BOTANY EXCEL
1.
Symbiotic nitrogen fixers
Bacteria Root nodules of leguminous plants
Root nodules of non-leguminous plants – Casurina and Alder.
2.
Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers
1. Blue green algae
2. Yeast
3. Bacteria
4. Areobic bacteria
5. Anaerobic bacteria
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
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18.
19.
Nostoc, Gloeocapsa.
Rhodotorula
Aerobacter aerogence, Bacillus, Klebsiella.
Acetobactor.
Non photosynthetic
Clostridium
Photosynthetic
Rhodospirillum.
ARBIDOPSIS
The model organism for plant study. It has the advantages of small size, small genome,
small life cycle etc.
AQUAPORINS
Proteins that permits water to cross plasma membrane.
STRAGLERS
Plants start life as epiphytes but send roots. Eg. Ficus.
LOMASOMES
Structures similar to Mesosomes. These are found in Fungi and higher plants. Lomasomes
are formed by the infolding of plasma membrane.
CRYPTOCHROME
Light receptor in Cryptogams or non flowering plants. Absorbs blue light and long
wavelength UV rays.
SAFFRON
Obtained from the style and stigma of Crocus plant.
GREAT BANYAN TREE
Grows in EBG Sibpur.
Anastral mitosis is found in Higher plants.
Aquatic plant in which petiole helps in floating is Eichornia.
Basal placentation is found in the family Compositae.
The simple mechanical tissue devoid of Lignin is Collenchyma.
Genetic material of Cyanophage is DNA.
Mycoplasma differs from virus because it has both DNA and RNA.
Nostoc occurs as Endophyte in Cycas, Azolloa, Anthoceros etc.
Spirogyra is called “ Pond Scum “.
ORGANIC FUNGICIDES
Agrosan GN, Ceresan, Thiram, Ziram. Agrosan and Ceresan are Organo mercuric
compounds remains as Dithio carbamates.
Great Irish Potato famine occurred in 1945 due to the fungus Phytophthora.
1
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Bengal famine occurred in 1942 due to Leaf spot disease of Rice infected by
Helminthosporium oryzae.
Alga showing best origin and evolution of sex is the Red alga.
Rauwolfia serpentina belongs to the family Apocynaceae.
Movement of pollen tube is Thigmotactic.
Spring wood is the secondary xylem with tracheids and vessels with wide lumen.
Tyloses are balloon like ingrowths in tracheids and vessels of heart wood from
parenchyma.
INTERESTING PLANTS
1. Wolffia
2. Zostera
3. Butter wort
4. Water flea trap
5. Monophyllea
6. Tallest grass
7. Raphia viniflora
8. Cyanodon
9. Amorphophalus
10. SACS
Smallest angiosperm.
Marine angiosperm.
Pingnicula. It is insectivorous plant.
Aldrovanda. It is insectivorous plant.
A plant with single leaf.
Bamboo.
Plant with longest leaf.
Evergreen grass. Also called Doob grass.
Largest Indian Inflorescence.
S-allyl cystine sulphoxide. Anti diabetic material found in Garlic.
2
BOTANY EXCEL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
GENETICS
RESTRICTION MODIFICATION SYSTEM
This system protect the bacteria from invading foreign DNA.
DESIRABLE CHARACTERS OF CLONING DNA
It should have
1. Replication site 2. one or more restriction endonuclease sites
3.one or more drug resistant sites.
Eukaryotic genes may not function in bacteria because of the inability to excise introns.
DNA finger printing involves VTNR loci.
Puromycin is the antibiotic that inhibits translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS – AGE
It uses Ethidium bromide to visualize DNA.
Multiple cloning sites allows flexibility for restriction enzymes.
COSMID
Lambda phage used as plasmid. It contains Cos site.
Radio isotope to detect proteins is 35 S
PCR uses Taq polymerase enzyme because it can withstand high temperature. The enzyme
is obtained from Thermophilus bacteria found in Hot springs.
Bacterial chromosome is Negatively Super coiled.
Cryptic Plasmids do not carry any detectable functions.
Highly repetitive sequence of DNA is found near Centromere and Telomere.
PRIBNOW BOX
Sequence found in the –10 position of the promoter of E.coli. It contains the sequence
5’ TAA TTA 3’.
Splicing of pre mRNA occurs in the nucleus.
DNA absorbs radiation at 260 nm.
Shot Gun approach is used to make Genomic Library.
Hydrolysis of nucleotide yields Phosphoric acid.
SPLICEOSOMES
Complex of Sn RNA, Protein, Pre – mRNA . Found in prokaryotes to splice pre- Mrna.
Non coding eukaryotic DNA includes Introns, Pseudogenes and Specer DNA.
Granular component of Nucleolus represents incomplete Ribosomes.
Isotopes used to study Semiconservative replication of DNA are N14 and N15.
Transcription in bacteria occurs in the cytoplasm or cytosol.
Transposones are the mobile genes found in prokaryotes and eukaryote. These are also
called Dancing genes, Jumping genes etc.
Histones are basic proteins associated with DNA. These are similar between species.
Histones are rich in Lysine and Arginine which gives the basic nature to histones.
Amount of DNA found in egg cell is 20 pg and that of somatic cell during G2 stage is 80 pg.
PALINDROME SEQUENCE
Symmetrical sequences of nucleotides base pairs in DNA that read the same on each strand
from 5’ to 3’ direction.
3
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
RIFAMPICIN
The antibiotic used in Tuberculosis. It is the product of soil Steptomyces. Rifampicin inhibit
the RNA polymerase ( beta unit ) preventing the transcription in bacteria. Mycobacterium
causing TB is only sensitive to Rifampicin.
SIGMA FACTOR
It is the 5th protein unit present in the RNA polymerase of prokaryotes that initiate
transcription by binding the promoter site.
ALPHA AMANITIN
The toxin produced by the Mushroom Amanita. It inhibits RNA polymerase II in
eukaryotes and inhibits mRNA synthesis. Amanita poisoning causes liver failure, so that
new enzymes cannot be synthesized after the degradation of enzymes by the liver.
ENHANCERS
These are gene specific sequences that positively affect transcription.
RIBOZYMES
These are RNAs acting as enzymes. Ribonuclease P or Rnase P is a true catalyst. It contains
both RNA and Protein components. After the discovery of Ribozymes in 1980s, Evolution
is considered as the “ RNA World “. According to this concept RNA not DNA was the first
nucleic acid formed and RNA initiated the formation of DNA.
RHO FACTOR
It is a hexameric protein with RNA dependent ATPase activity.
FRAGILE X SYNDROME
It the most common type of mental retardation caused by a mutation in the X chromosome
gene concerned with the translation of mRNA during brain development.
TATA BOX
Conserved sequences present upstream from the mRNA start site in the DNA. It is
centered about 25 bp upstream from the transcription unit.
AA
TATA A
TATA Box
TT
CAAT BOX
Found upstream not as highly conserved as TATA Box.
T
GG CAAT CT
C
BETA THALASSEMIA
It is caused by a mutation in the Beta globin chain that interferes intron removal from
mRNA.
INOSINIC ACID
A fragment anticodon nucleotide. It is the nucleotide of Hypoxanthine which pairs with
U,C or A during Wobbling.
MISSENCE MUTATION
Arise from a base change that causes incorporation of a different AA in the encoded
protein. The most important one is that change A to U in either GAA or UAG codon for
4
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
Glutamate. Eg. Haemoglobin C disease. The Glutamic acid in the 6th position of beta
chain is replaced by Lysine.
NON SENSE MUTATION
Results in premature termination of transcription and formation of truncated protein. Eg.
Thalassemia.
THALASSEMIA
It is caused by the inability of alpha and beta chains of haemoglobin to associate during the
formation of hemoglobin. Thalassemia appears not in foetus because there is no beta chain
in foetal hemoglobin.
SANGER PROCEDURE
DNA sequencing based on the random termination of a DNA chain during enzymatic
synthesis.
RT-PCR
Reverse Transcriptase PCR. Alternate method of PCR to construct c DNA library using
Reverse transcriptase enzyme.
CHROMOSOME WALKING
Technique to define gene arrangement in long stretches of DNA. The sequences are
verified one by one just like walking over the road.
PAW FINGER PRINTING
Technique used to fingerprint animal DNA other than human DNA.
FOOT PRINTING
Technique used in DNA sequencing in which the histone binding sites of DNA that donot
accept DNAase are identified. It is used to identify protein binding sites of DNA.
ANTI-SENSE RNA
Non coding mRNA which do not translate protein used in genetic engineering. It is
produced by reversing the coding sequences of DNA. This technique was used to produce
genetically engineered Tomato. One of the gene sequence coding the fruit ripening in
tomato was introduced in the transgenic tomato in the reverse order. So that one gene
produced the fruit ripening protein normally and the reversed gene failed to produce the
protein because it transcribed an anti-sense mRNA. This delayed fruit ripening.
5
BOTANY EXCEL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Geoplaynology
Latro palynology
Nemec phenomenon
Megasporangium
Funicle
Chalaza
Study of Fossil pollens.
Study of pollens in Criminology and Medical aspects.
Nemec in 1898 found out pollen grain embryosac in Hyacinthus.
It is the Ovule.
It is the stalk of the Ovule
It is the basal part of the Ovule.
Types of Ovules
1. Unitegmic
2. Bitegmic
Single integument
2 integuments
3. Atemic
4. Crassinucellate
5. Tenui nucellate
6. Orthotropous /
Atropous
7. Anatropous
8. Hemianatropous
9. Camylotropous
10. Amphitrophous
No integument
Well developed nucellus
Nucellus absent
Errect type ovule
11. Circinotropous
8.
PLANT EMBRYOLOGY
Inverted ovule
Transverse ovule
Curved ovule
Embryosac curved into
horse shoe shape
Ovule turns 360 degree
Gamopetalae, Compositae, Solanaceae.
Polypetalae, Cruciferae, Malvaceae,
Cucurbitaceae.
Loranthaceae, Santalaceae.
Monocot, Malvaceae.
Solanaceae, Compositae, Cucurbitaceae.
Polygonaceae, Piperaceae.
82% of families.
Ranunculaceae, Leguminosae.
Caryophyllaceae, Leguminosae.
Papaveraceae, Butomaleae.
Opuntia.
Development
1. Outer primary parietal cell form Nucellus and inner primary sporogenous cell form
Megaspore mother cell.
2. Mother cell divide by meiosis and linear tetrad of 4 mehaspore forms. Lower one near
the Chalaza becomes functional.
3. Functional megaspore divide Mititically ( 3 divisions )
4. The mature embryosac at the time of fertilization is Monosporic – 7 celled and 8
nucleate.
5. 3 nuclei form Egg apparatus, 3 nuclei near Micropyle form Definitive nucleus and the
remaining 2 fertilize to form Definitive nucleus.
6. This is called Polygonus type embryosac. It was discovered in Polygonum by
Stransburger.
7. Geitonomy
Is the transfer of pollen from one flower to another of same plant.
It is genetically self pollination
8. Xenogamy
Is the transfer of pollen from one plant to another of a related allied
species.
6
9. Cleistogamy
Is the condition in which the flower never opens. Egs. Oxalis, Viola,
Impatiens, Commelina, Arachis.
10. Monoecious
Maize, Caster, Coconut.
11. Dioecious
Papaya, Asparagus, Spinach, Datepalm.
12. Dicogamy
Bisexual – male and female parts develop at different times.
13. Protandry
Androecium mature first. Cotton, Marigold, Impatiens, Saxifraga.
14. Protogyny
Gynoecium mature first. Aristolochia, Bajra.
15. Herkogamy
Physical barrier between male and female parts. Gynostegium disc
in Calotropis.
16. Self sterility
Radish, Petunia.
9.
Mode of entrance of pollen tube into ovule
1. Porogamy
2. Chalazogamy
3. Merogamy
through micropyle.
through Chalaza.
through integument.
10.
Double fertilization
11.
12.
It was discovered by Nawashchin in Lilium and Fritillaria. It is found in Angiosperms.
Generative or True act of fertilization is the fusion of one male gamete with the egg.
Pseudo or Vegetative fertilization is also called Triple fusion. It is the fusion of large male
gamete with secondary nucleus to form a triploid cell.
7
BOTANY EXCEL
FRUITS
1. SIMPLE FRUITS
1. Berry
2. Drupe
3. Hesperidium
4. Peop
Solanaceae, Tomato
Mango, Coconut
Orange, Lemon.
Water melon, Melon
2. DRY FRUITS
A. Indehiscent
1. Caryopsis
2. Achene
3. Cypsela
4. Nut
5. Samara
Wheat, Maize
Helianthus, Mirabilis
Compositae
Cashewnut, Oak
Hiptase, Acer
B. Schizocarpic
1. Lomentum
2. Cremocarp
3. Regma
Ground nut, Acasia
Coriander, Fennel
Caster
C. Dehiscent
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Legume
Follicle
Liqna
Capsule
Pyxis
Mustard
Datura, Cotton
Plantago
3. AGGREGATE FRUITS
1. Achene
2. Follicle
3. Drupe
4. Berry
5. Samaras
Strawberry
Milk weed ( Calotropis )
Rubus
Custard apple
Ailanthus
4. COMPOSITE FRUITS Sorosis
Mulberry, Pineapple
8
BOTANY EXCEL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
TAXONOMY AND SYSTEMATICS
The term Taxonomy was introduced by De Candolle.
Classical Taxonomy
It is based on the species concept.
Chemotaxonomy
Estimates primary metabolites.
Cytotaxonomy
Classification based on the number and type of chromosomes.
Neo ( New ) systematics Introduced by Julian Huxley.
Holotype
A specimen and the nomenclature type used by the author.
Lectotype
Specimen selected from original material for nomenclatural type
when there is no Holotype.
8.
Dynamic concept of species was proposed by Lamark.
9.
Artificial classification Proposed by Pliny.
10.
ICBN
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
11.
Taxon
A group of similar and genetically related organisms.
12.
Monophyletic taxon
A group from which all other organisms descend.
13.
Bentham and Hooker Made first natural classification of plants.
14.
John Ray
Introduced the term species.
15.
Engler and Prantl
Made first phylogenic classification of plants.
16.
Father of bacteriology Robert Koch.
17.
Monocarpic plants
Plants flowering only once In their life.
18.
Largest family
Compositae.
19.
Phylogenetic classification
Introduced by Hutchinson.
20.
Theophrastus
First person made classification.
21.
FAMILIES
Plant
Family
1. Gram
2. Cereals
3. Pulses
4. Potato
5. Mustard
6. Datura
7. Onion, Garlic
8. Capsicum
9. Butter cup family
10. Cotton
Leguminosae
Graminae
Papilonaceae
Solanaceae
Cruciferae
Solanaceae
Liliaceae
Solanaceae
Ranunculaceae
Malvaceae
9
22.
Economically important plant families / plant products
Plant / product
Botanical name
Family
Morphology
1. Hemp
Cannabis sativa
Scitaminae
Bast fibre
2. Jute
Crochorus capsularis
Tiliaceae
Bast fibres
3. Sunn hemp Crotalaria juncea
Papilonaceae
Bast fibres
4. Bamboo
Bambusa
Graminae
Stem
5. Sandal wood
Santalam album
Santalaceae
Stem
6. Henna
Lawsonia inermis
Lythraceae
Leaves
7. Turmeric
Curcuma longa
Zingiberaceae
Rhizome
8. Saffron
Crocus sativus
Iridaceae
Dried stigmas
9. Litmus
Rocella tinctoria
Lichen
Thallus
10. Para rubber
Hevea brasiliensis
Euphorbiaceae
Latex
11. Chewing gum
Achras sapota
Sapotaceae
Latex
12. Asafoetida
Ferula assafoetida
Umbilliferae
Resin from roots
13. Amber
Pinus succinifera
Gymnospermae
Fossil resin
14. Turpentine
Pinus palustris
Gymnosprmae
Stem resin
15. Canada balsam
Abies balsamea
Gymnosprmae
Stem resin
16. Lemon grass oil
Cymbopogon citrates
Graminae
Leaves
17. Lavender
Lavandula officianalis
Labiatae
Flowers
18. Camphor
Cinnamomum camphora Lauraceae
Wood distilled
19. Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus globules
Myrtaceae
All parts
20. Linseed oil
Linum usitatissimum
Linaceae
Seed
21. Olive oil
Olea europaea
Oleaceae
Fruits
22. Sugarcane
Saccharum officinarum
Graminae
Stem
23. Sugar beet
Beta vulgaris
Chenopodiaceae
Root
24. Tapioca
Manihot utilissima
Euphorbiceae
Tuber
25. Quinine
Cinchona calisaya
Rubiaceae
Bark
26. Belladona
Atropa belladonna
Solanaceae
Roots
27. Opium
Papaver somniferum
Papaveraceae
Latex from unripe
capsules
28. Ergot
Claviceps purpurea
Ascomycetes
Fruiting body
29. Tobacco
Nicotiana tabacum
Solanaceae
Leaves
30. Betel
Piper betel
Piperaceae
Leaves
31. Ganga and Bhang Cannabis sativa
Utricaceae
Ganja – female
flower tops
Bhang – leaves
32. Wheat
Triticum vulgare
Graminae
Seed
33. Maize
Zea mays
Graminae
Seed
34. Rice
Oryza sativa
Graminae
Seed
35. Barley
Hordeum vulgare
Graminae
Seed
36. Rye
Secale cereale
Graminae
Seed
37. Oats
Avena sativa
Graminae
Seed
10
38. Cashewnut
Anacardium occidentale
Anacardiaceae
39. Almond
40. Carrot
41. Raddish
42.Sweet potato
43. Potato
44. Onion
45. Garlic
46. Cauliflower
Prunus amygdalus
Dacus carota
Rhaphanus sativus
Ipomaea batatas
Solanum tuberosum
Allium cepa
Allium sativum
Brassica oleraceae botrytis
Rosaceae
Umbilliferae
Cruciferae
Convolvulaceae
Solanaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Cruciferae
47. Bottle guard
48. Snake guard
49. Boitter guard
50. Water melon
51. Tomato
52. Sweet orange
53. Sour orange
54. Lemon
55. Banana
56. Custard apple
57. Date
58. Guava
59. Mango
60. Papaya
61. Pineapple
62. Cinnamon
63. Clove
64. Coriander
65. Cardamom
66. Fenugreek
67. Coffee
68. Tea
69. Cocoa
70. Ground nut
Lagenaria vulgaris
Cucurbitaceae
Trichosanthes anguina
Cucurbitaceae
Momordica charantia
Cucurbitaceae
Citrullus vulgaris
Cucurbitaceae
Lycopersicum esculentus Solanaceae
Citrus sinensis
Rutaceae
Citrus aurantium
Rutaceae
Citrus limonia
Rutaceae
Musa sapientum
Musaceae
Annona squamosa
Annonaceae
Phoenix dactylifera
Palmae
Psidium guajava
Myrtaceae
Mangifera indica
Anacardiaceae
Carica papaya
Caricaceae
Ananas grantum
Bromeliaceae
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae
Egenia caryophyllata
Myrtaceae
Coriadrum sativum
Umbilliferae
Elettaria cardamomum
Zingiberaceae
Trigonella foenum graceum Papilionaceae
Coffea arabica,C. robusta Rubiaceae
Camellia sinensis
Theaceae
Theobroma cacao
Sterculiaceae
Arachis hypogea
Papilionaceae
11
Pedicel and
Cotyledons
Seed
Root
Root
Root
Stem tuber
Bulb
Bulb
Undeveloped
inflorescence
Pepo
Pepo
Pepo
Pepo
Berry
Hesperidium
Hesperidium
Hesperidium
Berry
Aggregate berry
Berry
Berry
Drupe
Drupe
Sorosis
Bark
Dried flower buds
Cremocarps
Seeds
Seeds
Berry
Leaves
Seeds
Seed
BOTANY EXCEL
BIOMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
1.One molecule of glucose yield 2880kJmol energy.
2. Gum is a carbohydrate.
3. Formula of Glucose and Fructose is C6H12O6
4.Formula of Sucrose is C12H22O11
5. Formula of cellulose and Starch is ( C6H10O5 ) n
6. Formula of Rhamnose is C6H12O5 and that of Rhamnohexose is C7H4O6.
7. Monosaccharides - Glucose, Fructose.
8. Disaccharides
- Sucrose, Maltose.
9. Polysaccharides
- Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen, Chitin.
10. Reducing sugar
- Glucose, Maltose, Lactose. Free aldehyde or Ketonic group reduce
Fehling’s solution or Tollen’s solution to give a red precipitate.
11. Non-reducing sugar- Sucrose. Aldehyde or Ketonic group is bonded.
12.Alpha glucose and Beta glucose differs only in the orientation of two hydroxyl groups
at C1. This carbon is called as Anomeric carbon or Anomer.
Ripe grape contains about 20% glucose.
Fructose is called as Grape sugar and it is the most sweetest sugar.
Sucrose on hydrolysis with dilute acid gives Glucose and Fructose.
Alpha – D – glucose has a specific rotation of + 112 degree.
When glucose solution is allowed to stand, its rotation falls to +52.7 degree.
Beta –D-glucose has the specific rotation of +19 which increases to + 52.7 degree.
This phenomenon is called as Mutarotation.
When Starch is digested by Diastase, it yields Maltose.
Lactose is a reducing sugar and on digestion, it yields Glucose and Galactose.
22.
Sweetness of sugars
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
Sucrose – 100
Glucose – 74
Fructose – 173
Galactose – 32
Maltose – 32
Lactose – 16
Pectin is a Polysaccharide.
Starch contains Amylose and Amylopectin.
Amylose is water soluble and contains about 200 glucose units linked by Glycosidic bonds.
Amylopectin is insoluble in water and contains branched chains of glucose.
Glycogen is called as Animal Starch and its structure is similar to that of Amylopectin.
Cellulose is a linear polymer of Beta glucose units.
Cellulose on nitration gives the Gun powder ( Cellulose nitrate ) which is used in
explosives.
Cellulose acetate is used in Photographic film and in Varnish.
Rayons, Cellophane, Celluloid are made from Cellulose.
Pectin is a polysaccharide found in the Fruit skin which is used to make jelly.
Alginate, a polysaccharide obtained from Seaweeds.
12
34.
Gum and Alginate are used as Stabilizers and Emulsifiers.
LIPIDS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The term Lipid was coined by Bloor in 1943.
Fatty acids contain terminal Carboxyl group.
Acetic acid is a simple fatty acid and Stearic acid is a complex fatty acid.
Fatty acids generally contains even number of carbon atoms – 14 – 24.
Saturated fatty acids have single carbon bonds and Unsaturated fatty acids have more
than one double bonds.
6. Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acids – MUFA – have only one double bond.
7. Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids – PUFA – have more than one double bonds.
8. Most common MUFA is Oleic acid.
9. Unsaturated fatty acids have low melting points.
10. Fats and Oil are derived from Glycerol.
11.Fatty acids
Unsaturated
Saturated
Palmitoleic acid
Oleic acid
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Arachidonic acid
Capric acid
Lauric acid
Myristic acid
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
Arachidic acid
12. Three fatty acids and one Glycerol are present in Triglyceride.
13. Tripalmitin is a Neutral fat containing 16 carbon Palmitic acid.
14. Tristearin is a neutral fat containing 18 Stearic acids.
15. Maximum number of double bonds in essential fatty acids is 4.
16. Richest source of PUFA is Vegetable oil.
17. Coconut oil contains minimum fatty acid content.
18. Sunflower oil is rich in Linoleic acid.
19. Mustard oil is the most Unsaturated one.
20. Prostaglandins are synthesized from Essential fatty acids.
21. Waxes are chemically inert and contain odd number of carbon atoms ( 25 – 35 ). They
are the Oxygenated derivatives of Secondary Alcohol or Ketones.
22. Cholesterol palmitate is the Wax present in Blood.
23. Bee wax is a mixture of Palmitic acid and Myricyl acid.
24. Cephalin is the lipid present in Brain and Nerve membrane.
25. Steroids are 4 membered ring ( Phenanthrene ).
13
26.Cholesterol
It is called as Animal Steroid. It is insoluble in water and forms bile salts.
It is synthesized from Acetyl CoA or Acetate in Liver. Cholesterol is not a
dietary essential substance. It is not found in plants. Cholesterol is
minimum in vegetable oils.
IMPORTANT LIPIDS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Diosgenin
Ergosterol
Terpenes
Isoprenes
Phytosterols
Carotinoids
Sterols
Terpenes
Phytol
Lycopene
Polyterpene
Hardest wax
Cutin and Suberin
Cutin
Suberin
Steroid in Yam plant. Used as Anti fertility drug.
Plant sterol. Converted into Vit.D by sunlight in animals.
Five carbon compounds found in plants.
Lipids from Vit.A, Coenzyme Q, Carotinoids etc. are formed.
Plant sterols. Sigma sterol in Soyabean and Sitosterol in Wheat gram oil.
Isoprenoids in plants containing 40 carbon atoms. Precursor of Vit.A.
Essential for the growth and flowering in plants.
Essential oils found in Camphor, Eukalyptus oil, Menthol etc.
Terpenoid alcohol in Vit.A and Chlorophyll.
Terpenoid pigment present in Tomato.
Natural Rubber.
Spermacetic wax of Whale.
Lipids present in plant cell wall.
Polymerised hydroxy fatty acid.
Phellonic acid and Glycerol mixture..
Clinical importance of Lipids
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Tay Sach disease is due to excess Gangliosides.
Arteriosclerosis is caused due to excess Cholesterol level.
LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein.
IDLs - Intermediate Density Lipoproteins.
VLDLs – Very low Density Lipoproteins.
HDLs - High Density Lipoproteins. Prominent in Blood.
Tangier Disease
- Disease caused by the deficiency of Alpha Lipoprotein.
Apolipoprotein
- Protein component of Lipoprotein.
AMINO ACIDS
1.
2.
3.
Amino acids exists in the non polar and Zwitter ion forms.
Zwitter ion that has both positive and negative charges is called as Innert Salt.
Acidic amino acids
Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid
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4.
5.
6.
Basic amino acids
Lysine, Arginine, Histidine.
Neutral amino acids
Glycine
Essential Amino acids
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Methionine
Lysine
Threonine
Histidine
Arginine
Non essential Amino acids
Alanine
Serine
Proline
Glutamic acid
Aspartic acid
Tyrosine
Cysteine
Asparginine
Glutamic acid
Glycine
7. Magic 20
Amino acids are called as Magic 20.
8. Amino acids do not form part of protein are Ornithine, Citrulline, Cystine.
9. Sulphur containing Amino acids are Methionine, Cysteine, Cystine.
10. Simplest amino acid is Glycine. It has no asymmetrical carbon.
11. Derived Amino acids are formed from other amino acids by enzymatic reaction Eg. Cystine.
12. Alpha carbon
- Central carbon atom of amino acid in which amino and carboxyl groups
Are attached.
13. Alkyl amino acids - Possess alkyl side chains. Egs. Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine,
Isoleucine.
14. Aromatic amino acids – Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan.
15. Dibasic amino acids - Lysine, Arginine, Histidine.
16. Basic amino acids - R group contains Nitrogen – Lysine, Arginine.
17. Acidic amino acids - R group contains Carboxylic acid
18. Iso electric pH
- pH at which amino acid becomes Neutral – in Zwitter ion form
Symbol is pI.
PROTEINS
1. Primary structure
2. Secondary structure
3. Tertiary structure
4. Quarternary structure
5. Native conformation
6. Structural Motifs
7. Chaperone protein
8. Salt Linkage
9. Protein Data Book
- Polypeptide.
- Local 3D folding of protein by covalent bondings.
- Further folding of secondary structure.
- Folding by non covalent linkages.
- Natural conformation by unique arrangement of amino acids.
- Peculiar combination of secondary structure of proteins.
- Heat shock protein. Synthesized when temperature rises.
- Electrostatic or Ionic linkage found in Proteins.
- Structure of various proteins is studied using X-ray diffraction and
stored in a data base.
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10. NMR
- is used to study the structure of proteins.
11. Methods to separate
Proteins
- Electrophoresis, Chromatography, HPLC, Affinity chromatography.
12. London Disperson Force and Vander waal force – Weakest of the non covalent force
13. Kerartin
- found in Skin, Nail, Hair, Hoof.
14. Keratin
- contains sulphur containing amino acids like Cystine.
15. Fibroin and Serecine - Silk proteins of Silk worm.
16. Globular proteins
- Egg albumin, Haemoglobin, Enzymes, Insulin.
17. INSULIN
Insulin is secreted by the Beta cells of Islets. It is the Hypoglycemic hormone reducing
The high blood glucose level. In 1953, Frederic Sanger identified the amino acid
Sequence of insulin. Insulin is a small protein containing 51 amino acids. 21 amino acids
In the Alpha chain and 30 amino acids in the Beta chain. The two chains are linked by
Disulphide ( S – S ) bonds. It is used in the treatment of Diabetics. Pig ( Porcine ) or
Cow ( Bovine ) insulin are used for treatment. Genetically engineered Humulin is used
nowadays. Modified Pig insulin is also used. The animal insulin may produce allergic
responses in some persons. Banting and Best discovered Insulin.
18. Hemoglobin contains 574 amino acids.
19. Beta Pleated structure
- Beta helix structure of proteins.
20. Right handed or Alpha helix - formed by hydrogen bonding between C= O and N-H groups
of peptide bonds.
21. Forces making protein structure – Hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, Covalent bonds, Hydrophobic
bonds.
22. Invertase
- coverts Sucrose to Glucose and Fructose.
23. Enzymes act at
- moderate temperature of – 310 K.
24. Streptokinase
- Enzyme used to dissolve blood clot.
25. Albinism
- caused by the deficiency of Tyrosinase enzyme.
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