Jacksonville, Fl.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
OPERATIONS
AND
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Student Study Guide
Introduction
This Handout was produced utilizing information and material found on the DoD HazMat
Support Material CD-ROM as well as the previous Complient handout. This material emphasizes
First Responder at the Operations Level actions to releases and accidents.
Regulations
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120- HAZWOPER Standard
1. Five levels of Responder:
a. Awareness
b. Operations
c. Technician
d. Specialist
e. Incident Commander
Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act- Protects the public from Air and Water Pollution.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)- Covers Hazardous Waste Handling and
storage and disposal.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA or
SUPERFUND)- Provides funds for cleaning contaminated areas, such as abandoned hazardous
waste dump sites.
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)- Community Right-to-Know issues.
Requires commercial Haz-Mat users to report types and quantities to local authorities and
addresses worker protection regulation (RTK, HAZCOM).
HazMat Operations
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SECTION I
Analyzing the Incident
Container Identification
Pipeline Marker Information
DOT Classes and Divisions
Chemical and Physical Properties Terminology
Container Stress, Breach, and Release
Dispersion Patterns of Released Materials
Information Resource Materials
HazMat Operations
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Notes
HazMat Operations
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Identifying nonbulk and bulk containers.
NONBULK AND BULK PACKAGING
Package

Means packaging and its contents.
Packaging

May be singular or plural and means anything that contains a material.
Nonbulk Packaging

Is any packaging having a capacity meeting one of the following criteria:
1.
2.
3.


Liquid – internal volume of 118.9 gallons (450 liters) or less.
Solid – capacity of 881.8 pounds (400 kilograms) or less.
Compressed Gas – water capacity of 1000 pound (453.6 kilograms) or less.
Nonbulk packaging may be a single packaging (e.g., drum, carboy, cylinder) or a combination packaging
consisting of one or more inner packagings inside an outer packaging (e.g., glass bottles inside a fiberboard
box). Nonbulk packaging may be palletized or placed in overpacks for transport in various transport vehicles,
vessels, and freight containers.
Examples of nonbulk packaging are bags, bottles, boxes, carboys, cylinders, drums, jerricans, and wooden
barrels.
Bulk Packaging


Is any packaging, including transport vehicles, having a capacity greater than described under nonbulk packing.
Bulk packaging is further divided into two distinct types.
1.
Bulk packaging that is placed on transport vehicles or vessel transportation using a
crane, hoist, forklift, etc., for loading and unloading.
-
2.
Bulk packaging that is an integral part of the transport vehicle.
-
HazMat Operations
Bulk bags and boxes, portable bins, portable tanks, intermodal
portable tanks, and ton containers.
Tank trucks, tank trailers, hopper trailers, tank cars, and hopper
cars.
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BAGS (NonBulk)
Capacity

Generally will not exceed 100 pounds.
Construction Material

Bags are flexible packaging constructed of materials such as cloth, burlap, Kraft paper, plastic, or a combination
of these materials.


Enclosed on all sides except one, which forms an opening that may or may not be sealed after filling.
Closed by folding and gluing, heat sealing, tuck-in, or self-closing sleeves, stitching, crimping with metal, or
twisting or tying.



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives, pesticides, insecticides, oxidizers, and flammable materials.
Examples include cement, fertilizers, and pesticides.
Container Description
Material Examples
Material Form

Solids.

1, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
Hazard Class
HazMat Operations
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CARBOYS
Capacity

Generally will not exceed 20 gallons.
Construction Material


Glass or plastic bottles.
Outer packing comprised of polystyrene boxes, wooden boxes, or plywood drums.

Glass or plastic “bottles” that may be encased in an outer protective packaging.



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives (acids and caustics), and water.
Examples include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonium hydroxide, and water.

Liquids.

6 and 8.
Container Description
Material Examples
Material Form
Hazard Class
HazMat Operations
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DRUMS
Capacity

Generally will not exceed 55 gallons.
Construction Material

Metal, plastic, fiberboard, plywood, or other suitable materials.






Sometimes called buckets, cans, or pails.
Metal and plastic drums can range in size up to 23 inches in diameter and 34 inches high.
Fiber drums range from 8 inches in diameter and 4 inches high to 24 inches in diameter and 43 inches high.
Removable head or nonremovable heads, referred to as “open head” and “tight or closed head”
May have liners or linings.
Head and body are joined together by a “Chime”.
 Metal ring around the top and bottom of the sidewall.






Open head drums – removable head attached by a separate ring or built-in lugs.
Closed head drums – two openings, one 2 inches in diameter and the other ¾ inch in diameter. Closed with
plugs called “Bungs”.
Bungs may be vented for certain materials.Material Examples
Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives, pesticides, insecticides, oxidizers, and flammable materials.
Examples include lubricating grease, caustic powders, hydrogen peroxide, poisons, and solvents.

Solids and liquids.

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
Container Description
Openings and Closures
Material Form
Hazard Class
HazMat Operations
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CLYNDERS
Capacity and Working Pressures


Will not exceed 1000 pounds water capacity.
Service pressures range from a few pounds per square inch to several thousand pounds per square inch.
Construction Material

Mild steel, aluminum, stainless steel, alloys of magnesium, glass, or plastic.


Circular cross section with a valve or valve arrangement at one end of the cylinder.
Three basic types of cylinders.
 Aerosol containers
 Uninsulated cylinders
 Cryogenic (insulated) cylinders
Container Description
Valving and Safety Features




Valve or valve arrangement at one end of the cylinder.
May be protected by a screw-on cap or cylinder rings.
Equipped with pressure relief devices (e.g., relief valve, rupture disk, fusible plug).
Some small cylinders have seals in place of the valve and are meant to be used with equipment having a valve
arrangement.



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives, pesticides, insecticides, oxidizers, and flammable materials.
Examples include:
 Aerosol containers: Cleaners, lubricants, paint, and toiletries.
 Uninsulated cylinders: Acetylene, gaseous nitrogen, liquefied petroleum gas, and oxygen.
 Cryogenic cylinders: Argon, helium, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Material Examples
Material Form

Gaseous state: Liquefied, non-liquefied, dissolved gases, or mixture thereof.

2
Hazard Class
HazMat Operations
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BULK BAGS
Capacity


Standard sizes range from 15 to 85 cubic feet.
Capacities vary from 500 to 5000 pounds.
Construction Material

Bags are packaging constructed of flexible materials, e.g., woven polypropylene.




Preformed packaging of a flexible material that is available plain, coated, or with liners.
Three basic designs: strap, bottom outlet, and sleeve.
Transported in a variety of open and closed transport vehicles including rail boxcars, intermodal containers, and
box (van) trailers.
Often referred to as “rigid intermediate bulk containers” (RIBCs).



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives, pesticides, insecticides, oxidizers and very insensitive explosives.
Examples include fertilizers, pesticides, and water treatment chemicals.

Solids.

1.5, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
Container Description
Material Examples
Material Form
Hazard Class
HazMat Operations
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PORTABLE BINS
Capacity

Generally will not exceed 7700 pounds.
Construction Material

Metal or plastic.







Rectangular cross section.
Equipped with skids, frames, or other mountings to facilitate handling by mechanical means.
4 feet square and 6 feet high.
Loaded through the top and unloaded from the side or bottom.
Dump type portable bins are shipped on flat bed trucks and trailers in agricultural areas.
Mainly transported in/on flat bed or van type trucks or trailers, boxcars or flat cars, and vessels.
Often referred to as “rigid intermediate bulk containers” (RIBCs).



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives, pesticides, insecticides, oxidizers, and very insensitive explosives.
Examples include ammonium nitrate fertilizer, other fertilizers, and pesticides.

Solids.

1.5, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
Container Description
Material Examples
Material Form
Hazard Class
HazMat Operations
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PORTABLE TANKS
Capacity

Between 118.9 gallons (450 liters) and less than 732.5 gallons (3,000 liters).
Construction Material

Metal or plastic.






Circular or rectangular cross sections.
Approximately 6 feet high.
Equipped with skids, frames, or other mountings to facilitate handling by mechanical means.
Some are insulated and may be equipped with steam and/or electric heating.
Transported in/on flat bed or van type trucks or trailers, boxcars or flat cars, and vessels.
Often referred to as “rigid intermediate bulk containers” (RIBCs).



Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
They transport toxics, corrosives, pesticides, insecticides, food grade commodities, liquid fertilizers, and resin.
Examples include sodium cyanide, water treatment chemicals, and whiskey.

Liquids.

3, 6, 8, and 9.
Container Description
Material Examples
Material Form
Hazard Class
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PIPELINES
Capacity

Flow rate determined in “barrels” rather than gallons.
 1 barrel equals 42 gallons.
Working Pressures


Generally 100 to 7,000 psig (689.5 to 48,265 kPa gauge).
Special applications may dictate up to 15,000 psig (103,425-kPa gauge).
Construction Material

Steel, stainless steel, iron, or plastic.



Circular cross section, varying sizes.
Placed above and below ground.
Design, construction, and safety features regulated by title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Parts 191,
192, and 195.
Pipeline markers will show locations of underground and submerged pipelines and provide warning for the
public.



Container Description
Material Examples

Both hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
Transports flammable liquids and gases, corrosives, toxics, liquid fertilizers, food commodities, and a variety of
other products.
Examples include natural gas, propane, and liquid petroleum products.

Liquids, gases, and liquefied gases.

2, 3, 6, 8, and 9.
Material Form
Hazard Class
HazMat Operations
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MC 306 Cargo Tank (Atmospheric Pressure)
Working Pressures


Designed for static head pressure of its contents.
Internal MAWP must be a minimum 2.65 psig and maximum 5 psig.
Capacity

Between 2,000 and 10,000 gallons (7,570L and 37,850L).
Construction Material

Most common construction material is .25-inch thick aluminum alloy.
Container Description




May contain up to eight compartments, but most contain four to five compartments.
Full-length roll over protection is along the tank top.
Manways and dome lids (covers) are on the tank top.
Most common leak is in the dome lid.
Material Example




Commonly transports petroleum products.
Gasoline/fuel oil/aviation jet fuel.
Solvents.
Liquid food products.
Material Form

Liquid.
Hazard Class


3.1 and 3.2.
Nonhazardous items.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Are usually mechanical and may have a second remote closure, in addition to the one on the driver’s side at
the front of the tank.
Loading and Unloading Points

Tank trucks may be either top loaded or bottom loaded. Although, bottom loading is most prevalent.
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MC 406 Cargo Tank (Atmospheric Pressure)
Working Pressures

Internal MAWP must be a minimum 2.65 psig and maximum 5 psig.
Capacity

Capacities between 7,500 gal and 10,000 gal (28,387L and 37,850L).
Construction Material

Most common construction material is .25-inch thick aluminum alloy.
Container Description




May contain up to eight compartments, but most contain four to five compartments.
Full-length roll over protection is along the tank top.
Manways and dome lids (covers) are on the tank top.
Most common leak is in the dome lid.
Material Example




Commonly transports petroleum products.
Gasoline/fuel oil/aviation jet fuel.
Solvents.
Liquid food products.
Material Form

Liquid.
Hazard Class


3.1 and 3.2.
Nonhazardous items.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Are usually mechanical and may have a second remote closure, in addition to the one on the driver’s side at
the front of the tank.
Loading and Unloading Points

Tank trucks may be either top loaded or bottom loaded. Although, bottom loading is most prevalent.
HazMat Operations
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MC 307 Cargo Tank
Working Pressures

Internal vapor pressure of 18 psi, but not more than 40 psi.
Capacity

Between 5,000 and 7,000 gallons.
Construction Material


Most common construction material is stainless steel.
Other construction materials may include steel, aluminum, titanium, Hastaloy C, and related alloys.
Container Description





One to two compartments are most common.
May be insulated or noninsulated.
Insulated tanks look horseshoe shaped/noninsulated tanks look round with ribs showing.
Most common leaks occur from the manway and safety relief device.
Rollover protection surrounds the manway and the ends of the tank.
Transport Material Examples


Flammable and combustible liquids.
Mild corrosives.
Material Form

Liquid.
Hazard Class

3.1, 3.2, and 8.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Each bottom outlet must be equipped with a self-closing internal emergency shut-off valve.
The valves usually are hydraulic, but pneumatic and mechanical valves
also are used.
Loading and Unloading Points

These tanks can be loaded through the manway or through the bottom internal valves, and they can be built
to unload from the rear of the tank or from the center (belly unloading).
HazMat Operations
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MC 407 Cargo Tank
Working Pressures

Internal vapor pressure of 18 psi, but not more than 40 psi.
Capacity

Between 5,000 and 7,000 gallons.
Construction Material


Most common construction material is stainless steel.
Other construction materials may include steel, aluminum, titanium, Hastaloy C, and related alloys.
Container Description





One to two compartments are most common.
May be insulated or noninsulated.
Insulated tanks look horseshoe shaped/noninsulated tanks look round with ribs showing.
Most common leaks occur from the manway and safety relief device.
Rollover protection surrounds the manway and the ends of the tank.
Transport Material Examples


Flammable and combustible liquids.
Mild corrosives.
Material Form

Liquid.
Hazard Class

3.1, 3.2, and 8.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Each bottom outlet must be equipped with a self-closing internal emergency shut-off valve.
The valves usually are hydraulic, but pneumatic and mechanical valves
also are used.
Loading and Unloading Points

These tanks can be loaded through the manway or through the bottom internal valves, and they can be built to
unload from the rear of the tank or from the center (belly unloading).
HazMat Operations
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MC 312 Cargo Tank (corrosive)
Working Pressures

Tank design pressures range from 35 psi to 50 psi.
Capacity

Between 3,000 and 6,000 gallons (22,710L).
Construction Material

May be constructed of steel, aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, or Hastaloy C.
Container Description





Most commonly are single-compartment tanks, but may contain up to four.
If the cargo tank has more than one compartment, each compartment must have its own manway.
May be insulated or noninsulated, and may be lined or unlined.
Most common leaks occur around the manway and bottom sump.
Rollover protection surrounds the manway and if required, the front and rear of the tank.
Transport Material Examples

High-density liquids and strong corrosives, such as nitric and sulfuric acid.
Material Form

Liquid.
Hazard Class

8
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Each outlet at or near the top of the tank must have a shut-off valve as close to the tank as possible.
Loading and Unloading Points

Can be either top or bottom unloaded, but are usually unloaded upward through the rear of the tank.
HazMat Operations
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MC 412 Cargo Tank (corrosive)
Working Pressures

Tank design pressures range from 35 psi to 50 psi.
Capacity

Between 3,000 and 6,000 gallons (22,710L).
Construction Material

May be constructed of steel, aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, or Hastaloy C.
Container Description





Most commonly are single-compartment tanks, but may contain up to four.
If the cargo tank has more than one compartment, each compartment must have its own manway.
May be insulated or noninsulated, and may be lined or unlined.
Most common leaks occur around the manway and bottom sump.
Rollover protection surrounds the manway and if required, the front and rear of the tank.
Transport Material Examples

High-density liquids and strong corrosives, such as nitric and sulfuric acid.
Material Form

Liquid.
Hazard Class
8
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Each outlet at or near the top of the tank must have a shut-off valve as close to the tank as possible.
Loading and Unloading Points

Can be either top or bottom unloaded, but are usually unloaded upward through the rear of the tank.
HazMat Operations
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MC 331 Cargo Tank (Pressurized Containers)
Working Pressures

Tank design pressures range from 100 psi to 500 psi (690 kPa to 3448 kPa).
Capacity

Between 2,500 gal to 11,500 gal (9,463 L to 43,528 L).
Construction Material
•
Constructed of mild steel or high tensile steel.

May be aluminum if the material to be hauled is compatible with it.
Container Description




Are single-compartment tanks and are round in cross section, with round ends.
The manway will be located on one end of the tank.
They are usually seamless and/or welded steel.
The upper two-thirds of a steel tank not covered with a reflective metal jacket must be painted white,
aluminum, or a similar reflective color.
Transport Material Examples


Used for the transportation of liquefied and compressed gases.
Ammonia, LP gas, butadiene, isopentanes, chlorine, and carbon dioxide.
Material Form

Liquid, liquefied and compressed gases.
Hazard Class

2.1, 2.2, and 2.3.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Uses two remote methods of closure. Both are required to operate by mechanical and thermal means. One
is located at the front of the cargo tank and the other is located at the rear of the vehicle.
 All piping, fittings, valves, and safety relief valves must be protected against damage that could be
caused by collision, jackknifing, and overturning.
Loading and Unloading Points

All outlets must be marked to designate whether they communicate with liquid or vapor when the tank is filled.
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MC 338 Cargo Tank (Cryogenic Liquids)
Working Pressures

Inner tank pressures can range from 23.5 psi to 500 psi (162 kPa to 3,448 kPa) depending on the product
being transported.
Capacity

Tank capacities range from 5,000 gal to 14,000 gal (18,925 L to 52,990 L).
Construction Material


The inner tank is typically constructed of special steel alloys compatible with the product to be transported and
capable of withstanding extremely cold temperatures.
The outer container is typically made of steel.
Container Description



Tank-within-a-tank design.
Tank is vacuum-insulated and must be connected with a vacuum gauge which indicates the absolute
pressure within the insulation space.
Tank must have a suitable pressure gauge, indicating the lading pressure, located on the front of the jacket
so the driver can read it in the rearview mirror.
Transport Material Examples


Used for the transportation of cryogenic liquids.
Examples of materials shipped are liquefied argon, helium, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Material Form

Liquefied and compressed gases.
Hazard Class

2.1, 2.2, and 2.3.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Internal safety valves are located inside the tank to protect the valve against mechanical stress
and
accident damage.
 External valves with accident protection are located outside of the tank and are surrounded with a metal
framing to protect the valve against mechanical stress and accident damage.
 Emergency remote shutoff devices, when actuated, automatically close all internal safety valves.
 Emergency remote shutoff devices will always be found at the left front of the cargo tank, and may, in
some instances, also be found at the right rear.
Loading and Unloading Points

Located in a cabinet(s) at the rear or either side in front of rear wheels.
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Specialized Cargo Tanks (Tube Trailer)
Working Pressures

Cylinder service pressures range from 3,000 to 5,000 psi.
Capacity

Each component cylinder in a tube trailer is required by 49 CFR to have a minimum water capacity of 453.6
kg (1,000 lbs.).
Construction Material

Stainless steel, and steel.
Container Description




The tube trailer consists of a group of seamless steel cylinders, 9 to 48 inches in diameter, permanently
mounted on a semitrailer.
The tube trailer may have as few as two large cylinders or more than twenty smaller cylinders.
All cylinders contain the same material.
Each cylinder is independently piped and valved.
Transport Material Examples


Bulk non-liquefied compressed gases.
Examples of materials shipped in tube trailers include helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Material Form

Bulk non-liquefied compressed gases.
Hazard Class

2.1, 2.2, and 2.3.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Loading and Unloading Points

The filling and discharge of product are done through a manifold header, that is usually located at the rear of the
trailer.
HazMat Operations
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Pneumatic Hopper Trailer
Working Pressures

Will vary due to manufacturer and product specifications. Generally no greater than 80 psi.
Capacity

Up to 1,500 cubic feet.
Construction Material

Steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and alloys of magnesium.
Container Description

These vehicles are not manufactured to a specification mandated by 49 CFR. However, the vehicle must
still be placarded and marked properly if it is carrying a regulated material.
 When viewed from the side, they have rounded sides and sloping ends, with two or more cone shaped
structures connected by a pipe that is approximately four inches in diameter.
 Many dry bulk cargo tanks also have an air compressor mounted on them, usually at the rear, which is
used to assist in unloading the product.
Transport Material Examples


Bulk fertilizers, some of which are classed as oxidizers.
Ammonium nitrate fertilizers, cement, and dry caustic soda.
Material Form

Solids.
Hazard Class

5.1 and 9.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Will vary due to design and construction of the trailer.
Loading and Unloading Points

Dry bulk cargo tanks are usually loaded from the top and unloaded (using air pressure) from the bottom.
HazMat Operations
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Intermodal Tank Containers
The portable tanks shown above illustrate the box and beam type framework. The appropriate
configuration will be used on IM 101, IM 102, Spec 5, Cryogenic, and Tube module intermodals.
Intermodal tank containers transport bulk gases and liquids. They are enclosed in a sturdy metal
supporting frame (either box type or beam type) built to international standards, which is typically 8 by 8
by 20 feet, although there are some 40-foot frames. They may be transported by highway, rail, or water.
Intermodal tank containers can be of three basic types: Nonpressure, pressure, and specialized (including
cryogenic portable tanks and tube modules). Some may be insulated and some may be equipped with
steam and/or electric heating.
Tank containers can carry a variety of hazardous and nonhazardous materials. Examples include food
grade commodities, liquid fertilizers, resins, anhydrous ammonia, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),
oxygen, helium, and nitrogen.
Tank container markings are required to be standardized by the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Typical markings on an intermodal tank container are illustrated below.
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.Nonpressure
and Pressure tank car views
Nonpressure tank car without expansion dome (inset)
Nonpressure tank car with expansion dome (inset)
Pressure tank car with protective housing (inset)
HazMat Operations
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Tank car identification markings
HazMat Operations
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Nonpressure Tank Car
Working Pressures

Tank test pressures for nonpressure tank cars are 60 psi and 100 psi (414 kPa - 690 kPa).
Capacity

Capacities range from 4,000 gal (15,140 L) to 45,000 gal (170,325 L).
Construction Material

Most tank cars are carbon steel, and no designation appears in the specification marking.
When other construction materials (aluminum, nickel, alloy steel) are
used, designators
will appear.
Container Description

Nonpressure tank cars are distinguished by either an expansion dome with visible fittings (on older cars) or
the visible fittings without an expansion dome (on newer cars).
 Nonpressure tank cars may have up to six compartments, with one set of fittings for each individual
compartment.
 Compartments may have different capabilities and can transport different commodities at the same
time.
 Nonpressure tank cars may be either noninsulated or insulated.
Transport Material Examples


May transport hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
Examples of materials shipped in nonpressure railcars include benzene, caustic soda, corn syrup, fruit
juices, and whiskey.
Material Form

Solids and liquids.
Hazard Class

3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Nonpressure tank cars that carry flammable liquids (and some poisonous materials) must have a springoperated, reseating safety relief valve set to discharge at 75% of tank pressure (except some 60 psi tank cars
may have a 35 psi safety relief valve).
Loading and Unloading Points

Fittings for loading/unloading, pressure and/or vacuum relief, gauging, and other purposes are visible at the
top and/or bottom of the car.
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Pressure Tank Car
Working Pressures

Tank test pressures for these tank cars are from 100 psi (414 kPa) to 600 psi (4137 kPa).
Capacity

Capacities range from 4,000 gal (15,140 L) to 45,000 gal (170,325 L).
Construction Material


Most tank cars are carbon steel, and no designation appears in the specification marking.
When other construction materials (aluminum, nickel, alloy steel) are used, designators will appear.
Container Description



Tank cars are cylindrical, non-compartmented tanks with rounded heads.
Pressure tank cars are generally distinguished by the presence of a single protective housing on top that contains
all valves and other fittings.
Pressure tank cars may be insulated and/or thermally protected. Those without insulation and without jacketed
protection have at least the top two-thirds of the tank painted white.
Transport Material Examples


Liquefied gases and flammable liquids.
Anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, and liquefied petroleum gas.
Material Form

Liquefied gases, flammable liquids, and other hazardous liquids that have a high vapor pressure.
Hazard Class

2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 3.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Safety relief valves are usually set at 75% of tank test pressure.
Loading and Unloading Points

Typically top loading, with their fittings inside the protective housing, mounted on the manway cover plate,
in the center of the tank.
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Cryogenic Liquid Tank Car
Working Pressures

Cryogenic liquid tank cars carry low pressure, usually 25 psig or lower, refrigerated liquids (minus 130F
and below).
Capacity

Will vary on the material being shipped.
Construction Material


Cryogenic liquid tank car tanks are of the tank-within-a-tank style, with an alloy (stainless or nickel) steel inner
tank supported within a strong outer tank (a vacuum jacketing system).
The outer tank shell is made of a carbon-steel material.
Container Description




Cryogenic liquid tank car tanks are of the tank-within-a-tank style.
The space between the inner and outer tank is filled with insulation and kept under a vacuum to maintain
product temperature.
The combination of insulation and vacuum protects the contents from ambient temperatures for only 30 days,
making these shipments time-sensitive.
Absence of top fittings, since the fittings are enclosed in cabinets.
Transport Material Examples


Refrigerated liquids (minus 130F and below).
Materials shipped in cryogenic tank cars are the cryogenic liquids of argon, ethylene, hydrogen, and
nitrogen.
Material Form

Refrigerated liquids (minus 130F and below).
Hazard Class

2.2
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Loading and Unloading Points

Fittings for loading/unloading, pressure relief, and venting are in ground-level cabinets at diagonal corners
of the car or in the center of one end of the car.
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High Pressure Tube Car
Working Pressures


Generally pressures up to 3,500 psig (24,133 kPa gauge).
May have pressures up to 5,000 psig on certain materials.
Capacity

Capacities will vary for the material that is transported.
Construction Material

Steel cylinders.
Container Description

Most common configuration has up to 30 noninsulated seamless steel cylinders permanently mounted
horizontally in a 40 feet frame with open sides on the car.
 Valves, fittings, and safety devices are all located at one end in a cabinet.
 All cylinders will contain the same product.
 If carrying flammables, each cylinder must be equipped with an ignition device on the safety relief
devices so that escaping product is immediately burned off.
Transport Material Examples


Compressed (but never liquefied) gases.
Helium, argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Material Form

Compressed gases (but never liquefied).
Hazard Class

2.1, 2.2, and 2.3.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Safety relief devices are usually set at 70% of tank test pressure.
Loading and Unloading Points

Loading and unloading and safety relief devices are enclosed in a metal housing (cabinet) to protect them
from accidental damage.
 The cabinet is located at one end of the car.
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Pneumatically Unloaded Covered Hopper Car
Working Pressures

Tank test pressures for these cars are from 20 psig (138 kPa) to 80 psig (552 kPa).
Capacity

Capacities range depending upon the material shipped.
Construction Material

Steel, stainless steel, and aluminum.
Container Description



Constructed to tank car specifications.
Rounded sides and ends with two or more sloping-sided bays on the bottom.
Unloaded with compressed air using pressures of 15 psig or greater.
Transport Material Examples


Hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
Sodium hydroxide, soda ash, polyvinyl chloride pellets, and grain.
Material Form

Bulk solids.
Hazard Class

4, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Safety relief devices are located on each compartment and are usually set at 75% of tank test pressure.
 Pressure is maintained only during unloading.
Loading and Unloading Points


Typically top loading and bottom unloading.
Compressed air is introduced into the top to force the lading out through the bottom openings.
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Nonpressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures

The maximum pressure under which any atmospheric tank is capable of holding its contents is 0.5 psig (4
kPa).
Capacity

Capacities may range from a few thousand gallons (liters) to 20,000 gallons (80,000 L).
Construction Material

Typically constructed of steel.
Container Description

A horizontal tank supported by unprotected steel supports or stilts may fail quickly during fire conditions.
Material Examples

It is commonly used for bulk storage in conjunction with fuel-dispensing operations.
Material Form

Liquids.
Hazard Class

3
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Will vary for each container due to design and construction differences.
Loading and Unloading Points


Will vary due to design and construction.
Risers for multiple tanks will be color coded or marked to identify product or tank for which is used.
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Nonpressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures

The maximum pressure under which any atmospheric tank is capable of holding its contents is 0.5 psig (4
kPa).
Capacity

Will vary due to design and construction.
Construction Material

Steel or approved noncombustible material (must be compatible with the material being stored).
Container Description


Cone shaped pointed roof.
It is designed with a weak roof-to-shell seam, intended to break when or if the container becomes
overpressurized.
 A disadvantage of this type of tank is that when it is partially full, the remaining portion of the tank
contains a potentially dangerous vapor space.
 The vapor space is explosive if the area is exposed to an ignition source.
Material Examples

An ordinary cone roof tank stores flammable, combustible, and corrosive liquids.
Material Form

Liquids.
Hazard Class

3 and 8.
Emergency Shut-off valves

Remote operated block valve located on loading/unloading pipes.
Loading and Unloading Points


Will vary due to design and construction.
Risers for multiple tanks will be color coded or marked to identify product or tank for which is used.
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Nonpressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures

The maximum pressure under which any atmospheric tank is capable of holding its contents is 0.5 psig (4
kPa).
Capacity

Its capacity can range from 50,000 gallons (200,000 L) to over 1,000,000 gallons (4,000,000 L).
Construction Material

Steel or approved noncombustible material (must be compatible with material being stored).
Container Description

A floating roof tank is a large-capacity, aboveground holding tank that is commonly used to store
flammable and combustible liquids, particularly petroleum products.
 It stands vertically and is usually much wider then it is tall.
 Designed so that the roof actually floats on the surface of the liquid. This eliminates the potentially
dangerous vapor space.
 The roof slides up and down the walls as the volume of the container changes.
 A fabric or rubber seal around the circumference of the roof provides a weather-tight seal.
Material Examples

Stores flammable and combustible liquids.
Material Form

Liquids.
Hazard Class

3
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Remote operated block valve located on loading/unloading pipes.
Loading and Unloading Points


Will vary due to design and construction.
Risers for multiple tanks will be color coded or marked to identify product or tank for which is used.
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Nonpressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures

The maximum pressure under which any atmospheric tank is capable of holding its contents is 0.5 psig (4
kPa).
Capacity

Will vary due to design and construction.
Construction Material

Steel or approved noncombustible material (must be compatible with material being stored).
Container Description

Similar in appearance to a floating roof tank, but there are some major differences between the two:
 A lifter roof floats within a series of vertical guides that allow only a few feet of travel.
 The roof is either liquid or fabric-sealed and moves up and down with changes in vapor pressure.
 The roof is designed so that when the vapor pressure exceeds a designated limit, the roof lifts up
slightly and relieves the excess pressure.
Material Examples

Is usually used to store volatile liquids.
Material Form

Liquids.
Hazard Class

3
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Remote operated block valve located on loading/unloading pipes.
Loading and Unloading Points


Will vary due to design and construction.
Risers for multiple tanks will be color coded or marked to identify product or tank for which is used.
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Nonpressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures

The maximum pressure under which any atmospheric tank is capable of holding its contents is 0.5 psig (4 kPa).
Capacity

The vapordome roof tanks range in size up to a maximum of about 8,500,000 gallons (34,000,000 L).
Construction Material

Steel or approved noncombustible material (must be compatible with material being stored).
Container Description


A vapordome roof tank is a vertical storage tank that has a giant bulge or dome on its top.
Attached to the underside of the dome is a flexible diaphragm that moves in conjunction with changes in
vapor pressure.
Material Examples


Design is used for combustible liquids of medium volatility.
Some nonhazardous materials, such as molasses and fertilizer blends, may be stored in this style of tank.
Material Form

Liquids.
Hazard Class

3, 5, and 9.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Remote operated block valve located on loading/unloading pipes.
Loading and Unloading Points


Will vary due to design and construction.
Risers for multiple tanks will be color coded or marked to identify product or tank for which is used.
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Pressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures

Spheroid – 0.5 to 15 psig (4 to 105 kPa).
Capacity

This tank can store 3,000,000 gallons (12,000,000 L) or more.
Construction Material

Steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and alloys or magnesium.
Container Description

Egg shaped to round tank designed for low working pressures.
Container Content Examples

This tank may store LPG, methane, propane, and other light gases. It may also contain certain flammable
liquids such as gasoline and crude oil.
Material Form

Liquid or gaseous commodities.
Hazard Class

Lighter gases in hazard class 2, and flammable liquids in hazard class 3.
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

Pressure-relief valve is located on top of the tank.
Loading and Unloading Points

Will vary with construction design.
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Pressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures

Noded spheroid - 0.5 to 15 psig (4 to 105 kPa).

Will vary with construction design.

Steel, stainless steel, aluminum, or other approved material.
Capacity
Construction Material
Container Description


Bulging, ribbed sections (swelled look).
The noded spheroid tank is held together by a series of internal ties and supports that reduce stress on the
external shell.

This tank may store LPG, methane, propane, and other light gases. It may also contain certain flammable
liquids such as gasoline and crude oil.
Container Content Examples
Material Form

Liquid or gaseous commodities.
Hazard Class

Lighter gases in hazard class 2, and flammable liquids in hazard class 3.
Emergency shut-off valves

Pressure-relief valve is located on top of the tank.
Loading and Unloading Points

Will vary with container construction.
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Pressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures

For pressures 15 psig (105 kPa) and above.

Typically hold 500 to 40,000 gallons (2,000 L to over 160,000 L) of liquid.

Steel and stainless steel.



They are painted white or some other reflective color.
Commonly found at facilities that dispense fuel gases to the public.
Elongated with rounded ends.

Substances commonly stored include propane, liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG),
butane, ethane, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, and hydrogen chloride.
Capacity
Construction Material
Container Description
Container Content Examples
Material Form

Stores compressed or liquefied gases.
Hazard Class

2
Emergency Shut-Off Valves


Pressure relief device located on the tank.
Excessive flow valves located on off-loading piping.
Loading and Unloading Points

Will vary with container construction.
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Pressure Facility Tanks
Working Pressures

Sphere - for pressures 15 psig (105 kPa) and above.
Capacity

They hold up to 600,000 gallons (2,400,000 L) of product.
Construction Material

Steel and stainless steel.
Container Description


Round ball-like appearance.
Most are noninsulated and white or a reflective color to reduce the heat level and the resulting amount of
vaporization that occurs inside the tank.
 The sphere tank is often supported off the ground by a series of concrete or steel legs.
Container Content Examples

Liquefied petroleum gases are commonly stored in pressure sphere tanks.
Hazard Class

2
Emergency Shut-Off Valves


Pressure relief device located on the tank.
Excessive flow valves located on off-loading piping.
Loading and Unloading Points

Will vary with container construction.
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Ton Containers
Working Pressures

Tank pressures range from 500 to 1,000 psi.
Capacity

Liquid capacity from 180 to 320 gallons.
Construction Material

Steel
Container Description

Cylindrical pressure tanks approximately 3 feet in diameter and 8 feet long with convex or concave heads.
 The name “ton container” comes from the packaging’s capability to transport one ton of chlorine.
 All fittings are in the heads, including fusible plugs and/or spring-loaded safety relief valves.
 Ton containers have two valves – one for vapor, one for liquid.
Transport Material Examples


Ton containers transport bulk gases.
Examples include chlorine, phosgene, anhydrous ammonia, and sulfur dioxide.
Material Form

Gases and liquefied gases.
Hazard Class

2
Emergency Shut-Off Valves

All fittings are in the heads, including fusible plugs and/or spring-loaded safety relief valves.
 Safety relief devices are prohibited for certain poisonous or noxious materials.
 They have three plugs, equally spaced around the head, to provide venting, if necessary.
Loading and Unloading Points


All fittings are located in the head of the ton container.
Ton containers have two valves – one for vapor, one for liquid.
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RADIOACTIVE PACKAGING - TYPE A
Capacity

Generally will not exceed 3,000 pounds.
Construction Material
 Cardboard, wood, and metal.
Container Description
 Cardboard boxes, wooden crates, cylinders, and metal drums.
Material Examples
 Radiological gases (xenon)
 Radiography instruments and soil density meters.
 Radiopharmaceuticles (medicines that contain radioactive material).
Material Form
 Solid, liquid, and gas.
Hazard Class
 7
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RADIOACTIVE PACKAGING - TYPE B
Capacity

Generally will not exceed 6,000 pounds.
Construction Material

Steel, concrete, and lead pipe.
Container Description




Steel reinforced concrete casks.
Lead pipes.
Heavy-gauge metal drums.
Can survive serious accidents and fire without release of the radioactive material.
Material Examples




Fissionable materials.
High-grade raw radioactive materials.
Nuclear fuels (both new and spent).
Highly radioactive metals.
Material Form

Liquid and solid
Hazard Class

7
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


- Information on pipeline markers.
The location of all underground or submerged transmission and main pipelines must be marked with a warning
sign at each public road crossing, railroad crossing, waterway crossing and also at intervals along the length of
the pipeline.
- However, gas distribution lines are not ordinarily marked at street crossings.
No standard format exists for pipeline markers as it does for the placards required in other modes of hazardous
materials transportation.
Pipeline markers have to contain specific information.
- The word “WARNING” prominently displayed.
- The name of the product (if pipeline is dedicated to a single product).
- The name of the owner and/or operator’s name.
- The emergency telephone contact number (monitored 24 hrs).
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IDENTIFY THE DOT HAZARD CLASSES AND DIVISIONS WITH
COMMON EXAMPLES, PRIMARY HAZARDS AND ASSOCIATED
PLACARDS AND LABELS
* The DOT has classified hazardous materials according to their primary danger and assigned standardized symbols
to identify the classes.
* Materials are grouped by their major hazardous characteristic and many materials will have other hazards as well.
Example: A material may be poisonous, corrosive and flammable but will only be grouped with whichever is
considered the worst.
Class 1 (Explosives)
Major Hazard: Explosion
1. Definition - Explosive means any substance or article, including a device that is designed to function by
explosion (i.e. release of gas and heat) or that, by chemical reaction within itself is able to function by explosion.
Division 1.1 - Explosives that have a
mass explosion hazard. A mass explosion
is on that affects almost the entire load
instantaneously.
Common examples include black powder,
dynamite, and T-N-T.
Division 1.2 - Explosives that have a
projection hazard but not a mass explosion
hazard.
(b)
Common examples include aerial flares,
detonation cord, and power device cartridges.
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(c)
Division 1.3 - Explosives that have a fire
hazard and either a minor blast hazard or a
minor projection hazard, or both, but not a
mass explosion hazard.
Common examples include Liquid-fueled
rocket motors, and propellant explosives
(d) Division
1.4 - Explosive devices that present
a minor explosion hazard. No device in the division
may contain more than 25 grams (0.9 oz) of a
detonating material. The explosive effects are
largely confined to the package and no projection
of fragments of appreciable size or range is
expected. An external fire must not cause virtually
instantaneous explosion of almost the entire
contents of the package.
Common examples include practice ammunition,
and signal cartridges
(e) Division 1.5 - Very insensitive explosives
substances that have a mass explosion hazard but
are so insensitive that there is very little probability
of initiation or of transition from burning to detonation
under normal conditions of transport.
Common examples include prilled ammonium
nitrate fertilizer - fuel oil mixtures, (blasting agents)
(f) Division 1.6 - Extremely insensitive articles
that do not have a mass explosive hazard. This
division is comprised of articles that contain only
extremely insensitive detonating substances and
that demonstrate a negligible probability of accidental
initiation or propagation.
Common examples include explosive squib devices
2. Placards - Orange background, Bursting Ball (for divisions 1.1-1.3) with the word
“Explosives” or “Blasting Agents” - (1.5)
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Class 2 (Gases)
Major Hazards: BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion)
* Sub-hazards: Flammable, Oxidizer, Poisonous
Division 2.1 - (Flammable gas) means any material
that is a gas (boiling point) at (20ºC) 68ºF or less and
(101.3 kPa) 14.7 psi of pressure, a material that has a
boiling point of (20ºC) 68ºF or less at (101.3 kPa) 14.7
psi and that:
Is ignitable at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) when in
a mixture of 13% or less by volume with air; or
Has a flammable range at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi)
with air of at least 12% regardless of the lower limit
 Common examples include inhibited butadiene’s,
methyl chloride, and propane.
Division 2.2 - (Nonflammable, nonpoisonous Compressed Gas, including
compressed gas, liquefied gas, pressurized cryogenic gas, and compressed gas
in solution) A nonflammable, nonpoisonous compressed gas means any
material (or mixture) that exerts in the packaging an absolute pressure of 280
kPa (41psia) at 20ºC (68ºF).
A cryogenic liquid means a refrigerated, liquefied gas having a
boiling point colder than -90ºC (-130ºF) at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi)
absolute.
 Common examples include anhydrous ammonia,
cryogenic argon, carbon dioxide, and compressed
nitrogen.
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Division 2.3 - Poisonous Gas, (toxic by inhalation)
means gases that vaporize easily, that are very dangerous
to life, even in small amounts. A material that is a gas at
20ºC (68ºF) or less and a pressure of 101.3 kPa (14.7
psi or 1 atm), a material that has a boiling point of 20ºC
(68ºF) or less at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi), and that:
Is known to be so toxic to humans as to pose
a hazard to health during transportation; or
In the absence of adequate data on human
toxicity, it is presumed to be toxic to humans
because, when tested on laboratory animals, it
has an LC50 value of not more than 5,000 ppm.
 Common examples include anhydrous hydrogen
fluoride, arsine, chlorine and methyl bromide
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Class 3 - Flammable and Combustible liquids
Major Hazard: Burns readily
Flammable Liquid is any liquid having
a flash point of not more than 60.5ºC (141ºF)
Division 3.1 - Flash point <17.7ºC (<0ºF)
Division 3.2 - Flash point 17.7ºC to 22.7ºC
(0ºF to 73ºF)
Division 3.3 - Flash point 22.7ºC to 60.5ºC
(73ºF to 141ºF)
 Common examples include acetone, amyl acetate,
gasoline, methyl alcohol, and toluene.
Combustible Liquid is any liquid that does
not meet the definition of any other hazard class and has a
flash point above 60ºC (140ºF) and below 93ºC (200ºF)
 Common examples include mineral oil, peanut oil,
and No. 6 fuel oil.
* Flammable liquids with a flash point above 38ºC (100ºF)
may be reclassified as a combustible liquid.
Placards
Flammable - Red background, White Flame
w/the word “Flammable”
Combustible - Red background, White Flame
w/the word “Combustible”
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Class 4
- Flammable Solids
Major Hazard: Rapid combustion with a liberation of mass quantities of smoke
Division 4.1 - (Flammable Solid) means any of
the following three types of materials
Wetted explosives - explosives wetted with
sufficient water, alcohol, or plasticizer to suppress
explosive properties
Self-reactive materials - materials that are
liable to undergo, at normal or elevated temperatures,
a strongly exothermic decomposition caused by
excessively high transport temperatures or by
contamination
Readily combustible solids - solids that may cause a fire
through friction and any metal powders that can be ignited
 Common examples include magnesium (pellets, turnings,
or ribbons), and nitrocellulose.
Division 4.2 - (Spontaneously Combustible Material)
means any of the following materials:
Pyrophoric Material - a liquid or solid that,
even in small quantities and without an external
ignition source, can ignite within five minutes after
coming in contact with air
Self-heating material - a material that, when in contact
with air and without an energy supply, is liable to self-heat
 Common examples include aluminum alkyls, charcoal
briquettes, magnesium alkyl's, and phosphorus
Division 4.3 - (Dangerous When Wet Materials)
means a material that, by contact with water, is liable
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to become spontaneously flammable or to give off
flammable or toxic gas at a rate greater than 1 L/kg
of the material, per hour.
 Common examples include calcium carbide,
magnesium powder, potassium metal alloys, and
sodium hydride
Placards
Division 4.1 - Red and White Vertical Stripes, Black Flame
and the words “Flammable Solid”
Division 4.2 - White Top, Red Bottom, Black Flame with words
“Spontaneously Combustible”
Division 4.3 - Blue background, White Flame, words
“Dangerous when Wet”
Class 5 - Oxidizers
Major Hazards 5.1: Supports Combustion intensifies fire
Major Hazards 5.2: Unstable/Reactive Explosives
Division 5.1 - (Oxidizer) means a material that may,
generally by yielding oxygen, cause or enhance the
combustion of other materials.
 Common examples include ammonium nitrate, bromine
trifluioide, and calcium hypochlorite.
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Division 5.2 - (Organic Peroxide) means an organic
compound containing oxygen (O) in the bivalent [O-O] structure that
can be considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide, where one or
more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals.
Materials are assigned to one of seven types.
Type A - can detonate or deflagrate rapidly as
packaged for transport. Transportation of type A organic
peroxides is forbidden.
Type B - neither detonates nor deflagrates rapidly, but that
can undergo a thermal explosion.
Type C - neither detonates nor deflagrates rapidly and cannot
undergo thermal explosion.
Type D - detonates only partially or deflagrates slowly, with
medium to no effect when heated under confinement.
Type E - neither detonates nor deflagrates and shows low,
or no, effect when heated under confinement.
Type F - will not detonate, does not deflagrate, shows only
a low, or no, effect if heated when confined, and has low or no
explosive power.
Type G - will not detonate, does not deflagrate, shows no
effect if heated when confined, and has no explosive power,
is thermally stable, and is desensitized.
 Common examples include dibenzoyl peroxide, methyl ethyl
ketone peroxide, and peroxyacetic acid.
Placards
5.1 - Yellow background, Black Flaming “O”
with word “Oxidizer”
5.2 - Yellow background, Black Flaming “O”
with words “Organic Peroxide”
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Class 6 (Poison)
Major Hazards: Toxicity, Infectious
Division 6.1 - (Poisonous Materials) means a material,
other than a gas, that is either known to be so toxic to humans
as to afford a hazard to health during transport, OR in the
absence of adequate data on human toxicity, is presumed to
be toxic to humans, including irritating materials that cause
irritation.
 Common examples include aniline, arsenic compounds, carbon tetrachloride, hydrocyanic
acid, and tear gas.
Division 6.2 - (Infectious Substance) means a viable
microorganism, or its toxin, that causes or may cause disease
in humans or animals. Infectious substance and etiologic
agent are synonymous.
 Common examples include anthrax, botulism, rabies,
and tetanus.
Placard
White background, Skull and Crossbones
Class 7 - Radioactive
Major Hazard: Radioactive poisonous burns
Definition - material having a specific activity greater
than 0.002 microcurie per gram (mCi/g).
 Common examples include cobalt, uranium, hexafloride,
and “yellow cake”.
Placard
Yellow top, White bottom, Black “Propeller”
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Class 8 - Corrosives
Major Hazards: burns/emulsification skin damage
Definition - (Corrosive material) a liquid or solid
that causes visible destruction or irreversible alterations
in human skin tissue at the site of contact, or a liquid that
has a severe corrosion rate on steel or aluminum
 Common examples include nitric acid, phosphorus
trichloride, sodium hydroxide, and sulfuric acid.
Placard -
White Top, Black bottom, two test tubes, hand and steel bar
Class 9
Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials
Definition - a material that presents a hazard during
transport, but that is not included in another hazard
class:
Any material that has anesthetic, noxious, or other similar
property, that could cause extreme annoyance or discomfort
to a flight crew member so as to prevent the correct performance
of assigned duties.
Any material that is not included in any other hazard class, but
is subject to the DOT requirements (a hazardous substance or
waste).
Division 9.1 - Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods (Canada)
Division 9.2 - Environmentally hazardous substances (Canada)
Division 9.3 - Dangerous wastes (Canada)
 Common examples include adipic acid, PCBs, and molten sulfur.
Placard
Black and white vertical stripes on top, white bottom
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Other Regulated Materials (ORM-D)
Definition - a material that presents a limited hazard during transportation due to its form,
quantity, and packaging.
 Common examples include consumer commodities and small arms ammunition.
No placard (labels only)
Forbidden - means prohibited from being offered or accepted for
transportation. Does not apply if the materials are diluted,
stabilized, or incorporated into devices. There is no placard
since they aren’t transported.
 Common example of forbidden material is 5.2 (a) materials
Marine Pollutant - a material that has an adverse effect on
aquatic life.
Elevated Temperature Material - a material that, when offered
for transportation in a bulk packaging, meets one of the
following conditions:
Liquid at or above 100ºC (212ºF)
Liquid with a flash point at or above 37.8ºC (100ºF) that is
intentionally heated and is transported at or above its flash point
Solid at a temperature at or above 240ºC (464ºF)
By being able to accurately identify the type of hazardous materials present and the primary
hazards they involve, the operations level responder can begin to take the correct defensive
protective actions early, if it is safe to do so.
In addition, understanding this type of information can assist hazardous materials response team
members, understand the type of incident they are responding to and be able to request any
specialized equipment or additional resources they might need.
Each hazard class and division will require different actions to deal with the primary hazards
associated with the material(s) involved.
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 Chemical and physical properties and their significance and impact on
the behavior of the container and/or its contents.

Boiling point
Temperature at which the transition from a liquid to a gas state occurs. At this temperature, the vapor pressure
of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure so that the liquid rapidly becomes a vapor.
Chemical reactivity

Describes a substance’s propensity to release energy or undergo change, for example; self-reaction,
polymerization, or violent reaction.

Indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in the material being tested.
Corrosivity (pH)
Flammable/explosive range

The difference between the upper and lower flammable limits.

Is the minimum concentration of vapor to air below which a flame will not propagate in the presence of an
ignition source and is referred to as being “too lean”.

Is the maximum vapor to air concentration above which a flame will not propagate in the presence of an ignition
source and is referred to as being “too rich”.
Lower explosive limit (LEL)
Upper explosive limit (UEL)
Flash point

The minimum temperature at which a material gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable
mixture with air and will not continue to burn.
Ignition (autoignition) temperature

The minimum temperature to which a material must be raised before it will ignite.

The characteristic form of a material at ambient temperature.
Physical state (solid, liquid, gas)
Specific gravity

The weight of a solid or liquid compared to an equal volume of water.
Toxic products of combustion

Some materials generate more highly toxic gases than others, therefore, appropriate levels of protective clothing
and equipment must be used to counter them.
Vapor density

Weight of a vapor compared to air.
Vapor pressure
 The force exerted on the inside of a closed container by the vapor in the space above the liquid in the container.
Water solubility
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
The ability of a substance to form a solution with water that can be important when determining control
methods.
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

•
-





Types of stress that could cause a container to release its contents.
Stress is defined as a stimulus causing strain, pressure, or deformity.
The three most common stressors are:
1. Thermal:
Excessive heat or cold can cause intolerable expansion, contraction, weakening, or consumption of the
container and its parts.
May increase internal pressure and reduce container shell integrity, resulting in sudden failure.
2. Chemical:
Uncontrolled reactions/interactions of contents in the container and the container itself can result in
sudden or long-term deterioration of the container.
Reactions involving two chemicals placed into the same container can cause excessive heat and/or
pressure, also resulting in container failure.
3. Mechanical:
- This is a physical application of energy resulting in container/attachment damage.
- Physical forces may change the shape of the container.
One or all of these stressors may come into play at hazardous materials incidents.
 Five ways in which a container can breach.
A breach is defined as a container that is stressed beyond its limits of its design strength or ability to hold
contents and thus opens up or breaches.
Different containers will breach in different ways.
The type of breach is dependant upon the type of container and the stress applied.
The five types of breaches are:
-
1. Disintegration:
The container suffers a general loss of integrity.
Example: glass bottle shattering.
2. Runaway cracking:
A crack develops in the container as a result of some type of damage and then continues to grow
rapidly, breaking the container into pieces.
Associated with drums, cylinders, and tank cars.
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-
-




3. Closures opening up:
Attachments to the container, such as pressure relief devices, discharge valves, or other related
equipment, may open up or break off the container.
4. Puncture:
This breach typically occurs as a result of mechanical stress coming into contact with the container.
Examples: forklift into a drum.
5. Spilt or tear:
- Failure of a welded seam on a tank or drum or a ripped seam on a bag.
 Ways in which containers can release their contents.
Breaching of a container will most likely result in a release of the material.
Releases can occur quickly or over a long period of time.
Two things will have an effect on how quickly the breach will release contents are energy (pressure) and matter
(material).
The four types of releases are:
-
-
1. Detonation:
The instantaneous and explosive release of the stored chemical energy of the hazardous material.
Results can include fragmentation, disintegration, or shattering of the container.
The duration of a detonation can be measured in hundredths or thousandths of a second. (No time to
react)
2. Violent rupture:
The immediate release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by runaway cracks.
Results are ballistic behavior of the container and its contents.
Occur within a time frame of one second or less.
3. Rapid relief:
The fast release of pressurized hazardous material through properly operating safety devices or through
damaged valves, piping, or holes in the container.
This may occur in a period of several seconds to several minutes.
4. Spill or leak:
The slow release of a hazardous material under atmospheric or head pressure through holes, rips, tears,
or usual openings/attachments.
Can occur in a period of several minutes to several days.
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


 Dispersion patterns that can be created upon release of a hazardous material.
Once a container has breached and the material released, it will distribute over the surrounding area in pattern.
These patterns, sometimes called “footprints,” are the outline of the dispersing material.
The seven types of dispersions patterns are:
-
-
1. Hemispheric:
A semicircular or dome-shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous material.
Gas or aerosol releases.
2. Cloud:
Ball-shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous material where the material has collectively risen above
the surface.
Gas or aerosol releases.
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-
-
3. Plume:
An irregularly shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous material where wind and/or topography
influence the downrange course from the point of release.
Gas or aerosol releases.
4. Cone:
A triangular-shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous material with a point source at the breach and a
wide base downrange.
Gas or aerosol releases.
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-
5. Stream:
Surface-following pattern of liquid hazardous material affected by gravity and topographical contours.
Liquid releases.
-
6. Pool:
A flat and circle-shaped pattern of the hazardous material on the surface of the ground or on water.
Liquid or solid releases.
-
7. Irregular:
An irregular or indiscriminate deposit or pattern of the hazardous material.
Liquid or solid releases.
(no graphic for this type of dispersion pattern)
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Information Resource Materials
Papers
1.
Shipping Papersa. Highway- Bill of Lading. With the drivers’ possession, but may be in door pocket or on seat.
b. Rail- Consist or Waybill. With the train crew in caboose or lead engine.
c. Ships and Barges- Dangerous Cargo Manifest. In the wheelhouse or in a special, Mailbox-like, container
on the barge.
d. Air- Airbill. With the Crew in the cockpit or fightdeck.
2.
Material Safety Data Sheets MSDS
a. Produced by the manufacturer of the product or the shipper.
b. Provides information, including:
1. Chemical name including common names
2. Physical and Chemical properties
3. Physical and Health Hazards
4. Primary Routes of exposure
5. Exposure Limits
6. Safe Handling Procedures
7. Emergency and First Aid measures
8. Manufacturer’s Phone Number
9. Emergency Phone Number
c.
The MSDS is designed for use by the worker who will work with the product. It does provide information
used by responders to determine hazardous levels of the product.
NORTH AMERICAN EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK (NAERG)
1. Developed by the DOT for use in the initial phases of a Haz-Mat incident to:
2.
a. Quickly identify the specific or generic classification of the product.
b. Protect the responder by providing Initial Isolation Zones.
The Guidebook is divided into different sections:
a. Yellow Bordered pages- identifies a material by its’ 4 digit UN/NA Number.
b. Blue Bordered pages- Identifies a material by its’ name in alphabetical listing.
c. Orange Bordered pages- Guide pages for actions to be taken once the product has be identified using
either UN.NA numbers, Product name, placards, containers shape or Unknown materials.
d. If the Material is unknown use Guide 111
e. Green Bordered pages show Initial and Downwind isolation zones for vapor or gaseous materials.
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Yellow Pages
ID Number
Orange Pages
Guide Numbers
Green Pages
Initial Isolation
Blue Pages
Chemical Name
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NFPA 704 SYSTEM
The NFPA 704 marking system is intended to indicate the properties and potential dangers of hazardous
materials in facilities. While you can get a general idea of the hazards from this symbol, it does not
provide you with the name of the material.
The sign is diamond shaped and divided into four sections. The numbers in the three colored sections
denote the severity of the hazard and range from 0-4. The least hazardous is 0 with 4 being the worst.
The colors themselves represent:
Red - Flammability
Blue - Health
Yellow - Reactivity
White - Special Information
The white section contains special information. In the example above this represents materials that are
reactive with water. An “OX” in this section would indicate a material is an oxidizer. It is also possible
to see the “propeller” symbol here to represent radioactive materials (same as on a class 7 placard).
3. Senses
a.
b.
Sight and Hearing
1. The two human senses that should always be used at the Haz-Mat scene. See what has and is
happening. Listen to sounds of escaping gas or product. Listen to reports given by victims and
Bystanders.
Taste, Touch, and Smell.
1. The three senses that if used could pose serious problems for the Responder.
2. Never intentionally taste, touch or smell a Haz-Mat to identify it.
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DEFINITIONS OF PROTECTIVE ACTIONS
The protective actions listed in the NAERG include Isolate the hazard area and deny entry, evacuate, and
In-place protection.
Isolate the hazard area and deny entry means keep everybody away from the area if they are not
directly involved in emergency response operations. Unprotected emergency responders should not be
allowed to enter the isolation zone. The “isolation” task is done first to establish control over the area of
operations. This is the first step for any protective actions that may follow.
Evacuate means move all people from a threatened area to a safer place. To perform evacuation, there
must be enough time for people to be warned, to get ready, and to leave an area. If there is enough time,
evacuation is the best protective action. Begin evacuating people nearby and those outdoors in direct
view of the scene. When additional help arrives, expand the area to be evacuated downwind and
crosswind to at least the extent recommended in the NAERG. Even after people move to the distances
recommended, they may not be completely safe from harm. They should not be permitted to congregate
at the incident scene. Send evacuees to a definite place, by a specific route, far enough away so they will
not have to be moved again if the wind shifts.
In-Place Protection means people inside a building should remain inside until the danger passes. In the
case of short-term spills and toxic vapor clouds, the material may be deflected by a multistory building
and pass by without affecting the occupants of the building. In-place protection is used when evacuating
the public would cause greater risk than staying where they are, or when an evacuation cannot be
performed. Direct the people inside to close all doors and windows and to shut off all ventilating,
heating and cooling systems. In-place protection may not be the best option if (a) the vapors are
flammable; (b) if it will take a long time for the gas to clear the area; or (c) if buildings cannot be closed
tightly. Vehicles can offer some protection for a short period if the windows are closed and the
ventilating systems are shut off. Vehicles are not as effective a buildings for in-place protection. Stay in
contact with a competent person inside buildings and keep them informed. In-place protection is
sometimes called “Sheltering In-Place Protection”.
Every incident is different having special problems and concerns. Select the action to protect the public
carefully and continue to gather information throughout the incident.
SHAPES OF ISOLATION AND PROTECTIVE ACTION ZONES
The initial isolation and protective action zones are laid out in specific manners. When you get the initial
isolation distance, the initial isolation zone is drawn in a circle from the incident outward. If the
distance is 100 ft., the circle would be 200 ft. wide. The protective action zone is drawn straight
downwind from the center of the incident, then expanded crosswind ½ that distance in each direction. A
complex way to say that it’s a square-shaped zone.
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Initial Isolation Zone and Protective Action Zone
PROTECTIVE
ACTION ZONE
1/2 DOWNWIND
DISTANCE
INITIAL
ISOLATION
ZONE
Downwind Distance
1/2 DOWNWIND
DISTANCE
INITIAL
ISOLATION
DISTANCE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SMALL AND LARGE SPILLS
Take a look at the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances. Starting on Page 300 (and
forcing you to turn the book sideways), it continues for 36 pages with a list of materials arranged by 4digit ID number.
When looking up a material in these pages, you must determine if it is a large or a small spill. A small
spill would be one that involves a single, small package (i.e. up to a 55 gallon drum), a small cylinder, or
a small leak from a large package. A LARGE spill is one which involves a spill from a large package
(i.e. more than a 55 gallon drum), a one ton cylinder or multiple spills from many small packages. The
day and night columns are based on sunrise and sunset.
Small Spill
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Section II
Planning the Response
1. After analyzing the situation the responder should determine the number of exposures by:
A. Finding the total number of exposures.
B. Determine those already lost to the incident.
C. Determine those exposures that can be saved
2. After evaluating the exposures the responder must develop a plan to deal with the Haz-Mat
Incident. This plan should be defensive in nature and limited to actions that PROTECT
a. People
b. Property
And
c. the Environment
3. These actions do not control the release and are taken from a safe distance. They are:
a. Containment
b. Confinement
4. These actions are absorption, dikes, dams, diverting, dilution, remote valve shut-off, Vapor
dispersion, and Vapor suppression.
a. Absorption1. Physically combines two materials
2. The material must be compatible with the Haz-Mat.
3. After use the Absorbent is considered a Hazardous Material and disposed of
properly.
4. There are numerous types:
1. Clay
2. Straw
3. Oil Dry
4. Sawdust
5. Others
b. Dikes1. Circle- used for slow moving material.
2. V- use for fast moving material.
3. Both types take time to construct and will need numerous personnel, but are
good for moving or retaining liquid materials.
c. Dams- used to stop the flow of the Haz-Mat in water.
1. Overflow- allows for water to pass over the dam, retains the Haz-Mat at the
bottom. (Specific Gravity >1)
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2. Under Flow- made with a pipe or culvert and allows water to move from
underneath retaining the Haz-Mat on top. (Specific Gravity <1)
3. Stop Dam- holds all water in place.
d. Diversion and Retention1. Physically moving the flow of a Haz-Mat to a spot where it can be retained
and removed.
e. DilutionApplication of water to dilute the Haz-Mat.
1. The haz-mat must be water-soluble.
2. Check for water reactive Materials.
3. This will increase the total volume to be picked up later.
f. Remote Valve shut off- done if the valve is accessible with entering the isolation zone.
g. Vapor Dispersion- Used to move vapors away from certain areas.
1. Gas concentrations can be moved to below to LEL, but remember, to reach the LEL
you have to go through the Flammable Range.
2. Check for water reactivity.
h. Vapor Suppression- Use of foams to reduce vapors.
1. Reduces the immediate hazard but dose not change the nature of the Haz-Mat.
Surrounding Conditions
1. The responder should also take into account the surrounding conditions. This is done by
surveying the Haz-Mat site.
a. Topography
b. Land use
c. Accessibility
d. Weather
e. Bodies of water
f. Public Exposures
g. Storm and Sewer drains
h. Ignition sources
i. Adjacent land use
1. Rail
2. Highways
3. Airports
4. Ship yards
j. Building information
1. Floor drains
2. Ventilation
3. Confined Spaces
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Scene Control
1. Isolate the hazard area and deny entry.
a. Secure the scene.
b. Know and exercise your authority.
c. Order evacuations.
d. Detain contaminated individuals for decontamination.
e. Utilize law enforcement if necessary to deny entry.
2. Establish perimeters.
a. Distance is key.
b. Establish perimeters quickly but rationally.
c. Establish entry control point.
3. ZONES.
a. Hot zone.
1. Sometimes called the exclusion zone.
2. Where the Haz-Mat is located and where the entry teams will work.
3. Use of teams with the hot zone.
4. Constant monitoring in this area.
5. Proper PPE in this area.
6. Be aware of wind shifts and be prepared to increase or decrease size if
necessary.
b. Warm zone.
1. Where the teams get ready for entry into the hot zone.
2. Back-up teams in this area.
3. No personnel in the zone other than essential personnel.
c. Cold zone.
1. Command post set up in cold zone.
2. Staging in cold zone.
4. Entry/Egress point.
a. At line where hot and warm zones meet.
b. All access to hot zone controlled through this point.
c. Decontamination area set up here.
5. Establish Incident Command.
a. Required for any incident.
b. Needs only to be as complex as necessary.
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Fire Control Methods
Classes of Fire
1. Class A- wood, paper, wool, rubber, plastics.
a. Class A extinguisher, Pressure Water. Smoother or cool.
2. Class B- Petroleum products, Flammable gases or liquids.
a. Class B,C Dry chemical extinguisher CO2 or Foam. Smoother or cool.
3. Class C- Energized Electrical equipment.
a. Class B, C Dry chemical extinguisher Co2. Once energy is secured from the unit the fire
may be fought has a Class A or B.
4. Class D- Metals
a. Dry power or sand. There is no one dry power used for all metal fires.
Water
1. Before water is used at a Haz-Mat site, make sure the product is not water reactive.
2. Be sure of water supply. Make sure enough water will be available for the defensive actions
taken.
3. Make sure fire pumps, hose and nozzles can supply the adequate amount of GPM’s
4. Check for drains and waterways to protect them from the runoff of haz-mat.
5. If enough water is not available consider non-intervention.
Non-Intervention
If the situation cannot be handled by the personnel available or is too dangerous to try to contain,
Non-intervention is a viable choice for the IC. Sometimes existing crews can not handle the
situation. Do not place anyone in danger for a hopeless cause.
BLEVE
BLEVE is caused when liquid in a container is heated well beyond its’ boiling point and
catastrophic breech of the container occurs. Any liquid can BLEVE, even water. But it is BLEVE
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with a flammable liquid or liquefied gas, such as gasoline or Propane, which cause the most
dramatic BLEVE’s. These are accompanied with a massive fireball. BLEVE can be maintained
with proper use of water. At least 500GPM’s must be maintained at each point of flame
impingement to hope to control a BLEVE. To deal with a BLEVE safely, follow these safety
rules:
1. Always approach cautiously from the sides, never the ends.
2. If there is no exposed life or property in the danger area, do not attack the fire,
evacuate the area.
3. If possible use unmanned monitor nozzles placed in action quickly and withdraw to a
safe distance.
Foams
A. Foams are used at a Haz-Mat Incident to reduce vapors from materials before the responder
decides to use foam; he/she must first determine certain things. They are:
1. The foams’ compatibility with the product.
2. Its’ designed use.
3. The pH of the product to be foamed.
B. The responder must consider foam quality. Maintain a continuous foam blanket and watch
for drainage times.
C. Application techniques are:
1. Rolled- Start at the leading edge of the product and roll the foam blanket across to the
back. Avoid plunging the stream into the product and causing splashing and
flashback.
2. Banked- Direct the foam stream off a wall or container side and onto the product.
3. Rainfall- Aim the foam stream into the air and allow it to rain down onto the product.
Watch for high winds.
D. There are various types of foams available. They are:
1. Proteina. Dense, viscous foam.
b. High stability.
c. Good heat and burn back resistance.
d. Non-toxic and biodegradable
.
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2. Flouroproteina. Good fuel shedding properties.
b. Use in subsurface injection systems.
c. Compatible with dry chemicals.
d. Biodegradable after dilution.
3. Polar Solvent Alcohol Resistant foamsa. Resist breakdown in polar solvents.
b. Produces gel-like mass for foam build-up.
4. AFFFa. Synthetic.
b. Low viscosity.
c. Self-healing.
5. High Expansiona. Class A and B fires.
b. Total flooding of confined spaces.
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SECTION III
Implementing the Planned Response
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Components
Cleaning, Sanitizing, and Inspecting SCBA
Donning, Working-in, and Doffing SCBA
Contamination Types
Routes of Exposure
Decontamination procedures
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
 Operational components of self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
General components of a self contained breathing apparatus.
1.
Facepiece assembly.
-
Low pressure hose (breathing tube)
Exhalation valve
Facepiece
Provides user with an uncontaminated positive pressure air supply.
2.
Regulator assembly.
-
High pressure hose
Low pressure alarm
Mainline valve
Bypass valve
Controls and regulates the flow of air from cylinder pressure to usable
pressure.
3.
Air cylinder assembly.
-
Cylinder
Cylinder valve
Cylinder pressure gauge
Provides user with an air supply (30 to 60 min).
4.
Backpack and harness assembly.
-
Backplate
Waist strap
Shoulder harness
Holds cylinder assembly on the wearer.

Follow manufacturer’s guidance and operating instructions for the self-contained breathing apparatus provided
by the authority having jurisdiction.
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



 Procedures for cleaning, sanitizing, and inspecting respiratory protective equipment.
Follow manufacturer’s specifications and recommendations on the procedures for cleaning inspecting, and
sanitizing respiratory protection.
Most manufacturers will include a tracking/log book with each SCBA.
Accurate record keeping will help identify possible problems or potential failures.
General SCBA inspection procedures include the following:
1.
Backpack/harness assembly.
- Check for physical damage on straps and buckles.
- Check cylinder strap and toggle link/lock mechanism.
2.
Air supply cylinder.
- Check hydrostatic test date.
Steel/aluminum cylinders due every 5 years.
Composite cylinders due every 3 years.
-
Leak test cylinders monthly.
Check for evidence of exposure to high heat daily and after each use.
Discoloration.
Distorted rubber parts.
(if anything found take cylinder out of service)
3. Regulator assembly.
- Inspect hose for wear and tear.
- Inspect pressure gauge for noticeable damage and pressure reading after air
is turned on.
- Inspect quick coupling and breathing hose connection.
- Check low pressure warning whistle/bell/alarm.
Operates when cylinder pressure has dropped to 25% capacity of cylinder.
4.
Facepiece assembly.
- Inspect for wear and tear.
- Discoloration.
- Check for proper seal.
Fit tested IAW NFPA 1500 and ANSI Z88.5.
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

- Check breathing valve for proper operation.
- Check bypass for proper operation.
Respiratory inspections should be accomplished everyday and prior to each use.
Cleaning and sanitizing should be accomplished after each use.
Procedures for the cleaning, inspecting, and sanitizing of respiratory protection should be outlined in the
organization’s standard operating procedures.
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


 Procedures for donning, working-in, and doffing positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.
Manufacturer’s operating instructions should be followed when using any type of respiratory protection.
Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus available to the operations level responder vary in normal
and emergency use procedures.
Basic donning, working-in, and doffing procedures would include:
1.
Donning:
- Don (put on) the backplate harness assembly.
(over-the-head, coat, seat, rear mount methods)


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- Turn on cylinder.
- Check regulator gauge.
- Don (put on) facepiece.
Adjust head harness.
Check seal.
- Attach mask to regulator.
Breathing hose.
Face piece-mounted regulator.
- Check positive pressure.
- Check emergency by-pass.
2.
Working-in:
- Know limitations.
- Working times 15 to 20 minutes.
- Know emergency operating procedures.
Per manufacturer’s operating instructions.
3.


Doffing:
- Disconnect air supply.
 Breathing tube, positive pressure lever, donning switch.
- Doff mask.
- Doff backplate/harness assembly.
- Turn off cylinder.
- Clean, reservice, and inspect.
Hazardous materials operations level responders should practice donning and doffing the various types of selfcontained breathing apparatus to become proficient in their wear, use, and emergency procedures.
Procedures for the wear and use of respiratory protection should be outlined in the organization’s standard
operating procedures and the incident site safety plan.
Contamination Types
1. Direct Contacta. with the product as a victim
b. as a responder
2. Secondary Contaminationa. Accidents that cause the responders to become contaminated.
b. Potential for secondary contamination.
3. EXPOSURE vs. CONTACT
a. A responder is exposed to a product without having to come in contact with it.
b. But, a responder cannot come in contact with a product without having been exposed.
c. In other words any time a responder is working with a Hazardous Material at an incident,
he is exposed to it and will need DECONTAMINATION.
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4. Routes of Entrya. Inhalation:
1. Fastest route of entry
2. 90% of all industrial poisonings are through inhaled toxins.
3. Lungs provide 70-100 sq. meters of exposed surface area, the skin only exposes 2 sq.
meters.
b. Skin contact1. Most chemicals are absorbed slowly through the skin.
2. Proper protection to eyes, mucus and skin must be used.
3. Proper levels of PPE must be used.
c. Injection1. Occurs by stepping or bumping into a sharp object.
2. Also, injection or product by high pressure.
d. Ingestion1. Through smoking, eating or drinking at the site.
2. Only do these things at established rehabilitation areas.
PPE Levels.
1. There are 4 levels of personal protective equipment used at an incident site. The Operations
level responder must know the different types and the reasons for their use.
A. Level A1. Affords the highest level of skin and respiratory protection for the responder. This suit
is fully encapsulating and is used in to protect against Vapors and Gases or where
engulfment is a hazard.
2. Used with a positive pressure SCBA under the suit or a SAR and escape unit.
3. Some limitations are:
a. Limited dexterity.
b. Increased heat stress.
c. Limited vision.
d. Claustrophobia
B. Level B1. Same level of respiratory protection, but a lesser level of skin protection.
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2. Commonly referred to as a splash suit. Used where liquids are present as the hazard.
3. Should not be used if engulfment is a possibility.
C. Level C
1. Lesser Respiratory protection (APR).
2. Used only when Oxygen level has been determined and toxicity levels are known.
3. Gloves, Apron, boots, or splash suit with APR.
D. Level D1. Work uniform, coveralls, or street clothes.
2. Firefighter Bunker gear is not considered any level of chemical protective clothing. It is
intended for use at fires. It may be used at the scene of flammable gases or liquids though,
as long as direct contact with the product is not anticipated.
3. Physical capabilities and limitation of working in chemical PPE.
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a. Physical:
1. Conditioning
2. Agility
3. Facial Features (SCBA)
b. Medical
1. Neurological functioning
2. Muscular/skeletal condition
3. Cardiovascular condition
c. Mental:
1. Training in equipment use.
2. Self-confidence.
3. Emotional stability.
DECONTAMINATION
All personnel at the Haz-Mat incident need to be decontaminated before leaving the area. This is
accomplished by several different methods depending on the product involved. The Decon area
needs to be established before the entry team moves in. The entry and decon areas need to be at
the same location for accountability and safety. Certain things need to be determined before
decon should be set up. They are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Decon area accessibility.
Surface material.
Lighting.
Drains and waterways.
Water Availability.
Weather.
EMERGENCY DECON PROCEDURES
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Remove the victim from the contaminated area.
Remove the helmet and flood with water.
Remove the SCBA leaving the mask in place.
Remove contaminated clothing.
Move to a clean area.
Inform medical personnel of contaminates and signs and symptoms of exposure.
The Incident Command System Overview
1. The Incident Command System is implemented at all haz-mat incidents. The Incident
Commander (IC) is ultimately in charge and responsible for the incident. He will make his
decisions based on input from the SAFTEY OFFICER and the OPERATONS OFFICER. The
IC should be at least at the Operations Responder Level. He should work out of the command
post that is established a safe distance from the scene and clearly marked. The access to the
command post should be controlled to keep unnecessary people out. The Elements of the ICS
are:
a. Incident Commander
b. Command Staff
c. Planning
d. Logistics
e. Operations
f. Staging
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g. Finance
2. The Safety Officer will only operate as the safety officer. He will handle the overall safety of
the operation within the warm and hot zones. He should be at the technician level or the level
of the entry/working team. To be able to evaluate their procedures and operations.
3. The Operations Officer will handle the control of the team entering the hot zone. He is to
monitor their procedures and evaluate the situation. He too, should be at the same level of
training as the entry team or higher.
Full training in is available and required for using the Incident Command System. Personnel who
will be expected to be in charge of a Haz-Mat incident will need to have more in-depth be
instruction in the ICS.
USE of the BUDDY Sytem
1. The buddy system is used at all Haz-Mat incidents. Some important factors of the Buddy
system are:
a. Accountability
b. Safety.
c. No one works alone.
d. 2 in/2 out rule.
2. Back up personnel:
a. Conditions may deteriorate rapidly
b. Immediate deployment
c. Same level of PPE
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SECTION IV
EVALUATING PROGRESS
DEFENSIVE OPTION EVALUATION
COMMUNICATION
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EVALUATION
1. There are several ways the IC, Safety officer and Operations Officer can identify if the
Defensive options they chose are effective. They are:
a. Considerations of the Incident:
1. Is the incident stabilizing?
2. Is the incident increasing in intensity?
b. Is it prudent to withdraw from the incident?
1. No way to mitigate the incident.
2. Situation is about to deteriorate.
COMMUNICATION
1. Ways to communicate the status of the planned response:
A. Normal chain of command.
B. Two way Radios
C. SOP’s
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