CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR
______________________: The North & South (and West, somewhat) have different interests
and tend to ignore what is best for the nation as a whole
North
South
Economic
- 4/5ths of nations ____________
- Connected by railroads
- ______________ (mostly cotton)
- _____________________
- 22 million people
- _________________________
- 5 million free; 4 million slaves
- Supported a ________________
- Supported __________________
Social
Political
Fundamentally, all of these conflicts were about one thing: ________________
Timeline of Sectional Conflict in the U.S.
1) Northwest Ordinance (1789)
- _______________________________________ even though north still allowed slavery
- Some northerners did not support as slavery still existed in northern states and was seen
as economically valuable (especially NY, PA, RI, but also in MA)
- Southerners agreed to the prohibition to protect their economy from competition
2) Virginia and Kentucky Resolves (1798-1799)
- Jeffersonian-Republican opposition to Alien and Sedition Acts
- Southern and western call for ____________________ of federal law while Northerners
(Federalists) maintained their support
3) Slavery Abolished in North (1804)
4) International Slave Trade Outlawed (1808)
5) Missouri Compromise (or Compromise of 1820)
- ________________________________________________________________
- Established the __________________ states above to be free, below to be slave
- Maintained the ____________________________________________________
6) Tariff of Abominations (1828)
- High protective tariff; negative impact on southern and western states
- ______________________________ argued that the tariff was unconstitutional because
it favored manufacturing over commerce and agriculture and was, therefore, being used
for more than simply to raise revenue
7) Nullification Crisis (1828-1832)
- Result of Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 and _______________________________________
which declared that SC would not follow the tariffs
- Andrew Jackson threatened force; Calhoun and Clay negotiated ___________________
- South Carolina repealed the Ordinance of Nullification
8) Turner's Rebellion (1831)
- 70 or more enslaved and free blacks kill around 100 whites
- Rebellion eventually put down by militia; 56 blacks were executed
- 100-200 non-involved blacks were killed by white militias and mobs
- _________________________________________ and legal responses across the South
- New laws to __________________________________________ (free or slave)
- _____________________________________________ without white ministers
- _______________________________________ even where it had been allowed
- ________________________________________________________________
- Many free blacks fled the South
9) The “Gag Rule” (1836-1844)
- ______________________________________________________________________
10) The Amistad (1841)
- Rebellion on The Amistad, a Spanish slave boat travelling near Cuba
- The Amistad was apprehended near NY and slaves were taken into custody
- ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
- Victory for the abolition movement
11) Texas Annexation (1845)
- Texas gained independence from Mexico in 1836 and expected to be annexed
- ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
- Annexation allowed for the establishment of up to five states out of the Republic of
Texas to which the Missouri Compromise would apply
- Only one was created and it was admitted as a slave state
12) Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
- _______________________________________________ gave U.S. more land in west
- Raised the slave issue again in the valuable new territories
13) Wilmot Proviso (1846-1848)
- Product of Texas Annexation and Mexican-American War
- ______________________________________________________________________
- ___________________________; votes no longer on party line but by North and South
- Discussed/debated and voted on several times, but never passed
14) Compromise of 1850
- Series of laws _____________________________________
- Admitted ______________________________ as free state
- New Mexico and Utah Territories allowed to choose (____________________)
- ________________________________________________________________
- ________________________________________________________________
- Required the return of any runaway slaves
- Judges were paid $5 for finding a person free and $10 for finding a person a
slave (de facto bribe)
15) Underground Railroad (1800s; primarily 1850-1861)
- Anywhere between 30,000 and 150,000 slaves escaped to the North or Canada
- ______________________________, was the most famous conductor (~70 trips south)
- Partially responsible for the more strict Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
16) Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852)
- Best selling novel of the 19th century; fueled abolition movement
- Shows the brutality of slavery, but also implanted stereotypes of blacks in the American
mindset by widely publishing them for the first time
- Asserts that ____________________________________________________________
(similar to the temperance message of her father Lyman Beecher)
- Of Stowe, Lincoln allegedly said, "So this is the little lady who made this big war", but
this is doubtful as the quote was first published in 1896
17) Ostend Manifesto (1854)
- Result of the admission of CA as a free state
- Called for the U.S. to purchase Cuba from Spain to further Southern expansion
- Said U.S. should declare war if Spain refused to sell; would end the precedent set by the
Monroe Doctrine
- Politically unpopular in the North, with Whigs, and in Europe
- _____________________________________________ (Northerners who were proSouthern rights) presidents Democrats Pierce (1853-1857) and Buchannan (1857-1861)
18) Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
- divided Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska Territories
- Allowed both states to choose (_________________________________) on slavery;
vote to be held immediately prior to the granting of statehood
- Repealed _________________________________
19) Bleeding Kansas (1854-1860)
- Jayhawkers (abolitionist settlers, some paid), pro-Slavery men (some paid), and
Missourians all ___________________________________________________________
results because of popular sovereignty
- _______________________ on both sides in the face of accusations of rigged elections
- Democrats and Whigs (dissolved 1856) splintering over sectional issues
- Republican Party formed in 1854, Democrats take control of the South
20) "Bleeding Sumner" (1856)
- In a three hour speech, Senator Charles Sumner (MA) denounced Kansas-Nebraska Act,
"border ruffians" from Missouri in Kansas, and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 as well as
SC Senator Andrew Butler for authoring the Kansas-Nebraska Act and supporting the
Fugitive Slave Law; he also mocked Butler's physical appearance and mannerisms which
had been altered by a stroke
- Sumner was attacked by Butler's nephew Senator Preston Brooks (SC)
- ______________________________________________________________________
- Assault may have assured the continuance of the unstable Republican Party
21) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
- Scott sued for freedom based on:
- He had lived in Illinois (free state) while still enslaved
- Once in a free state he should be freed
- Otherwise, a master could buy slaves in a slave state and keep them in a
free state...so, in essence, there were no free states
- ______________________________________________________________________
- As a non-citizen Scott could not legally sue so he had no ability to bring a case
- Also ruled that the _______________________________________________________
even if that property (slave) was brought to another state
- Ruled that the __________________________________________________________,
effectively making the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, because no specific right
to regulate domestic slavery was enumerated in the Constitution
22) Abolition Movement Grows (1857-1865)
- People in the north gave speeches and wrote articles about the horrors of slavery
- Important Abolitionists
- ______________________________: ex-slave; people said he was too eloquent
to have been a slave; all men are God’s creation
- ______________________________: published The Liberator; slavery is an
insult to the nation
- ______________________________: violence is the solution to slavery
23) Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
- Seven debates between Republican Senatorial candidate Abraham Lincoln and
incumbent Democratic Senatorial Candidate Stephen Douglas
- _____________________________________________________
- Lincoln asserted that the Declaration of Independence applied to whites and free blacks
and that historically national policy had been to limit the spread of slavery
- Lincoln argued that Douglas was trying to spread slavery nationwide by supporting the
end of the Missouri Compromise, the establishment of popular sovereignty in territories,
and support of the Dred Scott Decision
- __________________________________ argued that popular sovereignty as supported
by Douglas would tear the nation apart; he asserted that a _________________________
____________ (either universally slave or universally free) or the country would collapse
- Douglas argued that Lincoln was an abolitionist
- Douglas's ____________________________ (named after Freeport, IL) was his attempt
to find a solution to the inconsistency between the Dredd Scott Decision and popular
sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act
- Douglass argued that, despite the Court's ruling in Dred Scott, ____________________
______________________________________________________________________
- "Freeport Doctrine" alienated Southern Democrats who wanted strict adherence to Dred
Scott; liability in the presidential election of 1860
- Lincoln and Douglas painted each other as radicals though both were fairly moderate
- Douglas re-elected to Senate; brought Lincoln into public eye
24) John Brown's Raid (1859)
- Saw ________________________ as a spiritual mission
- Use violence to obtain ________________________
- Attacked Federal Arsenal in Virginia
- Brown hoped to spark a slave rebellion
- ________________________ and hanged
- Became a _________________________ for the Northern abolitionists
25) Election of 1860
- ____________________________ (Republican) defeated three other candidates
- Lincoln did not even appear on most Southern ballots; of the 11 future Confederate
states he only appeared on Virginia's ballots
- Split in Democratic Party was a decisive factor in Lincoln's election
- Southern states _____________________________
- Secession: _________________________________________________
- __________________ (pro-secession politicians active from around 1850-1861)