arica. ECUADOR: Ona (2000 m). PERU:
Matucana (7300 ft).
9. Megachile (Cressoniella) enceliae Cockerell
Megachile enceliae Cockerell 1926a: 216. Female. Type locality: Tingo [Maria], Peru,
16-22 August 1925 at Encelia canescens (Cockerell). Type repository: AMNH.
Examined.
Megachile (Cressoniella) euceliae Mitchell 1943b: 662 [misspelling].
DISTRIBUTION. PERU.
10. Megachile (Cressoniella) flammiventris Vachal
Megachile flammiventris Vachal 1908: 225. Female. Type locality: Arica, Chile. Type
repository: Vachal collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Cressoniella) flammiventris Raw 2002 #7: 13.
39
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1926a: 216 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Arica. PERU: Tingo.
FLOWERS. Encelia canescens.
11. Megachile (Cressoniella) fortuita Mitchell
Megachile fortuita Mitchell 1930: 287-288. Female. Type locality: Peru, 19 December
1875. Type repository: MCZ 16206. Examined.
Megachile (Cressoniella) fortuita Raw 2002 #7: 13.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU.
12. Megachile (Cressoniella) fruticosa Mitchell
Megachile fruticosa Mitchell 1930: 290. Female. Type locality: Colombia (?) (G. F.
Baker). Type repository: USNM 43093. Examined.
Megachile (Cressoniella) fruticosa Raw 2002 #7: 13.
DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA.
13. Megachile (Cressoniella) grandibarbis Pérez
Megachile grandibarbis Pérez 1899: 107-108. Male. Type locality: Chile. Type
repository: MNHN.
Megachile rufohirta Friese 1904: 185-186. Sex ? Type locality: Arica, northern Chile
(Standinger). Type repository: ? Synonymy of Vachal 1909: 7; Cockerell 1926b: 518
(D).
Megachile (Cressoniella) grandibarbis Mitchell 1943b: 662.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1926a: 218 (D, R-F); Claude- Joseph 1926:
256-257 (D, N as M. rufohirta).
DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Arica, Arequipa, Temuco. PERU: Yura.
FLOWERS. Oenothera, Godetia, Marrubium vulgare and Solanum.
NESTING. Nests in old beetle burrows in dead branches and in the soil. There are
about four contiguous cells per nest. Cuts leaves of [Noto]fagus dombeyi and [N.]
obliqua.
14. Megachile (Cressoniella) guachalensis Cameron
Megachile guachalensis Cameron 1903: 233. Female. Type locality: Hacienda
Guachala (9217 ft) [Ecuador]. Type repository: NHML 17a2455. Examined.
Megachile (Cressoniella) guachalensis Raw 2002 #7: 13.
DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR.
15. Megachile (Cressoniella) latula Vachal
Megachile latula Vachal 1908: 224. Female. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type
repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Cressoniella) latula Raw 2002 #7: 14.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
16. Megachile (Cressoniella) minor Vachal
Megachile minor Vachal 1908: 236. Female. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type
repository: MNHN. Examined. Type labelled “veterna var. minor”.
Megachile (Cressoniella) minor Raw 2002 #7: 14.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
17. Megachile (Cressoniella) orcina Vachal
Megachile orcina Vachal 1908: 223. Female. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina].
Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Cressoniella) orcina Raw 2002 #7: 14.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA.
18. Megachile (Cressoniella) redondensis Mitchell
Megachile redondensis Mitchell 1930: 291-292. Female. Type locality: Mount
Redondo, Costa Rica, January 1903. Type repository: ANSP 4132. Examined.
Megachile (Cressoniella) redondensis Mitchell 1934: 302.
DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA.
40
19. Megachile (Cressoniella) veterna Vachal
Megachile veterna Vachal 1908: 235-236. Female. Type locality: Peru. Type
repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Cressoniella) veterna Raw 2002 #7: 14.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU.
20. Megachile (Cressoniella) zapoteca Cresson
Megachile zapoteca Cresson 1878: 128. Female. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast).
Type repository: ANSP 2428. Examined.
Megachile tuxtla Cresson 1878: 128. Male. Type locality: Mexico/ San José, Costa
Rica ? (Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2429. Synonymy of Mitchell 1934: 302.
Megachile (Cressoniella) zapoteka Mitchell 1934: 302 (misspelling).
Cressoniella (Cressoniella ) zapoteca Mitchell 1980: 63 [figure].
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1912b: 25 (D, R-F); 1919a: 214-215 (R-M as
M. tuxtla); 1949: 450 (D). Cresson 1916: 134 (T), 133 (as M. tuxtla). Hurd 1979:
2055 (D, F). Mitchell 1930: 287 (D as M. tuxtla). Mitchell 1935: 42-44 (D, R-FM).
DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: San José. GUATEMALA: Guatemala City; Antigua.
HONDURAS: Agua Amarilla. MEXICO: HI; JA; ME; MI; MO; NA; OA; PU; SO; VC; ZA.
U.S.A.: AZ.
FLOWERS. Asclepias, Helenium, Lathyrus, Melilotus, Monarda.
Subgenus Dasymegachile Mitchell
Megachile subgenus Dasymegachile Mitchell 1943b: 669-670. Type species:
Megachile saulcyi Guerín. Original designation.
Cressoniella subgenus Dasymegachile Mitchell 1980: 63.
Cressoniella (Chaetochile) Mitchell 1980: 63. Type species: Megachile golbachi
Schwimmer, in Mitchell 1980. Original designation and monotypy. Synonymy of
Michener 2000: 555.
The 13 members of the subgenus are mostly restricted to the Andes and are several
are found at high altitudes.
1. Megachile (Dasymegachile) australis Durante and Abrahamovich.
Durante and Abrahamovich 2002: 361-366. Female. Type locality: Valle Tunel,
southwestern Santa Cruz province, Argentina (49o 23' S; 72o 56' W). Type repository:
?
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: SC.
2. Megachile (Dasymegachile) chilensis Spinola
Megachile chilensis Spinola 1851: 178. Female. Type locality: Chile. Type repository:
?
Synonym of M. saulcyi Guérin, see Alfken 1904: 141.
Megachile (Dasymegachile) chilensis Raw 2002 #7: 14.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 338 (R-F); 1926a: 216 (D). Delfin
1900: 20 (D). Friese 1910: 644, 660 (D, L, P). Herbst 1917: 267-269 (D, R-FM);
1921: 104 (D). Schrottky 1913b: 247 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CB; NE. CHILE: Coquimbo; Santiago; Talcahuano;
Valdivia- Rancagua. PERU: Tingo, Yura.
FLOWERS. Encelia canescens, Mesembryanthemum.
PREDATOR. Coelioxys brevicaudata ?
3. Megachile (Dasymegachile) cinerea Friese
Megachile cinerea Friese 1905: 137. Sex ? Type locality: Santiago (Philippi)/
Concepcion (Herbst), Chile. Type repository: Vienna.
Megachile (Dasymegachile) cinerea Raw 2002 #7: 14.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Vachal 1909: 8 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. CHILE.
41
4. Megachile (Dasymegachile) coquimbensis Ruiz
Megachile coquimbensis Ruiz 1938: 151. Type locality: Bano del Toro, Chile. Type
repository: Col. San Pedro Notasio, Santiago, Chile.
Megachile (Dasymegachile) coquimbensis Raw 2002 #7: 14.
DISTRIBUTION. CHILE.
5. Megachile (Dasymegachile) eumelanotricha Moure
Megachile (Dasymegachile) eumelanotricha Moure 1956: 103. Female. Type locality:
Illimani (4700 m), Bolivia, January to April 1950 (W. Forster). Type repository: SMM.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Illimani (4500-5000m). PERU: Putumayo- Puno
(3900 m).
6. Megachile (Dasymegachile) garleppi Friese
Megachile garleppi Friese 1904: 186-187. Sex ? Type locality: Callanga and
Vilcanota, Peru and Arica, Chile. Type repository: NHMW.
Megachile (Dasymegachile) garleppi Mitchell 1943b: 670.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1914d: 310 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Arica. PERU: AY- Callango; San Bartolomeo; Vilcanota.
7. Megachile (Dasymegachile) golbachi (Schwimmer)
Cressoniella (Chaetochile) golbachi Schwimmer, in Mitchell 1980: 87-92. Megachile
(Dasymegachile) golbachi Silveira et al 2002: 212 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA; JU- LaQuiaca. BRAZIL: RS.
8. Megachile (Dasymegachile) kuscheli Moure
Megachile Kuscheli Moure 1956: 105-106. Female. Type locality: Bolivia. Type
repository: SMM.
Megachile (Dasymegachile) kuscheli Raw 2002 #7: 14.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: La Paz (3600-4000m), Laquepalca (3850m), Suaqui
(3820m).
9. Megachile (Dasymegachile) melanotricha Spinola
Anthidium melanotricha Spinola 1851: 179. Female and male ! Type locality: Chile.
Type repository: IZUT.
Megachile (Dasymegachile) melatronicha Raw 2002 #7: 14.
DISTRIBUTION. CHILE.
10. Megachile (Dasymegachile) piurensis Cockerell
Megachile piurensis Cockerell 1911a: 288-289. Female. Type locality: Piura, Peru,
March 1911 (C. H. T. Townsend). Type repository: MCZ/ USNM 55684 ?
Megachile (Dasymegachile) piurensis Mitchell 1943b: 670.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1926a: 215 (D, R-F).
DISTRIBUTION. PERU.
11. Megachile (Dasymegachile) saulcyi Guérin-Méneville
Megachile saulcyi Guérin-Méneville 1845: 450. Sex ? Type locality: Chile. Type
repository: ?
Megachile (Dasymegachile) saulcyi Mitchell 1943b: 669.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Claude-Joseph 1926: 250-252 (D, M, N). Ruiz 1937:
168 (D). Vachal 1909: 8 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Coquimbo; Santiago.
FLOWERS. Alstroemia ligia, A. versicolor, Senecio adenotrichus, S. glabra, S. hualtata,
Stachys, Teucrium bicolor.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in November.
NESTING. Nests in burrows in soil and old walls and in abandoned nests of sphecid
and eumenid wasps. Cuts leaves of Amaranthus, Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia and
Robinia and petals of Acanthus mollis, Althaea rosea and Lavatera grandiflora.
MORPHOLOGY. Larva described.
42
12. Megachile (Dasymegachile) semirufa Sichel
Megachile semirufa Sichel 1867: 150. Female and male. Type locality: Chile. Type
repository: NMW.
Megachile (Dasymegachile) semirufa Mitchell 1943b: 670.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Camousseight & Barrera 1998 (F). Cockerell 1905:
338 (R). Vachal 1909: 7 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. CHILE. PERU.
FLOWERS. Astragalus.
13. Megachile (Dasymegachile) tucumana Vachal
Megachile tucumana Vachal 1908: 241-242. Female and male. Female designated
here as lectotype. Type locality: Lara (4000m), Tucuman [Argentina]. Type
repository: MNHN. Examined. Left mandible glued.
Megachile (Dasymegachile) melatronicha Raw 2002 #7: 15.
DISTRIBUTION. CHILE.
Subgenus Eutricharaea Thomson
Megachile subgenus Eutricharaea Thomson 1872: 228. Type species: Apis argentata
Fabricius.
Gnathocera Provancher 1882: 232 (not Kirby). Type species: Gnathocera cephalica
Provancher. Synonymy of Mitchell 1934: 297.
Megachile subgenus Paramegachile Friese 1898: 198. Type species: Apis argentata
Fabricius. Synonymy of Mitchell 1934: 298.
Megachile subgenus Paramegalochila Schulz 1906: 71. Emendation. Synonymy of
Hurd 1979: 2057.
Androgynella Cockerell 1911b: 313-314. Type species: Megachile detersa Cockerell.
Monotypic and original designation. Synonymy of Hurd 1979: 2057.
Megachile subgenus Eutricharaea Mitchell 1934: 304.
Megachile subgenus Neoeutricharaea Rebmann 1967: 36. Type species: Megachile
rotundata (F). Original designation. Synonymy of Hurd 1979: 2057.
Eutricharaea is an Old World group at present numbering some 140 species. More
than one third (54) are African, 36 are Australian, 15 range from the East Indies to
Taiwan and 12 occur on Pacific islands. Two occur in Europe. Five species have
been introduced into the New World; three to the West Indies and two to U.S.A.
Parker (1978) provided a key to the identification of the three North American
species.
1. Megachile (Eutricharaea) concinna Smith
Megachile concinna Smith 1879: 79-80. Female. Type locality: St. Domingo [West
Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2421. Examined.
Megachile (Eutricharaea) concinna Mitchell 1943b: 671.
Megachile (Eutricharaea) argentata Hurd 1954: 94 (D, F) and Krombein 1958: 244.
Misidentification, see Mitchell 1962: 121.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Baker 1975: 657 (P). Butler
& Ritchie 1963: 153-157 (F, L, P). Butler & Wargo 1963: 201-206 (D, F, L, N, P).
Cockerell 1905: 341 (K). Friese 1902: 199 (D). Gowdey 1926: 99 (D). Hurd 1979:
2057 (D, F, N). Jayasingh & Freeman 1980: 215-216 (F, L, N, P). Krombein 1967:
326-327 (L, N, P). Mitchell 1962: 121-122 (D, F, R-FM). Parker 1978: 61- 64 (K).
Parker & Bohart 1966: 97 (D, N). Pasteels 1965: 239- 240 (D, R-F). Raw 1984a:
500-502 (F, L, N, P). Raw 1985: 13 (D). Wolcott 1948: 869 (D, F).
DISTRIBUTION. Old World: CHAD. GHANA. SENEGAL. New World: JAMAICA:
widespread, but more numerous in drier areas. MEXICO: JA; SO. PUERTO RICO:
Main island, Mona. SANTO DOMINGO. U.S.A.: Most states from FL and AL north to
PA, OH, KA and UT and west to CA and WA.
Probably introduced from Africa to the West Indies during the slave trade.
"Presumably introduced from West Indies [to U.S.A. and Mexico] after World War II"
(Hurd 1979: 2057).
43
FLOWERS. Polylectic. Visits 27 genera of plants in U.S.A. including Acacia,
Asclepias, Aster, Baccharis, Bidens, Centromadia pungens, Citrus, Croton californicus,
Euphorbia albomarginata, Heliotropium aculeatum, H. curassavicum, Hemizonia
pungens, Ipomaea, Lepidium, Lippia, Lotus purshianus, Medicago sativa, Melilotus
alba, M. indica, Onobrychis vicaefolia, Polygonum aubertii, Prosopis, Raphanus
sativus, Senecio, Sicyos, Tamarix, Trifolium repens, Vernonia, Wislizenia refracta. In
Jamaica both sexes visit Tribulus cistoides, Alternanthera ficoides, Bidens pilosa and
species of Heliotropium, Tephrosia, Sida. In Puerto Rico the bees visited Moringa
oleifera and Pisonia albida. On alfalfa bees tripped on average 10 flowers per
minute.
LIFE HISTORY. Developmental period is 3 to 6 weeks depending on temperatureat.
The developmental stages can survive higher daily temperatures (>42oC) than thgose
of M. rotundata and occur in hotter climates. Adults are active April to September in
much of U.S.A., March to October in Florida throughout the year in Jamaica. Males
fly quickly around flowers searching for females.
NESTING. Adventive nester in disused beetle borings and nail holes in wood, mortar
cracks of buildings, folds of cloth, old stems of Sambucus and trapnests. In Jamaica
bees also used old nests of Sceliphron assimile, disused toredo worm borings in wood
and wooden trap- nests and lined the nest with cuttings of Cassia leaves and flower
bracts of Bougainvillea. In U.S.A. leaves cut from alfalfa. Nests averaged 4.4 cells
(maximum 16). Cells averaged 5.6 mm wide. Foraging trips were 10 - 20 min.
PREDATORS. In U.S.A. - Anthrax cintalapa, Coelioxys moesta, Nemognatha lurida,
Tetrasticus megachilidis, Trogoderma. In Jamaica - Melittobia sp. nr. hawaiiensis,
Suidasia mites and dermestid beetles. Developmental survival in Jamaica was 49%
to 52% with the Melittobia species responsible for 62% of nest deaths. In cells built
in old nests of Sceliphron assimile it was 42%.
2. Megachile (Eutricharaea) derelictula Cockerell
Megachile derelictula Cockerell 1937a: 112-113. Male. Type locality: Barbados [West
Indies] 15 April (J. Ogilvie). Type repository: AMNH. Examined.
Megachile (Eutricharaea) derelictula Mitchell 1943b: 671.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Pasteels 1965: 237-239 (D, R-F).
DISTRIBUTION. Old World: MALI. NIGERIA. SENEGAL. New World: BARBADOS.
ST. LUCIA.
3. Megachile (Eutricharaea) multidens Fox
Megachile multidens Fox 1891: 345. Female/ Male ? Type locality: Jamaica. Type
repository: ANSP 10402/ USNM 1863 ?
Megachile (Eutricharaea) multidens Mitchell 1943b: 671.
Megachile tenuicornis Cockerell 1937b: 241-242. Male. Type locality: Elisabethville,
Katanga, Belgian Congo, 11-17 September (L. Ogilvie). Synonymy of Pasteels 1965:
240.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Crawford 1914: 132 (D, R-F & M). Cresson 1928: 69
(T). Gowdey 1926: 100 (D). Pasteels 1965: 240-241 (D, R-M).
DISTRIBUTION. Old World: WEST AFRICA. ZAIRE: Katanga. New World:
DOMINICA. JAMAICA.
Subgenus Gronoceras Cockerell
Gronoceras Cockerell 1907: 65. Type species: Megachile wellmani Cockerell 1907:
66-67 (= Megachile bombiformis Gerstaecker). Original designation.
Megachile subgenus Gronoceras Mitchell 1943b: 671.
Gronoceras Cockerell 1935: 1.
Chalicodoma subgenus Gronoceras Michener 1962: 20. Mitchell 1980: 30.
Gronoceras is an African subgenus comprising 24 species. There is one report of an
introduction to the New World which Professor Mitchell considered doubtful (pers.
comm.).
44
Megachile (Gronoceras) felina (Gerstaecker)
Megachile felina Gerstaecker 1857. Female. Type locality: Mossambique.
Megachile (Megachile) felina Friese 1909b: 347 (D).
Megachile gnathocera Stadelmann 1897: 26. Synonymy of Friese 1909b: 347.
Gronoceras felina Cockerell 1933b: 130.
Megachile (Gronoceras) felina Mitchell 1943b: 671 (D).
Chalicodoma (Gronoceras) felina Pasteels 1965: 527-529 (D, R- FM).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1935: 3 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. The species is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. There is also one
doubtful report of it from Jamaica. Professor Mitchell mentioned that the species
had been collected there, but later (pers. comm. 1973) he considered this record to
be erroneous.
Subgenus Leptorachis Mitchell
Megachile subgenus Leptorachis Mitchell 1934: 303, 308. Type species: Megachile
petulans Cresson. Original designation. Michener et al 1994: Michener 149, 2000:
559.
Megachile subgenus Leptorachis Mitchell 1937b: 58-59.
Pseudocentron subgenus Leptorachis Mitchell 1980: 56.
Pseudocentron (Grafella) Mitchell 1980: 56. Type species: Pseudocentron (Grafella)
crotalariae Schwimmer in Mitchell 1980. Monotypy and original description.
Synonymy of Michener 2000: 559.
Pseudocentron subgenus Leptorachina Mitchell 1980: 56. Type species: Megachile
laeta Smith. Original designation and monotypy. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 559.
Pseudocentron subgenus Grafella Mitchell 1980: 56. Type species: Pseudocentron
(Grafella) crotalariae Schwimmer in Mitchell 1980: 82. Monotypy and original
description. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 559.
There are at present 38 species in the subgenus distributed throughout the
neotropics. One species is West Indian. The type species reaches U.S.A.
1. Megachile (Leptorachis) aetheria Mitchell
Megachile aetheria Mitchell 1930: 229-230. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4152. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) aetheria Mitchell 1934: 302.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Moure 1942: 309 (D); 1948: 325 (K). Silveira et al
2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães, Salobra; PR; RS; SP.
2. Megachile (Leptorachis) angularis Mitchell
Megachile angularis Mitchell 1930: 234-235. Female. Type locality: Label illegible.
Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Leptorachis) angularis Mitchell 1934: 302.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RS.
3. Megachile (Leptorachis) anisitsi Schrottky
Megachile laeta anisitsi Schrottky 1908: 237-238. Female. Type locality: Asunción,
Paraguay (Anisits). Type repository: MZSP. Examined.
Megachile friesei Schrottky 1902: 439 (in part). One of the paratypes of M. friesei
Schrottky is a specimen of M. anisitsi Schrottky (Moure 1943: 169-170).
Megachile flabellata Vachal 1909: 14. Male. Type locality: Jatahy (Goyaz) [Jataí,
Goias, Brazil]. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Synonymy of Schrottky
1913a: 173 and Moure 1943: 169.
Megachile hilarimorpha Strand 1910: 542. Male. Type locality: Paraguay. Type
repository: Synonymy of Schrottky 1920: 21 and Moure 1943: 169.
Megachile (Leptorachis) anisitsi Mitchell 1943b: 663.
45
None of the above authors mentions that he had seen the types of the species placed
in synonymy and it is doubtful that the specimens had been examined. Moure
(1943) considered M. laeta Smith and M. anisitsi Schrottky to be separate species.
The species is tentatively placed in this subgenus based on the synonymy suggested
by Moure.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1912d: 61 (D). Mitchell 1930: 184 (D as M.
hilarimorpha). Moure 1943: 169 (D). Schrottky 1913a: 141 (K), 173-174 (D, R-FM);
1920: 22-23 (R- FM).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: GO- Jataí; MS- Corumbá, Pedra Branca; MT- Bodoquena,
Chapada dos Guimarães; PR- Curitiba, Paraná; RJ- Itatiaia; RO- Porto Velho; SPBatatais (860m), Franca, Rio Claro. PARAGUAY.
4. Megachile (Leptorachis) aureiventris Schrottky
Megachile aureiventris Schrottky 1902: 441. Female. Type locality: Jundiahy, S.
Paulo [state], Brazil, 1897 (Schrottky). Type repository: MZSP. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) aureiventris Mitchell 1943b: 663.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Graf 1967a: 127-130 (M); 1967b: 131-133 (M). Moure
1948: 326 (K). Schrottky 1913a: 141 & 144 (K), 175 (D, R-F). RAW. Silveira et al
2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: DF- Brasilia, Planaltina; MG; PR; RS; SP- Campinas,
Ipiranga, Jundiaí.
MORPHOLOGY. Anatomy of head glands.
5. Megachile (Leptorachis) bridarollii Moure
Megachile (Leptorachis) bridarollii Moure 1947: 234-235. Male. Type locality: Rio
Carapari/ Carapan ?, Salta, Argentina, 22 Jan 1945 (G. Williner). Type repository:
cited as Colegio Máximo de San José, but it is in UFPR.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ST.
6. Megachile (Leptorachis) capra Schrottky
Megachile capra Schrottky 1913a: 214-215. Male. Type locality: Jundiaí, São Paulo,
Brazil, January 1900. Type repository: MZSP. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) capra Mitchell 1943b: 663.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.
7. Megachile (Leptorachis) chrysophila Cockerell
Megachile chrysophila Cockerell 1896: 284-285. Female. Type locality: San Rafael,
Vera Cruz, Mexico, 20 June. Type repository: AMNH. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) chrysophila Mitchell 1943b: 663.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Cockerell 1912b: 25 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. GUATEMALA: Antigua. MEXICO: TA; VC.
8. Megachile (Leptorachis) colombiana Mitchell
Megachile colombiana Mitchell 1930: 227-229. Male. Type locality: Cerro Patron, Rio
Frio, Magdalena, Colombia (4000 ft), 12 September 1927 (Salt). Type repository:
NHML 17a2478. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) colombiana Mitchell 1934: 302.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Moure 1948: 325 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Cerro Patron, Rio Frio (4000 ft); Mount
San Lorenzo, Santa Marta (4500 ft).
9. Megachile (Leptorachis) crotalariae (Schwimmer)
Pseudocentron (Grafella) crotalariae Schwimmer in Mitchell 1980: 82-86. Female.
Type locality: Vila Velha [Paraná] Brazil, 30 November 1965 (T. B. Mitchell and V.
Graf). Type repository: USNM. Examined.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR; SR.
46
10. Megachile (Leptorachis) curta Cresson
Megachile curta Cresson 1865: 178-179. Male. Type locality: Cuba. Type repository:
GCH.
Megachile curta var. tibialis Cresson 1869: 296. Female. Type locality: Cuba. Type
repository: GCH.
Megachile salti Mitchell 1927a: 51-54. Female. Type locality: Soledad, Cuba, 25 May
1925 (G. Salt). Type repository: MCZ 15706. Examined. Synonymy of Genaro 1998:
151 (D).
Megachile (Leptorachis) curta Mitchell 1934: 302.
Megachile (Leptorachis) salti Raw 2002 #7: 15.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Alayo 1976: 23 (D). Ashmead 1900: 302 (D). Fox
1891: 346 (D, R-FM). Genaro 1998: 151 (D). Gowdey 1926: 99 (D). Gundlach 1886:
163-164 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. CUBA: Oriente and west of island (rare). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
JAMAICA: AW; PO. MEXICO: QR.
This is a rather small species. The apical margin of the clypeus bears a small
median tooth like some Pseudocentron species. The apical tooth of the mandible is
rather wide and near the Acentron type. The allotype male of M. salti was collected at
Mina Carlota, Trinidad Mountains, Cuba. The apical spur of its mid tibia is near the
normal size, but is curved. The subgeneric placement of this species is not easy but,
it is probably a Leptorachis species.
11. Megachile (Leptorachis) emendata Mitchell
Megachile emendata Mitchell 1930: 236-237. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4154. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) emendata Mitchell 1934: 302.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.
12.
Megachile (Leptorachis) falcidentata Moure and Silveira
Megachile (Leptorachis) falcidentata Moure and Silveira 1992: 177-180. Type locality:
Amazonas, Brazil. Type repository: .
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.
13. Megachile (Leptorachis) friesei Schrottky
Megachile friesei Schrottky 1902: 439-440. Female. Type locality: Jundiay, S. Paulo,
Brazil, 1900 (M. Beron). Type repository: MZSP.
Megachile helicitarsis Schrottky 1913a: 206-207. Male. Type locality: Jundiaí, São
Paulo, Brazil, 25 January 1900. Type repository: MZSP. Synonymy of Schrottky
1920: 23.
Megachile (Leptorachis) friesei Mitchell 1943b: 663.
One of the paratypes of M. friesei Schrottky is a specimen of M. (Leptorachina) anisitsi
Schrottky (Moure 1943: 169- 170).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1916: 297 (D- misdetermination ?). Moure
1941: 92-3 (D, R-M); 1948: 325 (K). Schrottky 1913a: 141 (K), 148 (K as
M. helicitarsis). Urban 1963: 21-29 (M). RAW collection. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: DF- Brasilia, Planaltina; GO- Goias; MG; SP. PARAGUAY.
(COSTA RICA misdetermination ?).
FLOWERS. Crotalaria paulina.
MORPHOLOGY. Thoracic musculature.
14. Megachile (Leptorachis) hypoleuca Cockerell
Megachile hoffmanseggiae var. hypoleuca Cockerell 1927b: 395. Female. Type
locality: La Rioja, Argentina (Giacoxelli). Type repository: USNM 55483. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) hypoleuca Raw 2002 #7: 15.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: LR.
15. Megachile (Leptorachis) immanis Mitchell
Megachile immanis Mitchell 1930: 230-231. Female. Type locality: Buenavista,
Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Leptorachis) immanis Mitchell 1934: 302.
47
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
16. Megachile (Leptorachis) inconstans Mitchell
Megachile inconstans Mitchell 1930: 233-234. Female. Type locality: Buenavista,
Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Leptorachis) inconstans Mitchell 1934: 302.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
17. Megachile (Leptorachis) indigoferae Mitchell
Megachile indigoferae Mitchell 1930: 221. Female. Type locality: Rio Frio,
Magdalena, Colombia, 1 January 1927 (Salt). Type repository: NHML 17a2407.
Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) indigoferae Mitchell 1934: 302.
DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena.
18. Megachile (Leptorachis) intergradus Mitchell
Megachile intergradus Mitchell 1928: 339-344. Female. Type locality: Corumbá,
Brazil, April (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4107. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) intergradus Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Moure (1943: 169) considered this species to be a synonym of Megachile anisitsi.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1928: 339 (D); 1930: 184 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, Buenavista (450m). BRAZIL: MS- Corumbá,
Pedra Branca; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães.
MORPHOLOGY. Intersexes.
19. Megachile (Leptorachis) laeta Smith
Megachile laeta Smith 1853: 186. Female. Type locality: Brazil, Rio Tapajoz (H. W.
Bates). Type repository: NHML 17a2432. Examined.
Pseudocentron (Leptorachina) laeta Mitchell 1980: 56.
Megachile (Leptorachis) laeta Michener 2000: 559.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Alfken 1930: 10 (D); Graf 1967a: 127- 130 (M); 1967b:
131-133 (M). RAW collection. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- Apipica; BA; DF- Brasilia, Planaltina; GO- Goias; MG;
PA- Tapajos; SP.
MORPHOLOGY. Anatomy of head glands.
20. Megachile (Leptorachis) lorenziensis Mitchell
Megachile lorenziensis Mitchell 1930: 184-185. Female. Type locality: Mount San
Lorenzo, Santa Marta, Colombia, 4500ft. 1 January 1923 (M. A. Carriker). Type
repository: NHML 17a2466. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) lorenziensis Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Mitchell used lorensiensis in his description and lorenziensis in his key. As first
reviser (1943) he used lorenziensis for this species.
DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Cincinnati, Santa Marta (2500 ft).
21. Megachile (Leptorachis) luteipes Friese
Megachile luteipes Friese 1908a: 69. Male. Type locality: Mendoza, Argentina,
November. Type repository: ?
Megachile (Leptorachis) luteipes Raw 2002 #7: 15.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 64 (K). Jörgensen 1909: 215 (D, F, L);
1912a: 134 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME- Chacras de Coria; Pedregal.
FLOWERS. Hoffmannseggia falcata.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in November and December.
22. Megachile (Leptorachis) numerus Mitchell
Megachile numerus Mitchell 1930: 235-236. Female. Type locality: Buenavista,
Bolivia. Type repository: Mitchell cites the Meyer collection, but a female at USNM
(58068 ?) is labelled type.
Megachile (Leptorachis) numerus Mitchell 1934: 302.
48
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
23. Megachile (Leptorachis) paranensis Schrottky
Megachile paranensis Schrottky 1913a: 215-216. Male. Type locality: Puerto
Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP ?
Megachile (Leptorachis) paranensis Moure 1942: 308-309 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Michener 1954: 100 (D, L). Silveira et al 2002: 213
(D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: BA; MS; MT- Salobra. PARAGUAY.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in April.
24. Megachile (Leptorachis) parata Mitchell
Megachile parata Mitchell 1930: 231-232. Female. Type locality: Buenavista,
Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Leptorachis) parata Mitchell 1934: 302.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
25. Megachile (Leptorachis) paulistana Schrottky
Megachile paulistana Schrottky 1902: 440-441. Female. Type locality: São Paulo
[state], Brazil. Type repository: MZSP. Examined. [Type is missing right antenna
and right fore leg.]
Megachile subita Mitchell 1930: 232-233. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4153. Examined.
Synonymy of Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Megachile (Leptorachis) paulistana Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Schrottky (1913a: 215-216) believed M. paranensis Schrottky to be the male of this
species.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ihering 1904: 469-470 (N). Michener 1954: 100 (D, L).
Moure 1941: 94 (R-F); 1948: 325-326 (K). Schrottky 1913a: 143 (K), 184-185 (D, RF); 1913b: 247 (D). RAW. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: BA; DF- Brasilia; MG; MT; RN; RS; SP- Campinas,
Ipiranga, Itú, Jundiaí, São José do Rio Pardo. PANAMA: Panamá- Chilibre,
Tocumen. PARAGUAY.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly November to May.
NESTING. Nest of rolled leaves among books in a library.
26. Megachile (Leptorachis) perochracea Cockerell
Megachile perochracea Cockerell 1913: 369-370. Female. Type locality: Guayaquil,
Ecuador (Buchwald). Type repository: USNM 18387. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) perochracea Raw 2002 #7: 15.
DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR.
27. Megachile (Leptorachis) petulans Cresson
Megachile petulans Cresson 1878: 127. Male. Type locality: North Carolina
(Morrison). Type repository: ANSP 2451. Examined.
Megachile mexicana Cresson 1878: 127-128. Female ? Type locality: Mexico
(Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2427. Synonymy of Mitchell 1937b: 59.
Megachile (Leptorachis) petulans Mitchell 1934: 306.
Megachile mexicanum Schwarz 1934: 19 (emendation).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Cockerell 1914c: 362 (D).
Cresson 1916: 127 (T), 1916: 123 as M. mexicana (type as female ?); 1932: 14 (D).
Graenicher 1930: 163 (D, F, L). Hurd 1979: 2068 (D, F). Michener 1954: 101 (D, L).
Mitchell 1937b: 59-63 (D, F, L, R-FM); 1962: 163-165 (D, F, L, R-FM). Moure 1948:
325 (K). Robertson 1902: 49 (R-F); 1903: 172-173 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: YU- Chichenitza. PANAMA: Barro Colorado. U.S.A.: NJ
west to ND, NB, south to FL, AZ.
FLOWERS. Polylectic; visits 59 genera, especially of Compositae, Leguminosae and
Labiatae. In U.S.A:- Achillea, Apocynum, Asclepias, Aster, Baptisia, Bidens leucantha,
Blephilia, Brauneria, Buddleia, Campanula rotundifolia, Cassia, Cephalanthus,
Chamaechrista, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Cicuta, Cirsium, Coreopsis stellata,
49
Crotalaria, Desmodium, Eryngium, Flaveria, Galactia, Gerardia, Grindelia, Helenium,
Helianthus atrorubens, Houstonia purpurea, Hydrolea, Hypericum, Hyptis, Ilex, Koellia,
Lespedeza repens, Liatris, Lobelia, Ludwigia, Lycopus, Lythrum, Melanthera parvifolia,
Melilotus alba, Nepeta, Pastinaca, Phaseolus lunatus, Poinsettia cyathophora,
Polygonum, Psoralea, Pycnanthemum, Rhododendron, Rhus, Rubus, Rudbeckia, Sabal
palmetta, Senecio, Silphium, Solidago, Strophostyles, Tephrosia, Trifolium, Verbena,
Verbesina, Vernonia blodgettii, V. glauca, Vicia.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from May to September in northern parts of its range and
throughout the year in southern Florida and Panamá.
28. Megachile (Leptorachis) phaseoli Moure
Megachile (Leptorachis) phaseoli Moure 1977: 21-22. Female. Type locality: Sete
Lagoas, MG, Brazil. 5.4.1974 (V. O. Becker). Type repository: UFPR.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. RAW.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: DF- Brasilia, Planaltina; MT- Vale dos Sonhos, Xavantina;
GO; MG- Sete Lagoas.
Although this species was described from Minas Gerais State, it is more common in
Goias and Mato Grosso where it largely replaces M. aureiventris. The females of the
two species are very similar but the males are more easily separated (Raw, pers. obs).
29. Megachile (Leptorachis) portalis Cockerell
Megachile portalis Cockerell 1913: 370-371. Female. Type locality: Guayaquil,
Ecuador (Buchwald). Type repository: AMNH. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) portalis Mitchell 1943b: 663.
The enlarged apical tooth of the mandible of the type is similar to Acentron making
this a borderline species between the two subgenera.
DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR: Guayaquil.
30. Megachile (Leptorachis) propinqua Smith
Megachile propinqua Smith 1879: 74-75. Female. Type locality: Ega [Tefé,] Tapajos
and Tunantins [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2666. Examined. The specimen
is labelled proxima Smith and, presumably, Smith changed the published name to
avoid synonymy with M. proxima Smith 1870: 177 from India [= Chalicodoma
(Pseudomegachile) lanata (F)].
Megachile (Leptorachis) propinqua Raw 2002: #7: 15.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Alfken 1930: 11 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM-Tunantins; BA-Iguaçú (300 km W Salvador), R.
Paraguaçu; PA-Tapajos.
31. Megachile (Leptorachis) psenopogoniaea Moure
Megachile (Leptorachis) psenopogoniaea Moure 1948: 326-327. Male. Type locality:
Batatais, SP (P. F. S. Pereira) and Vila-Ema, SP (A. A. Barbiellini) [Brazil] March
1943. Type repository: UFPR.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.
32. Megachile (Leptorachis) quadrata Vachal
Megachile quadrata Vachal 1909: 5. Male. Type locality: Buenos Aires [Argentina] 9
December 1900. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Leptorachis) quadrata Moure 1948: 322.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA.
33. Megachile (Leptorachis) rava Vachal
Megachile rava Vachal 1908: 235. Female. Type locality: Santa Cruz, Brazil. Type
repository: MNHN. Examined. The metasoma of a Cressoniella is glued to the type !
Megachile (Leptorachis) rava Raw 2002 #7: 15.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL.
50
34. Megachile (Leptorachis) rubricrus Moure
Megachile (Leptorachis) rubricrus Moure 1948: 323-325. Male. Type locality:
Bodoquena, MT, Brazil (Oct 1943), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil (Nov 1943) and Tacanas,
Tucuman, Argentina (Jan 1947). Type repository: MZSP.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: SA- Rosario de Lerma; TU. BRAZIL: MS; MTBodequena; SP- Rio Claro. PARAGUAY: San Pedro- Cororo, Rio Ypune.
35. Megachile (Leptorachis) schmidti Friese
Megachile schmidti Friese 1916: 343. Male. Type locality: San José, Costa Rica
(Schmidt). Type repository: ?
Megachile (Leptorachis) schmidti Mitchell 1943b: 663.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1921: 80 (D). Michener 1954: 100 (D, L).
DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA. PANAMA: Chiriquí- Potrerillos.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in May.
36. Megachile (Leptorachis) separata Schrottky
Megachile separata Schrottky 1913a: 186. Female. Type locality: Rincão, SP, Brazil.
Type repository: MZSP.
Megachile (Leptorachis) separata Moure 1945: 413.
Moure (1943: 187) considered this to be a synonym of M. paulistana Schrottky 1902.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Moure 1941: 94 (R-F).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA. BRAZIL: SP- Franca, Rincão. URUGUAY.
37. Megachile (Leptorachis) tenuitarsis Schrottky
Megachile tenuitarsis Schrottky 1920: 25-26. Sex ? Type locality: Campinas, SP,
Brazil. Type repository: MZSP.
Megachile (Leptorachis) tenuitarsis Moure 1944a: 16.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Moure 1948: 325 (K). Schrottky 1920: 201. Silveira et
al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; RS; SP.
38. Megachile (Leptorachis) zexmeniae Cockerell
Megachile zexmeniae Cockerell 1912b: 24-25. Female. Type locality: Quirigua,
Guatemala at Zexmenia virgulta Klatt (W.P. Cockerell). Type repository: AMNH.
Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) zexmeniae Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: CP. GUATEMALA.
Subgenus Litomegachile Mitchell
Megachile subgenus Litomegachile Mitchell 1934: 301, 308. Type species: Megachile
brevis Say. Original designation.
Megachile subgenus Litomegachile Mitchell 1935: 9-11.
Six species in the subgenus occur in southern Canada and U.S.A. and one is South
American. One species, Megachile gentilis Cresson 1872, has become established on
Hawaii, probably in recent times.
Megachile (Litomegachile) buchwaldi Mitchell
Megachile (Litomegachile) buchwaldi Mitchell 1943b: 662. Type locality: Chalanga,
Peru. Type repository: ?
DISTRIBUTION. PERU.
Subgenus Melanosarus Mitchell
Megachile subgenus Melanosarus Mitchell 1934: 303. Type species: Megachile
xylocopoides Smith. Original designation.
Megachile subgenus Melanosarus Mitchell 1937b: 78-79.
51
Pseudocentron subgenus Melanosarus Mitchell 1980: 56.
Ten of the eleven species currently recognized in the subgenus range throughout the
neotropics. M. xylocopoides Smith 1853 occurs in southwestern U.S.A. Three
species have been recorded from the West Indies.
1. Megachile (Melanosarus) aequilibra Vachal
Megachile aequilibra Vachal 1908: 225. Female. Type locality: Palmar, Ecuador/
Mapirí, Bolivia. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Melanosarus) aequilibra Raw 2002 #7: 22.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA. ECUADOR.
2. Megachile (Melanosarus) bahamensis Mitchell
Megachile bahamensis Mitchell 1927a: 47-48. Female. Type locality: Mangrove Cay,
Andros, Bahamas, 1 August 1904. Type repository: MCZ 15716. Examined.
Megachile (Melanosarus) bahamensis Krombein 1953b: 21-22.
Megachile (Melanosarus) floridensis Mitchell 1934: 349-352. Male. Type locality:
Miami, Florida, 10 June 1927 (S. Graenicher). Type repository: USNM 44243.
Examined. Synonymy of Krombein 1953b: 21 (D, L).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Graenicher 1930: 162 (D, F, L as M. morio). Mitchell
1937b: 80 (D, R-M as M. floridensis); 1962: 169-171 (D, F, L, R-FM).
DISTRIBUTION. BAHAMAS: Andros, Bimini, Cat Island, New Providence. U.S.A: FLMiami, Key West, No Name Key, Stock Island, Palm Beach.
FLOWERS. Bidens leucantha, Flaveria, Melanthera brevifolia and Poinsettia
cyathophora.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from late February to late September in southern Florida
and to late October in the Bahamas.
3. Megachile (Melanosarus) brasiliensis Dalla Torre
Megachile brasiliensis Dalla Torre 1896: 422. New name.
Megachile denticulata Smith 1853: 185. Male. Type locality: Brazil; Rio Tapajoz (H.
W. Bates). Type repository: NHML 17a2448. Examined. (Not M. denticulata
Fairmaire, Ferret & Galliner 1847: 453. Type locality: Abyssinia; Madagascar.)
Megachile nigridorsis Vachal 1908: 243. Male. Type locality: Rivière du Kourou,
Guyane Française. Type repository: MNHN. Synonymy of Raw 2002 #7: 22.
Megachile brancoensis Mitchell 1930: 187-188. Female. Type locality: Pedra Branca,
Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4141. Synonymy of Raw 2002 #7: 22.
Megachile (Melanosarus) brancoensis Mitchell 1934: 303.
Megachile (Melanosarus) brasiliensis Raw 2002 #7: 22. Combination by association.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Alfken 1930: 11 (D). Cockerell 1912d: 61 (D); 1927a:
13 & 17 (D, K). Moure 1942: 309 (D). Schrottky 1920: 25 (D). Silveira et al 2002:
213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA; Beni; Buenavista, Cavinas; Chaparo. BRAZIL: AMCarino, Tefé, Jacareanga; Caracaraí (Rio Branco); MS- Pedra Branca; MT- Cáceres,
Chapada dos Guimarães, Salobra; PA- Tapajos; RO- Porto Velho, Guajará Mirim; RS;
SP-Salobras.
4. Megachile (Melanosarus) densa Mitchell
Megachile densa Mitchell 1930: 257. Female. Type locality: La Rioja, Argentina.
Type repository: MCZ 16205. Examined.
Megachile (Melanosarus) densa Raw 2002 #7: 22.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: LR.
5. Megachile (Melanosarus) nigripennis Spinola
Megachile nigripennis Spinola 1841: 143. Female. Type locality: Cayenne, French
Guiana. Type repository: IZU, Torino.
Megachile hypocrita Smith 1853: 184-184. Female. Type locality: Pará [Brazil] (H.
W. Bates). Type repository: NHML 17a2460. Synonymy of Raw 2002 #7: 22.
Megachile totonaca Cresson 1878: 117. Female. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast).
Type repository: ANSP 2422. Synonymy of Raw 2002 #7: 22.
52
Megachile proserpina Schrottky 1908: 233-234. Female. Type locality: Asunción,
Paraguay (Anisits). Type repository: MZSP ? Synonymy of Schwarz 1934: 21. [=
Megachile nudiventris Schrottky 1902: 439. Type locality: ? Type repository: MZSP ?
(Not Megachile nudiventris Smith 1853: 186. [M. (Moureapis) nudiventris, see
Schrottky 1913a: 156.)
Megachile fumicosta Strand 1910: 526. Male. Type locality: Asunçión, Puerto
Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: ? Synonymy of Mitchell 1934: 303.
Megachile vernoniae Schrottky 1913a: 248. Male. Type locality: Assumpção/ Puerto
Bertoni, Paraguay, Vernonia. Type repository: MZSP ? Synonym of Megachile
fumicosta Strand, see Schrottky 1920: 24.
Megachile infecta Vachal 1908: 226. Male. Type locality: Pachitea, Peru. Type
repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Synonymy ?
Megachile (Melanosarus) proserpina Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Megachile (Melanosarus) nigripennis Raw 2002 #7: 22. Combination by association.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Cheesman 1929: 144 (D).
Cockerell 1919: 219 (K as M. aequilibra); 1923b: 1 (T); 1927a: 13-17 (D, K), 13 & 15
(D, K as M. hypocrita). Cresson 1916: 133 (T). Friese 1916: 297 (D). Michener 1954:
100 (D, L as M. proserpina). Mitchell 1930: 187 (D as M. proserpina, M. totonaca and
M. vernoniae). Schrottky 1913a: 137 (K), 156 (D), 203 (R-M as M. fumicosta); 1920:
32 (D) M. proserpina. Schwarz 1934: 21-22 (D, R-M as M. totonaca). Vachal 1909:
17 (K as M. infecta). MZSP. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI. BOLIVIA: Beni- Ivon; Buenavista. BRAZIL: AMManaus; MG; MS- Pedra Branca; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; PA; SP- Jundiaí,
Marumbí, Paraná, Praia do Barro, Praia das Cigarras, Ipiranga, Itatiba, Rincão, Rio
Feio, São Paulo. COSTA RICA: Escazu, Guante, San José. ECUADOR. EL
SALVADOR. FRENCH GUIANA. GUATEMALA. MEXICO: JA- Chamela; QR- Felipe
Corilloro; TA- Victoria; YU- Chichenitza. PANAMA: Barro Colorado; Taboga Is; Isla
Coiba, Valle de Anton. PARAGUAY: Asuncion; Cororo- Rio Ypane, Puerto Bertoni,
San Pedro.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly February to April in São Paulo state and February &
March in Panamá.
6. Megachile (Melanosarus) pullata Smith
Megachile pullata Smith 1879: 74. Female. Type locality: Ega [=Tefé, Amazonas,
Brazil] (H. W. Bates). Type repository: NHML 17a2431. Examined.
Megachile (Melanosarus) pullata Raw 2002 #7: 22.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1930: 257 9D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- Tefé; PA- Santarém.
7. Megachile (Melanosarus) reliqua Mitchell
Megachile reliqua Mitchell 1930: 260. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia.
Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Melanosarus) reliqua Mitchell 1934: 303.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
8. Megachile (Melanosarus) sedula Smith
Megachile sedula Smith 1879: 79. Female. Type locality: St. Domingo [West Indies].
Type repository: NHML 17a2418. Examined.
Megachile (Melanosarus) sedula Mitchell 1934: 303.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 339 (K). Friese 1902: 200 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. HAITI- Port-au-Prince.
9. Megachile (Melanosarus) singularis Cresson
Megachile singularis Cresson 1865: 177-178. Male. Type locality: Cuba. Type
repository: GCH.
Megachile maura Cresson 1865: 179. Female. Type locality: Cuba. Type repository:
ANSP 2421. Examined. Genaro 1998: 151.
Megachile (Melanosarus) maura Mitchell 1934: 303.
53
Megachile carlotensis Mitchell 1927a: 55-57. Male. Type locality: Mina Carlota,
Trinidad Mts. Cuba, 1500 ft, on flowers of Neuroloena limbata ( G. Salt). Type
repository: MCZ 15705. Synonymy of Genaro 1998: 151, Raw 2002 #7: 22.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Alayo 1976: 23 (D, T). Cresson 1916: 123, 130 (T).
Dewitz 1881: 197 (D). Gundlach 1886: 164 (D). Mitchell 1927a: 57 (D, F). Wolcott
1948: 869 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. CUBA: Cienfuegos, Habana, Oriente, Pinar del Rio (rare), Isla de
Piños, Nueva Gerona. Wolcott (1948) doubted the authenticity of the record of this
species from Puerto Rico.
FLOWERS. Neuroloena limbata.
10. Megachile (Melanosarus) strenua Smith
Megachile strenua Smith 1879: 73. Male. Type locality: São Paulo [de Olivença],
Amazons, [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2473. Examined.
Megachile (Melanosarus) strenua Raw 2002 #7: 23.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Schrottky 1920: 33 (D, R-M).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM; PA- Santarém.
Subgenus Moureapis Raw
Megachile (Moureapis) Raw 2002 #7: 23. New name.
Pseudocentron (Moureana) Mitchell 1980: 56. Type species: Megachile anthidioides
Radozkowsky 1874: 147. [Monotypic]. Pre-occupied by Moureana Zajciw 1967: 527.
Type species: Moureana unicolor Zajciw 1967. By original designation.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) anthidioides Mitchell 1943b: 664.
Megachile (Moureana) Michener et al 1994: 149, Michener 2000: 561.
Megachile (Willinkella) anthidioides Laroca et al 1982: 98. Replacement name; preoccupied.
Megachile (Acentrina) Schlindwein 1995: 97 & 98. Acentrina is a nomem nudum.
The 31 species of the subgenus ranges from Mexico to Argentina. Nineteen are
known from Brazil. Of the species now included in Moureapis eight previously
belonged to the subgenus Pseudocentron and three belonged to Leptorachis.
1. Megachile (Moureapis) adempta Cockerell
Megachile adempta Cockerell 1931c: 538-539. Female. Type locality: Chichenitza,
Yucatán, Mexico (Bequaert). Type repository: MCZ 16266. Examined.
Megachile (Moureana) adempta Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
Megachile (Moureapis) adempta Raw 2002 #7: 23.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1932: 13-14 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: YU.
2. Megachile (Moureapis) agilis Smith
Megachile agilis Smith 1879: 73. Male. Type locality: St. Paulo [de Olivença] on the
Amazons, Brasil. Type repository: NHML 17a2449. Examined.
Megachile (Moureapis) agilis Raw 2002 #7: 23.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.
3. Megachile (Moureapis) ampla Mitchell
Megachile ampla Mitchell 1930: 212-213. Female. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia.
Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Leptorachis) ampla Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Megachile (Moureapis) ampla Raw 2002 #7: 23.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buenavista. BRAZIL: AC- Rio Branco valley; RO- Vila
Rondônia. PERU: Putumayo, Mocoa (600m).
4. Megachile (Moureapis) angusta Mitchell
Megachile angusta Mitchell 1930: 241-242. Male. Type locality: Prieta, Republic of
Honduras, 5 April 1924. Type repository: Meyer.
54
Megachile (Moureana) angusta Ayala et al 1997: 455.
Megachile (Moureapis) angusta Raw 2002 #7: 23.
DISTRIBUTION. HONDURAS. MEXICO: CA; HI.
5. Megachile (Moureapis) anthidioides Radoszkowski
Megachile anthidioides Radoszkowski 1874: 147. Female. Type locality: Brazil,
Amazonia. Type repository: St. Petersburg ?
Megachile (Pseudocentron) anthidioides Mitchell 1943b: 664.
Pseudocentron (Moureana) anthidioides Mitchell 1980: 56. [Type species; monotypic].
Megachile (Willinkella) anthidioides Laroca et al 1982: 98. (Pre-occupied.)
Megachile (Moureapis) anthidioides Raw 2002 #7: 23.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Alfken 1930: 11 (D). Cockerell 1905: 341 (K). Friese
1908a: 63 (K), 64 (D, L); 1911: 265 (R-F); 1916: 298 (D) (misdetermination ?).
Gerstaecker 1863: 147 (R- F). Jensen-Haarup 1908: 105 (F). Jörgensen 1912a: 124
(D), 133 & 134 (K); 1912b: 310 (D). Mitchell 1930: 238 (D). Schrottky 1902: 437438 (D, L, R-FM); 1913a: Schrottky 1913a: 142 (K), 180 (D), 246 (D); 1920: 22 (D).
Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA; ER- Paraná, LP- Santa Rosa; ME- Mendoza; MI.
BRAZIL: BA- Iguaçú (300 km W Salvador), MG- Barbacena, PR; RJ- Itatiaia, RS- Neu
Wurtemburg; SC- Blumenau, Nova Teutônia, SP- Alto da Serra, Barbacena,
Campinas, Campos de Jordão, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Rincão, Rio Feio, Vila Ema,
Vitória de Botucatú. PARAGUAY: Alto Paraná, Puerto Bertoni, Villarrica. COSTA
RICA: San José (misdetermination ?).
FLOWERS. Senecio.
LIFE HISTORY. In Mendoza adults are active November to January.
Megachile anthidioides Cockerell 1936: 250. Holmberg 1903: 434. Friese 1906: 31.
Strand 1909: 228; 1910: 526. Moure 1944c: 40.
None of the above authors mentioned seeing the type of Radoszkowski's species. The
discussion on this species is included under M. macularis Dalla Torre.
6. Megachile (Moureapis) apicipennis Schrottky
Megachile apicipennis Schrottky 1902: 442-443. Female. Type locality: Belém, S.
Paulo [state], January 1908 (Bicego). Type repository: MZSP.
Mitchell synonymised this name with M. (Sayapis) squalens Haliday.
Megachile (Moureapis) apicipennis Raw 2002 #7: 23.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ihering 1904: 470 (N). Schrottky 1913b: 251 (P).
Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RS; SP.
NESTING. Nested in an earth bank. Cells were 11 mm long and 6.5 mm wide and
their walls constructed of very fine clay with a polished finish.
MORTALITY. Coelioxys chrysocephala emerged from a cell. C. pirata.
7. Megachile (Moureapis) atahualpa Schrottky
Megachile nudiventris atahualpa Schrottky 1913a: 156. Female. Type locality: Peru.
Type repository: MZSP. Examined.
Megachile (Moureapis) atahualpa Raw 2002 #7: 24.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU.
8. Megachile (Moureapis) barbiellinii Moure
Megachile barbiellinii Moure 1944a: 17. Female. Type locality: Praia das Cigarras,
São Sebastião, SP, Brazil (30.11.1942). Type repository: UFPR.
Megachile (Moureapis) barbiellinii Raw 2002 #7: 24.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.
9. Megachile (Moureapis) benigna Mitchell
Megachile benigna Mitchell 1930: 214-215. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil. Type repository: ANSP 4138. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) benigna Mitchell 1943b: 663. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
Megachile (Moureapis) benigna Raw 2002 #7: 24.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos Guimarães, SP- Monte Alegre.
55
10. Megachile (Moureapis) continua Mitchell
Megachile continua Mitchell 1930: 239-240. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4156. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) continua Mitchell 1943b: 663. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
Megachile (Moureapis) continua Raw 2002 #7: 24.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos Guimarães.
11. Megachile (Moureapis) digna Mitchell
Megachile digna Mitchell 1930: 240-241. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4144. Examined. The
type is lacking left antenna, left fore and hind wing, left mid and hind leg and
metasoma.
Megachile (Moureapis) digna Raw 2002 #7: 24.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos Guimarães.
12. Megachile (Moureapis) electrum Mitchell
Megachile electrum Mitchell 1930: 223-224. Female. Type locality: Villarrica,
Paraguay, October 1923. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) electrum Mitchell 1934: 303.
Megachile (Moureapis) electrum Raw 2002 #7: 24.
DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.
13. Megachile (Moureapis) felicis Mitchell
Megachile felicis Mitchell 1930: 216-217. Female. Type locality: Tapyta, Paraguay,
November 1925. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Moureapis) felicis Raw 2002 #7: 24.
DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.
14. Megachile (Moureapis) irritans Smith
Megachile irritans Smith 1879: 82. Female. Type locality: Orizaba, Mexico. Type
repository: NHML 17a2481. Examined.
Megachile (Moureana) irritans Ayala et al 1997: 455.
Megachile (Moureapis) irritans Raw 2002 #7: 24.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1905: 340.
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: VC.
15. Megachile (Moureapis) macularis Dalla Torre
Megachile macularis Dalla Torre 1896: 437. New name for Megachile maculata Smith
1853: 160. Female. Examined. Type locality: Port Natal; Fernando Po.
(Not Megachile maculata Smith 1853: 170-171. Female. Type locality: Western
Australia. Type repository: NHML 17a2305. Examined.)
Megachile anthidioides Smith 1879: 78-79. Female. Examined. Type locality:
Paraná. Type repository: NHML 17a2441. Synonymy of Cockerell 1933a: 373-374.
Megachile (Moureapis) maculata Raw 2002 #7: 24.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL.
16. Megachile (Moureapis) nigromixta Cockerell
Megachile nigromixta Cockerell 1919: 215. Male. Type locality: Mexico (O. F. Baker).
Type repository: USNM 21684. Examined.
Megachile (Moureana) nigromixta Ayala et al 1997: 455.
Megachile (Moureapis) nigromixta Raw 2002 #7: 25.
DISTRIBUTION. GUATEMALA. MEXICO: TM.
17. Megachile (Moureapis) nigropilosa Schrottky
Megachile nigropilosa Schrottky 1902: 435. Female. Type locality: Jundiay, S. Paulo
[state], Brazil (Schrottky). Type repository: MZSP.
Megachile (Moureapis) nigropilosa Raw 2002 #7: 25.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Sakagami et al 1967: 272 (D, L). Schrottky 1913a: 143
(K). Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
56
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR; RS; SP- Jundiaí.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from January to May in Paraná.
18. Megachile (Moureapis) nudiventris Smith
Megachile nudiventris Smith 1853: 186. Female. Type locality: Brazil. Type
repository: NHML 17a2427. Examined.(Not M. nudiventris Schrottky 1902 [=
M. (Melanosarus) nigripennis Spinola].)
Megachile jurujubensis Cockerell 1927b: 394. Female. Type locality: Jurujuba, Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil, 6 January 1920 (E. G. Holt). Type repository: AMNH. Examined.
Synonymy of Raw 2002 #7: 25.
Megachile (Moureapis) nudiventris Raw 2002 #7: 25.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1912d: 54 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RJ.
19. Megachile (Moureapis) pampeana Vachal
Megachile pampeana Vachal 1908: 238. Female. Type locality: River Parana,
Argentina. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Moureapis) pampeana Silveira et al 2002: 213.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Vachal 1909: 13 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: Rio Parana.
20. Megachile (Moureapis) paraxanthura Cockerell
Megachile paraxanthura Cockerell 1914b: 428-429. Male. Type locality: Cordova,
Argentina (O. W. Thomas). Type repository: NHML 17a2470. Examined.
Megachile (Leptorachis) paraxanthura Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Megachile (Moureapis) paraxanthura Raw 2002 #7: 25.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Mitchell 1930: 241 (D). RAW.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD. BRAZIL: DF- Brasilia; ES- Santa Teresa; MTVale dos Sonhos. PARAGUAY: Villarrica.
21. Megachile (Moureapis) pleuralis Vachal
Megachile pleuralis Vachal 1908: 237-238. Male and Female. Type locality: Colonia
Hansa, Brazil/ Buenos Aires [Argentina]. Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Moureapis) pleuralis Silveira et al 2002: 213.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Vachal 1909: 5 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA/ BRAZIL.
22. Megachile (Moureapis) possograndensis Schrottky
Megachile poçograndensis Schrottky 1902: 438. Female. Type locality: Poço Grande,
S. Paulo [state], Brazil, January (Hempel). Type repository: MZSP. Examined. [Type
is missing left fore tarsi.]
Megachile possograndensis Schrottky 1913a: 172. New spelling. Megachile
(Pseudocentron) poçograndensis Mitchell 1943b: 664.
Megachile (Moureapis) possograndensis Raw 2002 #7: 25.
Megachile (Moureapis) pocograndensis Raw 2002 #7: 25. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Moure 1941: 92 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR; SP- Ilha de Vitória, Ilha de Búzios, Marumbí, Poço
Grande, Praia do Barro.
23. Megachile (Moureapis) prudens Mitchell
Megachile prudens Mitchell 1930: 238-239. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4155. Examined.
Megachile (Moureapis) prudens Raw 2002 #7: 25.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.
24. Megachile (Moureapis) pseudopleuralis Schrottky
Megachile pseudopleuralis Schrottky 1913a: 190. Female. Type locality: Jaguará,
MG, Brazil. Type repository: MZSP. Examined, labelled "HOLOTIPO".
Megachile (Moureapis) pseudopleuralis Raw 2002 #7: 25.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
57
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; RS. PARAGUAY: Puerto Bertoni.
25. Megachile (Moureapis) pyrrhogastra Cockerell
Megachile pyrrhogastra Cockerell 1913: 368-369. Female. Type locality: Guayaquil,
Ecuador (Buchwald). Type repository: AMNH. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) pyrrhogastra Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Megachile (Moureapis) pyrrhogastra Raw 2002 #7: 25.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG- Jagura. ECUADOR: Guayaquil.
26. Megachile (Moureapis) santaremensis Mitchell
Megachile santaremensis Mitchell 1930: 194-195. Female. Type locality: Santarem,
Brazil. Type repository: ANSP 4145. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) santaremensis Mitchell 1943b: 664.
Megachile (Moureapis) santaremensis Raw 2002 #7: 25.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PA -Santarém.
27. Megachile (Moureapis) stenodesma Schrottky
Megachile stenodesma Schrottky 1913a: 182. Female. Type locality: Puerto Bertoni,
Paraguay. Type repository: IOC.
Megachile stenodema Schrottky 1913b: 248 (misspelling).
Megachile (Moureapis) stenodesma Silveira et al 2002: 213.
DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY: Puerto Bertoni.
28. Megachile (Moureapis) sterilis Mitchell
Megachile sterilis Mitchell 1930: 211-212. Female. Type locality: Cordova, Argentina
(Davis). Type repository: MCZ 16211. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) sterilis Mitchell 1943b: 664.
Megachile (Moureapis) sterilis Raw 2002 #7: 26.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD.
29. Megachile (Moureapis) sumichrastii Cresson
Megachile sumichrastii Cresson 1878: 129-130. Male. Type locality: Mexico
(Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2433. Examined.
Megachile (Moureana) sumichrastii Ayala et al 1997: 455.
Megachile (Moureapis) sumichrastii Raw 2002 #7: 26.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cresson 1916: 131 (T).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO.
30. Megachile (Moureapis) trepida Mitchell
Megachile trepida Mitchell 1930: 213-214. Female. Type locality: Cerro Patron, Rio
Frio, Magdalena, Colombia, 4000 ft. 12 November 1927 (Salt). Type repository:
NHML 17a2469. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) trepida Mitchell 1943b: 664.
Megachile (Moureapis) trepida Raw 2002 #7: 26.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RO- Vilhena. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Cerro Patron (4000
ft), Rio Frio; Santa Marta, Vista Nieve (5000 ft).
FLOWERS. Begonia.
31. Megachile (Moureapis) viator Mitchell
Megachile viator Mitchell 1930: 215-216. Female. Type locality: San José, Costa
Rica, 25 June 1903 (J.C. Crawford). Type repository: USNM 43096. Examined.
Megachile (Moureapis) viator Raw 2002 #7: 26.
DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA.
FLOWERS. Dahlia.
Subgenus Neochelynia Schrottky
Neochelynia Schrottky 1920: 187. Type species: Neochelynia paulista Schrottky
1920.
58
Megachile subgenus Neomegachile Mitchell 1934: 302, 306. Type species: Megachile
chichimeca Cresson. Original designation. Michener et al 1994: 149. Synonymy of
Michener 2000: 562.
Cressoniella subgenus Neomegachile Mitchell 1980: 63.
The subgenus includes 17 species. They range from southern U.S.A. to Paraguay.
1. Megachile (Neochelynia) aegra Mitchell
Megachile aegra Mitchell 1930: 283-284. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4137. Examined.
Megachile (Neomegachile) aegra Mitchell 1934: 302.
Megachile (Neochelynia) aegra Raw 2002 #7: 26.
Mitchell 1943b: 662 suggested aegra is the male of chichimeca Cresson, but see Hurd
(1979: 2055).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Hurd 1979: 2055 (D). Michener 1951: 1173 (D).
Mitchell 1935: 40-41 (D, R-M).
DISTRIBUTION. GUATEMALA: Los Amatos. GUYANA: Georgetown. BRAZIL: MTChapada dos Guimarães. The distribution of this species is improbable. U.S.A.: TXnear San Antonio.
2. Megachile (Neochelynia) alta Mitchell
Megachile alta Mitchell 1930: 284-285. Female. Type locality: Costa Rica. Type
repository: ANSP 4125. Examined.
Megachile (Neomegachile) alta Mitchell 1934: 302.
Megachile (Neochelynia) alta Raw 2002 #7: 26.
DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA.
3. Megachile (Neochelynia) bicarinis Vachal
Megachile bicarinis Vachal 1909: 7. Male. Type locality: Pachitea, Peru. Type
repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Neochelynia) bicarinis Raw 2002 #7: 26.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU: Pachitea.
4. Megachile (Neochelynia) bodkini Cockerell
Megachile bodkini Cockerell 1923a: 452-453. Female. Type locality: Issororo, NWD,
British Guiana, Dec 1918 (G. E. Bodkin). Type repository: NHML 17a2461.
Examined.
Megachile (Neochelynia) bodkini Raw 2002 #7: 26.
DISTRIBUTION. TRINIDAD. GUYANA.
5. Megachile (Neochelynia) brethesi Schrottky
Megachile Brethesi Schrottky 1909a: 220. Female. Type locality: Asuncion,
Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP ?
Megachile atricostifera Strand 1910: 534. Female. Type locality: ? Type repository: ?
Synonymy of Schrottky 1913a: 194.
Megachile (Neochelynia) brethesi Raw 2002 #7: 27.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 145 (K), 194 (D, R-F). RAW. Silveira
et al 2002: 213.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: BA; DF- Brasilia, Planaltina; GO- Goias; MG; PB, RN; SP.
PARAGUAY: Asuncion.
6. Megachile (Neochelynia) chichimeca Cresson
Megachile chichimeca Cresson 1878: 130. Female. Type locality: Mexico
(Sumichrast). Type repository: ANSP 2434. Examined.
Megachile disparipennis W. P. Cockerell 1917: 192. Female. Type locality: Point
Isabel, Texas, U.S.A. Type repository: USNM 23133. Synonymy of Mitchell 1935:
39.
Megachile (Neomegachile) chichimeca Mitchell 1934: 302.
Megachile (Neochelynia) chichimeca Raw 2002 #7: 27.
59
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Cockerell 1932: 13 (K).
Cresson 1916: 115 (T). Michener 1954: 99-100 (D, F, L). Mitchell 1935: 39- 40 (D,
R-F). Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT. MEXICO: JA; MI; MO; NA; PU; QR; SI; SO; TA; VC;
YU. PANAMA: Canal Zone- Corozal, Juan Mina, Rio Pescado; Old Panamá. U.S.A.:
TX.
FLOWERS. Cuphea balsamona, Cornuta grandiflora, Elvira biflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus.
LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly January to September.
7. Megachile (Neochelynia) clara Mitchell
Megachile clara Mitchell 1930: 281. Male. Type locality: Prieta, Honduras. Type
repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Neomegachile) clara Ayala et al 1997: 455.
Megachile (Neochelynia) clara Raw 2002 #7: 27.
DISTRIBUTION. HONDURAS. MEXICO: HI; VC.
8. Megachile (Neochelynia) coelioxoides Cresson
Megachile coelioxoides Cresson 1878: 130. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast).
Type repository: ANSP 2435. Examined. (Not Megachile coelioxoides Schrottky
1909a [=M. (Sayapis) coelioxiformis Schrottky 1910].)
Megachile (Neomegachile) coelioxoides Mitchell 1934: 302.
Megachile (Sayapis) coelioxoides Mitchell 1943b: 664. Cresson 1878 (not Schrottky
1909a).
Megachile (Neochelynia) coelioxoides Raw 2002 #7: 27.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Cresson 1916: 115 (T).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: JA; NA.
9. Megachile (Neochelynia) fumata Mitchell
Megachile fumata Mitchell 1930: 293-295. Female. Type locality: Guapiles, Costa
Rica. Type repository: ANSP 4131. Examined.
Megachile (Neochelynia) fumata Raw 2002 #7: 27.
DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA.
10. Megachile (Neochelynia) paulista Schrottky
Megachile (Neochelynia) paulista Schrottky 1920. Female ? Type locality: S. Paulo,
Brasil. Type repository: ?
Megachile uniformis Mitchell 1928: 349-351. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil, January (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4110.
Examined. Synonymy of Michener 2000: 562.
(Not Megachile uniformis Alfken 1934: 154-155. Egypt.]
Megachile (Neomegachile) uniformis Mitchell 1934: 302.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: BA; GO- Goias; MG; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; SP.
MORPHOLOGY. Intersex female described.
11. Megachile (Neochelynia) pedalis Fox
Megachile pedalis Fox 1891: 347. Male. Type locality: Kingston, Jamaica. Type
repository: ANSP 10403. Examined.
Megachile liguanensis Cockerell 1912c: 486. Female. Type locality: Liguanea Plain,
Kingston, Jamaica, Nov-Dec 1911 (Mrs. C. T. Brues). Type repository: AMNH.
Examined.
Megachile (Neomegachile) pedalis Raw 1984a: 495.
Megachile (Neochelynia) pedalis Raw 2002 #7: 27.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cresson 1928: 70 (T). Gowdey 1926: 100 (D); 10 (D as
M. liguanensis). Raw 1985: 2-13 (D, L, M, F).
DISTRIBUTION. JAMAICA. The species occurs on the plains and the coast.
FLOWERS. Cassia emarginata, Ipomaea pescaprae, Portulaca sp., Sesuvium
portulacastrum, Croton linearis, Bidens pilosa.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly throughout the year.
60
NESTING. The adults are active for most of the year.
12.
Megachile (Neochelynia) perpunctata Cockerell
Megachile perpunctata Cockerell 1896: 286-287. Female. Type locality: San Rafael,
Vera Cruz, Mexico, 18 March (C. H. T. Townsend). Type repository: USNM 58111.
Examined.
Megachile (Neomegachile) perpunctata Ayala et al 1997: 455.
Megachile (Neochelynia) perpunctata Raw 2002 #7: 27.
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: VC.
13. Megachile (Neochelynia) praecipua Mitchell
Megachile praecipua Mitchell 1930: 282-283. Female. Type locality: Rio Frio,
Magdalena, Colombia, 8 May 1927 (Salt). Type repository: NHML 17a2468.
Examined.
Megachile (Neochelynia) praecipua Raw 2002 #7: 27.
DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena.
14. Megachile (Neochelynia) rodriguesi Moure
Megachile rodriguesi Moure 1943: 173. Female. Type locality: Batatais, Estado de
São Paulo, November 1941. Type repository: UFPR.
Megachile (Neochelynia) rodriguesi Raw 2002 #7: 28.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP- Batatais.
15. Megachile (Neochelynia) rufobarbata Cockerell
Megachile rufobarbata Cockerell 1936: 250-251. Female. Type locality: Plu
Ruimveldt, British Guiana, 19 December 1935 (J. Ogilvie). Type repository: AMNH.
Examined.
Megachile (Neochelynia) rufobarbata Raw 2002 #7: 28.
DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA.
16. Megachile (Neochelynia) stomatura Cockerell
Megachile stomatura Cockerell 1917b: 237-238. Male. Type locality: Trinidad, West
Indies, 6 June (Aug. Busck). Type repository: USNM 22903. Examined.
Megachile (Neomegachile) stomatura Mitchell 1934: 302.
Megachile (Neochelynia) stomatura Raw 2002 #7: 28.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1923a: 453, 458 (D, P, R-F).
DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA: Berbice. TRINIDAD.
NESTING. Disused borings in timber.
PREDATION. Coelioxys rostrata.
17. Megachile (Neochelynia) zernyi Alfken
Megachile zernyi Alfken 1933: 306-307. Female. Type locality: Taperinha (near
Santarém), Brazil, 21-31 July (H. Zerny). Type repository: NHMW.
Megachile (Neochelynia) zernyi Raw 2002 #7: 28.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PA; SP.
Subgenus Pseudocentron Mitchell
Megachile subgenus Pseudocentron Mitchell 1934: 304, 307. Type species: Megachile
pruina Smith. Original designation.
Pseudocentron Mitchell 1934: 303 & 307, 1937b: 63. Sandhouse 1943: 593.
Michener 1944: 265, 266, 268. Mitchell 1980: 56.
Pseudocentron subgenus Pseudocentron Mitchell 1980: 56.
This is the largest subgenus in the Americas which currently includes 73 species.
They range from North Carolina to Argentina and central Chile. Two are restricted to
U.S.A. and eight or nine are West Indian.
61
1. Megachile (Pseudocentron) agrestis Mitchell
Megachile agrestis Mitchell 1930: 197-198. Male. Type locality: Cordoba, Argentina.
Type repository: MCZ 16200. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) agrestis Raw 2002 #7: 28.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD.
2. Megachile (Pseudocentron) alleni Mitchell
Megachile poeyi alleni Mitchell 1927a: 48-51. Male. Type locality: Mangrove Cay,
Andros, Bahamas, 1 August 1904 (Allen, Barbour & Bryant). Type repository: MCZ
15715. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) poeyi alleni Krombein 1953b: 21 (D).
Megachile (Pseudocentron) alleni Raw 2002 #7: 28.
DISTRIBUTION. ANGUILLA. BAHAMAS: Bimini, Cat Island, Concepcion, Eleuthera,
Grand Bahama, Long Island, New Providence, Water Cay, Gun Cay.
FLOWERS. Croton linearis, Bidens pilosa, Cosmos sulphurea, Spilanthes urens,
Mikania microntha.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults are active for most of the year (February to November).
3. Megachile (Pseudocentron) alopecura Cockerell
Megachile alopecura Cockerell 1923b: 2. Male. Type locality: Victoria, Mexico, 16
March.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) alopecura Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
Type repository: USNM 25580. Examined.
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: TM.
4. Megachile (Pseudocentron) animosa Cockerell
Megachile animosa Cockerell 1931c: 539. Female. Type locality: Chichenitza,
Yucatán, Mexico (Bequaert). Type repository: MCZ 16256. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) animosa Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1932: 13 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: YU.
5. Megachile (Pseudocentron) argentina Friese
Megachile argentina Friese 1906: 95. Female ? Type locality: Santa Rosa, Ch. de
Coria, Mendoza, Argentina. Type repository: WNHM. Megachile argentina versicolor
Friese 1906: 96.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) argentina Mitchell 1934: 303.
The type locality of the subspecies versicolor is also Mendoza, Argentina and
Jörgensen (1909) recorded the species from Pedregal so the subspecific status is
doubtful. It may be a variety of M. argentina or a separate species (Mitchell 1930:
199 (D)). (If the latter, it must be renamed - qv. M. (Megachile) versicolor Smith 1844
of Europe).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63 (K), 65-66 (R-M). Jensen-Haarup
1908: 105 (F, N). Jörgensen 1909: 214 (D, F, L); 1912a: 125 (L, T), 132 & 134 (K);
1912b: 309, 310 (F, L, D, P).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA, ME (3000m-4000m), Puente del Inca, Cerro
Navarro, Catamarca; Pedregal; San Juan; Chacras de Coria.
FLOWERS. Acacia furcata, Atamisquea emarginata, Anthemis cotula, Baccharis
salicifolia, Caesalpinia praecox, Circium lanceolatum, Clematis hilarii, Convolvulus
arvensis, Cucurbitella scaberrima, Cuscuta racemosa, Grindelia pulchella,
Hoffmannseggia falcaria, Hyalis argentea, Lycium gracile, Monedula, Marrubium
vulgare, Pascalia glauca, Patagonium gilliesii, Prosopis alpataco, P. campestris,
P. strombulifera, Proustia ilicifolia, Psoralea higuerilla, Salvia gilliesii, Senecio
mendocinus, S. pinnatus, Sphaeralcea bonariensis, Telesperma scabriosoides,
Ximenedia microptera and Zuccagnia punctata.
NESTING. Nests in the ground, in thatch of houses and in galls [?] of Durana (?)
dependens. Lines cells with cut leaves and with petals of Caesalpinia, Cassia
aphylla and Larrea. The cell is plugged with mud.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from October to mid May.
62
PREDATORS. Coelioxys inconspicua.
6. Megachile (Pseudocentron) aricensis Friese
Megachile aricensis Friese 1904: 187. Male. Type locality: Arica, northern Chile.
Type repository: ?
Megachile (Pseudocentron) aricensis Mitchell 1943b: 664 by association. Mitchell
(op.cit.) considered this to be a junior synonym of M. furcata Vachal (1909), which is
considered below to be a distinct species.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1912a: 175 (D, F).
DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Arica. PERU. Pacific coast of northern Peru to northern
Chile. Michener's records from Panamá (1954: 101) may be erroneous.
FLOWERS. Philibertella flava (Meyer).
7. Megachile (Pseudocentron) asuncicola Strand
Megachile asuncicola Strand 1910: 530. Female. Type locality: Asuncion, Paraguay.
Type repository: ?
Megachile asuncicola mediomicans Strand 1910: 531. Sex ? Type locality: Paraguay.
Type repository: ?
Megachile (Pseudocentron) asuncicola Mitchell 1934: 303.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1930: 209 (D). Moure 1944a: 16. Silveira et
al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RN. PARAGUAY: Asuncion.
8. Megachile (Pseudocentron) aurata Mitchell
Megachile aurata Mitchell 1930: 222-223. Female. Type locality: Juanfé, Peru. Type
repository: USNM. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) aurata Mitchell 1934: 303.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU.
9. Megachile (Pseudocentron) aurea Mitchell
Megachile aurea Mitchell 1930: 244. Male. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia. Type
repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) aurea Mitchell 1943b: 663.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Buenavista. BRAZIL: PA- Santarém.
10. Megachile (Pseudocentron) azteca Cresson
Megachile azteca Cresson 1878: 119. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast).
Type repository: ANSP 2456. Examined.
Megachile rhodopus Cockerell 1896: 287-287. Male/ Female. Type locality: San
Rafael, New Mexico, 18 June. Type repository: AMNH. Examined. Synonymy of
Mitchell 1930: 196 (D).
Megachile (Pseudocentron) azteca Mitchell 1943b: 663.
The citations of M. rhodopus have been by Cockerell (1896, 1899, 1919, 1932) and
Friese (1911). The type locality of the male is New Mexico. Cockerell (1896) also
described a female collected in Brazil under this name but it is a member of the
subgenus Moureapis (examined by A. Raw).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Cockerell 1905: 340 (K);
1932: 14 (K as M. rhodopus). Cresson 1916: 112 (T); 1932: 14 (K). Friese 1911: 245
(R-F); 1921: 80 (D). Michener 1954: 101 (D, L).
DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: San José, Mount Redovuto. MEXICO: CH; JA; NA;
VC- San Rafael. PANAMA: Canal Zone- Chiva Chiva. U.S.A.: NM. Records from
Bolivia and Brazil under M. rhodopus are questionable.
NESTING. March-June. In Panamá adults fly in July.
FLOWERS. Compositae.
11. Megachile (Pseudocentron) baeri Vachal
Megachile Baeri Vachal 1904: 12-13. Female. Type locality: Lara [Tucuman,
Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) baeri Raw 2002 #7: 28.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: TU.
63
12. Megachile (Pseudocentron) banksi Mitchell
Megachile banksi Mitchell 1930: 220. Female. Type locality: Canal Zone, Ancón,
Panamá. Type repository: MCZ 16202. Examined.
Megachile petulans abnegata Cockerell 1931: 538. Female. Type locality:
Chichenitza, Yucatan, Mexico (Bequaert). Type repository: MCZ 16267. Synonymy
of Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) banksi Mitchell 1934: 303.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Cockerell 1932: 13 (K)
abnegata. Michener 1954: 101 (D, L).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: YU- Chichenitza. PANAMA: Canal Zone; Ancon.
COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Rio Frio.
FLOWERS. Antigonum leptopus, Tribulus cistoides.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in August.
13. Megachile (Pseudocentron) barbatula Smith
Megachile barbatula Smith 1879: 70. Male. Type locality: Ega [=Tefé] on the
Amazons [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2452. Examined.
Megachile barbatula of Smith (1879). Synonymy of Schwarz (1934: 19-21).
Megachile (Pseudocentron) barbatula Raw 2002 #7: 28.
A paralectotype male at OUM is labelled "barbata Smith, Ega, Braz.", but the
published name is to avoid synonymy with M. barbata Smith (1853) from South
Africa.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM.
14. Megachile (Pseudocentron) bidentata (Fabricius)
Andrena bidentata Fabricius 1775: 377. Male. Type locality: Amer. Bor. Type
repository: NHML ?
Apis bidentata Gmelin (in Linnaeus) 1790: 2793.
Anthophora bidentata Fabricius 1804: 381. (Not Megachile bidentata Smith 1853.)
(Not Megachile bidentata Walckenaer 1802: 135. Europe [= Coelioxys quadridentata
L 1758].)
Megachile (Pseudocentron) bidentata Mitchell 1934: 303.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 339 (K). Mitchell 1937b: 73-74 (R-M).
DISTRIBUTION. Central American or West Indian. Mitchell (1937b: 73) considered
the type locality cited to be in error.
NESTING. Said to nest on stones.
15. Megachile (Pseudocentron) binotulata Dalla Torre
Megachile binotulata Dalla Torre 1896: 422. New name.
Megachile binotata Lucas 1856: 777. Female. Type locality: Cuba. Type repository:
? (Not M. binotata Guérin 1845. = Megachile (Pseudocentron) luctifera Spinola.
Megachile binotatula Friese 1920: 51 [misspelling]. (Not M. binotatula Alfken 1924:
14. Takao, Formosa [Taiwan]).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cheesman 1929: 144 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. CUBA. MARTINIQUE. MEXICO. PANAMA: Gorgona Is.
16. Megachile (Pseudocentron) botucatuna Schrottky
Megachile botucatuna Schrottky 1913a: 212-213. Male. Type locality: Victoria de
Botucatú, Est. do São Paulo, [Brazil], 15 Oct 1900. Type repository: MZSP.
Megachile arabilis Mitchell 1930: 201-202. Male/ Female ? Type locality: Chapada
[dos Guimarães, MT] Brazil. Type repository: ANSP 4140/ 4145 ? Synonymy of
Mitchell 1943b: 664. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) arabilis Mitchell 1934: 303.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) botucatuna Mitchell 1943b: 664.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; SP- Botucatú.
64
17. Megachile (Pseudocentron) burmeisteri Friese
Megachile burmeisteri Friese 1908a: 68. Sex ? Type locality: ? Pedregal, Mendoza/
Buenos Aires, Argentina. Type repository: NHMW.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) burmeisteri Mitchell 1943b: 663.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1919a: 221 (D). Friese 1908a: 63-64 (K).
Jensen-Haarup 1908: 106 (F). Jörgensen 1909: 215 (F, L); 1912a: 130 (D, F, L), 133
& 134 (K); 1912b: 311-312 (F, L). Mitchell 1930: 225 (D). Vachal 1909: 7 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA, ME, Pedregal; Carcaraña. PARAGUAY: Sapucay.
FLOWERS. Atamisquea emarginata, Grindelia pulchella, Hoffmannseggia falcaria, H.
falcata, Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Psoralea higuerilla and Ximenedia microptera.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly mid October to end of May.
18. Megachile (Pseudocentron) cordialis Mitchell
Megachile (Pseudocentron) cordialis Mitchell 1943b: 664. New name for Megachile
cordovensis Mitchell 1930: 189-190. Female. Type locality: Cordoba, Argentina.
Type repository: MCZ 16209. Examined. (Not M. corduvensis Schrottky 1909a.)
The face of the female is extraordinary for a species of Pseudocentron; it more
resembles that of Chelostomoides.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD. BRAZIL: MS- Pedra Branca ? MT.
19. Megachile (Pseudocentron) crassipes Smith
Megachile crassipes Smith 1879: 71-72. Male. Type locality: St. Paulo [de Olivença]
on the Amazons [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2453. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) crassipes Raw 2002 #7: 28.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13, 17 (D, K). RAW.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Tumupasa. BRAZIL: AM- São Paulo de Olivença; ROSuruí Reserve. ECUADOR: Napo Pastazo- Coca. PERU: Madre de Dios- Avispas;
Amazonas- Montenegro.
20. Megachile (Pseudocentron) curvipes Smith
Megachile curvipes Smith 1853: 187. Male. Type locality: Brazil. Type repository:
OUM. Examined.
Megachile fossoris Smith 1879: 75-76. Female. Type locality: Santarem [Brazil].
Type repository: NHML 17a2429. Examined. Synonymy of Moure 1941: 93.
Megachile fossoris leucocentra Schrottky 1908: 236. Female. Type locality:
Asuncion, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP. Synonymy of Moure 1941: 93.
Megachile leucocentra Schrottky 1913a: 164.
Megachile fossoris leucocentra Schrottky 1913a: 164.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) curvipes Mitchell 1943b: 664.
Schwarz (1934) separated the females of M. curvipes and M. fossoris.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1912d: 61 (D); 1919a: 221 (D); 1932: 14 (K
as M. leucocentra). Cruz Landim 1967: 201-202, 204 (M); 1968: 119; 1973: 209-213.
Friese 1916: 297 (D). Michener 1954: 101 (D, F, L). Mitchell 1930: 192 (D, M) 196
(D as M. fossoris); 1941: 166-167 (D, M). Moure 1942: 307-308 (D), 1944a: 15 (D);
Schrottky 1908: 236 (D), 1913a: 147 (D), 200 (D); Schrottky 1913b: 247 (D); 1920:
22 (D, R-F as M. fossoris). Schwarz 1934: 20-21 (D, K, T); 1934: 19-21 (D, K as
M. fossoris). Strand 1909: 234 (D); Vachal 1909: 17 (D, K). RAW. Silveira et al
2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI. BRAZIL: AM- Manaus; BA; DF- Brasilia,
Planaltina; GO- Goias, Rio das Antas; MG; MS- Pedra Branca; MT- Chapada dos
Guimarães, Salobra; PA- Santarém; PR- Curitiba; RO- Porto Velho; RS; SP- Vila
Ema. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Rio Frio. COSTA RICA: San José. PANAMA: Canal
Zone- Barro Colorado Island, Tocumen. PARAGUAY: Asuncion, Misiones, Sapucay,
Villarrica.
FLOWERS. Melampodium divaricatum.
LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly in February & July.
[See botucatuna.]
MORPHOLOGY. Intersex. Thoracic salivary glands are described.
65
21. Megachile (Pseudocentron) dalmeidai Moure
Megachile dalmeidai Moure 1944b: 118-120. Female. Type locality: Fazenda Bom
Jesus, Monte Alegre (750 ms), SP, Brazil, 14-27 October 1942. Type repository:
MZSP 104.428. Examined. [Type missing metasoma.]
Megachile (Pseudocentron) dalmeidai Raw 2002 #7: 28.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP: Monte Alegre.
22. Megachile (Pseudocentron) davisi Mitchell
Megachile davisi Mitchell 1930: 219. Female. Type locality: Cordoba, Argentina.
Type repository: MCZ 16210. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) davisi Raw 2002 #7: 29.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD.
23. Megachile (Pseudocentron) deceptrix Smith
Megachile deceptrix Smith 1879: 81. Female. Type locality: St. Domingo [West
Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2423. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) deceptrix Mitchell 1943b: 664.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1905: 341 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. SANTO DOMINGO.
24. Megachile (Pseudocentron) delectus Mitchell
Megachile delectus Mitchell 1930: 217. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4148. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) delectus Raw 2002 #7: 29.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.
25. Megachile (Pseudocentron) electra Mitchell
Megachile electrum Mitchell 1930: 223-224. Female. Type locality: Villarrica,
Paraguay, October 1923. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) electrum Mitchell 1934: 303.
Megachile (Moureapis) electra Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY: Villarrica.
26. Megachile (Pseudocentron) elongata Smith
Megachile elongata Smith 1879: 80. Male. Type locality: St. Domingo [West Indies].
Type repository: NHML 17a2467. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) elongata Mitchell 1943b: 664.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Cockerell 1905: 341 (K).
Crawford 1914: 132 (D). Friese 1902: 199 (R-F).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: JA; SI; SO; MI; NA; TA. SANTO DOMINGO.
27. Megachile (Pseudocentron) framea Schrottky
Megachile framea Schrottky 1913a: 211. Male. Type locality: Jundiahy [= Jundiaí,
SP, Brazil], November 1900. Type repository: MZSP. Examined, labelled
"HOLOTIPO". [Type missing left mid leg, left hind tibia and tarsi. Right antenna and
left flagellum attached to card.]
Megachile (Pseudocentron) framea Sakagami, Laroca and Moure 1967: 272-273 (D,
L).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR- São José dos Pinhais; RS; SP-Jundiaí.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly November to May.
28. Megachile (Pseudocentron) furcata Vachal
Megachile furcata Vachal 1909: 10. Male. Type locality: Chihuahua, Mexico. Type
repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) furcata Mitchell 1934: 303.
Cockerell (1924: 548) considered this species to be a junior synonym of M. sidalceae
Cockerell, but see below. Mitchell (1934: 303) and Michener (1954: 101 (D, L))
considered it to be a junior synonym of M. aricensis Friese which is occura along the
coasts of Peru and Chile.
66
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Mitchell 1930: 192-193 (D,
R-F).
DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Rio Frio, Clenaga, Tucurinca. MEXICO:
CH; SI. PANAMA: Canal Zone- Ancón, Balboa; Panamá- Camarón, Old Panamá,
Panamá City, Pueblo Nuevo.
FLOWERS. Tribulus cistoides.
LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly almost all the year.
29. Megachile (Pseudocentron) gomphrenae Holmberg
Megachile gomphrenae Holmberg 1886: 140. Female. Type locality: La Tinta, Buenos
Aires, Argentina. Type repository: ? (Not M. gomphrenae Friese 1908a [= M.
(Chrysosarus) catamarcensis Schrottky 1908].
Megachile gomphrenae var. saltensis Friese 1908a: 64-65. Sex ? Type locality: Salta,
Argentina. Type repository: ? Synonymy of ?
Megachile saltensis Schrottky 1909b: 268. New status ?
Megachile (Pseudocentron) gomphrenae Mitchell 1934: 303.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1917b: 240 (D). Friese 1911: 267 (D, F, L).
Jensen-Haarup 1908: 105 (F). Jörgensen 1909: 213 (D, F, L, N); 1912a: 124 (T).
Schrottky 1913a: 178-180 (D, R-FM); 1913b: 247 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA- La Tinta; ME- Pedregal, Carcaraña, Chacras de
Coria, Potrerillos. URUGUAY.
FLOWERS. Gomphrena sericea, Cirsium lanceolatum and Senecio.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly November to March.
NESTING. Nests in thatch of houses.
30. Megachile (Pseudocentron) gomphrenoides Vachal
Megachile gomphrenoides Vachal 1908: 236-237. Female. Type locality: Argentina.
Type repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) gomphrenoides Moure 1947: 232.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Schrottky 1920: 33 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ST- Rio Carapari.
31. Megachile (Pseudocentron) hamatipes Cockerell
Megachile hamatipes Cockerell 1923a: 455-456. Male. Type locality: Bel Air,
Lamaha, East Coast, British Guiana (Bodkin). Type repository: NHML 17a2464.
Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) hamatipes Raw 2002 #7: 29.
DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA.
32. Megachile (Pseudocentron) hieronymi Friese
Megachile hieronymi Friese 1906: 96. Female. Type locality: Mendoza/ Cordoba,
Argentina. Type repository: MHNW.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) hieronymi Raw 2002 #7: 29.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63-64 (K), 67 (L). Jensen-Haarup 1908:
105-106 (F). Jörgensen 1912a: 128 (F, L), 133 & 135 (K); 1912b: 311 (D, F).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA, CD, ME, NE.
FLOWERS. Baccharis serratula, Bidens leucantha, Circium lanceolata, Grindelia
pulchella, Hoffmannseggia falcata, Hyalis argentea, Lycium argentinum, L. chilense,
Marrubia vulgare, Patagonium gilliesii, Psoralea higuerilla, Senecio albicaulis, S.
mendocinus, S. pinnatus, Ximenedia microptera.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly early October to mid May.
33. Megachile (Pseudocentron) hoffmanseggiae Jörgensen
Megachile hoffmanseggiae Jörgensen 1912a: 130-131. Female. Type locality:
Mendoza, Argentina. Type repository: Museu La Plata.
Lithurgus rufiventris Friese 1908a: 61-62. Male. Type locality: Mendoza, Argentina.
Synonymy of Jörgensen 1912a: 124.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) hoffmanseggiae Mitchell 1943b: 663.
67
Megachile (Pseudocentron) rhodosara Moure 1947: 232-233. Female. Type locality:
Copayan, Catamarca, Argentina, Jan 1941 (Schafer). Type repository: UFPR.
Synonymy of Moure (pers. comm).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1919: 221 (D). Jörgensen 1912a: 133 (K);
1912b: 309 (D, F, L). Mitchell 1930: 203 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME- Pedregal, Chacras de Coria, Carcaraña. BRAZIL.
FLOWERS. Auracantha, Caesalpinia praecox, Convolvulus arvensis, Cynara
cardunculus, Grindelaria pulchella, Hoffmannseggia falcata, Hyalis argentea, Larrea
divaricata, Lippia lycioides, Lycium gracilis, Medicago sativa, Opuntia sulphurea,
Pascalia glauca, Salvia gilliesii, Senecio mendocinus, S. pinnatus, Verbena bonariensis.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly November to January.
34. Megachile (Pseudocentron) holomelaena Cockerell
Megachile holomelaena Cockerell 1917b: 238. Female. Type locality: Chubut,
Patagonia [Argentina] (W. F. H. Rosenberg). Type repository: USNM 22904.
Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) holomelaena Raw 2002 #7: 29.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CB.
35. Megachile (Pseudocentron) holosericea (Fabricius)
Apis holosericea Fabricius 1793: 336. Female. Type locality: America Meridionalis
Insularis. Type repository: Zool. Mus. Copenhagen.
Anthophora holosericea Fabricius 1804: 373.
Anthophora holosericea Illiger 1806: 113.
Trachusa holosericea Jurine 1807: 251.
Megachile holosericea Cockerell 1906b: 105.
Megachile holosericea Friese 1911: 273.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) holosericea Moure 1960: 110 (D).
Moure (1960: 110) listed this as a species, but cited it as a subspecies of poeyi in the
text.
DISTRIBUTION. PUERTO RICO: Rio Pedras, Mona (as M. vitracii).
Moure (1960) gives type locality as "Lesser Antilles", but the species is known only
from Puerto Rico.
36. Megachile (Pseudocentron) huascari Cockerell
Megachile huascari Cockerell 1912c: 486-487. Female. Type locality: Huascaray,
Peru, 6500 ft. Sept 21 (C. H. T. Townsend). Type repository: AMNH. Examined.
The apical margin of the clypeus is thickened and impunctate, but it is not notched
as in Moureapis species. The inner tooth of the mandible is truncate as in
M. anthidioides Radoszkowski.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) huascari Raw 2002 #7: 29.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1917b: 239 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. PERU.
37. Megachile (Pseudocentron) imperator Mitchell
Megachile imperator Mitchell 1930: 185-186. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil. Type repository: ANSP 4136. Examined. The type lacks left
fore leg and left mid tibia and tarsi.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) imperata Mitchell 1933: 303. Misspelling.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) imperator Mitchell 1943b: 663.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.
38. Megachile (Pseudocentron) indulgens Mitchell
Megachile indulgens Mitchell 1930: 224. Female. Type locality: Cordoba, Argentina.
Type repository: MCZ 16201. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) indulgens Raw 2002 #7: 29.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CD.
68
39. Megachile (Pseudocentron) inscita Mitchell
Megachile inscita Mitchell 1930: 196-197. Male. Type locality: Pedra Branca, Brazil.
Type repository: ANSP 4146. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) inscita Mitchell 1934: 303.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT- Pedra Branca.
40.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) jerryrozeni Genaro 2003
Megachile (Pseudocentron) jerryrozeni Genaro 2003: 286-289. Female. Type locality:
Cayman, West Indies. Type repository: USNM.
DISTRIBUTION. Grand Cayman Island and Cayman Brac, West Indies.
41. Megachile (Pseudocentron) joergenseni Friese
Megachile jörgenseni Friese 1908a: 66. Female. Type locality: Mendoza, Argentina.
Type repository: NHMW.
Megachile jeorgenseni Schrottky 1913b: 247 [misspelling].
Megachile joergenseni Schrottky 1913b: 251 (emendation).
Megachile (Pseudocentron) joergenseni Raw 2002 #7: 29.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63 (K). Jensen-Haarup 1908: 105 (F).
Jörgensen 1912a: 125-126 (L, N, T), 132 (K); 1912b: 309, 310 (F, L, P).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME.
FLOWERS. Baccharis salicifolia, Cirsium, Clematis hilarii, Cucurbitella scaberrima,
Grindelia pulchella, Hoffmannseggia, Hyalis argentea, Lippia lycioides, Lycium gracile,
Marrubium vulgare, Senecio pinnatus, Taraxacum officinale, Verbena aspera,
Ximenedia microptera.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly mid October to mid June.
NESTING. Nests in bamboo, canes of thatch and galls [?] on Durana (?) dependens.
PREDATORS. Coelioxys inconspicua.
42. Megachile (Pseudocentron) jundiana Schrottky
Megachile jundiana Schrottky 1913a: 204. Male. Type locality: Jundiahy [Jundiaí,
SP, Brazil], January 1900. Type repository: MZSP. Synonymy of Moure (1943: 171172) based on gynandromorph females.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) jundiana Mitchell 1943b: 663. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP-Jundiaí.
43. Megachile (Pseudocentron) leucopogonites Moure
Megachile (Pseudocentron) leucopogonites Moure 1944a: 17. Female. Type locality:
Vila Ema, São Paulo, Brazil. Type repository: UFPR.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.
44. Megachile (Pseudocentron) lissotate Moure
Megachile (Pseudocentron) lissotate Moure 1943: 187-189. Female. Type locality:
Bodoquena, MT, Brazil. Type repository: UFPR.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT; SP-Batatais.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; MS; PB; RN; SP.
Moure 1945: 414.
45. Megachile (Pseudocentron) lobitarsis Smith
Megachile lobitarsis Smith 1879: 76. Male. Type locality: St. Paulo [de Olivença], on
the Amazons [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2444. Examined.
Megachile sexies Vachal 1909: 9. Male. Type locality: Guyane Française. Type
repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Synonymy suggested by Vachal and Moure ?
Megachile (Ptilosarus) lobitarsis Michener 1954: 103 (D, L). (Erroneous listing).
Megachile (Pseudocentron) lobitarsis Raw 2002 #7: 30.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Bodkin 1918: 303 (D). Cheesman 1929: 145 (D).
Dominique 1898: 61 (D). RAW.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- São Paulo de Olivença. BA- Itabuna, Una. FRENCH
GUIANA. GUYANA. PANAMA: Taboga Is.
LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly in September.
69
46. Megachile (Pseudocentron) luctifera Spinola
Megachile luctifera Spinola 1841: 142. Female. Type locality: Cayenne [French
Guiana]. Type repository: IZU Torino.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) luctifera Mitchell 1943b: 664.
Megachile flavitarsata Smith 1853: 183-184. Male. Type locality: St. Vincent's [West
Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2443. Examined. Synonymy of Genaro 1998:
151 (D).
Megachile binotata Guérin 1845: 450. Female. Type locality: St. Thomas [West
Indies]. Type repository: SMM. Synonymy of Genaro 1998: 151 (D).
Megachile barbadensis Cockerell 1937a: 111-112. Male. Type locality: Barbados
[West Indies], 15 April. Type repository: USNM 55482. Examined. Synonymy of
Genaro 1998: 151 (D).
Megachile (Pseudocentron) barbadensis Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) binotata Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Megachile binottata Guiglia & Pasteels 1961: 20. Misspelling.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) flavitarsata Raw 2002 #7: 29.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ashmead 1900: 213, 214 (D). Beatty 1944: 172 (D, L).
Cockerell 1905: 341 (K), 1936: 249 (D), 1937a: 111, (D)1938: 280 (D). Crawford
1914: 132, 133 (D). Cresson 1865: 196 [Author did not see a specimen from Cuba].
Friese 1908b: 38 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BARBADOS. DOMINICA. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. FRENCH
GUIANA. GRENADA. ST. VINCENT and Canouan (Grenadines). SURINAM.
UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Croix, St.Thomas.
47. Megachile (Pseudocentron) morio Smith
Megachile morio Smith 1853: 189. Female. Type locality: United States (E.
Doubleday). Type repository: NHML 17a2414. Examined.
(Not M. morio Graenicher 1930: 162 [=M. (Melanosarus) bahamensis Mitchell]. See
Mitchell 1934: 351-352.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) morio Mitchell 1937b: 72-73 (D, R-F).
Mitchell (1937) observed that M. floridensis Mitchell "was at first erroneously
identified as M. morio Smith". Apparently the latter is known only from the type
series and may be from Mexico or the West Indies. Hurd 1979: 2068 suggested it is
"Probably a form of pruina."
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 339 (K). Friese 1916: 297 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. COSTA RICA: San José. U.S.A.: CA, FL. The record from Brazil is
very doubtful.
FLOWERS. Bidens leucantha, Melanthera brevifolia, Poinsettia cyathophora.
48. Megachile (Pseudocentron) neutra Vachal
Megachile neutra Vachal 1908: 237. Female. Type locality: Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) neutra Raw 2002 #7: 30.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA.
49. Megachile (Pseudocentron) obliqua Mitchell
Megachile obliqua Mitchell 1930: 218-219. Female. Type locality: British Guiana, 16
April 1901. Type repository: USNM 43095. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) obliqua Raw 2002 #7: 30.
DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA.
50. Megachile (Pseudocentron) perenensis Cockerell
Megachile perenensis Cockerell 1919a: 219-220. Female. Type locality: Perenes
Valley, Peru, 2000-3000 ft. Type repository: USNM 21690. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) perenensis Raw 2002 #7: 30.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU.
70
51. Megachile (Pseudocentron) perita Mitchell
Megachile perita Mitchell 1930: 202-203. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4147. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) perita Mitchell 1934: 303.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.
52. Megachile (Pseudocentron) poeyi Guérin
Megachile poeyi Guérin 1845: 450. Female. Type locality: Cuba. Type repository:
SMM.
Megachile velhoensis Mitchell 1930: 199-200. Male. Type locality: Porto Velho,
Brazil (Mann and Baker). Type repository: MCZ 16199. Incorrect locality (Dr. Oliver
Flint, USNM, pers. comm.). Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) velhoensis Mitchell 1934: 303. Synonymy of Raw 2002
#7: 30.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) poeyi Mitchell 1934: 303.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) holosericea poeyi. Synonymy of Moure 1960: 110.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Alayo 1976: 23 (D). Ashmead 1900: 302 (D). Cockerell
1905: 341 (K); 1912c: 486 (D). Cresson 1865: 177 (D, N, P). Dewitz 1881: 197 (D).
Fox 1891: 345 (D). Gowdey 1926: 100 (D). Gundlach 1886: 162-163 (D). Mitchell
1927a: 57 (D, F). Myers 1935: 137. Raw 1985: 2-13 (D, F, L, M). Wolcott 1948: 869
(D).
DISTRIBUTION. CUBA: (widespread and abundant) Cienfuegos, La Milpa, Soledad.
JAMAICA: AW; SC; CL; EL; ST; TR (on plains and near coast). Wolcott (1948)
doubted the authenticity of the record of this species from Puerto Rico. The records
from Anguilla and Trinidad are probably erroneous. A series from Bahamas "agrees
in coloration with typical poeyi Guérin from Cuba and Jamaica" (Krombein 1953).
FLOWERS. Bidens pilosa, Caseria aculeata, Cosmos sulphurea, Croton linearis,
Mikania microntha, Neuroloena limbata, Psidium cattleyanum, Spilanthes urens,
Vernonia neuthaefolia.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults are active for most of the year (Feb to Nov).
NESTING. Males fly around flowers of Bidens pilosa searching for females. Nest of
leaf pieces under stones (Cuba) and in a beetle burrow in a dead branch (Jamaica).
PREDATORS. Leucospis poeyi (Cuba). Probably Coelioxys assumptionis (Jamaica).
53. Megachile (Pseudocentron) pollinosa Spinola
Megachile pollinosa Spinola 1851: 178. Female. Type locality: Central Chile. Type
repository: IZUT ?
Megachile erinacea Schletterer 1890: 227. Male. Type locality: ? Synonymy of
Friese 1905: 138.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) pollinosa Mitchell 1934: 303.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Claude-Joseph 1926: 247-249 (L, M, N). Cockerell
1905: 338 (R-F). Friese 1905: 138-139 (D, L). Herbst 1917: 268 (D). Mitchell 1930:
199 (D). Moure 1951: 41 (D). Ruiz 1937: 168 (D). Vachal 1909: 14 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Coquimbo; Concepcion; Patagonia; Rancagua; Santiago;
Valdivia.
FLOWERS. Compositae, Umbelliferae and Oenothera.
NESTING. Nests in the ground under stones and in abandoned nests of sphecid and
eumenid wasps and of Centris. Cuts leaves of Aristolochia maqui, Cestrum palqui,
Robinia. Several contiguous cells are built.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly December to February.
MORPHOLOGY. Larva described.
54. Megachile (Pseudocentron) prietana Mitchell
Megachile prietana Mitchell 1930: 191-192. Male. Type locality: Prieta, Honduras, 7
April 1924. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) prietana Mitchell 1943b: 663.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1949: 450 (D). Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: RS. HONDURAS: Prieta, Zamorano.
71
55. Megachile (Pseudocentron) pulchra Smith
Megachile pulchra Smith 1879: 70. Female. Type locality: St.Paulo [de Olivença], on
the Amazons [Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2439. Examined.
Megachile pulchra cachoeirensis Schrottky 1920: 31-32. Female. Type locality: Porto
Cachoeira, Espirito Santo, April 1912. Type repository: MZSP. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) pulchra Mitchell 1943b: 664.
The specimen labelled paralectotype of pulchra Smith in OUM is a member of the
subgenus Chrysosarus. Moure (1945: 411) suggests M. cachoeirensis Schrottky may
be an Austromegachile species (coll. BRAZIL: SP- Praia do Barro).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 339 (K). Michener 1954: 101 (D, L).
Mitchell 1930: 191 (D). Schrottky 1920: 31 (D). Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz- Buenavista. BRAZIL: AM- São Paulo de
Olivença; ES- Porto Cachoeira; MG; PA- Santarém; RO- Suruí reserve; SP. PANAMA:
Barro Colorado.
LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly in March.
Cockerell 1905: 340; 1914d: 310. Moure 1945: 410-411.
56. Megachile (Pseudocentron) pyrrhotricha Cockerell
Megachile pyrrhotricha Cockerell 1913: 369. Female. Type locality: Guayaquil,
Ecuador (Buchwald). Type repository: AMNH. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) pyrrhotricha Mitchell 1943b: 663.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13-14 (D, K).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni, Rio Mapirí. ECUADOR: Guayaquil.
57. Megachile (Pseudocentron) rubricata Smith
Megachile rubricata Smith 1853: 187. Female. Type locality: [Tefé, AM] Brazil. Type
repository: NHML 17a2437. Examined.
Megachile hilaris Smith 1879: 72-73. Male. Type locality: Santarem [Brazil]. Type
repository: NHML 17a2637. Examined. Synonymy of ?
Megachile clavispinis Vachal 1909: 14. Male. Type locality: Brazil "Goiaz ?". Type
repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. [May be a synonym of rubricata Smith].
Megachile (Pseudocentron) rubricata Raw 2002 #7: 30.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. RAW.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- Tefé; DF- Brasilia; GO; PA- Santarém.
Two of the paratypes were determined by Moure (1943: 170) as males of Megachile
hilaris Smith.
58. Megachile (Pseudocentron) sanctipauli Schrottky
Megachile sanctipauli Schrottky 1913a: 205. Male. Type locality: São Paulo, Brazil.
Type repository: MZSP ?
Megachile (Pseudocentron) sanctipauli Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.
59. Megachile (Pseudocentron) scapularis Vachal
Megachile scapularis Vachal 1908: 234-235. Female and male. Type locality: Female
from Mapirí, Bolivia and male from Pachitea, Peru. Type repository: Vachal
collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) scapularis Raw 2002 #7: 30.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Vachal 1909: 17 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni- Ivon; Mapirí. PERU: Pachitea.
60. Megachile (Pseudocentron) sidalceae Cockerell
Megachile sidalceae Cockerell 1897: 158. Male. Type locality: Lone Mountain,
Deming, New Mexico, U.S.A., 7 July on Sidalcea malvaeflora. Type repository: ?
Megachile abducta Mitchell 1926a: 111-113. Male. Type locality: Texas. Type
repository: Am. Ent. Soc. 10547. Synonymy of Mitchell 1927b: 179.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) sidalceae Mitchell 1934: 303.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Baker 1975: 657 (P).
Cockerell 1898a: 129 (K); 1898b: 65 (K); 1899b: 158 (D); 1900a: 15-16 (D, F, R-F);
72
1900b: 243 (F); 1905a: 308 (D, F); 1914b: 430 (D, F); 1924: 546 (K). Friese 1911:
246 (F, L). Grant & Hurd 1979: 20 (F). Hurd & Linsley 1975: 38 (F). Hurd 1979:
2069 (D, F). Linsley 1946: 20, 25 (D, F). Mitchell 1937b: 69-72 (D, F, L, R-FM).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: BC; CH; CO; DU; SO- Hermosillo. U.S.A.: CA to NM and
TX. A desert species.
FLOWERS. Polylectic; visits 41 genera including Acacia, Aloysia, Asclepias,
Asparagus, Baccharis, Cephalanthus, Cercidium, Cleome, Condalia, Croton
californicus, Dahlia scoparia, Encelia, Eriogonum, Ferocactus, Franseria, Funastrum,
Gutierrezia, Haplopappus, Helianthus ciliaris, Hoffmannseggia, Hymenothrix, Isocoma
wrightii, Kallstroemia grandiflora, Larrea tridentata, Lepidium, Lotus, Medicago sativa,
Melilotus, Mimosa, Monarda citriodora, Mortonia, Olneya tesota, Opuntia, Pectis
papposa, Prosopis glandulosa, Psilostrophe cooperi, Salix, Salsola, Sapindus, Senecio
douglasii, S. filifolius, Sidalcea malvaeflora, Tamarix, Verbesina, Wislizenia.
NESTING. Cuts leaves of Amaranthus, Boerhaavia, Fraxinus, Gossypium, alfalfa,
chinaberry, cottonwood, rose and umbrella tree to line nest.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly July and August.
PREDATOR. Coelioxys novomexicana.
61. Megachile (Pseudocentron) standingeri Friese
Megachile standingeri Friese 1905: 139. Male ? Type locality: Arica, Chile/ Peru/
Ecuador. Type repository: NHMW.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) standingeri Raw 2002 #7: 30.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Vachal 1909: 15 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Chinoli, Potosi. CHILE: Valparaiso. ECUADOR. PERU:
Huancayo.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from December to March.
62. Megachile (Pseudocentron) stilbonotaspis Moure
Megachile (Pseudocentron) stilbonotaspis Moure 1945: 413. Female. Type locality:
Vila Ema, São Paulo, [Brazil.] March 1944. Type repository: UFPR.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MS; MT- Bodoquena; SP- Vila Ema.
63. Megachile (Pseudocentron) subcingulata Moure
Megachile (Pseudocentron) subcingulata Moure 1945: 411. Female. Type locality:
Praia do Barro, São Paulo, [Brazil], 11 May 1944. Type repository: UFPR.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.
64. Megachile (Pseudocentron) terrestris Schrottky
Megachile terrestris Schrottky 1902: 441-442. Female. Type locality: Belém, S.
Paulo [state], Brazil, January 1898 (Bicego). Type repository: MZSP. (Not Megachile
terrestris Cockerell 1908b: 260-261 [= Megachile (Sayapis) mellitarsis Cresson 1878].)
Megachile rectipalma Vachal 1909: 10-11. Male. Type locality: Goyaz, Brésil. Type
repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN. Synonymy of ?
Megachile andromorpha Schrottky 1913a: 174-175. Female. Type locality: Paraguay.
Type repository: MZSP ? Synonymy of ?
Megachile chapadiana Mitchell 1928: 346-349. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MS,] Brazil, November (H. H. Smith). ANSP 4109. Examined. Synonym
of M. jundiana, see Mitchell 1943b: 664; Moure 1943: 170-171.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) chapadiana Mitchell 1934: 303.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) terrestris Moure 1943: 171-172.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1930: 193 (D as M. chapadiana). Sakagami et
al 1967: 272 D, L). Schrottky 1913a: 144 (K). RAW. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz- Buenavista. BRAZIL: DF- Brasilia, Rio
Maranhão; GO- Goias; MG; MT; PR- São José dos Pinhais; RS; SP. PARAGUAY:
Asuncion.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in April and May in Paraná.
73
65. Megachile (Pseudocentron) timida Mitchell
Megachile timida Mitchell 1930: 194. Female. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4145. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) timida Raw 2002 #7: 30.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.
66. Megachile (Pseudocentron) tributa Vachal
Megachile tributa Vachal 1909: 15. Male. Type locality: Buenos Aires [Argentina].
Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) tributa Raw 2002 #7: 31.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA.
67. Megachile (Pseudocentron) una Vachal
Megachile una Vachal 1909: 17. Male. Type locality: Buenos Aires [Argentina]. Type
repository: MNHN. Examined. Right hind leg broken at knee.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) una Raw 2002 #7: 31.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA.
68. Megachile (Pseudocentron) variplantis Vachal
Megachile variplantis Vachal 1909: 9. Male. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina].
Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) variplantis Raw 2002 #7: 31.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ME.
69. Megachile (Pseudocentron) vincta Vachal
Megachile vincta Vachal 1908: 239. Female. Type locality: Arica, Chile. Type
repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) vincta Mitchell 1943b: 664.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1913: 368 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Arica. ECUADOR: Guayaquil.
70. Megachile (Pseudocentron) virescens Cockerell
Megachile virescens Cockerell 1912d: 55. Female. Type locality: Baixa Verde, Rio
Grande do Norte, Brazil (Mann). Type repository: AMNH. Examined.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) virescens Raw 2002 #7: 31.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13-15 (D, K).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Espia, Rio Bopi. BRAZIL: RN- Baixa Verde.
71. Megachile (Pseudocentron) vitracii Pérez
Megachile vitracii Pérez 1884: 237. Female. Type locality: Guadeloupe [West Indies].
Type repository: MNHN.
Megachile vitraci Friese 1911: 264. Misspelling.
Megachile vitrasi Wolcott 1948: 869. Misspelling.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) vitracii Moure 1960: 110 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Friese 1908b: 38 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. GUADELOUPE. Reports from Puerto Rico and Mona Island are
probably based on misidentifications.
Subgenus Pseudomegachile Friese
Chalicodoma subgenus Pseudomegachile Friese 1899: 36. Type species: Megachile
ericetorum Lepeletier. Designation of Alfken 1933.
Megachile subgenus Archimegachile Alfken 1933: 56. Type species: Megachile
flavipes Spinola. Original designation. Designation of Pasteels 1965: 377-378.
Synonymy of ?
Chalicodoma subgenus Pseudomegachile Michener 1962: 20. Hurd 1979: 2076.
Mitchell 1980: 30.
Most of the 43 species of the subgenus are African while some reach neighbouring
regions of Europe and the Near East. One Indian species, M. lanata occurs in coastal
74
regions of East Africa and Madagascar and in the West Indies. The subgenus has
not been recorded from the East Indies or Australia.
Megachile (Pseudomegachile) lanata (Fabricius)
Apis lanata Fabricius 1775: 385. Female. Type locality: Americae meridionalis
Insulis [West Indies]. Type repository: Kiel.
Apis lunata Gmelin 1790: 2772. Misspelling.
Apis purpurea Christ 1791: 168. Siberien. Synonymy of Dalla Torre 1986: 435.
Anthophora lanata Fabricius 1804: 372.
Trachusa lanata Jurine 1809: 251.
Megachile lanata Latreille 1809: 166.
Megachile proxima Smith 1870: 177. India. Synonymy of Friese 1911: 305.
Megachile lanata var minhlensis Gribodo 1884: 352. Type locality: ? Synonymy of
Friese 1911: 305.
Megachile martindalei Fox 1891: 344-345. Male. Type locality: Kingston, Jamaica
(W. J. Fox and C. W. Johnson). Type repository: USNM (Fox Collection), not the
female in ANSP (no. 10404) as cited by Cresson 1928: 69 (see Moure 1960).
Synonymy of Moure 1960: 108-109.
Megachile (Archimegachile) lanata Mitchell 1943b: 671.
Chalicodoma (Pseudomegachile) lanata Pasteels 1965: 402, 404.
Chalicodoma (Archimegachile) lanata Raw 1984b: 503.
Megachile (Pseudomegachile) lanata Raw 2002 #7: 31.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. (Most citations are as Megachile lanata). Alayo 1976:
24 (D). Ashmead 1900: 213 (D). Bingham 1897: 483-484 (D). Bodkin 1918: 303
(D). Cockerell 1937b: 192 (D); 1938: 280 (D). Friese 1908b: 38 (D as M. martindalei).
Gowdey 1926: 99-100 (D). Hurd 1979: 2076 (D, N). Jayasingh & Freeman 1980:
215-216 (L, N, P). Kapil et al 1970: 449-458 (D, F, L, N). Mitchell 1962: 181-182 (D,
R-FM). Raw 1984b: 503 (F, L, M, N, P); 1985: 13 (D, F, L, M). Wolcott 1948: 869 (D,
F).
DISTRIBUTION. Old World: BURMA. INDIA. MADAGASCAR. REUNION. SRI
LANKA. New World: CUBA. JAMAICA: all parishes. GUYANA. PUERTO RICO:
Barceloneta, Dorado, Mayagues, Trujillo Alto, Rio Piedras, Yabacoa, along north
coast to Isabela. ST. LUCIA. ST. VINCENT. TRINIDAD. TOBAGO. U.S.A.: FL.
FLOWERS. New World: Borreria verticillata, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea,
C. spectabilis. Old World: Acacia arabica, Cajanus cajan, C. indica, Crotalaria juncea,
C. spectabilis, Ipomaea [sweet potato], Luffa aegyptica, Medicago sativa, Trifolium
alexandricum.
LIFE HISTORY. In the Punjab, northern India adults are active from early August to
November with more than one generation per year and overwinter as prepupae. In
the West Indies adults fly throughout the year. Males hold territories around
flowering Cajanus cajan and Crotalaria plants.
NESTING. In the Punjab summer cells are located in the soil in banks of irrigation
canals and built of leaf pieces of Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea, Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba, Phaseolus aureus and Rhynchosia aurea. Overwintering cells are built
of mud in cracks in walls, folds of curtains, etc. In Jamaica all nests are built of
mud in cracks and on horizontal, protected surfaces of buildings, and in old nests of
Sceliphron assimile. Sometimes resin is placed around the nest entrance.
PREDATORS. In Jamaica developmental survival was 50% with Melittobia sp. nr.
hawaiiensis responsible for 33% of the nest deaths. In cells built in old nests of
Sceliphron assimile it was only 30% and the Melittobia species killed 71%. Some
larvae were killed by Anthrax irroratus.
Subgenus Ptilosaroides Mitchell
Cressoniella subgenus Ptilosaroides Mitchell 1980: 63. Type species: Megachile
neoxanthoptera Cockerell. Original designation and monotypy.
Megachile (Ptilosaroides) Michener et al 1994: 149, Michener 2000: 564.
75
This small subgenus is confined to South America. Its members are superficially
similar to Ptilosarus but lack the special scopal adaptations of that subgenus.
1. Megachile (Ptilosaroides) neoxanthoptera Cockerell
Megachile neoxanthoptera Cockerell 1933c: 153. New name.
Megachile xanthoptera Schrottky 1913a: 198. Female. Type locality: Hohenau,
Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP. (Not M. xanthoptera Schletterer 1891: 8-10.
Central Africa. [= M. rufipes (F) synonymy of ?]. See Cockerell 1933c: 152-153.)
Cressoniella (Ptilosaroides) neoxanthoptera Mitchell 1980: 63.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913b: 248 (D). Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
Mejdalani et al 2002: 215-224 (M).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AM- Tefé; MG; MT- Cáceres; RJ- São Bento; RO- Fte. P. de
Beira; SC- Nova Teutônia; SP. PARAGUAY.
2. Megachile (Ptilosaroides) pilosa Smith
Megachile pilosa Smith 1879: 77. Female. Type locality: Fonteboa, on the Amazons
[Brazil]. Type repository: NHML 17a2457. Examined. The type is lacking the right
hind leg and the tarsi of the right fore leg.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) pilosa Mitchell 1943b: 668.
Megachile (Ptilosaroides) pilosa Raw 2002 #7: 32.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Michener 1954: 102 (D, L). Mitchell 1930: 266 (D).
Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz- Buena Vista. BRAZIL: AM; MS; MTChapada dos Guimarães. PANAMA: Panamá- Tocumen; Colon, Valle de Anton.
LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly November to April.
Subgenus Ptilosarus Mitchell
Megachile subgenus Ptilosarus Mitchell 1943b: 667. Type species: Megachile bertonii
Schrottky. Original designation.
Cressoniella subgenus Ptilosarus Mitchell 1980: 63.
This subgenus of 15 species ranges from Mexico to Paraguay.
1. Megachile (Ptilosarus) acerba Mitchell
Megachile acerba Mitchell 1930: 266-267. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil, December (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4132.
Examined.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) acerba Mitchell 1943b: 668.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Michener 1954: 102 (D, L).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT. PANAMA: Panamá- Pueblo Nuevo.
LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly in June.
2. Megachile (Ptilosarus) ardua Mitchell
Megachile (Ptilosarus) ardua Mitchell 1930: 268. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4124. Examined.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) ardua Raw 2002 #7: 32.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT; RS.
3. Megachile (Ptilosarus) aurantipennis Cockerell
Megachile aurantipennis Cockerell 1912b: 26-27. Male. Type locality: Quirigua,
Guatemala, 11 February 1912 (W. P. Cockerell). Type repository: USNM 23282.
Examined.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) aurantipennis Mitchell 1943b: 668.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1927a: 14 (D); 1932: 13 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. GUATEMALA.
76
4. Megachile (Ptilosarus) bertonii Schrottky
Megachile bertonii Schrottky 1908: 235. Female. Type locality: Puerto Bertoni,
Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP ?
Megachile bertoni Mitchell 1928: 335 (misspelling) (M).
Megachile (Ptilosarus) bertonii Mitchell 1943b: 667.
Cressoniella (Ptilosarus) bertonii Mitchell 1980: 63.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1928: 335 (D). Moure 1942: 310 (D).
Schrottky 1913a: 146 (K), 198-199 (R-FM). Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz- Buenavista. BRAZIL: MG; MS- Salobra; MTChapada dos Guimarães; PR- Guaicurús, Majoli; SP. PARAGUAY.
MORPHOLOGY. Intersex.
5. Megachile (Ptilosarus) bidentis Cockerell
Megachile bidentis Cockerell 1896: 288-289. Male (not female). Type locality: San
Rafael, Vera Cruz, Mexico (C. H. T. Townsend). Type repository: AMNH. Examined.
In the description Cockerell mentions the presence of a scopa, but the specific name
suggests that he examined a male - as the type is.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) bidentis Mitchell 1943b: 668.
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: VC.
FLOWERS. Bidens.
NESTING. March.
6. Megachile (Ptilosarus) blanda Mitchell
Megachile blanda Mitchell 1930: 247-248. Male. Type locality: Chapada [dos
Guimarães, MT], Brazil (H. H. Smith). Type repository: ANSP 4134. Examined. (Not
M. (Eutricharaea) blanda Rebmann 1967: 44. Luxor, Egypt)
Megachile (Ptilosarus) blanda Raw 2002 #7: 32.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.
7. Megachile (Ptilosarus) cara Mitchell
Megachile cara Mitchell 1930: 263-264. Male. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia.
Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) cara Mitchell 1943b: 668.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
8. Megachile (Ptilosarus) diodontura Cockerell
Megachile diodontura Cockerell 1922a: 365-366. Male. Type locality: Zaruma,
Ecuador, October 1915 (F. W. Rohwer). Type repository: AMNH. Examined.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) diodontura Raw 2002 #7: 32.
DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR.
9. Megachile (Ptilosarus) leucostomella Cockerell
Megachile leucostomella Cockerell 1927a: 20. Male. Type locality: Huachi, Beni,
Bolivia, September (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29089. Examined.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) leucostomella Raw 2002 #7: 32.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K). Mitchell 1930: 266 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni; Santa Cruz- Buenavista.
10. Megachile (Ptilosarus) microdontura Cockerell
Megachile microdontura Cockerell 1927a: 19. Male. Type locality: Rurrenabaque,
Bolivia, October (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29087. Examined.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) microdontura Mitchell 1943b: 668.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13 (K). Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA. BRAZIL: MT.
11. Megachile (Ptilosarus) microsoma Cockerell
Megachile microsoma Cockerell 1912d: 55-56. Male. Type locality: Porto Velho, Rio
Madeira, Brazil (Mann & Baker). Type repository: AMNH. Examined.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) microsoma Mitchell 1943b: 668.
77
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1912c: 487 (D); 1927a: 13-14 (D, K).
Mitchell 1930: 266 (D). Moure 1942: 310 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni- Esperanza, Rio Beni, Rurrenabaque; Tumupasa.
BRAZIL: AM- Manaus; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães; PA- Santarém; PRCastelhanos; RO- Porto Velho.
12. Megachile (Ptilosarus) mobilis Mitchell
Megachile mobilis Mitchell 1930: 264-265. Male. Type locality: Buenavista, Bolivia.
Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) mobilis Raw 2002 #7: 32.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
13. Megachile (Ptilosarus) oblita Vachal
Megachile oblita Vachal 1908: 232-233. Female. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type
repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) oblita Raw 2002 #7:32.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
14. Megachile (Ptilosarus) pulchriventris Cockerell
Megachile pulchriventris Cockerell 1923a: 454. Female. Type locality: Issororo,
NWD, British Guiana, Dec 1918 (G. E. Bodkin). Type repository: NHML 17a2463.
Examined.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) pulchriventris Mitchell 1943b: 668.
DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA.
15. Megachile (Ptilosarus) xanthura Spinola
Megachile xanthura Spinola 1853: 86. Sex ? Type locality: Para ? Brazil. Type
repository: IZUT.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) xanthura Raw 2002 #7: 32.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1923: 5 (D). Schrottky 1913a: 144 (K), 186-187
(R-F). Strand 1909: 234 (D). Vachal 1908: 244 (D, K). Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Mapirí. BRAZIL: AM- Manaus; PA. ECUADOR. FRENCH
GUIANA. PARAGUAY.
Subgenus Rhyssomegachile Mitchell
Cressoniella subgenus Rhyssomegachile Mitchell 1980: 63. Type species: Megachile
simillima Smith. Original designation and monotypy.
Megachile (Rhyssomegachile) Michener 2000: 564.
The three members of this subgenus occur in Guyana and the Amazon Basin.
1. Megachile (Rhyssomegachile) kartaboensis Mitchell
Megachile kartaboensis Mitchell 1930: 299-300. Female. Type
locality: Kartabo, British Guiana, July-August 1920 (W. M. Wheeler). Type
repository: MCZ 16212. Examined.
Megachile (Rhyssomegachile) kartaboensis Raw 2002 #7: 33.
DISTRIBUTION. GUYANA.
2. Megachile (Rhyssomegachile) simillima Smith
Megachile simillima Smith 1853: 185. Female. Type locality: Para [Brazil]. Type
repository: NHML 17a2456. Examined.
Cressoniella (Rhyssomegachile) simillima Mitchell 1980: 63.
(Friese’s record (1908a: 65) from Argentina, cited by Jensen-Haarup (1908: 105) and
others = M. (Dactylomegachile) parsonsiae Schrottky 1913 after Jörgensen 1912a:
128 and Cockerell 1914b: 428.)
The female labelled simillima Smith at OUM is a Pseudocentron species.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: AC- Iquirí; AM- Tefé; PA- Jacareagua; RO- Pimenta Bueno.
PERU: Puerto Maldonado. This species is apparently confined to the southwestern
region of the Amazon basin.
78
3. Megachile (Rhyssomegachile) stabilis Mitchell
Megachile stabilis Mitchell 1930: 298-298. Female. Type locality: Buenavista,
Bolivia. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Rhyssomegachile) stabilis Raw 2002 #7: 33.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA.
Subgenus Sayapis Titus
Gnathocera Provancher 1882: 232/ 1883: 689, 716 Type species: Gnathocera
cephalica Provancher [= Megachile (Sayapis) pugnata Say]
(Not Gnathocera Kirby 1825; Coleoptera.)
Ceratias Robertson 1903: 172. Type species: Megachile pugnata Say
(Not Ceratias Kroy 1845 [fish].)
.Sayapis Titus 1905: 154. New name for Gnathocera and Ceratias.
Megachile subgenus Sayapis Mitchell 1934: 298, 308.
Eumegachile subgenus Sayapis Mitchell 1980: 46 & 51-55. Durante & Diaz 1996:
327.
Of the 31 species in the subgenus, 6 are restricted to North America. The 25
neotropical species range from Mexico to Argentina including the West Indies. M.
dentipes has been recorded from U.S.A. to Argentina and M. zaptlana from Mexico
and Jamaica to Paraguay. With such unusually wide distributions more than one
species may be present under each name.
1. Megachile (Sayapis) addubitans Cockerell
Megachile addubitans Cockerell 1931c: 537-538. Female. Type locality: Chichenitza,
Yucatan (Bequaert). Type repository: MCZ 16268. Examined.
Megachile (Sayapis) addubitans Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1932: 13 (K).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: YU.
2. Megachile (Sayapis) apora Krombein
Megachile (Sayapis) apora Krombein 1953b: 22-24. Male. Type locality: South
Bimini Island, Bahamas, 6 August 1951 (C. and P. Vaurie). Type repository: AMNH.
Examined.
DISTRIBUTION. BAHAMAS: Bimini, Concepcion Island.
3. Megachile (Sayapis) bernadinensis Strand
Megachile bernadinensis Strand 1910: 527. Male. Type locality: San Bernardino,
Paraguay (Fiebrig). Type repository: ?
Megachile (Sayapis) bernadinensis Raw 2002 #7: 33.
DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY.
4. Megachile (Sayapis) bigibbosa Friese
Megachile bigibbosa Friese 1908a: 66. Female. Type locality: Tucuman, Argentina.
Type repository: ?
Megachile cylindrica forma bigibbosa Schrottky 1913b: 247.
Megachile (Sayapis) bigibbosa Raw 2002 #7: 33.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63 (K). Jörgensen 1912a: 125 (T); 132
(K).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA, ME, ST, TU.
PREDATORS. Coelioxys litoralis.
5. Megachile (Sayapis) bomplandensis Durante
Eumegachile (Sayapis) bomplandensis Durante 1996: 329. Female. Type locality:
Bompland, Misiones, Argentina, 2. 2. 1911 (Jörgensen ). Type repository MLP.
Megachile (Sayapis) bomplandensis Raw 2002 #7: 33.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI.
79
6. Megachile (Sayapis) coelioxiformis Schrottky
Megachile coelioxiformis Schrottky 1910: 540. New name.
Megachile coelioxoides Schrottky 1909a: 220. Female ? Type locality: Puerto Beroni,
Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP.
(Not Megachile (Neochelynia) coelioxoides Cresson 1878.)
Megachile polyodonta Cockerell 1927a: 18. Male. Type locality: Huachi, Beni,
Bolivia, September (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29086. Examined.
Synonymy of Moure 1948: 323 (D).
Megachile (Sayapis) coelioxiformis Mitchell 1943b: 664.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1930: 282 (D). Moure 1942: 312 (D, R-M);
1948: 323 (D); 1953: 122 (D). Schrottky 1913a: 142 & 150 (K), 180-181 (D, R-FM).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI; TU- Tacanas. BOLIVIA: Beni. BRAZIL: AC- Iquirí;
MS- Corumbá; MT- Chapada dos Guimarães, Salobra; PR- Foz de Iguaçú.
PARAGUAY:- Puerto Beroni.
7. Megachile (Sayapis) cruziana Mitchell
Megachile cruziana Mitchell 1930: 181-182. Male. Type locality: Buenavista, Santa
Cruz, Bolivia, 450 m. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile (Sayapis) cruziana Mitchell 1934: 301.
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz.
8. Megachile (Sayapis) curitibana Moure
Megachile (Sayapis) curitibana Moure 1943: 178. Female. Type locality: [Curitiba,
Brazil] not cited by author. Type repository: UFPR.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR.
9. Megachile (Sayapis) curtipilis Vachal
Megachile curtipilis Vachal 1909: 11. Male. Type locality: Urubamba, Peru. Type
repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) curtipilis Raw 2002 #7: 32.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU: Urubamba.
10. Megachile (Sayapis) cylindrica Friese
Megachile cylindrica Friese 1906: 96. Female. Type locality: Santa Rosa, Argentina.
Type repository: ?
Megachile (Sayapis) cylindrica Moure 1943: 177 (D), Raw 2002 #7: 34.
Eumegachile (Sayapis) cylindrica Durante & Diaz 1996: 329.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Friese 1908a: 63 (K), 66 (D, R-F). Jensen-Haarup
1908: 105 (D). Jörgensen 1912a: 125-126 (D, L, N, P, T), 132 (K); 1912b: 309 (P).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA, ME, ST, TU. BRAZIL: SP- Batatais.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly late October to end of March.
NESTING. Nests in galls [?] of Durana (?) dependens. Cells built of mud and leaves
cut from Caesalpinia, Cassia aphylla and Larrea.
PREDATORS. Coelioxys laudabilis, C. litoralis.
11. Megachile (Sayapis) dentipes Vachal
Megachile dentipes Vachal 1909: 12. Male. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina]. Type
repository: Vachal Collection, MNHN.
Megachile melochiae Schrottky 1913a: 205-206. Male. Type locality: Encarnacion,
Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP. Synonymy of Moure 1942: 307 (D).
Megachile poculifera Cockerell 1919: 217. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Baker). Type
repository: USNM 21687. Examined. Synonymy of Mitchell 1930: 182-183 (D).
Megachile (Sayapis) dentipes Mitchell 1934: 301.
Megachile ypirangensis Moure 1941: 94.
(Not Schrottky 1913a: 194). Synonymy of Moure 1953: 122.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1914b: 427-428 (R-M); 1923b: 1 (D); 1924:
548 (D as M. poculifera); 1928: 171 (D); 1932: 12-13 (D, K). Hurd 1979: 2070 (D).
Jörgensen 1912a: 132 (D), 134 (K). Michener 1954: 101-102 (D, F, L). Mitchell
1937c: 178-180 (D, R-M). Moure 1942: 307 (D). Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
80
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CO, ME, MI. BRAZIL: BA; GO- Goiânia; MG; MSSalobra; MT; PB; PR- Paranaí, Ponta Grossa; RJ- Niteroi; RN; RS- Estejo; SPItápolis. MEXICO: Guaymas; VC; YU- Chichenitza, Medellin. PANAMA: Old Panamá,
Panamá City; Balboa. PARAGUAY: Encarnacion. PERU: Tingo Maria (670m).
U.S.A.: TX.
FLOWERS. Triplaris.
LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly from December to March.
I believe there are two or more sibling species recorded under the name of dentipes.
12. Megachile (Sayapis) frugalis Cresson
Megachile frugalis Cresson 1872: 266. Male. Type locality: Texas (G.W. Belfrage).
Type repository: USNM 1780. Examined.
Megachile (Sayapis) frugalis Mitchell 1934: 301.
Megachile frugalis atrescens Cockerell 1931c: 537. Male. Type locality: Chichenitza,
Yucatan [Mexico] (Bequaert). Type repository: MCZ 16264.
DISTRIBUTION. GUATEMALA.
There are four subspecies, one of which reaches the Neotropics.
MEXICO: BC. CO; YU. U.S.A.: AZ. U.S.A.: PA, NJ south to FL west to TX, AZ and
southern CA (Mojave Desert; Los Angeles); CO.
FLOWERS. Visits 9 genera of plants. Asclepias tuberosa, Croton, Erigeron,
Eriogonum fasciculatum, Helianthus, Lotus, Marrubium vulgare, Monarda puncata,
Opuntia, Parkinsonia, Perezia microcephala, Tephrosia virginiana, Verbesina
encelioides.
13. Megachile (Sayapis) inimica Cresson
Megachile inimica Cresson 1872: 267. Female. Type locality: Texas (Belfrage). Type
repository: ANSP 2459.
Megachile (Sayapis) inimica Mitchell 1934: 301.
Robertson 1897: 350 (R-F) considered M. (Sayapis) inimica Cresson and . (Sayapis)
sayi Cresson to be synonyms.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cresson 1916: 120 (T). Graenicher 1930: 162-163 (D,
F, L). Mitchell 1937c: 189-192 (D, F, L, R- FM). Cockerell 1903b: 215 (D, F); 1905:
308 (D, F); 1905a: 308 (D as M. heterodonta). Cresson 1878: 120 (T); 1916: 129 (T).
Hurd 1979: 2071 (D, F). Krombein 1967: 332-334 (L, N).
FLOWERS. Polylectic, visits 38 genera including many Compositae and
Leguminosae. Arctium, Aster, Bidens, Blephilia, Brauneria, Cephalanthus, Chrysopsis
mariana, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Cleome, Coreopsis stellata, Gilia, Gutierrezia
californica, Haplopappus, Helenium, Helianthus petiolaris, Heliopsis helianthoides,
Heterotheca, Kallstroemia grandiflora, Lepachys, Liatris, Lythrum, Marrubium vulgare,
Melilotus alba, Penstemon, Petalostemon, Pycanthanemum, Rudbeckia, Silphium,
Solidago, Strophostyles, Teucrium, Verbena macdougali, Verbesina encelioides,
Vernonia fasciculata, V. glauca, Vicia, Viguiera, Zexmenia. Bidens leucantha, Borrichia
frutescens, Crotalaria pumila, Chrysothamnus, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Haplopappus
arborescens, Heterotheca grandiflora, Grindelia camporum, Senecio douglasii,
Solidago.
LIFE HISTORY. In southern Florida adults fly from early February to May and in
November.
There are three subspecies, two of them confined to the nearctic.
Megachile (Sayapis) inimica inimica Cresson
Megachile (Sayapis) inimica inimica Mitchell 1962: 174-176 (D, F, L, R-FM).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Hurd 1979: 2070 (D, F).
Krombein 1967: 331-332 (L, N, P).
DISTRIBUTION. U.S.A.: FL to TX, AZ. MEXICO. GUATEMALA.
FLOWERS. Visits 16 genera including Achyranthes, Avicennia, Bidens leucantha,
Borrichia frutescens, Coccoloba, Crotalaria pumila, Helenium, Heliopsis, Heterotheca,
Lacinaria punctata, Melilotus, Ocimum, Salvia ballotaeflora, Sphaeralcea, Vitex
negundo, Ximensia encelioides.
81
NESTING. Nests in holes in mesquite trees and fence posts. Also uses trap-nests.
Lines nest with leaves of Monisia pallida and plugs entrance with agglutinated sand.
[Frohlich & Parker 1983: 196-197 state that this subspecies does not line its cells.]
PREDATOR. Melittobia chalybii.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from February to April.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Hurd 1979: 2070 (D, F). Krombein 1967: 331-332 (L,
N, P).
14. Megachile (Sayapis) laqueata Cockerell
Megachile laqueata Cockerell 1919: 220. Female. Type locality: Ecuador (C.F.
Baker). Type repository: USNM 21691. Examined.
Megachile (Sayapis) laqueata Raw 2002 #7: 34.
DISTRIBUTION. ECUADOR.
15. Megachile (Sayapis) mendozana Cockerell
Megachile cornuta Smith 1879: 78. Female. Type locality: Mendoza [Argentina].
Type repository: NHML 17a2459. Examined. Synonymy of Cockerell 1914b: 428.
(Not M. cornuta Latreille 1805. Europe [= Osmia cornuta (Latreille) 1809.)
Megachile mendozana Cockerell 1907: 50. New name for M. cornuta Smith.
Megachile rhinoceros Friese 1908a: 68. Male. Type locality: Mendoza, Argentina
(Burmeister). Synonymy of Jörgensen 1912a: 128, Cockerell 1914b: 428 and
Durante & Diaz 1996: 331.
(Not Megachile rhinoceros Mocsary 1892: 131. China.]
Megachile verticalis Friese 1920: 52. New name for M. rhinoceros Friese.
Megachile (Sayapis) mendozana Mitchell 1943b: 664. Moure 1943: 176-177 (K).
Raw 2002 #7: 33.
Eumegachile (Sayapis) mendozana Durante & Diaz 1996: 331.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Cockerell 1905: 341 (K as M. cornuta); 1917b: 240 (D);
1919: 218 (D). Friese 1906: 97 (D); 1908a: 63- 64 (K), 68 (D, R-M, T). JensenHaarup 1908: 106 (F). Jörgensen 1909: 215 (F, L); 1912a: 128 (D, F, L), 133 & 135
(K); 1912b: 311 (F). Strand 1909: 234 (D). Vachal 1909: 16 (K as M. rhinoceros).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: CA, ME- Chacras de Coria; ST; Carcarana, Santa
Rosa. PARAGUAY.
FLOWERS. Anthemis cotula, Bidens leucantha, Circium lanceolatum, Hoffmannseggia
falcaria, Hyalis argentea. Senecio mendocinus, S. pinnatus.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly November to mid May.
16. Megachile (Sayapis) mutaticeps Cockerell
Megachile mutaticeps Cockerell 1923a: 457-458. Female. Type locality: Berbice,
Courantyne Coast, British Guiana, Aug 1915 (Bodkin). Type repository: NHML
17a2436. Examined.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) mutaticeps Michener 1954: 103 (D, L). (Erroneous listing).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cheesman 1929: 145 (D).
Megachile (Sayapis) mutaticeps Raw 2002 #7: 34.
DISTRIBUTION. PANAMA: Taboga Is. GUYANA: Berbice.
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly in September.
NESTING. Nests in abandoned borings in timber.
17. Megachile (Sayapis) obdurata Mitchell
Megachile obdurata Mitchell 1930: 180-181. Male. Type locality: Villarrica,
Paraguay, 1 January ? 1923. Type repository: Meyer.
Megachile obdurata Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY: Villarrica.
18. Megachile (Sayapis) opsiphanes Moure
Megachile (Sayapis) opsiphanes Moure 1943: 179-180. Female. Type locality:
Batatais, São Paulo, Brazil (860 m). Type repository: UFPR.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.
82
19. Megachile (Sayapis) planula Vachal
Megachile planula Vachal 1908: 228. Female. Type locality: Mapirí, Bolivia. Type
repository: MNHN. [Type lost ?]
Megachile coelioxoides Schrottky 1909a: 220. Female ? Type locality: Puerto Beroni,
Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP.
(Not M. (Sayapis) coelioxoides Cresson 1878.) Synonymy of Durante & Diaz 1996:
331.
Megachile coelioxiformis Schrottky 1910: 540. New name for M. coelioxoides
Schrottky.
Megachile polyodonta Cockerell 1927a: 18. Male. Type locality: Huachi, Beni,
Bolivia, September (W. M. Mann). Type repository: USNM 29086. Examined.
Synonymy of Moure 1948: 323.
Megachile (Sayapis) coelioxiformis Mitchell 1943: 664. Raw 2002 #7: 34.
Eumegachile (Sayapis) planula Durante & Diaz 1996: 331.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Mapirí. BRAZIL: AC; MS; PR.
20. Megachile (Sayapis) quadrispinosella Strand
Megachile quadrispinosella Strand 1910: 526-527. Female. Type locality: Asuncion,
Paraguay, November-December 1904. Type repository: ?
Megachile (Sayapis) quadrispinosella Raw 2002 #7: 34.
DISTRIBUTION. PARAGUAY: Asuncion.
21. Megachile (Sayapis) santiaguensis Durante
Eumegachile (Sayapis) santiaguensis Durante 1996: 334. Female. Type locality:
Bompland, Misiones, Argentina, 2. 2. 1911 (Jörgensen ). Type repository MLP.
Megachile (Sayapis) santiaguensis Raw 2002 #7: 34.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI.
22.
Megachile (Sayapis) squalens Haliday
Megachile squalens Haliday 1836: 320. Female. Type locality: São Paulo, Brazil.
Type repository: NHML 17a2477. Examined.
Schrottky (1913a: 195) and Mitchell (1930: 240) considered M. (Moureapis)
apicipennis (q.v.) Schrottky to be a synonym.
Megachile (Leptorachis) squalens Mitchell 1943b: 663.
Megachile (Pseudocentron) squalens Moure 1947: 231-232 (D).
Megachile (Sayapis) squalens Raw 2002 #7: 34.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Michener 1954: 100 (D, L). Moure 1942: 309 (D).
Schrottky 1913a: 195-197 (D, R-F).
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: ST- Rio Carapari. BRAZIL: MT- Chapada dos
Guimarães; RS; SC- Colônia Hansa; SP- Guaicurús, Ipiranga. PANAMA: Colon, Valle
de Anton. PARAGUAY: Tapyta.
LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly in April.
23. Megachile (Sayapis) suspecta Vachal
Megachile suspecta Vachal 1909: 12-13. Male. Type locality: Buenos Aires
[Argentina]. Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Megachile (Sayapis) suspecta Raw 2002 #7: 35.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: BA.
24. Megachile (Sayapis) ypirangensis Schrottky
Megachile ypirangensis Schrottky 1913a: 194-195. Female. Type locality: Ipiranga,
São Paulo [Brazil]. Type repository: MZSP.
Megachile (Sayapis) ypirangensis Mitchell 1943b: 664. Raw 2002 #7: 35.
Eumegachile (Sayapis) ypirangensis Durante & Diaz 1996: 330.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: SP.
25. Megachile (Sayapis) zaptlana Cresson
Megachile zaptlana Cresson 1878: 130. Female. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast).
Type repository: ANSP 2436. Examined.
83
Megachile (Sayapis) zaptlana Mitchell 1934: 301.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) zaptlana Michener 1953: 1058-1059 (D, M, N).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D). Cheesman 1929: 145 (D).
Cresson 1916: 134 (T). Jayasingh & Freeman 1980: 215-216 (N, P). Michener 1954:
102 (D, L). Mitchell 1930: 184 (D). Raw 1984b: 502 (L, N, P); 1985: 2-13 (D, F, M, N,
P).
DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena -Rio Frio. JAMAICA: CA; CL; EL; MA; a
lowland species. MEXICO: CH; JA; NA; MI; OA; PU; QR; SI; SO; VC. PANAMA:
Canal Zone- Farfan, Patilla Point; Panamá- Camaron, Taboga Is. PARAGUAY:
Villarrica.
FLOWERS. Bidens pilosa, Cassia emarginata, Cosmos sulphurea, Prosopis chilensis
and species of Emilia and Heliotropium.
NESTING. In Jamaica bees nested in disused beetle burrows (129 nests found in a
single fence post). Nests averaged 5.7 cells each and cells averaged 19.9 mm long
and 9.8 mm wide. Intercellular partitions were built, but the long walls of the cells
were not lined. In Panamá nested in mound of Amitermes foreli Wasmann [cited as
A. medius].
LIFE HISTORY. Adults fly from September to March in Panamá and from June to
November (Jamaica). Males fly around nest sites and flowers of Bidens pilosa
apparently searching for females.
PREDATORS. In Jamaica, mortality of young in nests ranged from 28% in the
presence of Anthrax irroratus to 58% in the presence of Melittobia sp. nr. hawaiiensis.
Other predators in Jamaica are Amobia floridensis, Suidasia and Crematogaster.
Nasutitermes also kills the nest occupants.
MORPHOLOGY. Larva described.
Subgenus Schrottkyapis Mitchell
Eumegachile subgenus Schrottkyapis Mitchell 1980: 46. Type species: Megachile
assumptionis Schrottky 1908: 233 (not 1913a: 153). Original designation and
monotypy.
The subgenus comprises a single species.
Megachile (Schrottkyapis) assumptionis Schrottky
Megachile assumptionis Schrottky 1908 (April): 233. Female and male. Type locality:
Asuncion, Paraguay, 22 January 1906 (Anisits). Type repository: MZSP ?
Megachile armigera Friese 1908a (May): 69. Female. Type locality: Villa Rica,
Paraguay (Burgdorf). Type repository: ? Synonymy of Schrottky 1913a: 153.
Megachile (Sayapis) assumptionis Mitchell 1943b: 664.
Eumegachile (Schrottkyapis) assumptionis Mitchell 1980: 46.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Almeida et al 1997: 344-352 (F, N). Friese 1908a 63
(K). Martins & Dealmeida 1994 (N). Schrottky 1913a: 136 & 146 (K). Silveira et al
2002: 214 (D). Raw coll.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: DF; MG. PARAGUAY: Asuncion, Villarrica.
Subgenus Stelodides Moure
Megachile subgenus Stelodides Moure 1953: 123-124. Type species: Megachile
euzona Pèrez. Original designation and monotypy.
Chalicodoma subgenus Stelodides Michener 1962: 20.
Chrysosarus subgenus Stelodides Mitchell 1980: 72.
The subgenus comprises a single species.
Megachile (Stelodides) euzona Pèrez
Megachile euzona Pèrez 1899: 105-106. Male. Type locality: Valparaiso, Chile (M.
Porter). Type repository: MNHN.
84
Megachile philippii Friese 1905: 139-140. Male & female ? Type locality: Santiago,
Chile (Philippi). Type repository: ? Synonymy of Vachal 1909: 8.
Anthidium euzona Friese 1925: 42.
Anthidium philippi Friese 1925: 42.
Megachile (Stelodides) euzona Moure 1953: 124 (D).
Chrysosarus (Stelodides) euzona Mitchell 1980: 72.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Claude-Joseph 1926: 254-255 (L, M, N).
DISTRIBUTION. CHILE: Aconcagua, Hacienda Las Mercedes; Pemehue (1650m); San
Bernardo; Santiago.
NESTING. Nest in old beetle galleries in wood. Cuts petals of Althaea rosea, Clarkia
pulchella and Lavatera grandiflora.
FLOWERS. Alstroemeria, Cichorium intybus, Hibiscus and Medicago sativa (alfalfa).
LIFE HISTORY. Development lasts six weeks. Prepupa overwinters in cocoon.
Adults fly in November and December.
MORPHOLOGY. Larva described.
Subgenus Trichurochile Mitchell
Cressoniella subgenus Trichurochile Mitchell 1980: 63. Type species: Megachile
thygaterella Schrottky. Original designation and monotypy.
Megachile (Trichurochile) Michener 2000: 566.
The three members of this subgenus range from northern Argentina to central Brazil.
1. Megachile (Trichurochile) gracilis Schrottky
Megachile gracilis Schrottky 1902: 435-436. Female. Type locality: Jundiay
[=Jundiaí], São Paulo, 28 January 1900 (Beron). Type repository: MZSP. Examined.
[Type missing fore tibiae and tarsi, right mid tibia and tarsi and left hind tarsi.]
Megachile (Trichurochile) gracilis Raw 2002 #7: 35.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Ihering 1904: 470 (N). Schrottky 1913a: 138 (K).
Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MG; SP.
NESTING. Nest lined with cut leaves. The cell is 12 mm long and 5 mm wide.
2. Megachile (Trichurochile) lachnopyga Moure
Megachile lachnopyga Moure 1941: 94-96. Male. Type locality: Curitiba (900 m),
Paraná [Brazil]. Type repository: Claretiano collection. Synonymy of Moure 1943:
186.
Megachile lachnopyga var. langei Moure 1941: 96. Male. Type locality: Rio Baraguí,
Curitiba, Paraná (Rodolfo Lange). Type repository: Claretiano. Synonymy of Moure
1943: 186.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: PR- Curitiba; SP.
3. Megachile (Trichurochile) thygaterella Schrottky
Megachile thygaterella Schrottky 1913a: 220-221. Male. Type locality: Puerto
Bertoni, Paraguay. Type repository: MZSP.
Megachile anthidioides Schrottky 1919 (in part). Synonymy of Moure 1943: 186.
Cressoniella (Trichurochile) thygaterella Mitchell 1980: 63.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D). RAW.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: DF- Brasilia; SP. PARAGUAY: Puerto Bertoni.
Subgenus Tylomegachile Mitchell
Megachile subgenus Tylomegachile Moure 1953: 120-121. Type species: Megachile
orba Schrottky. Original designation and monotypy. Michener et al 1994: 149,
Michener 2000: 566.
Cressoniella subgenus Tylomegachile Mitchell 1980: 63.
85
The six species at present included in the subgenus occur in widespread localities:
Mexico, Costa Rica, St. Vincent (West Indies), Colombia, Peru and Paraguay.
1. Megachile (Tylomegachile) eulaliae Cockerell
Megachile eulaliae Cockerell 1917b: 239-240/ Cockerell 1919a: 218-219. Female.
Type locality: Santa Eulalia, Peru, 18 January 1913 (C. H. T. Townsend). Type
repository: USNM 21689. Examined.
Megachile (Tylomegachile) eulaliae Raw 2002 #7: 35.
DISTRIBUTION. PERU.
2. Megachile (Tylomegachile) hamata Mitchell
Megachile hamata Mitchell 1930: 295-296. Female. Type locality: Rio Frio,
Magdalena, Colombia, 26 December 1926 (Salt). Type repository: NHML 17a2472.
Examined.
Megachile (Tylomegachile) hamata Raw 2002 #7: 35.
DISTRIBUTION. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Rio Frio, Santa Marta.
FLOWERS. Machaerium humboldtiarum.
3. Megachile (Tylomegachile) orba Schrottky
Megachile orba Schrottky 1913a: 214. Male. Type locality: Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay.
Type repository: MZSP.
Megachile pseudocoelioxys Schrottky 1920: 28-29. Female. Type locality: Franca,
São Paulo state, Brazil, January 1903. Type repository: MZSP. Examined.
Synonymy of Moure 1953: 121.
Megachile nuda Mitchell 1930: 296-296. Female. Type locality: Pedra Branca,
Brazil. Type repository: ANSP 4130. Synonymy of Moure 1953: 121.
(Not M. nuda Rayment 1935. Australia. [= Chalicodoma (Hackeriapis) nuda].
Designation of Michener 1965: 198.)
Megachile (Tylomegachile) orba Moure 1953: 121.
Megachile (Ptilosarus) orba Michener 1954: 102 (D, F, L). (Erroneous listing).
Cressoniella (Tylomegachile) orba Mitchell 1980: 63.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Mitchell 1930: 255 (D). Silveira et al 2002: 214 (D).
RAW.
DISTRIBUTION. ARGENTINA: MI- Iguazú. BOLIVIA: Buenavista. BRAZIL: BASalvador; DF- Brasilia; MG; MS- Corumbá, Pedra Branca; MT- Bodoquena, Camisão,
Chapada dos Guimarães; PR- Curitiba, Iguaçú; RN; RS; SP- Batatais, Franca,
Guarulhos, Onda Verde, Rio Claro, São Paulo. COLOMBIA: Magdalena- Rio Frio.
PANAMA: Canal Zone- Juan Mina. PERU: Tingo Maria (670 m).
FLOWERS. Cornuta grandiflora, Machaerium humboldtiarum.
LIFE HISTORY. In Panamá adults fly in June.
4. Megachile (Tylomegachile) simplicipes Friese
Megachile simplicipes Friese 1921: 93. Male & Female ? Type locality: San José,
Costa Rica, 1913 (Schmidt). Type repository: ?
Megachile nigrolateralis Cockerell 1919: 217-218. Female. Type locality: Mexico
(Baker). Type repository: USNM 21688. Synonymy of Mitchell 1930: 295.
(Not M. lachesis nigrolateralis Cockerell 1914a: 279. Phillippines [= Creightonella
lachesis (Smith) 1861].
Megachile atrolateralis Cockerell 1927c: 5. New name for M. nigrolateralis Cockerell
1914a).
Cressoniella (Tylomegachile) simplicipes Mitchell 1980: 63.
Megachile (Tylomegachile) simplicipes Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1949: 450 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: CH; JA; MO; NA; OA; SI. COSTA RICA. HONDURAS:
Zomorano.
LIFE HISTORY. April to July.
5. Megachile (Tylomegachile) toluca Cresson
Megachile toluca Cresson 1878: 129. Male. Type locality: Mexico (Sumichrast). Type
repository: ANSP 2432.
86
Megachile (Tylomegachile) toluca Ayala et al 1997: 455 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cresson 1916: 132 (T).
DISTRIBUTION. MEXICO: JA; ME; NA; OA; PU; SO; VC.
6. Megachile (Tylomegachile) tridentata Ashmead
Megachile tridentata Ashmead 1900: 213. Male. Type locality: St. Vincent (?) [West
Indies]. Type repository: NHML 17a2424. Examined.
Megachile (Tylomegachile) tridentata Raw 2002 #7: 35.
Ashmead (1900) states he is "not certain whether it was taken on this island or on
Grenada."
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Friese 1908a: 38 (D).
DISTRIBUTION. ST. VINCENT.
Subgenus Zonomegachile Mitchell
Chrysosarus subgenus Zonomegachile Mitchell 1980: 72. Type species Megachile
mariannae Dalla Torre 1896: 438. Original designation and monotypy.
Megachile (Zonomegachile) Michener 2000: 568.
This subgenus is difficult to associate with any other, though it bears some
similarities with Chrysosarus. Two species are Amazonian and one is from the
cerrados of central Brazil.
1. Megachile (Zonomegachile) gigas Schrottky
Megachile gigas Schrottky 1908: 235-236. Female. Type locality: São Paulo state,
Brazil. Type repository: MZSP.
Megachile (Acentron) gigas Moure 1948: 332-334 (R-M).
Megachile (Zonomegachile) gigas Silveira et al 2002: 213 (D).
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. Schrottky 1913a: 139 (K), 167 (D, R-F). RAW.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: DF; MG; SP.
2. Megachile (Zonomegachile) moderata Smith
Megachile moderata Smith 1879: 74. Female. Type locality: Ega [= Tefé, AM, Brazil].
Type repository: NHML 17a2430. Examined.
Megachile mariannae Dalla Torre 1896: 438. New name proposed in error for
"Megachile moderata Smith 1853", but there is no citation under this name in
Smith's 1853 publication. ##
Chrysosarus (Zonomegachile) mariannae Mitchell 1980: 72.
Megachile (Zonomegachile) moderata Raw 2002 #7: 37.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE. Cockerell 1927a: 13, 15 (D, K).
DISTRIBUTION. BOLIVIA: Beni. BRAZIL: AM- Tefé.
3. Megachile (Zonomegachile) nigribarbis Vachal
Megachile nigribarbis Vachal 1909: 6. Male. Type locality: Matto Grosso, Brésil.
Type repository: MNHN. Examined.
Raw 2002 #71: 37.
M. nigribarbis may prove to be the male of M. moderata.
DISTRIBUTION. BRAZIL: MT.
87
Fossil species
Megachile (Chalicodomopsis) glaesaria Engel
Megachile (Chalicodomopsis) glaesaria Engel 1999: 4-7. Female. Type locality:
Miocene amber of Dominican Republic. Type repository: Morone Amber Collection,
Turin, Italy.
New World bees placed erroneously in Megachile
Centris analis (Fabricius)
Apis analis Fabricius 1775: 384. Type locality: South America.
Anthophora analis Fabricius 1804: 375.
Megachile ? analis Dalla Torre 1896: 419.
(Not M. analis Nylander 1852: 275. New name for M. apicalis Nylander 1848: 257.
Northern Europe and the Alps.
(Not M. (Eutricharaea) apicalis Spinola 1808.)
Trichoturgus dubius (Sichel)
Megachile dubia Sichel 1867: 150. Type locality: Chile.
Lithurgus dubius Vachal 1904: 11.
Trichoturgus dubius Moure 1949: 271.
Trichoturgus herbsti (Friese)
Megachile herbsti Friese 1905: 138. Female. Type locality: Rancagua, Chile,
December 1903 (P. Herbst).
Lithurgus muticus Herbst 1918: 176. Synonymy of Moure 1949: 274.
Trichoturgus herbsti Moure 1949: 274-277.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Megachile
Megachile
Megachile
Megachile
Nomina nuda
costalis Pérez (in Dominique) 1898: 65.
fuliginata Pérez 1898: 61. Bull. Sci. Nat. Ouest France.
(Moureapis) moureana Silveira et al 2002: ##.
valdiviana Delfin 1900: 20. Departamento de Talcahuano, Chile.
88
REFERENCES
Alayo Dalmau, P. 1976. Introduccion al estudio de los Himenopteros de Cuba.
Serie Biologica, no. 68, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Habana. 41 pp.
Alfken, J. D. 1904. Nota Himenopterológicas. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural,
Santiago 8: 141.
Alfken, J. D. 1930. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen
entomologischen Reisen des Herrn Dr. A. Roman 1914-15 und 1923-24 in
Amazonas. Arkiv för Zoologi 21A (28): 1-16.
Alfken, J. D. 1933. Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Sammelreise nach Brasilien,
inbesondere in das Amazonasgebeit, ausgeführt von Dr. H. Zerny. Annalen des
Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 45: 303-307.
Alfken, J. D. 1934. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Megachile-Arten von Aegypten.
Bulletin de la Societé Royale Entomologique d'Egypte 18: 146-163.
Almeida, D. A. O., R. P. Martins and M. L. T. Buschini. 1997. Behavior and nesting
dynamics of the neotropical cavity-nesting specialist bee Megachile
assumptionis Schrottky, with comparisons to the nearctic Megachile brevis Say
(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of Hymneoptera Research 6: 344-352.
Ashmead, W. H. 1900. Report upon the Aculeate Hymenoptera of the islands of St.
Vincent and Grenada, with additions to the parasitic Hymenoptera and a list of
the described Hymenoptera of the West Indies. Transactions of the
Entomological Society of London: 207-367.
Aubury, R. G. and H. H. Rogers. 1971. The use of Megachile rotundata F. as a
pollinator of lucerne in glasshouses. Journal of the British Grassland Society
26: 91-94.
Baker, J. R. 1971. Development and sexual dimorphism of larvae of the bee genus
Coelioxys. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 44: 225-235.
Baker J. R. 1975. Taxonomy of five nearctic subgenera of Coelioxys (Hymenoptera:
Megachilidae. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 50: 649-730.
Beatty, H. A. 1944. Fauna of St. Croix, V.I. The Journal of Agriculture of the
University of Puerto Rico 28: 103-185.
Bingham, C. T. 1897. Hymenoptera.-Vol.1 Wasps and Bees. 579 + XXIX pp. In
W.T. Blandford [Ed.], The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma.
Secretary of State for India.
Bodkin, G. E. 1918. Notes on some British Guiana Hymenoptera (exclusive of the
Formicidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London: 297-321.
Bohart, G. E. and N. N. Youssef. 1972. Notes on the biology of Megachile
(Megachiloides) umatillensis Mitchell (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) and its
parasites. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 124: 119.
Brèthes, J. 1909. Hymenoptera Paraguayensis. Anales del Museu Nacional de
Buenos Aires 19: 225-226.
Butler, G. D. and P. L. Ritchie. 1965. Additional Notes on Megachile concinna Smith
in Arizona (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 153157.
Butler, G. D. and M. J. Wargo. 1963. Biological notes on Megachile concinna Smith
in Arizona (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Pan- Pacific Entomologist 39: 201206.
Cameron, P. 1903. Descriptions of new species of Hymenoptera taken by Mr.
Edward Whymper on the "Higher Andes of the Equator". Transactions of the
American Entomological Society 29: 225-238.
Camousseight, A. and E. Barrera. 1998. Analysis of pollen transportation by
seasonal insects in the Parva sector, in the Andes. Revista Chilena de
Entomologia 25: 77-81.
Cane, J. H. 1979. The Hind Tibiotarsal Spur Articulations in Beees (Hymenoptera:
Apoidea). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 52: 123-127.
Cheesman, L. E. 1929. Hymenoptera collected on the "St. George" expedition in
Central America and the W. Indies. Transactions of the Entomological Society
of London 77: 141-154.
89
Christ, J. L. 1791. Naturgeschichte, Classification und Nomenklatur der
Insekten vom Bienen, Wespen und Amiesengeschlecht, etc. Frankfurt-amMain. 535 pp.
Claude-Joseph, F. 1926. Recherches biologiques sur les Hyménoptères du Chili
(Mellifères). Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Paris 9, 113-268.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1896. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station -I.
Descriptions of new Bees collected by Prof. C.H.T. Townsend in the State of
Vera Cruz. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 18, 282-295.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1898a. Some bees of the genus Megachile from New Mexico and
Colorado. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 1, 125-130.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1898b. Tables for the determination of New Mexico bees.
Bulletin of the University of New Mexico 1: 1-65.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1899a. Catálogo de las abejas de México. Biblioteca Agrícola de
la Secretaría de Fomento, Mexico, 20 pp.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1899b. Notes on American bees. The Entomologist 32: 154-159.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1900a. The New Mexico Bees of the Genus Megachile and a new
Andrena. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 6, 7-20.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1900b. Some bees visiting the flowers of mesquite. The
Entomologist 33: 243-245.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1903a. A catalogue of the bees of California. Psyche 10: 74-78.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1903b. Notes on five species of Megachile. The Canadian
Entomologist 35: 215-216.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1905. Notes on some bees in the British Museum. Transactions
of the American Entomological Society 31: 309-364.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1905a. The bees of New Mexico. Transactions of the American
Entomological Society 32: 289-314.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1906b. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 32,
pp. 105.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1907. Descriptions and records of bees. -XV. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 20, 59-68.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1908a. New American bees. The Entomologist 41: 292-294.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1908b. Descriptions and records of bees. -XVIII. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 1, 259-267.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1909. New North American bees. Canadian Entomologist 41:
303-305.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1911a. Descriptions and records of bees. -XXXVIII. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 8, 283-290.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1911b. Descriptions and records of bees. -XXXV. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 7, 310-319.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1912a. New and little known bees. The Entomologist 45: 175178.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1912b. Descriptions and records of bees. -XLV. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 10, 21-31.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1912c. Descriptions and records of bees. -XLVII. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 10, 484-494.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1912d. New bees from Brazil. Psyche 19: 41- 61.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1913. Descriptions and records of bees. -LIV. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 12, 368-376.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1914a. Descriptions and records of bees. -LVII. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 13, 277-286.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1914b. Descriptions and records of bees. -LVIII. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 13, 424-433.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1914c. Descriptions and records of bees. -LVIII. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 14, 361-369.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1914d. Bees from Ecuador and Peru. Journal of the New York
Entomological Society 22: 306-328.
Cockerell 1915: 268 Descriptions and records of bees. -LXV. Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, Series 8, 15, 261-269.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1917b. Descriptions and records of bees. -LXXVI. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 20, 235-241.
90
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1919. Bees in the collection of the United States National
Museum -3. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 55 (2264):
167-221.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1922. Descriptions and records of bees. -XCIV. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 9, 360-367.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1923a. Some bees from British Guiana. Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, Series 9, 11, 442-459.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1923b. Some bees from Victoria, Mexico. Proceedings of the
United States National Museum, 63, Art. 8, 1-5.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1924. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the
Gulf of California in 1921. The bees (II). Proceedings of the California
Academy of Sciences (4) 12, 529- 560.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1926a. Descriptions and records of bees. -CVIII. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 17, 214-226.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1926b. Descriptions and records of bees. -CX. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 17, 510- 519.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1927a. Megachilid bees from Bolivia collected by the Mulford
biologocial expedition, 1921-1922. Proceedings of the United States National
Museum 71: 1-22.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1927b. Some North and South American bees. Annals of the
Entomological Society of America 20: 393-400.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1927c. Some bees, principally from Formosa and China.
American Museum Novitates (274) 16 pp.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1931. Descriptions and records of bees. -CXXX. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 8, 537-553.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1932. Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) collected at Chichen Itzá,
Yucatan, by the Harvard Expeditions of 1929-1930. Bulletin of the Brooklyn
Entomological Society 27: 9-17.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1933a. Descriptions and records of bees. -CXLII. Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 11, 372-384.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1933b. Bees from the Belgian Congo. Revue de Zoologie et de
Botanique Africaines 23: 130-133.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1933c. African bees of the genus Megachile. Revue de Zoologie et
de Botanique Africaines 23: 138-157.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1934. New and little-known western bees. American Museum
novitates (732) 1-6.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1935. African bees of the genus Gronoceras. American Museum
Novitates (774): 1-6.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1936. Bees from British Guiana. Journal of the New York
Entomological Society 44: 249-252.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1937a. The bees of Barbados. The Entomologist 70: 111-113.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1937b. African bees of the genera Ceratina, Halictus and
Megachile. Trustees of the British Museum, 254 pp.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1938. Bees from St. Vincent, British West Indies. The
Entomologist 71: 280-283.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1949. Bees from Central America, principally Honduras.
Proceeding of the United States National Museum 98: 429-490.
Cockerell, W. P. 1912. Collecting bees at Gualan, Guatemala. The Canadian
Entomologist 44: 277-282.
Cockerell, W. P. 1917. Collecting bees in southern Texas. Journal of the New York
Entomological Society 25 187-193.
Crawford, J. C. 1914. Hymenoptera, superfamilies Apoidea and Chalcidoidea, of the
Yale Dominican expedition of 1913. Proceedings of the United States National
Museum 47: 131- 134.
Cresson, E. T. 1865. On the Hymenoptera of Cuba. Proceedings of the
Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 200 pp.
Cresson, E. T. 1869. Notes on Cuban Hymenoptera, with descriptions of new
species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 2: 293-298.
Cresson, E. T. 1872. Hymenoptera Texana. Transactions of the American
Entomological Society 4: 153-292.
91
Cresson, E. T. 1878. Descriptions of new North American Hymenoptera in the
collection of the American Entomological Society. Transactions of the
American Entomological Society 7: 61-136.
Cresson, E. T. 1916. The Cresson types of Hymenoptera. Memoirs of the American
Entomological Society 1: 141 pp.
Cresson, E. T. 1928. The types of Hymenoptera in the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia other than those of Ezra T. Cresson. Memoirs of the American
Entomological Society (5): 1-90.
Cruz Landim, C. 1967. Estudo comparativo de algumas glândulas das abelhas
(Hymeoptera, Apoidea) e respectivas implicações evolutivas. Arquivos de
Zoologia, Estado de São Paulo 15: 177-290.
Cruz Landim, C. 1968. Histoquímica e ultraestrutura das glândulas salivares das
abelhas (Hymeoptera, Apoidea). Arquivos de Zoologia, Estado de São Paulo 17:
113-166.
Dalla Torre, C. G. de. 1896. Catalogus Hymenopterorum, 10: Apidae
(Anthophila). Engelmann, Leipzig, 643 pp.
Danks, H. V. 1971. Nest mortality factors in stem-nesting aculeate Hymenoptera.
Journal of Animal Ecology 40: 79-82.
Delfin, F. T. 1900. Datos para el conocimiento de los Coleópteros e Himenópteros
del Departamento de Talcahuano. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural,
Santiago 4: 19-20.
Dewitz, H. 1881. Hymenopteren von Portorico. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift
21: 197-208.
Dominique, J. 1898. Coup d'oeil sur les melliferes sud- Americains du Museum de
Nantes. Bulletin da la Societé Ouest France 8: 57-65.
Durante, S. P. and N. B. Diaz. 1996. Estudio taxonômico de las especies argentinas
del genero Eumegachile Friese (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Revista brasileira
de Entomologia 40: 327-338.
Durante, S. P and A. H. Abrahamovich. 2002. New leafcutting bee species of the
subgenus Megachile (Dasymegachile) (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) from
Magellanic Forest province, in Patagonia Argentina. Transactions of the
American Entomological Society 128: 361-366.
Engel, M. S. 1999. Megachile glaesaria, the first megachilid bee fossil from amber
(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae. American Museum Novitates # 3276: 1-13.
Eves, J. D. and C. A. Johansen. 1974. Population dynamics of larvae of alfalfa
leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, in eastern Washington. Washington
Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 78, 13 pp.
Fabre, J.-H. 1914. The Mason Bees. Translated by A.T. de Mattos. Hodder &
Stoughton, London. 324 pp.
Fabre, J.-H. 1915. Bramble-bees and Others. Translated by A.T. de Mattos.
Hodder & Stoughton, London. 476 pp.
Fabricius, I. C. 1775. Systema entomologiae. Flensburg and Leibzig, 832 (30 +)
832 pp.
Fabricius, I. C. 1781. Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias
specificas. 1, 552 + vii pp. Hamburgi & Kilonii.
Fabricius, I. C. 1793. Entomologia systematica emendata at aucta.
Copenhagen, viii + 519 pp.
Fabricius, I. C. 1798. Supplementum entolomogiae systematicae. Copenhagen,
572 pp.
Fabricius, I. C. 1804. Systema piezatorum. Secundum Ordines, Genera et
Scecies continens. Braunschweig, Reichard. 439 + 30 pp.
Fischer, R. L. 1951. Observations on the nesting habits of megachilid bees.
Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 24: 46-50.
Fox, W. J. 1891. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 18: 844.
Ferton, C. 1896. Nouvelles observations sur l’instint des Hyménopteres
gastrilégides de la Provence. Actes de la Societé Linnéenne de Bordeaux 48:
241-249.
Ferton, C. 1897. Nouvelles observations sur l’instint des Hyménopteres
gastrilégides de France de la Corse. Actes de la Societé Linnéenne de Bordeaux
52: 37-50.
92
Friese, H. 1898. Species aliquot novae vel minus cognitae generis Megachile Latr.
(et Chalicodoma Lep.). Természetrajzi Füzetek 21: 198-202.
Friese, H. 1899. Die Bienen Europa's (Apidae europaeae). C. Lampe, Innsbruck.
228 pp.
Friese, H. 1902. Beitrag zur Apidenfauna der Grossen Antillen. Zeitschrift für
Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie 2 (4): 196-201.
Friese, H. 1903. Neue Arten der Bienen gattung Megachile aus Amerika. Zeitschrift
für Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie 3 (4): 246-248.
Friese, H. 1904. Beiträge zur Bienenfauna von Chile, Peru und Ecuador. Zeitschrift
für Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie 4 (2): 180-188.
Friese, H. 1905. Neue Bienenarten aus Chile. (Hym.). Zeitschrift für Systematische
Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie 5 (3): 137-141.
Friese, H. 1906. Resultate einer Reise des Herrn A.C. Jensen- Haarup in die
Gegand von Mendoza (Argentina). Flora og Fauna, Silkeborg, Danemark, III
Hefte. 31-96, 10: 105-106.
Friese, H. 1908a. Die Apidae (Blumenvespen) von Argentina nach den
Reisergebnissen der Herren A.C. Jensen-Haarup und P. Jörgensen in den
Jahren 1904-1907. Verlag: Flor og Fauna, Silkeborg, Denmark. 1-94.
Friese, H. 1908b. Beitrag zur Bienenfauna der Kleinen Antillen und der Bermudas.
Ergebnisse der Forschungreise der Herren Prof. W. Kükenthal und Dr.
Hartmeyer nach Westindien und des Herrn Prof. R. Heymons nach den
Bermudas. Zoologisches Jahrbuch, Jena, Suppl. 11, 33-40.
Friese, H. 1909a. Beschreibung der neuen Bienen. Deutsche Entomologische
Zeitschrift. 235-237.
Friese, H. 1909b. V. Die Bienen Afrika's nach dem Stande unserer heutigen
Kenntnisse. Jenaische Denkschriftn 14: 85-475.
Friese, H. 1910. Zur Bienenfauna des südlichen Argentinien (Hym.). Abdrück aus
den Zoologischen Jahrbüchern, Jena: 641-660.
Friese, H. 1911. Apidae I. Megachilinae. Das Tierreich. Leiferung 28: xxvi + 440
pp. R. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin.
Friese, H. 1916. Zur Bienenfauna von Costa Rica. Stettiner Entomologische
Zeitung 77: 287-348.
Friese, H. 1920. Neue Arten der Bauchsammler. Deutsche entomologische
Zeitschrift: 49-55.
Friese, H. 1921. Nachtrag zur Bienenfauna von Costa Rica. Stettiner
Entomologische Zeitung 82: 74-98.
Friese, H. 1923. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen entomologischen
Reise des Herrn Dr. A. Roman in Amazonas 1914-1915. Arkiv för Zoologi 15,
(13): 1-8.
Frohlich, D. R. and F. D. Parker. 1983. Nest building behavior and development of
the sunflower leafcutter bees Eumeagchile (Sayapis) pugnata (Say)
(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Psyche 90: 193-209.
Genaro, J. A. 1998. Distribution and synonymy of some Caribbean bees of the
genera Megachile and Coelioxys (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Caribbean
Journal of Science 34: 151-152.
Genaro, J. A. 2003. Megachile (Pseudocentron) jerryrozeni, a new species of
leafcutting bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) from the Cayman Islands.
Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 76: 286-289.
Girard, M. 1879. Traité élémentaire d'Entomologie. Hymenopteres porte-aiguillon.
2, facs.2: 577-1028.
Gmelin, J. F. 1790. In: Linnnaeus, C., Systema Naturae, Edn. 13, 1, (5), 22253020.
Gowdey, C. C. 1926. Catalogus Insectorum Jamaicensis. Department of
Agriculture Entomoloogical Bulletin, Jamaica, No. 4, Order Hymenoptera, 91100; Appendix: 9-10.
Graenicher, S. 1905. Some observations on the life history and habits of parasitic
bees. Wisconsin Natural History Society 3: 153-167.
Graenicher, S. 1927. On the biology of the parasitic bees of the genus Coelioxys
(Hymen., Megachilidae). Entomological News 38: 231-276.
Graenicher, S. 1930. Bee-fauna and vegetation of the Miami region of Florida.
Annals of the Entomological Society of America 23: 153-174.
93
Graf, V. 1967a. Nota sôbre a glándula da siringe em Apoidea (Hymenoptera).
Dusenia 8: 127-130.
Graf, V. 1967b. Nota sôbre a glándula da cabeça em Megachile (Megachilidae Apoidea). Dusenia 8: 131-133.
Grant, V. and P. D. Hurd, Jr. 1979. Pollination of the Southwestern Opuntias.
Plant Systematics and Evolution 132: 15-28.
Gribodo, G. 1884. Sopra alcune specie nuove o poco conosciute de imenotteri
antofili. Bullettino della Societa entomologica Italiana 16: 269-274.
Guérin-Méneville, F. E. 1845. Iconographie du règne animal de G. Cuvier. Paris,
7, Insect. 576 pp.
Guiglia, D. and J. Pasteels. 1961. Aggiunte ed osservazioni allélenco delle specie di
imenotteri; descritte da Guérin- Méneville che sitrovano nelle collezioni Museo
di Genova, 20.
Gundlach, J. 1886. Contribucion a la Entomologia Cubana. Volume 2. Havana.
396 pp.
Haliday, A. H. 1836. Descriptions of Hymenoptera collected by Capt. King in the
survey of Straits of Magellan. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
17: 315-331.
Hedicke, H. 1933. Beiträge zur Synonymie der Apiden (Hym). Mitteilungen der
Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 4: 42-48.
Herbst, P. 1917. Durchsicht de von Spinola in der von Claude Gay 1851
herausgegebenen Historia fisica y poltica de Chile, Zoologia, Vol. VI
beschriebenen Apidae, nebst einigen einleitenden Bemerkungen. Deutsche
Entomologische Zeitschrift: 257-294.
Herbst, P. 1918. Revista Chilena de Historia natural, Santiago, 22: 176.
Herbst, P. 1921. Über einige chilenische Hymenopteren, welche Gribodo erwähnt.
Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 82: 102-107.
Hobbs, G. A. 1956. Ecology of the leaf-cutter bee Megachile perihirta Ckll.
(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in relation to production of alfalfa seed. The
Canadian Entomologist 88: 625-631.
Hobbs, G. A. 1973. Alfalfa leafcutter bees for pollinating alfalfa in western Canada.
Canada Agriculture, publication 1495, 30 pp.
Hobbs, G. A. and C. E. Lilly. 1954. Ecology of species of Megachile in the mixed
prairie region of southern Alberta with special reference to pollination of alfalfa.
Ecology 35: 453-462.
Holmberg, E. L. 1886. Insectes. Gerstaecker, C.E.A. 1862. In W.C. Peters,
Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique. Hymenoptera. Acta de la
Academia nacional de Ciencias exactas existente en la Universidad de Cordoba,
Buenos Aires 5: 117-184.
Holmberg, E. L. 1903. Delectus hymenopterologicus argentinus. Anales del Museu
Nacional de Buenos Aires, Ser. 3, II: 377- 517.
Hurd, P. D. 1954. Distributional notes on Eutricharaea, a palearctic subgenus of
Megachile, which has become established in the United States (Hymenoptera:
Megachilidae). Entomological News 65: 93- 95.
Hurd, P. D. 1979. Apoidea. In: K. V. Krombein, P. D. Hurd, D.R. Smith and B. D.
Burks, Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico 2, 1741-2209.
Hurd, P. D. and Linsley, E. G. 1975. The principal Larrea bees of the Southwestern
United States (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Contributions in Zoology:
1-74.
Ihering, H. von, 1904. Biologia das abelhas solitárias do Brasil. Revista do Museu
Paulista 6: 97-309.
Ihering, H. von, 1904. Biologia das abelhas solitárias do Brasil. Revista do Museu
Paulista 6: 97-309.
Jayasingh, D. B. and B. E. Freeman. 1980. The comparative population dynamics
of eight solitary bees and wasps (Aculeata; Apocrita; Hymenoptera) trap-nested
in Jamaica. Biotropica 12: 214-219.
Jensen-Haarup, A. C. 1908. Biological researches amongst the Argentine bees with
special reference to flowers they visit. Verlag: Flor og Fauna, Silkeborg,
Denmark. 95-111.
94
Jörgensen, P. 1909. Beobachtungen über Blumenbesuch, Biologie, Verbreitung
usw. der Bienen von Mendoza. (Hym.) Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift,
Heft II: 211-227.
Jörgensen, P. 1912a. Revision der Apiden der Provinz Mendoza, Republica
Argentina (Hym.). Zoologisches Jahrbuch, Abteilung für Systematik,
Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, Jena 32: 89-162.
Jörgensen, P. 1912b. Los Crisídidos y los Himenópteros aculeatos de la Provincia de
Mendoza. Anales del Museu Nacional de Buenos Aires 22: 267-338.
Johansen, C., E. R. Jaycox and R. Hutt. 1963. The effects of pesticides on the
alfalfa leafcutting bee Megachile rotundata. Circular 418, Washington
Agricultural Experiment Station, Washington State University, 12 pp.
Jurine, L. 1807. Nouvelle methode de classer les hymenopteres et les dipteres.
Geneva, 1, 1319 pp.
Kapil, R. P., G. S. Grewal and A. S. Atwal. 1970. Biology and nesting behaviour of
Megachile lanata Fab. (Megachilidae, Hym.). 22nd International Beekeeping
Congress: 449-458.
Kirby, W. 1802. Monographia Apum Angliae. Ipswich, England, 1, 258 pp.
Krombein, K. V. 1953b. The wasps and bees of the Bimini Island group, Bahamas,
British West Indies (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). American Museum Novitates
(1633): 1-29.
Krombein, K. V. 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees: life histories, nests, and
associates. Smithsonian Press, Washington, DC. vi + 570pp.
Laroca, S., J. T. Cure and C. de Bortoli. 1982. A associação de abelhas silvestres
(Hymenoptera, Apoidea) em uma área restrita no interior da cidade de Curitiba
(Brasil): uma abordagem biocenótica. Dusenia 13: 93-117.
Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire naturelle de fourmis. xvi + 445 pp. Crapelet, Paris.
Latreille, P. A. 1809. Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum, vol. 5, 166+ pp.
Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, A. L. M. 1841. Histoire naturelle des insectes,
hyménoptères. 2, 680 pp. Roret, Paris.
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae. Editio decima, reformata. Stockholm, 824
pp.
Linsley, E. G. 1946. Insect pollinators of alfalfa in California. Journal of Economic
Entomology 39: 18-29.
Markowsky, H. 1933. Einige seltenere Bienen aus der Umgebung Berlins und ein
bemerkenswertes Nest von Megachile centuncularis L. (Hym. Apid.).
Mitteilungen der Deutsche Entomolgischen Gesellschaft 4: 105-106.
Martins, R. P. and D. A. O. Dealmeida. 1994. Is the bee, Megachile assumptionis
(Hymenoptera, Megachilidae), a cavity-nesting specialist ? Journal of Insect
Behaviour 7: 759-765.
Mejdalani, G., D. M. Takiya, M. Felix, P. Ceotto and D. Yanega. 2002. Teletusa
limpida (Signoret): a neotropical proconiine leafhopper that mimics megachilid
bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), with notes on Batesian mimicry in the subfamily
Cicadellinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Denisia (Brazil) 21 (4): 215-224.
Michener, C. D. 1953. The biology of a leafcutter bee (Megachile brevis) and its
associates. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 35, 1659-1748.
Michener, C. D. 1954. Bees of Panama. Bulletin of the American Museum of
Natural History 104, article 1, 175 pp.
Michener, C. D. 1962. Observations on the classification of the bees commonly
placed in the genus Megachile (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Journal of the New
York Entomological Society 70: 17-29.
Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South
Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol 130,
362 pp + 15 plates.
Michener, C. D. 2000. The Bees of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore, 912 pp.
Michener, C. D., R. J. McGinley and B. N. Danforth. 1994. The Bee Genera of
North and Central America (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, DC. 209 pp.
Mitchell, T. B. 1926a. New species of Megachile, with notes and corrections
(Hymenoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 52: 111118.
95
Mitchell, T. B. 1927a. New West Indian Megachile. Psyche 34: 47-57.
Mitchell, T. B. 1927b. Notes on the Megachilidae. Psyche 34: 178-181.
Mitchell, T. B. 1928. Sex anomalies in the genus Megachile, with descriptions of
new species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Transactions of the American
Entomological Society 54: 321- 383 + 7 plates.
Mitchell, T. B. 1930. A contribution to the knowledge of neotropical Megachile with
descriptions of new species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Transactions of the
American Entomological Society 56: 155-305.
Mitchell, T. B. 1934. A revision of the genus Megachile in the Nearctic Region. Part
I. Classification and Descriptions of New Species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).
Transactions of the American Entomological Society 59: 295-361 + 2 plates.
Mitchell, T. B. 1935. A revision of the genus Megachile in the Nearctic Region. Part
II. Morphology of the male sternites and genital armature and the taxonomy of
the subgenera Litomegachile, Neomegachile and Cressoniella (Hymenoptera:
Megachilidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 61: 1-44 +
1 plate.
Mitchell, T. B. 1937a. A revision of the genus Megachile in the Nearctic Region.
Part V. Taxonomy of Subgenus Xeromegachile (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).
Transactions of the American Entomological Society 62: 323-382 + 5 plates.
Mitchell, T. B. 1937b. A revision of the genus Megachile in the Nearctic Region.
Part VI. Taxonomy of Subgenera Argyropile, Leptorachis. Pseudocentron,
Acentron and Melanosarus (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Transactions of the
American Entomological Society 63: 45-83 + 2 plates.
Mitchell, T. B. 1937c. A revision of the genus Megachile in the Nearctic Region.
Part VII. Taxonomy of the Subgenus Sayapis (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).
Transactions of the American Entomological Society 63: 175-206 + 2 plates.
Mitchell, T. B. 1937d. A revision of the genus Megachile in the Nearctic Region.
Part VIII. Taxonomy of the Subgenus Chelostomoides, Addenda and Index
(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Transactions of the American Entomological
Society 63: 381-421 + 4 plates.
Mitchell, T. B. 1941. Some additional intersexes in Megachile. Pan-Pacific
Entomologist 17: 165-168.
Mitchell, T. B. 1943a. Records and descriptions in the megachilid subgenus
Argyropile (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 19: 12-16.
Mitchell, T. B. 1943b. On the classification of neotropical Megachile (Hymenoptera:
Megachilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 36: 656-671.
Mitchell, T. B. 1944. New species and records in Megachile (Hymenoptera,
Megachilidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 20: 132-143+.
Mitchell, T. B. 1956. Notes and descriptions in the megachilid subgenus
Chelostomoides (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 32: 129138.
Mitchell, T. B. 1962. Bees of the Eastern United States, Vol II. North Carolina
Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, U.S.A. 557 pp.
Mitchell, T. B. 1973. A subgeneric revision of the bees of the genus Coelioxys of the
Western Hemisphere. North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 129 pp.
Mitchell, T. B. 1980. A generic revision of the megachiline bees of the Western
Hemisphere. North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 95 pp.
Mocsáry, A. 1887. Studia synonymica. Természetrajzi Füzetek 11: 12-20.
Moure, J. S. 1941. Apoidea Neotropica - III. Arquivos do Museu Paranaense 1: 4199.
Moure, J. S. 1942. Abelhas de Salobra (Hym. Apoidea). Papéis Avulsos do
Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura - São Paulo, Brasil 2:
291-321.
Moure, J. S. 1943. Abelhas de Batatais (Hym. Apoidea). Arquivos do Museu
Paranaense 3: 145-203.
Moure, J. S. 1944a. Apoidea da Coleção de Conde Amadeu Barbiellini (Hym.,
Apoidea). Revista de Entomologia 15: 1- 18.
Moure, J. S. 1944b. Abelhas de Monte Alegre (Est. S. Paulo) (Hym.- Apoidea).
Papéis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria de Agricultura, São
Paulo, Brasil 6: 103-126.
96
Moure, J. S. 1945. Apoidea da coleção do Conde Amadeu A. Barbiellini. II. (Hym.
Apoidea). Revista Entomológica 16: 394-414.
Moure, J. S. 1947. Notas sobre algunas abejas de la provincia de Salta (Hymen.
Apoidea). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 13: 218- 253.
Moure, J. S. 1948. Notas sobre algumas abelhas de Tacanas, Tucumán, Argentina
(Hymenopt. Apoidea). Revista de Entomologia 19: 313-346.
Moure, J. S. 1949 Las especies chilenas de la Sub-familia Lithurginae (Hym.Apoidea). Arquivos do Museu Paranaense 7: 265-286.
Moure, J. S. 1953. Notas sobre Megachilidae de Bolivia, Perú y Chile (Hymenoptera
- Apoidae). Dusenia 4: 113-124.
Moure, J. S. 1956. Duas espécies de Megachile de grandes altitudes (Hymenopt.Apoidea). Dusenia 7: 103-106.
Moure, J. S. 1960. Notes on the types of the Neotropical Bees described by
Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Studia Entomológica 3: 97-160.
Moure, J. S. 1977. Uma nova espécie de Megachile (Leptorachis) de Minas Gerais
(Hymenoptera-Apoidea). Dusenia 10: 21-22.
Moure, J. S. and F. A. Silveira. 1992. Megachile falcidentata (Hymenoptera,
Apoidea): uma nova espécie da Amazônia. Acta Biológica Paranaense 21: 177180.
Myers, J. G.. 1935. Ethological observations on the citrus bee, Trigona silvestriana
Vachal, and other neotropical bees (Hym., Apoidea). Transactions of the Royal
Entomological Society of London 83: 131-142.
Nylander, W. 1848. Adnotationes in expositionem monographicam apum borealium.
Notiser ur Säskapets pro Fauna et Flora Fennica Förhandlingar 1: 165-282.
O’Toole, C. and A. Raw. Bees of the World. Blandford, London. 192 pp.
Pagden, H. T. 1934. Biological notes on some Malayan Aculeate Hymenoptera III.
Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums 17: 487-492.
Panzer, G. W. F. 1806. Kritische Revision der Insektenfauna Deutschlands, II, 250.
Parker, F. D. 1978. An illustrated key to alfalfa leafcutter bees Eutricharaea. PanPacific Entomologist 54: 61-64.
Parker, F. D. 1981. How efficient are bees in pollinating sunflowers ? Journal of
the Kansas Entomological Society 54: 61-67.
Parker, F. D. and R. M. Bohart. 1966. Host-parasite associations in some twignesting Hymenoptera from western North America. Pan-Pacific Entomologist
42: 91-98.
Parker, F. D., P. F. Torchio, W. P. Nye and M. Pedersen. 1976. Utilization of
additional species and populations of leafcutter bees for alfalfa pollination.
Journal of Apicultural Research 15: 89-92.
Pasteels, J. J. 1965. Revision de Megachilidae (Hymenoptera Apoidea) de l'Afrique
Noire. I. Les genres Creightoniella, Chalicodoma et Megachile (s.str.). Annales
du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie IN-8o. Sciences Zoologiques - no.137.
Pérez, J. 1898. Bull. Societé Sci. Nat. Ouest France 8: 61-65.
Pérez, J. 1899. Trois Megachiles nouvelles du Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia
Natural, Santiago 3: 105-109.
Posey, D. A. 1983. Folk apiculture of the Kayapó Indians in Brazil. Biotropica 15:
154-158.
Provancher, L. 1882. Le Naturaliste Canadien, Quebèc 13: 225-242.
Radozkowsky, O. de B.. 1874. Supplément indispensable a l'article publié par M.
Gerstaecker en 1869, sur quelques genres d' hyménoptères. Bulletin de la
Societé Imperial des Naturalistes de Moscou 47/48: 132-164.
Raw, A. 1972. The biology of the solitary bee Osmia rufa (L.) (Megachilidae).
Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 124: 213-229.
Raw, A. 1984a. Four new species of bees from Jamaica (Hymenoptera). Revista
brasileira de Entomologia 28 491- 495.
Raw, A. 1984b. The nesting biology of nine species of Jamaican bees (Hymenoptera).
Revista brasileira de Entomologia 28: 497-506.
Raw, A. 1985. The ecology of Jamaican bees (Hymenoptera). Revista brasileira de
Entomologia 29: 1-16.
Raw, A. 1988. Nesting biology of the leaf-cutter bees Megachile centuncularis
(Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) in Britain. The Entomologist 107: 52-56.
97
Raw, A. 1992. Solitary bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), restricted to identical
resources for nesting, recognized their own nests: an example of genetically
determined, personal scents ? The Entomologist 111: 79-87.
Raw. A. 2002. New combinations and synonymies of leafcutter and mason bees of
the Americas (Megachile, Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Zootaxa #7: 1-43.
Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees. Endeavour, Sydney. 752 pp.
Rebmann, O. 1967. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Megachile Latr. (Hym.,
Apidae): subgenus Eutricharaea Thomas. und Neoeutricharaea nov. subg.
Entomologische Zeitshrift, Frankfurt-am-Main 77: 33- 38.
Robertson, C. 1891. Descriptions of new species of North American bees.
Transactions of the American Entomological Society 18: 49-66.
Robertson, C. 1895. Notes on bees, with descriptions of new species. Transactions
of the American Entomological Society 22: 115-125.
Robertson, C. 1897. North American bees - descriptions and synonyms.
Transactions of the Academy of St. Louis 7: 315- 356.
Robertson, C. 1898. New or little known North American bees. Transactions of the
Academy of St. Louis 8: 43-54.
Robertson, C. 1901. Some new or little known bees. The Canadian Entomologist
33: 229-231.
Robertson, C. 1902. Some new or little known bees. The Canadian Entomologist
34: 48-49.
Robertson, C. 1903. Synopsis of Megachilidae and Bombinae. Transactions of the
American Entomological Society 29: 163- 178.
Robertson, C. 1918. Some genera of bees (Hym.,). Entomological News 29: 91-92.
Robertson, C. 1926. Revised list of oligolectic bees. Ecology 7: 378-380.
Roubik: D. W. 1989. Ecology and natural history of tropical bees. Cambridge
University Press, 514 pp.
Ruiz, F. P. 1938. Nuevas especies de abejas chilenas. Revista chilena de Historia
Natural pura y aplicada, Santiago 42: 148- 153.
Sakagami, S. F., S. Laroca and J. S. Moure. 1967. Wild bee biocoenotics in São
José dos Pinhais (PR), south Brazil. Preliminary report. Journal of the Faculty
of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology 16 (2): 253-291.
Sandhouse, G. A. 1943. The type species of the genera and sub- genera of bees.
Proceedings of the United States National Museum 92: 519-619.
Schletterer, A. 1891. Hymenoptera in expeditione sub auspicio Regii Imperii Belgici
perfecta in regione Africae ad Congo flumen inferius collecta. Annales de la
Societé Entomologique de Belgique 35: 5-14 (+ 2 plates).
Schrottky, C. 1902. Ensaio sobre as abelhas solitárias do Brazil. Revista do Museu
Paulista 5: 330-613.
Schrottky, C. 1908. Nuevos Himenópteros. Anales de la Sociedad Científica
Argentina 65: 233-237.
Schrottky, C. 1909a. Hymenoptera Nova. Anales de la Sociedad Científica
Argentina 67: 209-228.
Schrottky, C. 1909b. Himenópteros de Nova Catamarca. Anales de la Sociedad
Científica Argentina 68: 233-272.
Schrottky, C. 1910. Berichtigung. (Hym.) Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 6:
526-540.
Schrottky, C. 1913a. As espécies brazileiras do gênero Megachile (Hymenoptera).
Revista do Museu Paulista 9: 134- 223.
Schrottky, C. 1913b. La distribuición geográfica de los himenópteros argentinos.
Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina, 75: 180-270.
Schrottky, C. 1920. Himenópteros nuevos o poco conocidos sudamericanos.
Revista do Museu Paulista 12: 3-51.
Schulz, W. A. 1906. Spolia Hymenopterologica. Paderborn. 355 pp.
Schwarz, H. F. 1934. The solitary bees of Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone.
American Museum Novitates (722): 1-24.
Sichel, J. 1867. Hymenoptera mellifera. In Reise der "Osteriechischen Fregatte
Novara um die Erde, in.1857-59, unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von
Wúllerstorf-Urbair. Vienna, Zoologischer Theil, 2, pt. 2: 143-155.
Silveira, F. A., G. A. R. Melo and E. A. B. Almeida. 2002. Abelhas Brasileiras.
Sistemática e Identificação. F. A. Silveira, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 253 pp.
98
Sladen, F. W. L. 1918a. Pollination of alfalfa by bees of the genus Megachile. Table
of Canadian species of the latimanus group. The Canadian Entomologist 50:
301-304.
Smith, F. 1844. The Zoologist 2: 697.
Smith, F. 1853. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the
British Museum. Part I. Trustees of the British Museum, 195 pp. 465 ?
pp.
Smith, F. 1854. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the
British Museum. Part II. Trustees of the British Museum, 465 pp.
Smith, F. 1879. Descriptions of new species of Hymenoptera in the Collection
of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, 240 pp.
Snelling, R.R. 1990. A review of the native North American bees of the genus
Chalicodoma (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Contributions in Science, Natural
History Museum of Los Angeles County (421): 1-39.
Spinola, M. 1808. Insectorum Liguriae Species Novae aut Rariores Vol 2: 262
pp.
Spinola, M. 1851. Historia fisica y politica de Chile: Zoologia. [Ed. C. Gay] 6: 1572.
Spinola, M. 1853. Compte rendu des hyménoptères inédits. Memorie della real
Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Serie IIa. 13: 19-94.
Stephen, W. P. 1972. Studies in crop pollination. Department of Scientific Affairs,
Organization of American States, Washington DC. 76 pp.
Strand, E. 1909. Beitrag zur Bienenfauna von Paraguay. Deutsche Entomologische
Zeitschrift: 227-237.
Strand, E. 1910. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Hymenopterenfauna von Paraguay auf
Grund der Sammlungen und Beobachtungen von Prof. J.D. Anisits. VII,
Apidae. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Jena. 29: 455-562.
Titus, E. S. G. 1905. Some notes on the Provancher Megachilidae. Proceedings of
the Entomological Society of Washington 7, (3) 149-152 and (4) 153-166.
Torchio, P. F. 1972. Sapyga pumila Cresson, a parasite of Megachile rotundata (F.)
(Hymenoptera: Sapygidae: Megachilidae). II: Methods for control. Melanderia
10: 24-30.
Urban, D. 1963. Estudo comparativo da origem de alguns músculos cefálicos das
abelhas. Boletim da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brasil.
Zoologia 2: 21-33.
Vachal, J. 1904. Voyage de M. G.A. Baer au Tucuman (Argentine). Hymenoptera
mellifera (Familia unica: Apidae). Revue d'Entomologie, Caen 23: 9-26.
Vachal, J. 1908. Espéces nouvelles ou litigeuses d'Apidae du haut bassin du
Parana et des Régions contigües et d'elimitation d'une nouvelle sous-famille
Diphaglossinae (Hym). Revue d'Entomologie, Caen 27: 221-244.
Vachal, J. 1909. Espéces nouvelles ou litigeuses d'Apidae du haut bassin du
Parana et des Régions contigües et d'elimitation d'une nouvelle sous-famille
Diphaglossinae (Hym). Revue d'Entomologie Caen: 28: 5-72.
Vandenberg, J. D. and W. P. Stephen. 1982. Etiology and symtomatology of
chalkbrood in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata. Journal of the
Kansas Entomological Society 53: 669-676.
Waldauer, G. P. 1968. The consumption and utilization of food by insects. Advances
in Insect Physiology 12: 711-730.
Wightman, J. A. and V. M. Rogers. 1978. Growth, energy and nitrogen budgets and
efficiencies of the growing larvae of Megachile pacifica (Panzer) (Hymenoptera,
Megachilidae). Oecologia 36: 245-157.
Williams, H. J., M. R. Strand, G. W. Elzen, S. B. Vinson and S. J. Merritt. 1986.
Nesting behavior, nest architecture, and use of Dufour’s gland lipids in nest
provisioning by Megachile integra and M. mendica mendica (Hymenoptera:
Megachilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomolgical Society 59: 588-597.
Winn, B. 1988. Importation and release of leafcutting bees Megachile rotundata in
South Australia. In: J.W. Rhodes: Bee Keeping in the Year 2000,
International Colour Productions Pty., Queensland, Australia. 209-210.
Wolcott, G. N. 1948. The insects of Puerto Rico (Hymenoptera). Puerto Rico
University Journal of Agriculture 32: 749-873.
99
Woodward D. R. 1994. Predators and parasitoids of Megachile rotundata (F)
(Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) in South-Australia. Journal of the Australian
Entomolgical Society 33: 13-15.
Woodward, D. 1996. Monitoring for impact of the introduced leafcutting bee,
Megachile rotundata, near release sites in South Australia. Journal of the
Australian Entomolgical Society 35: 187-191.
Zajciw, D. 1967. Novos Longicorneos Neotropicais. XV. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae).
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 39 (3- 4): 527-533.
100