Name ____________________________________________
Human Anatomy and Physiology II
Quiz 1 - Spring, 2011
1. If a cell was treated with a drug that stops the normal function of the mitochondria, the
cell would make much less ____________________________.
2. When describing the location of the sternum relative to the breast, we would say that the stern
is __________________________________________.
3. If we wanted to describe a body part that was located on the arm, we might use the term
a. femoral.
b. lumbar.
c. axial.
d. brachial.
e. antecubital.
4. The ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal state even though the
external environment is changing is called ________________________________________.
5. If blood pressure becomes elevated, nerve cells in the large blood vessels near the become
stretched and they send an afferent signal to the medulla of the brain. The medulla evaluates the
change in blood pressure and will then use nerves to control the rate of beating of the heart. The
heart directly causes a change in the blood pressure. Use this information to answer the questions
given below.
Using physiological control system terminology, the nerve cells in the large blood vessels would be
called ___________________________________ and the heart would be called the
________________________________________ .
6. A group of nerve cell bodies found within the brain is called a
a. nucleus.
b. terminus.
c. hillock.
d. ganglion.
e. a somatic bundle.
7. A neuron that exits the spinal cord and unconsciously controls the contractions of the stomach
would be described as
a. afferent and somatic.
b. afferent and autonomic.
c. efferent and somatic.
d. efferent and autonomic.
8. Describe the function of three different types of neuroglia. (3 points)
9. The picture below represents a motor neuron.
A. Name the structures at "A" and state their function. (2 points)
B. What is the name for the region of the neuron at "B" and what important event happens
here? (2 points)
C. What are the names of the structures at "C" and why are they important? (2 points)
10. The neuron illustrated above would be called
a. non-polar.
c. bipolar.
d. unipolar.
e. polar covalent.
b. multipolar.
11. When a neuron is repolarizing during an action potential we expect that
a. sodium ion is flowing into the axon through gated channels.
b. potassium is flowing out of the axon through gated channels.
c. the Na/K ATPase pump is pumping Na into the axon and K out of the axon.
d. both the sodium and potassium channels are closed.
12. The resting membrane potential in neurons is due, in large part, because
a. Na+ channels are
open for longer than K+ channels.
b. three Na+ are pumped out for every two K+ pumped in.
c.
the active transport pump moves electrons into the cytoplasm of the neuron.
d. sodium channels allow more ions into the cytoplasm than potassium channels allow to leave.
Name ____________________________________________
Human Anatomy and Physiology II
Quiz 2 - Spring, 2011
1. Which of the following is found as a thin layer of cells right on the surface of the brain?
A. dura mater
B. arachnoid mater
C. pia mater
D. doesn't mater
2. Which of the following is not true about the spinal cord?
A. It is part of the central nervous system.
B. It gives rise to cranial nerves.
C. It contains both white matter and gray matter. D. It is responsible for coordinating reflexes.
3. Sensory neurons often have their cell bodies in the
A. lateral horn.
B. ventral root. C. dorsal root ganglion. D. dorsal root.
4. The left hemisphere of the cerebrum has commissural fibers that pass to the right hemisphere
through the structure in the brain called the
a. choroid plexus
b. midbrain
c. thalamus
d. corpus callosum
e. corpora quadrigemina
5. A withdrawal reflex (i.e. pulling a finger away from a hot stove) differs from a knee jerk reflex
because
a. the withdrawal reflex involves ascending and descending pathways.
b. the withdrawal reflex requires at least one interneuron in the spinal cord.
c. the knee jerk reflex
only requires the dorsal root of the spinal cord and not the ventral root.
d. the knee jerk reflex
requires at least three synapses.
6. MATCHING (1/2 point each)
Ganglia containing sensory neuron cell bodies ______
a. sympathetic
Ganglia found in a row close to the vertebrae ______
b. parasympathetic
Ganglia found on, or near target organs ______
c. dorsal root
Nuclei found beneath the cerebrum ______
d. basal
7. If a neurosurgeon said that a patient received damage to spinal nerve S-2, the consequences
may be noticed in
a. the leg
b. the neck
c. the arms
d. the abdomen
e. the organs of the chest
8. A man was in a car accident and some damage was done to the man's head. As a
consequence, he had difficulty with his vision and with coordinating his body movements. The
areas of the brain that were damaged probably were
A. the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
and the cerebellum.
B. the temporal lobe of the cerebrum and the cerebellum.
C. the post central gyrus and the cerebellum.
D. the precentral gyrus and the temporal
lobe.
9. In order to decide that an unknown substance was food, a person smelled it, looked at it, and
carefully tasted it. All together these sensory inputs helped to assemble an image in the
person's "mind." Since the information came from many different sources, and all came together
to form an single idea, this is an example of
A. synergism.
B. reverberation.
C. convergence.
D. divergence.
10. Explain why the reticular activating system is important in day-to-day life. (2 points)
11. Biologists often say that senses such as vision and touch are "mapped" on the cerebrum. Explain
what this means. In what way are sensations of the world "mapped" or plotted on the cerebrum?
Hint: primary visual area and post-central gyrus. (4 points)
12. Which of the following is a good summary of a "motor pathway?"
a. pre-central gyrus --> thalamus --> pons --> descending tract --> dorsal root of spinal nerve
b. post-central gyrus --> thalamus --> decussation at midbrain --> ventral root
c. pre-central gyrus --> midbrain --> decussation at medulla --> descending tract --> ventral root
d. pre-central gyrus --> pons --> decussation at midbrain --> ascending tract --> dorsal root
13. In what way does the optic disk of the retina differ from other parts of the retina?
14. What is unusual about the vagus nerve compared to the other cranial nerves?
15. The actual perception of sound in the ear occurs because
A. nerve endings vibrate when the
tympanic membrane vibrates. B. of vibrations in the fluid on the medial side of the auditory canal.
C. fluid movements in the cochlea cause cilia on hair cells to move.
D. fluid movements in the semicircular canal cause endolymph to bend hair cells.
Name ____________________________________________
Human Anatomy and Physiology II - Exam 1 - Spring, 2011
1. The diagram given below represents a motor neuron and two axon terminals that are
communicating with the motor neuron.
I. The item labeled "1" above is a specific type of cell wrapped around the axon of the motor
neuron. What is the name, and two functions of this cell? (4 points)
II. What is the structure labeled "4"?
III. What is contained in the vesicles labeled "2"?
IV. Imagine that neuron "A" is excitatory and is firing at a rate of 25 action potentials per
second and neuron "B" is inhibitory and firing at a frequency of 15 action potentials per
second. What do you think is the most likely response of neuron C? Provide some details.
2.
In the blanks below, place a "S" for sympathetic, a "P" for parasympathetic a "B" for both,
and a "N" for neither. You may use a letter more than once and you do not necessarily have to use all
letters.
Post ganglionic neurotransmitter is norepinephrine _____
Utilizes cranial and lumbar nerves _____
Part of the somatic nervous system _____
Utilizes efferent motor neurons ____
3. The diagram given below represents a section of the spinal cord and the attached spinal nerves.
I. If the spinal nerve root was cut at "A" indicated on the diagram, what would the
immediate consequence be to the person?
II. What is found in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
III. In the structure labeled "B" above, you expect to find
a. sensory neuron cell bodies.
b. motor neuron axons.
c. motor neuron cell bodies.
d. interneurons.
e. ascending tracts.
4. The diagram given below represents an action potential.
I. During the segment of time indicated by the letter "C" of the action potential,
a. repolarization is occurring due to outflow of potassium ions.
b. hyperpolarization is
occurring due to inflow of sodium ions.
c. the transmembrane potential is moving to -70
mV.
d. depolarization is occurring due to inflow of sodium ions.
II. At the letter D of the action potential,
a. the potassium channels have been open for a
while.
b. the sodium channels are just beginning to open.
c. the calcium channels have
begun to open.
d. the Na+/K+ ATPase pump has stopped.
5. In order to reach a muscle in the thumb of the hand, we would expect motor neuron axons to pass
through
a. T2-T5, a thoracic plexus, the brachial plexus and the radial nerve.
b. L1-L5 spinal nerves, the cervical plexus, and the radial nerve.
c. T7-T12, a thoracic plexus, and the ulnar nerve.
d. C5-T1 spinal nerves, the brachial plexus, and the radial nerve.
e. C1-C4, a thoracic plexus, and the radial nerve.
6. In general, what are the functions of the cranial nerves. Also give at least two specific examples of
cranial nerves and their function. (4 points)
7. The diagram given below represents a sensory pathway.
I. Label and name of the brain structure that relays information from the brain stem to the
cerebrum.
II. Label and name the brain structure where decussation occurs.
III. Label the root ganglion.
IV. If this diagram illustrates the pathway for somatosensation, then the region of the
cerebrum involved in the pathway will be
a. the pre-central gyrus.
b. the post-central gyrus.
c. the temporal gyrus.
d. the insula.
e. the prelateral sulcus.
f. the postlateral sulcus.
8. Most of the responses associated with "fight or flight" could be activated in a person by
injecting the neurotransmitter called ___________________________________________.
9. Which of the following would be considered part of the cochlea?
a. tympanum.
b. incus.
c. semicircular canals.
d. oval window.
e. auditory tube.
10. On the diagram of the brain given below,
I. Label the corpus callosum, hypothalamus, pons and occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
(0.5 points each)
II. Label and name the structure that coordinates movements and balance.
III. Label and name the structure that contains the cardiac control center and respiratory
control center.
11. What important function is performed by the hillock of the axon?
12. The receptor cells in the eye known as "rods"
a. are responsive even to low levels of light but
they do not detect colors.
b. are responsive to low levels of light and they detect color.
c. are
only responsive to brighter levels of light and they detect color.
d. are only responsive to brighter
levels of light but they only detect shades of gray.
13. The pituitary gland is controlled by the region of the brain called the
______________________________________.
14. What types of behavior are controlled by the Limbic System?
15. The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite
changing external conditions is called _________________________________________.
16. In what way are degradative enzymes and re-uptake transporters useful in the synapse?
(4 pts.)
17. When the body gets cold, the brain senses the decrease in temperature and stimulates many
muscles throughout the body to "shiver." The muscles generate heat which warms the body. When
the body warms, the brain detects the change and shivering stops.
A. In the example given above, negative feedback is provided by
a. the shivering muscle
b. the brain
c. the warming of the body d. none of the above
B. In the example given above, the "effectors" would be the
________________________________________________.
18. If you follow the nerve processes (axons) from the left optic nerve,
a. they will all go to the
left lobe of the thalamus.
b. half will go to the left thalamus and half will go to the right thalamus.
c. they will all go to the right lobe of the thalamus.
d. a random selection of neurons will go to
each of the lobes of the thalamus.
e. they will all lead to the medulla for cross-over before
continuing to the occipital lobe.
19. If you wanted to separate the abdominal from the thoracic cavity, which plane would you use?
a. sagittal
b. frontal
c. transverse
d. coronal
20. Another name for the chest cavity is the ___________________________________.
21. In anatomical terms the hand is ___________________ to the elbow. In anatomical terms the
nose is ____________________ to the ear.
22. The cells that secrete antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary
a. are regulated by
releasing factors from the hypothalamus.
b. are epithelial cells, originally derived from the roof of
the mouth.
c. are regulated by negative feedback from tropic hormones.
d. have their cell bodies in the hypothalamus.
23. An example of a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex is
a. insulin b. glucagon c. epinephrine d. cortisol
24. Steroid hormones produce their effects by
a. combining with receptors on the cell surface
membrane.
b. combining with ribosomes and initiating translation.
c. directly stimulating
the enzyme activity in the cell.
d. combining with nuclear receptors and promoting gene
transcription in the nucleus.
25. The secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is largely controlled by
a. nerve impulses from the thalamus. b. releasing hormones from the thalamus. c. nerve impulses
from the hypothalamus. d. releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.
26. Hormones that are produced by many different body cells and cause a variety of localized effects
are known as a. peptide hormones b. parahormones
c. exocrine hormones d. releasing hormones e. prostaglandins
27. A tropic hormone has its effects on . . .
28. Five or ten minutes after a protein hormone binds to its receptor, you would expect
a. the nucleus of the cell to begin transcribing mRNA. b. translation of proteins in the cytoplasm to
begin. c. the cytoplasmic levels of cAMP to increase and protein activation to begin.
d. membrane lipids to be converted to prostaglandins.
29. Briefly explain why a hormone such as prolactin is capable of stimulating milk production in
breast tissue, but the hormone has essentially no effect on other tissues; even though these tissues
are exposed to the prolactin.
30. The secretion of thyroid hormone is regulated by a feedback system that involves the
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Imagine that a researcher injected a high dose of T3 and T4 into
several experimental rats. Assuming that the rat endocrine system functions in the same way as
humans, how would this T3 and T4 effect the secretion of other hormones in the thyroid regulatory
system? State step-by-step the changes that you would expect to see. (5 points)
31. A hormone
a. is secreted into a duct and has effects on target tissues within milliseconds.
b. can only be produced by exocrine glands.
c. will always activate the production of cAMP in its
target tissue.
d. is released directly into the blood and initiates effects by binding to receptors.
e. will bind to DNA and induce translation.
32. Portal capillaries
a. produce releasing hormones which act on the neurosecretory cells.
b. carry releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.
c. are only found in the digestive system.
d. carry pituitary hormones to the thyroid gland.
e. none of the above.
33. Stimulation of sympathetic nerves leading to the adrenal gland will cause
a. increased
secretion of mineral corticoids.
b. negative feedback to the adrenal medulla.
c. increased
secretion of cortisol. d. increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
e. none of the above.
34. Match the letter to the gland. (1 point each)
pineal gland _____
pancreas _____
thymus _____
hypothalamus _____
a. controls immune development
b. melatonin
c. regulates blood glucose
d. produces releasing hormones
35. A child with a chronically low level of T4 in his or her blood stream would
a. have a lower metabolic rate and a slow development of the nervous system.
b. have a lower metabolic rate and a rapid development of the nervous system.
c. have a rapid metabolic rate and a slow development of the nervous system.
d. have a rapid metaboic rate and a rapid development of the nervous system.
36. Oxytocin is best known for its effects in women. What are two important physiological effects of
oxytocin?
37. For every sensory receptor on the skin, there is a corresponding neuron in the cerebrum that will
become active when the skin is touched.
A. The sentence above describes the concept known as ___________________________.
B. What specific part of the cerebrum corresponds to the sense of touch on the skin?
Name _________________________________________________
Human Anatomy and Physiology II Quiz 3
Spring, 2011
1. Which statement below best describes the role of insulin?
A. Insulin stimulates glycogenolysis and the release of glucose into the bloodstream.
B. Insulin stimulates cells to take up glucose from the blood and store the glucose as glycogen.
C. Insulin has no effect on the liver but is essential for glucose metabolism in nervous tissue.
D. Gluconeogenesis increases when insulin is injected into the blood stream of an
experimental animal.
E. All of the above are true.
2. In type II diabetes, the patient will have a. low blood glucose level and normal insulin secretion.
b. low blood glucose and low levels of insulin.
c. high blood glucose and low levels of insulin
secretion.
d. high blood glucose level and normal-to-high insulin secretion.
3. If a person has poorly managed diabetes over a long period of time, s/he may develop secondary
illnesses. What are two specific examples of these illnesses and what causes them?
(2 points)
4. Place the letter of the correct answer next to each leader on the diagram given below.
A. Cardiac valve
B. Common Bile Duct
C. Duodenum
D. Gall Bladder
E. Liver
F. Pancreas
G. Pyloric valve
H. stomach
(1/2 point each)
5. High levels of LDL's in the blood stream could
a. increase the formation of new micelles.
b. indicate that a person was not absorbing lipids at the intestine.
c. lead to increases in fatty
deposits on the walls of blood vessels.
d. tend to remove fatty deposists from blood vessels. e.
indicate that the person had developed gall stones.
6. Use the letters in the question above to match the following statements.
Produces the majority of digestive enzymes _____
Prevents esophageal reflux _____
Primary site of chemical digestion and and absorption _____
Stores an emulsifying agent _____
7. Where is pepsinogen converted to pepsin and what is required for this conversion? (2 points)
8. From where, and to where does the hepatic portal vessel carry blood? Why is this important? (2
points)
9. The hormone called cholescystikinin (CCK) primarily increases
a. peristalsis.
b. production of bilirubin from hemoglobin. c. secretions of the gastric glands (acid and enzymes).
d. contractions of the smooth muscle in the stomach.
e. secretions from the pancreas and gall
bladder.
10. Blood is a mixture of about
a. 45% erythrocytes, less than 1% leukocytes and 55% plasma.
b. 55% erythrocytes, less than 1% leukocytes and 45% plasma.
c. 1% erythrocytes, 45% leukocytes and 55% plasma.
d. 1% erythrocytes, 55% leukocytes and 45% plasma.
11. The most important action of plasma albumins is
a. acting as antibodies of immunity.
b. helping to control bleeding.
c. serving as carriers of blood lipids and vitamins.
d. helping to maintain blood osmotic pressure.
12. Ninety percent of the protein molecules in an erythrocyte are (1/2 point each)
___________________________________________ and they are important because . . .
____________________________________________________________________.
Name _________________________________________________
Human Anatomy and Physiology II Quiz 5
Spring, 2011
1.
The urinary system is responsible for removing nitrogenous wastes from the blood. What
are two other functions performed by this system? Be precise. (2 points)
2.
The region of the kidney that collects urine from the nephrons is called the
A. pelvis.
B. medulla.
C. cortex.
D. capsule.
3.
The diagram given below represents the urinary system and the blood vessels that service
the urinary system. Label the following structures: inferior vena cava, renal vein, ureter, common
iliac artery. (1/2 point each)
4.
Lymph is formed A. primarily by the liver and spleen. B. by the lymph nodes.
C. from the fluids that seep out of blood capillaries.
D. by osmosis at the venule end of the
capillary.
5.
If a vaccination is given, the intention is to
A. provide antibodies to the infected person.
B. stimulate the formation of memory cells in the person receiving the vaccination.
C. activate dormant memory cells.
D. stimulate an inflammatory response.
E. initiate non-specific immunity.
6.
What type of immune cell produces antibodies and what affect do these antibodies have?
(Be precise - 2 points)
7.
A macrophage cell will
a. remain in the lymph nodes following an infection.
b. multiply, form a clone and cause lymph nodes to swell.
c. only attack cells which bear specific
antigens. d. secrete antibodies directly into the blood stream.
e. present an antigen to a Helper
T-lymphocyte.
8.
What happens at lymph nodes, and why are these functions important? (2 points)
9.
What are two examples of "non-specific" immunity? (2 points)
10.
The most important action of plasma albumins is
A. acting as antibodies of immunity. B.
helping to control bleeding.
C. serving as carriers of blood lipids and vitamins.
D. helping to maintain blood osmotic pressure.
11.
When a tissue is injured, mast cells release a substance that causes dilation of blood vessels,
increased permeability of capillaries, and diapedesis. The substance released by the mast
cells is called _______________________________________.
12.
The cytokines that stimulate lymphocytes to reproduce and activate an immune response
are produced by the cells called ______________________________________________.
13.
If a human body cell has already been infected with virus, the cell that recognizes a foreign
molecule on its surface and injects a toxin is a
a. neutrophil.
b. macrophage.
c. cytotoxic T-lymphocyte.
d. B-lymphocyte.
e. memory cell.
14.
Circulatory shock occurs
a. as a result of high LDL's and low HDL's in the circulation.
b. when fatty deposits and calcium accumulate on the walls of arteries.
c. when too many
arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters dilate simultaneously.
d. due to growth of the tunica
externa
15.
There are two important factors which influence the movement of fluids in and out of the
capillaries in each tissue. At the venule end of a capillary, the primary force causing water to move
into the capillaries is a. hydrostatic pressure b. platelet factors c. osmotic pressure d. active
transport