References Using the Harvard Style
Constructing a Bibliography
At the end of your assignment, entries are listed in alphabetical order by author's surname, and then in
date order. If there are more than three authors, give the first one followed by et al to indicate there
are others. Bibliographic details should be taken from the title page of a publication and not from the
front cover. Each reference should include the elements and punctuation given below. The title of the
publication should be in italics. It should only be underlined if you are handwriting the assignment.
Authors' initials rather than first name will suffice. Indicate pages from a book by using pp. (e.g. pp.7983). Journal article page numbers do not require this notation.
Book by a single author:
Chapman, S. (1992) Merchant enterprise in Britain: from industrial revolution to World War I.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
Book by two authors:
Fessenden, R. and Fessenden, J. (1998) Organic Chemistry. 6th ed. London, Brooks/Cole
Book by more than two authors:
Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., and Hunt, R. (1990) The abridged comparative plant ecology. London,
Chapman & Hall
Book by a corporate author (e.g. a government department or organisation):
The Economist (1998) Style Guide. London, Profile Books
Edited book:
Zwaga, H.J.G., Boersema, T. and Hoonhout, H.C.M. (eds.)(1999) Visual information for everyday use:
design and research perspectives. London, Taylor & Francis
Chapter in an edited book:
Berns, W. (1961) Reform of the American party system. In Robert A. Goldwin (ed.) Political parties,
USA. Chicago, Rand McNally, pp.40-58
Article in a journal:
May, I.M., et al. (2003) The future of structural analysis teaching. The Structural Engineer 81(7), 3337
Editorial in a journal:
Does retail technology matter? [Editorial] (2003) Worldwide retail automation (March/April), 3
Article in a newspaper:
Tweedie, N.(2003) Marines fight for Saddam's last citadel. The Daily Telegraph, 14 April 2003, 1
Acts of Parliament:
Children Act 1989 (c.41). London, HMSO
White paper:
Department of Health (1999) Saving lives: our healthier nation. Cm 4386. London, Stationery Office
Green paper:
Department of Health (1998) Our healthier nation: a contract for health. Cm 3852. London, Stationery
Office
Conference Paper:
Jackson, B.G. (1977) Public authority costs of tourism. In Tourism: a tool for regional development,
Leisure Studies Association Conference, Edinburgh, May 20-21, 1977 edited by Brian S. Duffield.
Tourism and Recreation Research Unit, University of Edinburgh for the Leisure Studies Association,
pp.71-75.
Dissertation:
Wilson, Sean (1997) An investigation of physiotherapists working as extended scope practitioners.
Unpublished BSc (Hons) dissertation, Kingston University, Kingston, Surrey
Reference Materials (dictionaries, encyclopaedias, bibliographies and indexes):
Pring, J.T. (compiler) (1986) The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Greek: Greek-English and English-Greek.
Oxford, Oxford University Press
Videos:
BBC Training Videos (1989) Marketing a product range [videorecording]. London, BBC Enterprises
Missing details
Sometimes either the date or place of publication may not be printed anywhere on the publication you
are referencing. If the date is missing, use the abbreviation [n.d] for no date. If the place of publication
is missing, use [n.p.] for no place. Always put these in square brackets. Normally when referencing
journals and newspapers neither the publisher nor place or publication are given.
Example: Ronan, B.J. [n.d.] A cure for cancer? [n.p], Havilland Press
Electronic Information
There is currently no agreed standard for citing electronic references in the Harvard style. However, as
electronic sources have become an integral part of academic work, it is important that they are
included accurately and consistently. Suggested styles and examples of the most common types of
electronic references are given below.
When creating a bibliography which includes electronic information, some important tips include:

State the date the web document was last updated, or if this is not available, the date you
accessed the site in square brackets. The date accessed should be included in any case

To avoid any confusion with punctuation, use arrows < and > to show the beginning and end of
a URL

Where the web address is very long or includes control codes, just use the main body of the
address

Where there is no explicit author, use the title as the main piece of information in the reference

Print out a copy of the source as online information is often temporary and may have been
deleted or updated when next you look at it

Use the terms [Online] or [Internet] or [WWW] after the title - it doesn't matter which you
choose, as long as you are consistent
WWW Document
Food Standards Agency (2003) What is BSE? [Online]. Available at
<http://www.foodstandards.gov.uk/bse> [Accessed 12 June 2003]
WWW Article in Electronic Journal
Cramer, S.B. (1998) A united approach to healthy schools. British Food Journal, 100 (8) 380-384
[Online]. Available at <http://www.emerald-library.com> [Accessed 11 January 2001]
Email Discussion Lists
Pinto. A.J. (2000) Ungodly global warming, genocide, world hunger and hope. Ecological -genetics.
October 2000. [Online discussion group]. <ecological-genetics@mailbase.ac.uk> [Accessed 12 January
2001]
Newsgroups/Bulletin Board
Yee, A. (2001) Solar power farm begins gamma ray astronomy. sci.astro. January 2001. [Online
newsgroup]. <Liszt Newsgroups: sci.astro> [Accessed 12 January 2001]
Email
If you wish to cite a personal email you should have the sender's permission first.
Richards, K.J. (KJRichards@freeasabird.com) ( 4 July 2003). Jacqueline du Pre and Elgar. Martin,
M.(MavisM@latrobe.edu.au).
Online Images
Ostara in concert, London, 14 March 2002 (2002). [Online image]. <www.ostara.net/images.asp>
[Accessed 25 August 2003]
CD-ROMs
Times Newspapers (1992). The Times and The Sunday Times Jan 1 1992 - Dec 31 1992 [CD-ROM].
London: The Times Network Systems
This guide has been compiled with assistance from the documents listed below, from which further
information may be obtained:
Horrocks, A.and Revill, O.(2002). Harvard system of referencing for nursing and midwifery students
(including electronic referencing) [Internet]. Kingston upon Thames: Kingston University.
<http://www.kingston.ac.uk/library/subjectinfo/nursingmidwifery/help/pdfs/
nursing6.pdf> [Accessed 30 March 2003]
Shields, G. and Walton, G. (2001). Cite them right! [Internet]. Newcastle: University of Northumbria at
Newcastle. <http://northumbria.ac.uk/sd/central/library/ir/orginfo/> [Accessed 20 March 2003].
Cite it right! A guide to citing references (2002). [Internet]. Singapore: Singapore Polytechnic Library.
<http://www.sp.edu.sg/lib/inf/citation.pdf>[Accessed 30 March 2003]