BACTERIA STUDY GUIDE
KINGDOMS ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUBACTERIA
CHAPTER 24 BACTERIA NOTES
CHAPTER 24, BACTERIA REVIEW
1. Rod-shaped bacteria are called
_______________________________________________.
2. Bacteria are the only organisms characterized as
__________________________________________.
3. The earliest known group of living organisms on Earth was
________________________________________.
4. Bacteria can be classified according to their (three things):
A. _____________________________________________
B. _____________________________________________
C. _____________________________________________
5. The prefix "ARCHEA" means ___________________________________.
6. Archaebacteria can be divided into Three Groups. LIST AND DESCRIBE
EACH GROUP:
A. _____________________ ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. _____________________ ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. _____________________ ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The most numerous organisms on Earth are
____________________________________.
8. Type of bacteria that peptidoglycan is absent in cell walls
_____________________________________________.
9. Type of bacteria that obtain energy from inorganic substances are
__________________________________ _________________________________.
10. Type of bacteria that obtain nutrients from dead organisms
____________________________ ______________________________________.
11. Organisms that lack a cell nucleus are called
______________________________.
12. Most prokaryotes are __________________________________organisms.
13. Escherichia coli is an example of a bacterium that has short, thin, hairlike
projections called
_________________________________________________________.
14. Bacteria lack true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; therefore, they
are classified as
____________________________________________________________.
15. The procedure used to distinguish between two types of bacterial cell wall
structures is called
________________________________________________________________________
_____.
16. Protective structures that some bacteria may form under harsh conditions are
__________________________________.
17. Spiral bacteria are called ____________________________________________.
18. Almost all prokaryotes are ____________________ than the smallest
Eukaryotes.
19. Prokaryotes have _____________________________ that are different from
those of Eukaryotes.
20. The bacteria can be divided into two Kingdoms:
______________________________ and
____________________________________________.
21. The process by which bacteria cells pick up and incorporate DNA from dead
bacteria cells is called _________________________________.
22. Using a virus to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another is called
_____________________________.
23. When living conditions become _____________________, some bacteria from
special
dehydrated cells called ___________________________________.
24. Bacteria that form ___________________ have an advantage for
____________________.
25. Bacteria the feed on and that break down dead organic material are called
______________________________.
26. Type of bacteria that produces many antibiotics__________________________.
27. Type of bacteria that produces endotoxins ___________________________
___________________________.
28. The ______________________________________ are a group of bacteria that
live in Harsh Environments.
29. Those bacteria that take on the purple color are called _________________
_________________________ ___________________________
30. Gram-positive Bacteria used to make antibiotics are called
__________________________________.
31. Gram-positive bacteria cause many diseases in humans by producing
_________________________
which are poisons to our bodies.
32. Bacteria that appear Pink after staining are called _______________
________________________ ___________________________.
33. Gram-negative bacteria have an extra layer of ________________ on the
outside
of the ____________ ____________ and appear ___________ after the Gram
staining.
44. The lipid layer _______________ the purple stain from entering the cell wall.
35. The Archaebacteria that produce methane are called
_______________________________.
36. Archaebacteria that thrive in very salty conditions, such as the Dead Sea, are
called
________________________________ ______________________________.
37. The prefix "EU" means _________________________.
38. What is the important tool used for classifying Eubacteria called
________________________ ____________________________.
39. During Gram Staining, depending on structure of their __________
____________, the
bacteria's cell walls absorbs either the _______________ or ________________dye.
40. Gram-negative bacteria are distinguished by an extra layer of
_________________.
41. _______________________ are Gram-negative bacteria that perform plant-like
____________________________ and release oxygen as a by-product.
42. _____________________________ are much _________________ than many
other
prokaryotes.
43. Organisms that obtain energy from oxidizing inorganic compound instead of
sunlight are called _________________________________.
44. Whiplike structures used by bacteria for movements are called
______________________.
45. Photoautotrophs are bacteria that use ______________________ as an energy
source.
46. Bacteria can be one of three different shapes:
A. _____________________________________________(Rod)
B. _____________________________________________(Sphere)
C. _____________________________________________(Spiral)
47. Gram-negative bacteria do absorb the ____________ stain during the Gramstaining.
48. The extra layer of lipids also stops many ________________________ from
entering the bacteria.
49. Scientist think that gram-negative bacteria may have evolved from a
____________________________ _____________________________.
50. ______________________ grow in the root nodules of such plants as
soybean, clover, and alfalfa.
51. Rhizobacteria fix ______________________ from the atmosphere into a form
that plants
and animals can use (this greatly helps both plants and animals). They convert
the gaseous
nitrogen into compounds such as __________________________ (NH3).
52. Organisms that use oxygen during cellular respiration are called
________________ Organisms
that do not use oxygen are called __________________________. Typically they
get their energy through _________________________________.
53. Bacteria called ______________ __________________ cannot live without
oxygen.
54. Most bacteria reproduce by a process called _________________
__________________.
55. Binary fission is a process in which the __________________________
replicate,
after which the ________________ divides.
56. Binary fission is a type of _______________________________________
reproduction.
57. Some bacteria contain smaller pieces of circular DNA called
________________________.
58. Bacteria can exchange genes by one of three special means:
_________________________, __________________________, or
_____________________________.
59. The process of exchanging genetic material through cell to cell contact is
called
___________________________________.
60. Hair like structures on the surface of bacteria are called
______________________.
61. Bacteria usually gain part of their ____________________ from their shape.
62. Two major differences between groups of bacteria are their source of
____________________
and weather or not they use ________________ for cellular respiration.
63. Most bacteria are _______________________; they get their energy by
consuming (eating) organic molecules.
64. Some are __________________ that make their own food from
________________.
65. ____________________________ obtain their food from inorganic compound
instead of sunlight.
66. _________________________ use sunlight for energy.
67. Bacteria that can only survive in the absence of oxygen are called
_______________________ ____________________________.
68. Gram-negative bacteria appear ________________ when they undergo the
Gram-stain procedure.
69. Type of bacteria that performs nitrogen fixation is
_________________________.
70. Bacteria called ____________ _______________ cannot live in the presence of
oxygen.
71. Type of bacteria that peptidoglycan is present in cell walls
_________________________________.
72. What bacteria are thought to be responsible for establishing the Earth's
oxygen-rich atmosphere? ____________________________________
73. Bacteria cells typically lack ____________________________________.
74. Bacterial disease of the intestines are usually transmitted by contaminated
__________________________ or __________________________.
75. What are the Three Mechanism of action of an antibiotic?
____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________
76. The cell walls of Gram-negative eubacteria are composed of a combination of
polysaccharide and polypeptide called
_______________________________________________________________.
77. Bacteria that obtain their energy by removing electrons from inorganic
molecules, rather than obtaining energy from the sun, are called
______________________________________________________ bacteria.
78. In general, organisms that obtain their energy from sunlight are called
_____________________________________.
79. Bacteria that are heterotrophic and feed on dead organic matter are called
____________________________________.
80. A(n) _________________________________ is a substance that can be
obtained from bacteria or fungi and can be used as a drug to fight pathogenic
bacteria.
81. Many bacteria are ___________________________________ and play an
important role in recycling carbon, nitrogen, and other elements, while other
bacteria are _____________________________________ and assemble organic
compounds from carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and other elements.
82. A pathogen is an agent that is
___________________________________________________________________.
83. Bacteria cells such as E. coli transfer pieces of genetic material in a process
called ______________________________________________________.
84. Archaebacteria that can live in extremely hot or acidic water are called
______________________________________________________.
85. Spherical bacteria are called
_______________________________________________.
86. Bacteria called ________________ __________________ can use oxygen
when it is available,
but do not depend on it.
87. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric
__________________________________ into
___________________________________________.
88. Structurally, bacteria have one of two types of ___________________________
__________________________.
89. Certain cyanobacteria, such as Anabaena, can fix nitrogen by using enzymes
contained in specialized structures called
______________________________________________________________.
90. The oxidation of ammonia to nitrates that can be used by plants is called
_____________________________________.
TRUE OR FALSE
Bacterial cells have membrane-bound organelles and chromosomes.
Certain antibiotics have become ineffective against certain strains of bacteria. These bacteria
have developed a resistance,
which may be passed on from one generation of bacteria to the next.
Bacteria that can survive only in the absence of oxygen are called obligated aerobes.
The photoautotrophic bacteria are the only bacteria that are indirectly beneficial to humans.
Bacterial cells are usually much larger than eukaryotic cells.
Gram-negative bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan that stains purple.
Ancient bacteria known as archaebacteria are now extinct.
Although there are some bacteria that are heterotrophic, the vast majority are autotrophic.
Bacteria lack nuclei and therefore also lack genetic material.
Photosynthetic bacteria are present in leguminous plants and convert atmospheric nitrogen into a
form that is usable by the plant.
Gram-negative bacteria appear purple when they undergo the Gram-stain procedure.
Bacteria are incapable of movement themselves; they an only get to new locations by growing
toward them or by forming
endospores and being carried in air or water.
The bacterial cell wall prevents the passage of antibiotics and is only means by which bacteria
can resists antibiotics.
Some bacteria cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
The terms eubacteria and archaebacteria refer to members of a single kingdom.
When bacteria undergo nonreproductive genetic recombination, their bacterial chromosome is
altered.
DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as
possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete sentences.
You may use diagrams or pictures to supplement your answers, but a diagram or picture
alone without appropriate discussion is inadequate. See me if you need Help, Have
Problems or Questions or To Check Your Answers.
1. Describe the capsule of a bacterium and its function.
2. Identify the most common shapes of eubacteria and Describe each.
3. Compare and Contrast Archaebacteria with Eubacteria.
4. Identify Three Ways that bacteria are used to produce substances for human
use.
5. Describe the significance of cyanobacteria in the formation of the Earth's
atmosphere.
6. List the various structures of the bacterial cell, and Describe their function.
7. Explain the laboratory technique Gram stain and Explain what it is used for.
8. Define the term genetic recombination as it applies to bacteria, and Describe
Three ways that genetic
recombination occurs in bacteria.
9. Explain how chemoautotrophs differ from photosynthetic autotrophs.
10. Explain how the terms bacteria, eubacteria, and archaebacteria, relate to one
another.
11. Describe Three Types of movement among bacteria.
12. List the characteristics that are used to classify bacteria.
13. Explain how chemoautotrophs harvest energy from the environment.
14. Describe Two Ways bacteria cause disease.
15. Explain why antibiotic resistance among bacteria is increasing.
16. List one distinguishing characteristic of each of the three main groups of
archaebacteria.