托福阅读材料之 Jazz 完整历史
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jazz 的完整历史
The roots of jazz
The folk songs and plantation dance music of black Americans contributed much to early jazz.
These forms of music occurred throughout the Southern United States during the late 1800's.
Ragtime, a musical style that influenced early jazz, emerged from the St. Louis, Mo., area
in the late 1890's. It quickly became the most popular music style in the United States. Ragtime
was an energetic and syncopated variety of music, primarily for the piano, that emphasized formal
composition.
The blues is a form of music that has always been an important part of jazz. The blues was
especially widespread in the American South. Its mournful scale and simple repeated harmonies
helped shape the character of jazz. Jazz instrumentalists have long exploited the blues as a
vehicle for improvisation.
Early jazz.
Fully developed jazz music probably originated in New Orleans at the beginning of the 1900's.
New Orleans style jazz emerged from the city's own musical traditions of band music for black
funeral processions and street parades. Today, this type of jazz is sometimes called classic jazz,
traditional jazz, or Dixieland jazz. New Orleans was the musical home of the first notable players
and composers of jazz, including cornetists Buddy Bolden and King Oliver, cornetist and trumpeter
Louis Armstrong, saxophonist and clarinetist Sidney Bechet, and pianist Jelly Roll Morton.
Jazz soon spread from New Orleans to other parts of the country. Fate Marable led a New Orleans
band that played on riverboats traveling up and down the Mississippi River. King Oliver migrated
to Chicago, and Jelly Roll Morton performed throughout the United States. Five white musicians
formed a band in New Orleans, played in Chicago, and traveled to New York City, calling themselves
the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (the spelling was soon changed to "Jazz"). This group made the
earliest jazz phonograph recordings in 1917. Mamie Smith recorded "Crazy Blues" in 1920, and
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recordings of ragtime, blues, and jazz of various kinds soon popularized the music to a large
and eager public.
The 1920's
The 1920's have been called the golden age of jazz or the jazz age. Commercial radio stations,
which first appeared in the 1920's, featured live performances by the growing number of jazz
musicians. New Orleans; Memphis; St. Louis; Kansas City, Missouri; Chicago; Detroit; and New York
City were all important centers of jazz.Toefl
A group of Midwest youths, many from Chicago's Austin High School, developed a type of
improvisation and arrangement that became known as "Chicago style" jazz. These musicians included
trumpeters Jimmy McPartland and Muggsy Spanier; cornetist Bix Beiderbecke; clarinetists Frank
Teschemacher, Pee Wee Russell, Mezz Mezzrow, and Benny Goodman; saxophonists Frankie Trumbauer
and Bud Freeman; drummers Dave Tough, George Wettling, and Gene Krupa; and guitarist Eddie Condon.
They played harmonically inventive music, and the technical ability of some of the players,
especially Goodman, was at a higher level than that of many earlier performers.
In New York City, James P. Johnson popularized a new musical style from ragtime called stride
piano. In stride piano, the left hand plays alternating single notes and chords that move up and
down the scale while the right hand plays solo melodies, accompanying rhythms, and interesting
chordal passages. Johnson strongly influenced other jazz pianists, notably Count Basie, Duke
Ellington, Art Tatum, Fats Waller, and Teddy Wilson.
Fletcher Henderson was the first major figure in big band jazz. In 1923, he became the first
leader to organize a jazz band into sections of brass, reed, and rhythm instruments. His arranger,
Don Redman, was the first to master the technique of scoring music for big bands. Various Henderson
bands of the 1920's and 1930's included such great jazz instrumentalists as Louis Armstrong and
saxophonists Benny Carter and Coleman Hawkins.
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