PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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ETHNOBOTANY STUDY GROUP
updated: January, 16th 2013
Agrimony Agrimonia gryposepala
American Fly Honeysuckle
Lonicera
Amur Maple Acer ginnala
Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus
Annual Ryegrass Lolium multiflorum
Apple Malus pumila
Ash Fraxinus spp. (see “White Ash”)
Ash-Leaf Maple Acer negundo
Asiatic Dayflower Commelina communis
Aspen Populus spp. (see “Quaking Aspen”)
Aster Aster spp.
Barberry Berberis thunberjii
Basswood Tilia americana
Bedstraw Galium spp.
Bee Balm Monarda didyma
Beech Fagus grandifolia
Beggar Tick Bidens
Bent Agrostis alba
Bigtooth Aspen Populus grandidentata
Bindweed Convolvulus spp.
Birch Betula spp.
(see “Black Birch” & “Gray Birch”)
Bishop’s Weed Aegopodium podagraria
Bistort Polygonum bistorta
Bittersweet Solanum dulcamara
Bitter Dock (see “Broad-Leaf Yellow Dock”)
Blackcap Rubus occidentalis
Blackberry Rubus fruticosus and spp.
Black Birch Betula lenta
Black Cap (see “Blackcap”)
Black Cherry Prunus serotina
Black Haw Viburnum prunifolium
Black Huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata ?
Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Black Raspberry (see “Black Cap”)
Black Walnut Juglans nigra
Black Willow Salix nigra
Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis
Blueberry Vaccinium spp. (see …)
Blue Cohosh Caulophyllum thalictroides
Blue Flag Iris versicolor correct sp?
Blue Spruce Picea pungens
Blue Vervain Verbena hastata
Bluet Houstonia caerulea
Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum
Bottlebrush Grass Elymus hystrix
Box Elder (see “Ash-Leaf Maple”)
Bristly Foxtail Setaria verticillata
Bristly Locust Robinia hispida
Broad-Leaf Yellow Dock
Rumex obtusifolius
calyx w/out teeth?
Broom Sedge Carex scoparia
Brome Bromus
overlapping scales w/ bristle
differentiation in Grasses page 138
Bull Thistle Cirsium vulgare
Bulrush Scirpus sp. ?
Schoenoplectus ?
Bugleweed Lycopus virginicus
Burdock Arctium minor
Buttercup Ranunculus spp.
Butternut Juglans cinerea
Canada Goldenrod Solidago canadensis
Cardinal Flower Lobelia cardinalis
Catnip Nepeta cataria
Cattail Typha latifolia
Celandine Chelidonium majus
Chickweed Stellaria media and spp.
Chives Allium schoenoprasum ?
A. cernuum A. vineale ?
Choke Cherry Prunus virginiana
Christmas Fern
Polystichum acrostichoides
Cinquefoil (see “Common Cinquefoil”)
Cleavers Galium aparine
Colorado Blue Spruce (see “Blue Spruce”)
Coltsfoot Tussilago farfara
Common Blue Violet Viola sororia
Common Cinquefoil Potentilla simplex
Common Fleabane
Erigeron philadelphicus
Common Mallow Malva neglecta
Common Milkweed (see “Milkweed”)
Cottonwood Populus spp.
Couchgrass Elytrigia repens
Crab Apple Malus
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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Crabgrass Digitaria spp.
Crown Vetch Securigera varia
Curly Dock (see “Yellow Dock”)
Current Ribes spp.
Cyperus Cyperus rotundus
Daffodil Narcissus pseudonarcissus ?
Daisy Leucanthemum vulgare
Dame’s Rocket Hesperis matronalis
Dandelion Taraxacum officinale
Dangleberry Gaylussacia frondosa ?
Deadnettle Lamium spp.
Deer-Tongue Grass Pauicum virgatum
Deerberry Vaccinium stamineum ?
Dewberry Rubus
Dog Fennel Anthemis cotula
Dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogwood (see “Kinnikinik”)
Downy Brome Bromus tectorum ?
Dutchman’s Breeches Dicentra cucullaria
Elder Sambucus canadensis
Elm Ulmus americana
Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis
False Hellebore Veratrum spp.
Fancy Fern? Dryopteris
Fescue Festuca ?
Fiddlehead Fern (see “Ostrich Fern”)
Field Mustard Brassica rapa ?
Field Pennycress Thlaspi arvense ?
Fieldmint Mentha arvensis
Figwort Scrophularia marilandica
Fleabane Erigeron spp.
(see “Annual Fleabane” & “Common Fleabane”)
Fowl Meadow Grass Poa palustris
Forget-Me-Not Myosotis scorpiodes
Fox Sedge Carex vulpinoidea
Foxglove Digitalis spp.
Fringed? Bindweed
(see “Wild Buckwheat Vine”)
Frost Grape Vitis riparia
Garlic Mustard Sisymbrium alliaria
Alliaria petiolata
Giant Chickweed Myosoton aquaticum
Goldenrod Solidago spp.
w/ 5”x1” leaflets
sharply serrated
Gooseberry Ribes spp. ?
Grape Vitis spp.
(see “Summer Grape” & “Frost Grape”)
V. labrusca Fox Grape ? –not N
Grass-leaved Goldenrod
Euthamia graminifolia
Gravelroot (see “Spotted Joe Pye Weed”)
Gray Birch Betula populifolia
Greenbriar Smilax rotundifolia
Green-Eyed
Ground Ivy Glechoma hederacea
Hardhack (See “Steeplebush”)
Hawkweed Hieracium aurantiacum
H. pratense
Hawthorn Crataegeus spp.
Hemlock Tsuga canadensis
Hemp Nettle Galeopsis tetrahit
Herb Robert Geranium robertianum
Hickory Carya tomentosa, C. glabra ??
(see “Shagbark Hickory”)
Highbush Blueberry
Vaccinium corymbosum
Honeysuckle Lonicera morrowwii
pubescent, acute
L. tartarica
Horsemint Monarda punctata & spp.
Horsetail Equisetum arvense
Horseweed Conyza canadensis
Huckleberry Gaylussacia spp. (see:
“Black Huckleberry” & “Dangleberry” also see:
“Lowbush Blueberry” & Low Sweet Blueberry”)
Indian Pipe Monotropa uniflora
Iris Iris versicolor (see “Blue Flag”)
Ironwood
Jack-In-The-Pulpit Arisaema triphyllum
Japanese Knotweed Fallopia japonica
Jewelweed Impatiens aurea & pallida
Junegrass Koeleria macrantha ?
Kinnikinik Cornus amomum
Lady Fern Athyrium filix-femina
Lady’s Thumb
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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?Lily-of-the-Valley Convallaria maialis
Lobelia Lobelia inflata
Locust (see “Black Locust” & “Bristly Locust”)
Low Sweet Blueberry
Vaccinium angustifolium
Lowbush Blueberry Vaccinium pallidum ?
Maidenhair Fern Adiantum pedatum
Mannagrass Glyceria
Maple (see “Amur Maple”, “Sugar Maple”)
Marginal Wood Fern
Dryopteris marginalis
Mayapple Podophyllum peltatum
Meadow Fescue ? bulge at leaf base
Schedonorus pratense
Milk Vetch Astragakys canadensis
Milkweed Asclepias spp.
Moneywort Lysimachis nummularia
Motherwort Leonurus cardiaca
Mountain Ash Sorbus spp.
Mountain Laurel Kalmia latifolia
Mountain Olive Elaeagnus angustifolius ?
Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris
Mullein Verbascum thapsus
Multifloral Rose Rosa multiflora
Mustard Brassica spp.
see notes from 7/9/12
Narrow-Leaf Dock
Nettle Urtica dioica
Nettle-leaved Vervain Verbena urticifolia
Nightshade (see: “Woody Nightshade”)
Ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius
Northern Blue Violet Viola
Northern Red Oak (see “Red Oak”)
Northern Stitchwort Stellaria borealis
Norway Spruce Picea
Nutsedge ?
Oak Quercus spp.
Old-Field Cinquefoil
(see “Common Cinquefoil”)
Orchard Grass Dactylis glomerata
Orpine Sedum
Ostrich Fern Matteuccia struthiopteris
Ox-Eye Daisy (see “Daisy”)
Oyster Plant (see “Yellow Goat’s Beard”)
Panic Grass Panicum lanuginosum ?
Partridge Berry Mitchella repens
Path Rush Juncus tenuis
Peach-Leaf Willow Salix amygdaloides
Pearly Everlasting Anaphalis spp.
Pennsylvania Smartweed
Persicaria pensylvanica
Peppermint Mentha piperita
Perennial Ryegrass Lolium perenne
Periwinkle Vinca minor
Pignut Hickory Carya glabra ?
Pine Pinus spp. (see “White Pine”)
Pineapple Weed Matricaria discoidea
Pink Dianthus spp.
Plantain Plantago major
Plantago lanceolata
Poison Ivy Toxicodendron radicans
Poke Phytolacca americana
Poor Man’s Pepper Lepidium virginicum
Poplar Populus spp. (see “Aspen”)
one sp. by south fence
Purple Loosestrife Lythrum salicaria
Purslane Portulaca oleracea
Quackgrass Elymus repens
Quaking Aspen Populus deltoides
Queen Anne’s Lace Daucus carota
Ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia
?Ramp Allium tricoccum (see “Wild Leek”)
Raspberry Rubus spp.
Red Clover Trifolium pretense
Red Fescue Festuca rubra
?Red Lily ? whorls of 7
Red Ash
Red Oak Quercus rubra
Red Pine Pinus resinosa
Red Spruce Picea rubra ?
Redtop Agrostis alba ? grass of lawns,
branches in tiers, one flower per cluster
Reed Canary Grass Phalaris arundinacea
wide leaves
Reed Meadow Grass Glyceria grandis
Reedgrass Phragmites communis ?
Rhododendron Rhododendron spp.
Rice Cutgrass Leersia oryzoides ?
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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related to rice, Poa flowers with scales, leaves cut
Riverbank Grape (see “Frost Grape”)
Rose (see “Multifloral Rose”)
Roughstalk Bluegrass Poa trivialis ?
Rough Goldenrod
Rue Thalictrum
Rush Juncus Scirpus (see “Sharp-fruited
Rush”, “Toad Rush”, “Soft Rush” )
Russian Olive (see “Mountain Olive”)
St. John’s Wort Hypericum perforatum
2nd species by river see 7/9/12
Salsify (see “Yellow Goat’s Beard”)
Sarsaparilla (see: “Greenbriar”)
Scratch-Grass (see: “Tear Thumb”)
Sedge Cyperus
Carex lupulina ?
Carex bullata ?
Cares paupercula ?
Carex limosa ?
See “Fox Sedge”
Self-heal Prunella vulgaris
Sensitive Fern Onoclea sensibilis
Sharp-fruited Rush Juncus acuminatus ?
Sheep Sorrel Rumex acetosella
Shepherd’s Purse
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Shining Willow Salix lucida
Shorthusk Brachyelytrum sp. ?
Silky Dogwood (see “Kinnikinik”)
? Skunk Cabbage Symplocarpus foetidus
Slippery Elm Ulmus fulva
Smartweed Persica
big-leaved
reddish-stemmed
very spicy, yellowish-leaved
Smooth Brome Bromus inermis
Soapwort Saponaria officinalis
Soft Rush Juncus effusus
Solomon’s Seal Polygonatum biflorum
Sorrel (see “Sheep Sorrel”, “Yellow Wood
Sorrel”)
Speckled Alder Alnus incana ?
Spearmint Mentha spicata
Speedwell Veronica spp. –what species?
? Spicebush Lindera benzoin
Spiraea Spiraea spp. (See “Steeplebush”)
Spotted Joe-Pye Weed
Eutrochium maculatum
Spotted Spurge Euphorbia maculata
Spruce Picea spp.
Staghorn Sumac Rhus typhina
Steeplebush Spiraea tomentosa
Stichwort (see “Northern Stichwort”)
Stinging Nettle (see “Nettle”)
Strawberry Fragaria virginiana
Sugar Maple Acer saccharum
Sumac Rhus spp. (besides Staghorn?)
Summer Grape Vitis aestivalis
Sunflower Helianthus –species?
Sweet Birch (see “Black Birch”)
Sweet Clover Melilotus officinalis
Melilotus alba
Sweet Fern Comptonia peregrina
Sweet-scented Bedstraw Galium triflorum?
Switchgrass Panicum virgatum
Sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Tall Fescue Festuca arundinacea ?
Tall Nettle (see “Stinging Nettle”)
Tall Oats Grass Arrhenatherum elatius
Tear Thumb Persicaria sagittata
Thin-leaved Sunflower
Helianthus decapetalus
Thistle Circaea spp.
Three-way Sedge ?
Timothy Phleum pratense
Toad Rush Juncus bufonius ?
? Toadflax Linaria vulgaris
? Toothwort Dentaria spp.
Cardamine spp.
Trail Rush (see “Path Rush”)
Trillium Trillium spp.
Trout Lily Erythronium albidum
Umbrella Sedge Cyperus strigosus ?
Velvet Grass Holcus lanatus
fuzzy & swollen below axils
Vervain (see “Nettle-leaved Vervain”)
Virgin’s Bower Clematis virginiana
Virginia Creeper
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Virginia Wild Rye Elymus virginicus
Violet Viola spp.
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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How many species?
Water Hemlock see notes from 7/9/12
Water Pepper ?
Water Smartweed ? (see “Water Pepper”)
Werewolf Root (see “Dogbane”)
White Ash Fraxinus americana
White Avens Geum canadense
White Bedstraw Galium mollugo ?
White Clover Trifolium repens
White Pine Pinus strobus
White Snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum
White Vervain
(see “Nettle-leaved Vervain”
Whorled Loosestrife
(see: “Yellow Loosestrife”)
Wild Barley Hordeum ?
Wild Buckwheat Vine
Fallopia cilinodis
Wild Cherry Prunus serotina
Wild Cucumber Cucumis sativus
Wild Geranium Geranium maculatum
? Wild Ginger Asarum canadensis
Wild Lettuce Lactuca spp.
? Wild Leek Allium tricoccum
? Wild Parsnip Pastinaca sativa
Wild Radish Raphanus raphanistrum
Wild Rose (see “Multifloral Rose”, other?)
Wild Sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis
Wild Strawberry (see “Strawberry”)
Willow Salix nigra (see “Black Willow”)
w/“wings”
how many shrubs?
at least 2 trees
Wintercress Barbarea vulgaris
Wintergreen Galutheria procumbens
Witch Hazel Hamamalis virginica
Wood Fern (see “Marginal Wood Fern”)
Wood Sorrel (see “Yellow Wood Sorrel”)
Woody Nightshade
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
(see “Rough Goldenrod”)
Yarrow Achillea millefolium
Yellow Dock Rumex crispus
Yellow Goat’s Beard Tragopogon dubius
Yellow Hop Clover
Yellow Loosestrife
Yellow Wood Sorrel Oxalis stricta
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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BY LATIN NAME:
Acer ginnala Amur Maple
Acer negundo Ash-Leaf Maple, Box Elder
Acer saccharum Sugar Maple
Achillea millefolium Yarrow
Adiantum pedatum Maidenhair Fern
Aegopodium podagraria Bishop’s Weed
Agrostis alba Redtop
Allium schoenoprasum Chives
Allium tricoccum Wild Leek
Allium vineale Wild Garlic
Alnus spp. Alder
Alnus incana Speckled Alder
Ambrosia artemisfolia Ragweed
Anaphalis spp. Pearly Everlasting
Apocynum androsaemifolium Dogbane
Aralia nudicaulis Wild Sarsaparilla
Articum minor Burdock
Arisaema triphyllum Jack-In-The-Pulpit
Artemesia vulgaris Mugwort
Asarum canadensis Wild Ginger
Asclepias spp. Milkweed
Astragalus canadensis Milk Vetch
Aster spp Aster
Athyrium filix-femina Lady Fern
Barbarea vulgaris Wintercress
Berberis thunbergii Barberry
Betula spp. Birch
Betula lenta Black Birch
Brassica rapa Field mustard
Bromus tectorum Downy Brome
Capsella bursa-pastoris Sheperd's Purse
Cardamine spp. Toothwort
Carex appressa Tall Sedge
Carex scoparia Broom Sedge
Carya spp. Hickory
Carya glabra Pignut Hickory
Caulophyllum thalictroides Blue Cohosh
Chelidonium majus Celandine
Cichorium intybus Chicory
Cirsium vulgare Bull Thistle
Clematis virginiana Virgin's Bower
Comptonia peregrina Sweet Fern
Convallaria maialis Lily-Of-The-Valley
Convolvulus spp. Bindweed
Cornus amomon Silky Dogwood
Crataegeus spp. Hawthorn
Cucumis sativus Wild Cucumber
Cyperus / Carex Sedge
Cyperus rotundus Nutsedge
Cyperus strigosus Umbrella Sedge
Dactylis Orchard Grass
Daucus carota Queen Anne's Lace
Dentaria spp. Toothwort
Dianthus spp. Pink
Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman's Breeches
Digitalis spp. Foxglove
Digitaria spp. Crabgrass
Dryopteris marginalis Wood Fern
Elaeagnus angustifolius Mountain Olive
Elytrigia repens Quack Grass
Equisetum arvense Horsetail
Erigeron spp. Fleabane
Erythrunium albidum Trout Lily
Eupatorium perfoliatum Boneset
Eupatorium rugosum White Snakeroot
Eutrochium maculatum Joe-Pye weed
Fagus grandofolia Beech
Fallopia cilinodis Wild Buckwheat Vine
Fallopia Japanese Knotweed
Festuca rubra Red Fescue
Fragaria virginiana Strawberry
Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry
Fraxinus americana White Ash
Galium spp. Bedstraw
Galium aparine Cleavers
Galium triflorum Sweet Bedstraw
Galutheria procumbens Wintergreen
Gaylusssacia baccata Black Huckleberry
Geranium maculatum Wild Geranium
Geranium robertianum Herb Robert
Glechoma hederacea Ground Ivy
Glyceria grandis Reed Meadow Grass
Hamamalis virginica Witchazel
Helianthus spp. Sunflower
Hesperis matronalis Dame's Rocket
Hieracium spp. Hawkweed
Holcus lanatus Velvet Grass
Houstonia caerulea Bluet
Hypericum perforatum St. John's Wort
Impatiens aurea & pallida Jewelweed
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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Iris versicolor Blue Flag
Juglans cincerea Butternut
Juglans nigra Black Walnut
Juncus bufonius Toad Rush
Juncus scripus Rush spp.
Kalmia latifolia Mountain Laurel
Lactuca Wild Lettuce
Lamium spp. Deadnettle
Leersia oryzoides Rice Cutgrass
Leonurus cardiaca Motherwort
Lepidium virginicum Poor Man's Pepper
Leucanthemum vulgare Daisy
Ligustrum spp. Privet
Linaria vulgaris Toadflax
Lindera benzoin Spicebush
Lobelia inflata Lobelia
Lonicera morrowwii Honeysuckle
Lolium multiflorum Annual Ryegrass
Lysimachis nummularia Moneywort
Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife
Malus Crab Apple
Malus pumila Apple
Malva neglecta Common Mallow
Matteuccia struthiopteris Ostrich Fern
Medicago sativa Alfalfa
Melilotus officinalis, alba Sweet Clover?
Mentha arvensis Fieldmint
Mentha piperita Peppermint
Mentha spicata Spearmint
Mitchella repens Partridge Berry
Monarda didyma Bee Balm
Monotropa uniflora Indian Pipe
Myosoton aquaticum Giant Chickweed
Narcissus pseudonarcissus Daffodil
Nepeta cataria Catnip
Oenothera biemis Evening Primrose
Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern
Oxalis stricta Yellow Wood Sorrel
Panicum lanuginosum Panic Grass
Parthenocissus quinquefolia Creeper
Pastinaca sativa Wild Parshnip
Pauicum virgatum Deer Tongue Grass
Persicaria hydropiper Water Pepper
Persicaria pensylvanica Smartweed
Persicaria vulgaris Lady's Thumb
Phleum pratense Timothy
Phragmites communis Reedgrass
Physocarpus opulifolius Ninebark
Phytolaca americana Poke
Picea spp. Spruce
Picea rubra Red Spruce
Pinus spp. Pine
Pinus strobus White Pine
Piptoporus betulinus Birch Polypore
Plantago major, P. lanceolota Plantain
Platanus occidentalis Sycamore
Pleurotus ostreatus Oyster Mushroom
Poa palustris Fowl Meadow Grass
Poa trivialis Roughstalk Bluegrass
Podophyllum canadensis Milk Vetch
Polygonatum biflorum Solomon's Seal
Polgonum bistorta Bistort
Polygonum persica Smartweed
Polystichum acrostichoides X-mas Fern
Portulaca oleracea Puslane
Potentilla arguta Tall Cinquefoil
Potentilla simplex Common Cinquefoil
Populus grandidentata Big Toothed Aspen
Populus tremuloides Quaking Apen
Prunella vulgaris Self-Heal
Prunus serotina Wild Cherry
Prunus virginiana Choke Cherry
Quercus spp. Oak
Quercus rubus Red Oak
Ranunculus spp. Buttercup
Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish
Rhododendron spp. Rhododerdron
Rhus typhina Staghorn Sumac
Ribes spp. Currant, Gooseberry
Robinia hispida Bristly Locust
Robinia pseudoacacia Black Locust
Rosa multiflora Multifloral Rose
Rubus spp. Dewberry
Rubus fruticosus spp. Blackberry
Rubus idaeus & spp. Raspberry
Rubus leucodermis Blackcap
Rumex acetosella Sheep Sorrel
Rumex crispus Yellow Dock
Rumex obtusifolius Broad-Leaf Dock
Rurippa nasturtium-aquatica Watercress
Ruta graveolens Rue
Salix nigra Black Willow
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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Sambucus canadensis Elder
Sanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot
Saponaria officinalis Soapwort
Sassafras albidium Sassafras ?
Shuenoplectus scriptus Bullrush
Scrophularia marilandica Figwort
Scutellaria galericulata Skullcap
Sisumbrium alliaria Garlic Mustard
Smilax rotundifolia Sarsparilla
Solanum dulcamara Woody Nightshade
Solidago spp. Goldenrod
Solidago canadensis Canada Goldenrod
Solidago rugosa Rough Goldenrod
Sorbus Mountain Ash
Spiraea tomentosa Steeplebush
Stellaria media & spp. Chickweed
Stellaria borealis Northern Stitchwort
Taraxacum officinale Dandelion
Thlaspi arvense Field Pennycress
Tilia americana Basswood
Toxicodendron radicans Poison Ivy
Tragopogun pratensis Salsify
Trifolium pretense Red Clover
Trillium spp. Trillium
Tsuga canadensis Hemlock
Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot
Typha Cattail
Ulmus americana American elm
Ulmus fulva Slippery Elm
Urtica diocia Stinging Nettle
Urtica procera Tall Nettle
Vaccinium spp. Blueberry
Vaccinium angustifolium Blueberry
Vaccinium corymbosum Blueberry
Vaccinium pallidum Lowbush Blueberry
Vaccinium stamineum Deerberry
Verbascum thapsus Mullein
Verbena hastata Blue Vervain
Verbena urticifolia Vervain
Veratrum spp. False Hellbore
Veronica spp. Speedwell
Viburnum prunifolium Black Haw
Vinca minor Periwinkle
Viola spp. Northern Blue Violet
Viola sororia Common Blue Violet
Vitis spp. Grape
Vitis aestivalis Summer Grape
Vitis riparia Frost Grape
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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BY ORDER & FAMILY
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae (Arum family)
Genus: Arisaema
Species: A. maculatum (Jack-In-The-Pulpit)
Genus: Symplocarpus
Species: S. foetidus (Eastern Skunk Cabbage)
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Genus: Allium
Species: A. schoenoprasum (Chives),
A. tricoccum (Wild Leek, Ramp),
A. vineale (Wild Garlic)
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Species: I. versicolor
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae (Parsley family)
Genus: Aegopodium
Species: A. podagraria (Bishop’s weed)
Genus: Daucus
Species: D. carota
Genus: Pastinaca
Species: P. sativa (Wild Parsnip)
Family: Araliaceae (Ginseng family)
Genus: Aralia
Species: A. nudicaulis (Wild Sarsparilla)
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae (Aster family)
Genus: Achillea
Species: A. Millefolium (Yarrow)
Genus: Ambrosia
Species: A. artemisiifolia (Ragweed)
Genus: Anaphalis (Pearly Everlasting)
Species: A. spp
Genus: Articum
Species: A. minor (Burdock)
Genus: Artemesia
Species: A. vulgaris (Mugwort)
Genus: Aster
Species: A. spp (Aster)
Genus: Chichorium
Species: C. intybus (Chicory)
Genus: Circaea
Species: C. spp (Thistle)
Genus: Cirsium
Species: C. vulgare (Bull Thistle)
Genus: Erigeron
Species: E. annuus (Daisy Fleabane),
E. philadelphicus, (Daisy Fleabane)
Genus: Erythrunium
Species: E. albidum (Trout Lily)
Genus: Eupatorium
Species: E. perfoliatum (Bonset),
E. rugosum (White Snakeroot)
Genus: Eutrochium
Species: E. maculatum (Gravelroot)
Genus: Helianthus
Species: H. spp. (Sunflower)
Genus: Hieracium
Species: H. aurantiacum, H. pretense
(Hawkweed)
Genus: Lactuca
Species: L. spp (Wild Lettuce)
Genus: Leucanthemum
Species: L. vulgare (Oxe-Eye Daisy)
Genus: Matricaria
Species: M. discorea (Pineapple Weed)
Genus: Rudbekia
Species: R. hirta (Black-eyed Susan)
Genus: Solidago
Species: S. Canadensis (Goldenrod),
S. rugosa (Rough Goldenrod)
Genus: Taraxacum
Species: T. officinale (Dandelion)
Genus: Tragopogun
Species: T. pratensis (Yellow Salsify)
Genus: Tussilago
Species: T. farfara (Coltsfoot)
Family: Campanulaceae (Bellflower Family)
Genus: Lobelia
Species: L. inflata (Lobelia)
Order: Boraginales
Family: Boraginaceae (Borage Family)
Genus: Myosatis
Species: M. Scorpioides (Forget-Me-not)
Order: Brassicales
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
10
Family: Brassicaceae (Mustard Family)
Genus: Alliaria
Species: A. petiolata (Garlic Mustard)
Genus: Barbarea
Species: B. vulgaris (Wintercress)
Genus: Brassica (Mustard)
Species: B. Rappa (Field Mustard)
Genus: Capsella
Species: C. bursa-pastoris (Shepard’s
Purse)
Genus: Cardamine
Species: C. spp (Toothwort)
Genus: Dentaria spp. (Toothwort)
Genus: Hesperis
Species: H. matronalis (Dame’s Rocket
Genus: Raphanus
Species: R. raphanistrum (Wild Radish)
Genus: Lepidium
Species: L. virginicum (Poor Man’s
Pepper)
Genus: Thalaspi
Species: T. arvense (Field Pennycress)
Order: Cucurbitales
Family: Cucurbitaceae (Gourd family)
Genus: Cucumis
Species: C. sativus (Wild Cucumber)
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae (Grass family)
Genus: Arrhenatherum
Species: A. elatius (Tall Oats Grass)
Genus: Brachyelytrum (Shorthusk)
Genus: Bromus
Species: B. inermis (Smooth Brome),
B. tectorum (Downy Brome)
Genus: Dactylis
Species: D. glomerata (Orchard Grass)
Genus: Digitaria spp. (Crabgrass)
Genus: Elytrigia
Species: E. repens (Couchgrass)
Genus: Festuca
Species: F. arundinacea (Tall Fescue),
F. rubra (Red Fescue)
Genus: Glyceria
Species: G. grandis (Reed Meadow Grass)
Genus: Holcus
Species: H. lanatus (Velvet Grass)
Genus: Leersia
Species: L. oryzoides (Rice Cutgrass)
Genus: Lolium
Species: L. multiflorum (Rye Grass)
Genus: Panicum
Species: P. lonuginosum (Panic Grass)
Genus: Pauicum
Species: P. virgatum (Deer Tongue Grass)
Genus: Phalaris
Species: P. arundinacea (Reed Grass)
Genus: Phleum
Species: P. pretense (Timothy)
Genus: Phragmites
Species: P. communis (Reed Grass)
Genus: Poa
Species: P. palustris (Meadow Grass),
P. trivialis (Rough Stalk Blue Grass)
Genus: Schedonorus
Species: S. arundinaceus (Meadow Fescue)
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Caryophullaceae (Pink family)
Genus: Dianthus spp. (Pink)
Genus: Grostemma
Species: G. githago (Corn Cockle)
Genus: Myoston
Species: M. aquaticum (Giant Chickweed)
Genus: Saponaria
Species: S. officinalis (Soapwort)
Genus: Stellaria
Species: S. borealis (Boreal Starwort),
S. media (Common Chickweed),
S. pubera (Star Chickweed)
Family: Phytolaccaceae (Pokeweed family)
Genus: Phytolacca
Species: P. Americana (Pokeweed)
Genus: Sanguinaria
Species: S. Canadensis (Bloodroot)
Family: Polygonaceae (Smartweed family)
Genus: Fallopia
Species: F. cilinodis (Wild Buckwheat Vine)
F. japonica (Japanese Knotweed)
Genus: Persicaria
Species: P. hydropiper (Water Pepper),
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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P. sagittata (Tear Thumb, Scratch Grass),
P. vulgaris (Lady’s Thumb)
Genus: Polygonum
Species: P. bistorta (Bistort)
P. pensylvanica (Pennsylvania Smartweed)
Genus: Rumex
Species: R. ascetosella (Sheep Sorrel)
R. crispus (Yellow Dock)
R. obtusifolia (Bitter Dock)
Family: Portulacaceae (Purslane Family)
Genus: Portulaca
Species: P. oleracea (Purslane)
Order: Cornales
Family: Cornaceae (Dogwood family)
Genus: Cornus
Species: C. amomum (Silky Dogwood)
Family: Hydrangeaceae
Genus: Hydrangea spp. (Hydrangea)
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family)
Genus: Lonicera
Species: L. morrowii,
L. tartarica (Honeysuckle)
Genus: Sambucus
Species: S. canadensis (Elder)
Genus: Viburnum
Species: V. prunifolium (Black Haw)
Order: Equisetales
Family: Equisetaceae (Horsetail family)
Genus: Equisetum
Species: E. arvense (Horsetail)
Order: Ericales
Family: Balsaminaceae (Balsam family)
Genus: Impatiens
Species: I. aurea
I. pallida (Jewelweed)
Family: Ericaceae (Heath family)
Genus: Gaultheria
Species: G. procumbens (Wintergreen)
Genus: Gaylussacia
Species: G. baccata (Black Huckleberry)
G. frondosa (Dangleberry)
Genus: Kalmia
Species: K. latifolia (Mountain Laurel)
Genus: Monotropa
Species: M. uniflora (Indian Pipe)
Genus: Rhododendron spp.
(Rhododendron)
Genus: Vaccinium
Genus: V. angustifolium (Blueberry)
V. corymbosum (Highbush Blueberry)
V. pallidum (Lowbush Blueberry)
V. stamineum (Deerberry)
Family: Primulaceae (Primrose Family)
Genus: Lysimachis
Species: L. nummularia (Moneywort)
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae (Pea family)
Genus: Astragalus
Species: A. Canadensis (Milk Vetch)
Genus: Melilotus
Species: M. alba, M. officinalis (Sweet
Clover)
Genus: Robinia
Species: R. hispida (Bristly Locust)
R. pseudoacacia (Black Locust)
Genus: Trifolium
Species: T. pretense (Red Clover)
Order: Fagales
Family: Betulaceae (Birch family)
Genus: Alnus spp
Species: A. incana (Speckled Alder)
Genus: Betula
Species: B. lenta (Black Birch)
Family: Fagaceae (Beech Family)
Genus: Fagus
Species: F. grandifolia (Beech)
Genus: Quercus
Species: Q. Rubra (Red Oak)
Family: Juglandaceae (Walnut family)
Genus: Carya
Species: C. glabra (Pignut Hickory)
C. ( Shagbark Hickory)
Genus: Juglans
Species: J. cincerea (Butternut)
Family: Myricaceae (Bayberry family)
Genus: Comptonia
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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Species: C. peregrina (Sweet Fern)
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae (Dogbane family)
Genus: Apocynum
Species: A. androsaemifolium (Dogbane)
Genus: Vinca
Species: V. minor (Periwinkle)
Family: Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed Family)
Genus: Asclepias
Species: A. syriaca (Common Milkweed)
Family: Rubiaceae (Madder family)
Genus: Galium
Species: G. spp. (Bedstraw)
G. aparine (Cleavers)
G. triflorum (Sweet Bedstraw)
Genus: Houstonia
Species: H. caerulea (Bluet)
Genus: Mitchella
Species: M. repens (Partridge Berry)
Order: Geraniales
Family: Geraniaceae (Geranium family)
Genus: Geranium
Species: G. maculatum (Wood Geranium)
G. robertianum (Herb Robert)
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae (Mint family)
Genus: Ballota
Species: B. nigra (Black Horehound)
Genus: Glechoma
Species: G. hederacea (Ground Ivy)
Genus: Lamium spp. (Dead Nettle)
Genus: Leonurus
Species: L. cardiaca (Motherwort)
Genus: Mentha
Species: M. arvensis (Field Mint)
M. piperita (Peppermint)
M. spicata (Spearmint)
Genus: Monarda
Species: M. fistulosa (Bee Balm)
Genus: Nepeta
Species: N. catoria (Catnip)
Genus: Prunella
Species: P. vulgaris (Self-Heal)
Genus: Scutellaria
Species: S. galericulata (Common Scullcap)
Family: Oleaceae (Olive family)
Genus: Fraxinus
Species: F. Americana (White Ash)
Genus: Ligustrum Spp. (Privet)
Family: Plantaginaceae (Plantain family)
Genus: Plantago
Species: P. lanceolata
P. major (Plantain)
Family: Scrophulariaceae (Figwort family)
Genus: Digitalis spp. (Foxglove)
Genus: Linaria
Species: L. vulgaris (Toadflax)
Genus: Scrophularia
Species: S. marilandica (Figwort)
Genus: Verbascum
Species: V. thapsus (Common Mullein)
Genus: Veronica spp. (Speedwell)
Family: Verbenaceae (Vervain family)
Genus: Verbena
Species: V. hastate (Blue Vervain)
V. urticifolia (White Vervain)
Order: Laurales
Family: Lauraceae (Laurel family)
Genus: Lindera
Species: L. benzoin (Spicebush)
Genus: Sassafras
Species: S. albidium (Sassafras)
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae (Lily family)
Genus: Convallaria
Species: C. majalis (Lily-of-the-Valley)
Genus: Lilium
Species: L. philadelphium (Red Lily)
Genus: Narcissus
Species: N. pseudonarcissus (Daffodil)
Genus: Polygonatum
Species: P. biflorum (Solomon’s Seal)
Genus: Trillium spp. (Trillium)
Genus: Veratrum spp. (False Hellbore)
Order: Lycopodiales
Family: Lycopoiaceae (Clubmoss family)
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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Genus: Lycopodiella spp. (Clubmoss)
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Hypericaceae
(St. John’s Wort family)
Genus: Hypericum
Species: H. perforatum (St. John’s Wort)
Family: Salicaceae (Willow family)
Genus: Populus spp. (Poplar)
Species: P. grandidentata (Big-Toothed
Aspen), P. tremuloides (Quaking Apsen)
Genus: Salix
Species: S. nigra (Black Willow)
S. lucida (Shining Willow)
S. amygdaloides (Peach-Leaf
Willow)
Family: Violaceae (Violet family)
Genus: Viola
Species: V. septentrionalis (Northern Blue
Violet), V. soraria (Common Blue Violet)
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae (Mallow family)
Genus: Malva
Species: M. neglecta (Common Mallow)
Family: Tiliaceae
Genus: Tilia
Species: T. americana (American
Basswood)
Order: Myrtales
Family: Lythraceae (Loosestrife family)
Genus: Lythrum
Species: L. salicaria (Purple Loosestrife)
Family: Onagraceae (Evening Primrose
family)
Genus: Oenothera
Species: O. biennis (Evening Primrose)
Order: Oxalidales
Family: Oxalidaceae (Oxalis family)
Genus: Oxalis
Species: O. montana (Yellow Wood Sorrel)
O. stricta (Wood Sorrel)
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae (Pine family)
Genus: Pinus
Species: P. strobes (White Pine)
P. resinosa (Red Pine)
Genus: Picea
Species: P. rubra (Red spruce)
Genus: Tsuga
Species: T. Canadensis (Hemlock)
Order: Piperales
Family: Aristolochiaceae (Birthwort family)
Genus: Asarum
Species: A. canadense (Wild Ginger)
Order: Poales
Family: Cyperaceae (Sedge family)
Genus: Carex
Species: C. appressa (Tall Sedge)
C. bullota (Buttersedge)
C. Limosa (Mud Sedge)
C. lupulina (Hope Sedge)
C. paupercula (Bog Sedge)
C. scoparia (Broom Sedge)
C. vulpinoidea (Fox Sedge)
Genus: Cyperus
Species: C. rotundus (Nutsedge)
C. strigosus (Umbrella Sedge)
Genus: Schuenoplectus
Species: S. scriptus (Bullrush)
Family: Juncaceae (Rush family)
Genus: Juncus
Species: J. accuminatus (Sharp-Fruit Rush)
J. bufonius (Toad Rush)
J. effeceus (Soft Rush)
J. Tenuis (Path Rush)
Family: Poaceae (True Grasses)
Genus: Agrostis
Species: A.alba, gigante (Redtop)
Family: Typhaceae (Cattail Family)
Genus: Typha latifolia (Cattail)
Order: Polypodiales
Family: Athyriaceae
Genus: Athyrium
Species: A. filix-feminia (Lady Fern)
Family: Dryopteridaceae
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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Genus: Dryopteris
Species: D. marginalis
(Marginal wood fern)
Genus: Polystichum
Species: P. acrostichoides (Christmas
Fern)
Family: Onocleaceae
Genus: Matteuccia
Species: M. struthiopteris (Ostrich Fern)
Genus: Onoclea
Species: O. sensibilis (Sensitive Fern)
Family: Pteridaceae
Genus: Adiantum
Species: A. Pendantum (Maidenhair Fern)
Order: Proteales
Family: Platanaceae (Plane-tree family)
Genus: Platanus
Species: P. accidentalis (Sycamore)
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Berberidaceae (Barberry Family)
Genus: Berberis
Species: B. japonica (Barberry)
Genus: Caulophyllum
Species: C. thalictroides (Blue Cohosh)
Genus: Podophyllum
Species: P. peltatum (Mayapple)
Family: Fumariaceae (Fumitory Family)
Genus: Dicentra
Species: D. cucullaria (Dutchman’s
Breeches)
Family: Papaveraceae (Poppy Family)
Genus: Chelidonium
Species: C. majus (Greater Celandine)
Family: Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family)
Genus: Clematis
Species: C. virginiana (Virgin’s Bower)
Genus: Ranunculus spp. (Buttercup)
Order: Rosales
Family: Elaeagnaceae (Oleaster family)
Genus: Elaeagnus
Species: E. angustifolius (Mountain Olive)
Family: Roseaceae (Rose family)
Genus: Crataegeus spp. (Hawthorn)
Genus: Fragaria
Species: F. virginiana (Strawberry)
F. lesca (Wild Strawberry)
Genus: Malus spp. (Crab Apple)
M. pumila (Apple)
Genus: Physocarpus spp. (Ninebark)
Genus: Potentilla
Species: P. arguta (Tall Cinquefoil)
P. simplex (Common Cinquefoil)
Genus: Prunus
Species: P. serotina (Black Cherry)
P. virginiana (Choke Cherry)
Genus: Rosa
Species: R. multiflora (Multifloral Rose)
Genus: Rubus
Species: R. spp. (Dewberry)
R. fruticosuss (Blackberry)
R. Idaeus (Raspberry),
R. leucodermis (Blackcap)
Genus: Sorbus spp. (Mountain Ash)
Genus: Spiraea spp. (Spiraea)
Family: Urticaceae (Nettle family)
Genus: Urtica
Species: U. diocia (Stinging Nettle)
U. procera (Tall Nettle)
Order: Sapindales
Family: Aceraceae
Genus: Acer
Species: A. ginnala (Amur Maple)
A. negundo (Ash-Leaf Maple)
A.saccharum (Sugar Maple)
Family: Anacardiaceae (Cashew Family)
Genus: Rhus
Species: R. typhina (Staghorn Sumac)
Genus: Toxicodenron
Species: T. radicans (Poison Ivy)
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Ruta
Species: R. graveolens (Rue)
Order: Saxifragales
Family: Hamamelidaceae (Witch-hazel
family)
Genus: Hamamelis
Species: H. virginiana (Witch-hazel)
Family: Grossulariaceae (Gooseberry family)
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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Genus: Ribes spp. (Currant)
Order: Solanales
Family: Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory
family)
Genus: Convolvulus spp. (Field Bindweed)
Family: Solanaceae (Nightshade family)
Genus: Solanum
Species: S. dulcamara (Bittersweet)
Order: Urticales
Family: Ulmaceae
Genus: Ulmus
Species: U. Americana (American Elm)
U. fulva (Slippery Elm)
Order: Vitales
Family: Vitaceae (Grape family)
Genus: Parthenocissus
Species: P. quinquefolia (Virginia Creeper)
Genus: Vitis
Species: V. aestivalis (Summer Grape)
V. labrusca (Fox Grape)
V. riparia (Frost Grape)
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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Corresponding Essential Oils
from Apple Grove Botanical
Study List
We prefer, for example, a blend of
6% Geranium (any type), and 2%
each of catnip and citronella.
EO annotations & quotations from:
Illustrated Elements of Essential
Oils by Julia Lawless, a practical
guide to the medicinal and
therapeutic use of essential oils;
and where noted,
Anandaapothecary.com; and
mountainroseherbs.com.
“While the price of the oil is
considerably higher than other
'classic' insect repellent oils (such
as Citronella, Geranium,
Cedarwood and Lemongrass),
catnip should be used at a much
lower concentration, around 1-3%.
It can be effectively blended with
these other oils in a base to produce
an effective natural insect repellent,
without any of the worries of the
potential harm from commercial
chemicals (DEET has been
implicated to potentially cause
nerve damage, or disrupt proper
growth of the nervous system in
children).
1. Catnip Nepeta cataria
EO: Nepeta cataria
Extraction: Steam distillation of
flowering tops.
Uses: Primarly as insect
repellent. Use in low dilutions of
1 to 3% in an alcohol or crème
base.
Excerpted from
Anandaapothecary.com:
“Catnip essential oil is an
especially pungent, herbal oil found
to be 10 times more effective than
DEET at repelling mosquitos, and
can be used at very low
concentrations in your formulas for
this purpose. It should work
remarkably well at repelling all
sorts of biting insects, not only
mosquitos!
“The active compound within the
oil is Nepetalactone. The Canadian
essential oil contains a slightly
higher percentage of neptalactone
naturally, with a somewhat more
gentle aroma. As we generally
recommend blending with other
insect-repelling oils, you'll more
than likely not notice a difference.
“One can make a very simple blend
including catnip alone in this
manner: Mix 1 cup of rubbing
alcohol (or Vodka) and 1 cup of
water, plus 2 milliliters (40 drops)
Catnip essential oil in a spray
bottle. Shake vigorously. You can
spray this on your clothing as well
as on skin, though keep it away
from the eyes. If you prefer a blend
here, use 8 drops catnip, 8 drops
citronella, and 24 drops Geranium.
For a 4 ounce formula, this is 7
milliliters Geranium, and 2 1/2
milliliters each Catnip and
Citronella oils (there are 20 drops
per milliliter). Go here for more on
mixing your own natural insect
repellents with essential oils.”
2. Common Blue Violet Viola
odorata –Family: violaceae
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
17
Extraction: a concrete and
absolute from fresh leaves or
flowers
Properties: expectorant, laxative,
soporific, diuretic, liver
decongestant, circulatory stimulant;
mild analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
anti-rheumatic
Home aromatherapy uses:
Skin: acne, eczema, refines pores,
wounds
Circulation, muscles & joints:
fibrosis, poor circulation,
rheumatism
Respiratory: Bronchitis, mouth
and throat infections
Nervous system: dizziness,
headaches, insomnia, nervous
exhaustion
Notes: scent was believed to
soothe & strengthen the heart.
Safety data: non toxic, non
irritant; possible sensitization in
some individuals.
3. Deer-Tongue Grass Pauicum
virgatum
EO from Deertongue Carphephorus odoratissimus;
family: asteraceae
A herbaceous perennial plant
distinguished by a naked
receptacle and feathery pappus
with large, fleshy, dark green
leaves, clasped at the base. The
dried leaves have a vanilla like
odor..
Extraction: Oleoresin by solvent
extraction from dried leaves
Home aromatherapy uses: None.
Safety data: Coumarin has toxic
properties including liver injury
and hemorrhages. Possible
dermal irritation and photo
toxicity due to lactones present.
Actions: Antiseptic, demulcent,
diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge,
stimulant, tonic.
4. Elecampane Inula helenium
Extraction: by steam distillation
from dried roots and rhizomes.
Home Aromatherapy use: None.
Safety Data: Severe dermal
irritation. Recommended not for
use on the skin at all.
NB: Elcampane is a rich source
of inulin. Sweet inulin oil is said
to have sedative, anti
inflammatory, hyperthermic,
cardioregulative, diuretic and
depurative actions. Use as
inhalation or aerosol treatment
can avoid dermal reactions.
5. Evening Primrose Oenothera
biennis
In aromatherapy, Primrose is used
as a carrier which is excellent for the
skin oil.
(from ananaapothecary.com:
“Evening Primrose contains gammalinolenic acid. Evening primrose in
combination with other fatty acids
helps the body produce prostaglandin
E1, which can reduce inflammation
and improve digestion. This coldpressed, lightly refined oil can be taken
internally to supplement GLA. Evening
Primrose oil has been used to support
skin conditions such as psoriasis and
eczema, and may help premature skin
aging. In fact, Evening Primrose oil has
an extensive body of research noting its
ability to help with a variety of irritated
skin conditions. It is generally thought
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
18
to be the case that the omega-3
essential fats are very supportive in
reducing inflammation.”
6. Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris
EO: Extraction: Essential oil by
steam distillation from the leaves and
flowering tops.
Home Aromatherapy use: None.
Oral toxin due to thujone content.
Abortifacient.
Actions : Anthelmintic,
antispasmodic, carminative,
cholerectic, diaphorectic, diurectic,
emmenagogue, nervine, orexigenic,
stimulant, stomachic, uterine tonic,
vermifuge.
7. Multifloral Rose Rosa multiflora
EO: Rosa damascena; family
rosaceae
Extraction: by steam distillation
from fresh petals
Aromatherapy Home use: Skin care,
circulation, respiratory system,
digestive, genitourinary system,
nervous system.
Actions: tonic for the heart, liver,
stomach and uterus. Antidepressant,
antiseptic, antispasmodic, anti
tubercular agent, antiviral, aphrodisiac,
astringent, bactericidal, cicatrizant,
depurative, emmenagogue, hemostatic,
hepatic, laxative, sedative.
8. Mustard Brassica spp.
Brassica nigra; family: brassicaceae
Extraction: by steam or water
distillation from the black mustard
seeds which have been macerated in
warm water.
Home Aromatherapy use: None.
Not recommended for therapy,
internal or external.
Safety data: Oral toxin, dermal
toxin, mucuous membrane irritant.
Considered one of the most toxic of
all essential oils.
9. Peppermint Mentha piperita
“Evidence of a type of
peppermint has been found in
tombs in Egypt, dating back 1000
BCE. Used in both Eastern and
Western medicine for a variety of
complaints: indigestion, nausea,
sore throat, diarrhea, headaches,
toothaches.”
Extraction: steam distillation
from the flowering herb.
Aromatherapy use: analgesic,
anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,
antiphologistic, antiseptic,
antispasmod, antiviral, astringent,
carminative, emmenagogue,
expectorant, febrifuge, hepatic,
nervice, stomachic, sudorific,
vasoconstrictor, vermifuge.
(Not compatible with
homeopathic treatment)
Circulation system: neuralgia,
muscular pain, palpatations
Digestive: colic, cramp,
dyspepsia, flatulence, nausea
Nervous system: headache,
mental fatigue, stress, vertigo
Respiratory system: asthma,
bronchitis, sinusitis, spasmodic
cough
10. Pine Pinus spp. (see “White
Pine”)
EO: pinus sylvestries (Scotch
pine)
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
19
Extraction: dry distillation of the
needles.
Aromatherapy use includes:
Circulation: arthritis, gout,
muscular aches and pains, poor
circulation, rheumatism
Respiratory: asthma, bronchitis,
catarrh, coughs, sinusitis
Genitourinary: cystitis; urinary
infection
Immune: colds, flu
Nervous system: fatigue, nervous
exhaustion, neuralgia
Safety data: non toxic, non
irritant; possible sensitization;
avoid in skin allergies.
11. St. John’s Wort Hypericum
perforatum* (This entry from
Mountain Rose website)
Traditional use: Known for
wound healing and
antidepressant properties. The
plant is used dried, as an infused
oil, and an essential oil.
EO Extraction: Steam distilled
flowering herb
Properties: Antidepressant, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial,
antiseptic, astringent, nervine,
vulnerary
Aromatherapy use: Anxiety,
bruises, depression, mild burns,
neuralgia, rheumatic pain, sciatica,
sunburn, tension, toothache,
varicose veins, wounds. The
essential oil may be added to
balms, ointments, and massage oils
for topical applications.
Extraction: Steam distillation
from dried root bark chips.
Home Aromatherapy use: None.
Highly toxic and not to be used
internally or externally. Even in
small amounts has been known to
cause death. Carcinogen,
irritant, abortifacient.
13. Spruce Picea spp.
EO: Black Spruce, Picea
mariana
Extraction: Steam distilled
needles and twigs
Aromatherapy use: muscular
aches and pains, poor circulation
and rheumatism, asthma,
bronchitis, coughs and general
weakness. In 'Aromatherapy Scent
and Psyche', Peter Damian notes:
"Antiseptic, expectorant, and
antitussive, black spruce oil is an
ideal remedy for all lung ailments
(e.g. asthma and bronchitis)
whether utilized as an inhalant or a
cough remedy. Indeed, the vital
etheric energy (prana) condensed
and transmitted in and by black
spruce effectively vibrates
throughout the respiratory, nervous
and glandular systems." (From
anandaapothecary.com)
Properties: antimicrobial,
antiseptic, antitussive, astringent,
diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant,
nervine, rubefacient and general
tonic.
14. Sweet Birch (see “Black Birch”)
12. ? Sassafras Sassafras albidum.
EO Betula Lenta - Extraction:
steam distillation of bark
PLANTS OF APPLE GROVE PICNIC AREA – HONESDALE, PA
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Aromatherapy Use: Use with
caution.
Extraction: Steam distilled and
CO2 distilled.
From anandaapothecary.com:
“The essential oil of Birch, being
made up almost exclusively of
methyl salicylate, a precursor to
common aspirin; Birch should
NOT be used by people who are
allergic to aspirin. Further, Birch
should NEVER be ingested, and
only used topically in dilutions of
25% or less to limit the transdermal
absorption to safe levels. The
salicylates pass through the skin,
entering the tissues to inhibit the
formation of prostaglandins,
thereby reducing inflammation and
pain.
Excerpted from
Anandaapothecary.com: “Ginger
has a long history of healing for its
warming, digestion stimulating
properties. In Chinese medicine, it
is specified as a warming herb with
affinity for the lungs and the
intestines. In Ayurvedic cooking, it
is added to dishes to enhance a
meal's digestability. Interestingly,
ginger essential oil has been noted
to assist other essential oils in
reaching their target organs.”
Properties: Along with its
analgesic effects, Birch also has
anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic,
antitussive, astringent, carminative,
diuretic, emmenagogue,
galactagogue and stimulant
properties. Birch is often included
in formulas to open the breathing
passages; deep inhalation of its
bright aroma can clear the sinuses
and stimulate the mind.
NB: Birch and Wintergreen
essential oils have the same
therapeutic actions, and virtually
the same chemical compositions.
15. White Pine Pinus strobes (see
entry for Pine above)
16. ? Wild Ginger Asarum
Canadensis
EO: from Zingiber officinale
Traditional uses: traditionally
used to alleviate motion sickness,
and can be used as a general
digestive tonic for upset stomachs,
and specifically indicated for
flatulent intestinal colic.
Properties: carminative,
stimulant, rubefacient, aperative,
stomachic, antiseptic, general tonic,
febrifuge and analgesic. Also been
indicated for circulation in the
joints and muscles, and for helping
arthritis, rheumatism and general
aches and pains. “It may be added
to almost any massage blend for
this purpose; its relative strength
allows for low concentrations.”
For the respiratory system:
“ginger oil can be used as part of a
chest rub blend, in a bath, or in hot
tea. Ginger is also noted as a
sexual tonic - Women in Senegal
weave ginger root in the belts of
their mates to increase sexual
potency.”
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17. Wintergreen Galutheria
procumbens
EO: Use with caution (see Sweet
Birch) in modest amounts. Keep
away from children. Wintergreen
should NOT be used by people who
are allergic to aspirin. Further,
Wintergreen should NEVER be
ingested, and only used topically in
dilutions of 25% or less to limit the
transdermal absorption to safe
levels.
NB: The dried leaf and stem are
current in the British Herbal
Pharmacopoeia as a specific for
rheumatoid arthritis
Properties: analgesic effects, antiinflammatory, anti-rheumatic,
antitussive, astringent, carminative,
diuretic, emmenagogue,
galactagogue and stimulant
properties.
18. Yarrow Achillea millefolium
EO: Achillea millefolium, Yarrow
or Blue Yarrow
"Achillea" tells us of its use by
Achilles, the great Greek warrior,
for healing of his wounds, and that
of his soldiers. ("Millefolium"
notes its finely, feathery leaves).
Properties: “Yarrow’s synergy
therapeutic properties make it a
first choice for wound healing in
the initial stages:anti-inflammatory,
antirheumatic (alleviates or
prevents rheumatism), antiseptic,
anti-spasmodic, astringent,
haemostatic and citrisant" a group
of properties which implies it can
stop bleeding, speed new skin
formation, and reduce
inflammation.”
Also may be used for any irritated
skin condition, especially where
dryness is present. and treatments
for eczema; as a calmative for
insomnia; reducing allergic
symptoms.
“Yarrow is also noted for its
benefits for the digestive system,
being used to relieve stomach
cramps and gall-bladder pain. As an
anti-spasmodic and carminative (an
agent preventing the formation of
gas in the stomach and the
intestinal system), it can be
massaged into the abdomen at a
relatively high strength in carrier:
5-10% for adults, 1-3% for children
- though we would recommend
mandarin for children's digestive
issues.”
***