Ehrlich – Paul Ehrlich, Nobel recipient in 1908, in
Medicine and Physiology. He is attributed with the discovery of the “magic bullet” or cure for syphilis.
Ehrlich became famous as one of the main founders of chemotherapy. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/ ehrlich-bio.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich
Fleming – Sir Alexander Fleming’s best-known achievements are the discovery of the enzyme lysozyme in 1922 and the discovery of the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/ fleming-bio.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming
Hooke – Robert Hooke wrote the best seller Micrographia , published in 1665. Hooke devised the compound, one of the best such microscopes of his time, and used it in his demonstrations at the Royal Society's meetings. With it he observed organisms as diverse as insects , sponges , bryozoans , foraminifera , and bird feathers. Micrographia was an accurate and detailed record of his observations, illustrated with magnificent drawings, such as the flea and
Summer 2008 Workshop in Biology and Multimedia for High School
Teachers
Harvard University Life Sciences – HHMI Outreach Program

his famous rendition of the cell’s of cork. He is attributed with coining the term “cell” which is the basic unit of life. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke
Jenner – Noting the common observation that milkmaids did not generally get smallpox, Jenner theorized that the pus in the blisters which milkmaids received from cowpox . On May 14 , 1796 ,
Jenner tested his theory by inoculating James Phipps , a young boy of 8 years old, with material from the cowpox blisters of the hand of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from a cow called Blossom. Jenner inoculated Phipps with cowpox pus in both arms on one day, by scraping the pus from Nelmes' blisters onto a piece of wood then transferring this to Phipps' arms. This produced a fever and some uneasiness but no great illness. http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/nathist/jenner.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner
Koch - Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch ( December 11 , 1843 – May
27 , 1910 ) was a German physician . He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis ( 1877 ), the tuberculosis bacillus
( 1882 ) and the vibrio cholera ( 1883 ) and for his development of
Koch's postulates . He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his tuberculosis findings in 1905 . He is considered one of the founders of microbiology - he inspired such major figures as Paul Ehrlich and Gerhard Domagk .
He invented methods to purify the bacillus from blood samples and grow pure cultures. He found that, while it could not survive outside a host for long, anthrax built persisting
Summer 2008 Workshop in Biology and Multimedia for High School
Teachers
Harvard University Life Sciences – HHMI Outreach Program

endospores that could last a long time.
He was able to discover the bacterium causing tuberculosis
( Mycobacterium tuberculosis ) in 1882 (he announced the discovery on March 24 ). Tuberculosis was the cause of one in seven deaths in the mid-19th century. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/koch-bio.html
Leeuwenhoek - Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek is commonly known as " the Father of Microbiology ", and considered to be the first microbiologist . Born the son of a basket maker, at age 16 he secured an apprenticeship with a Scottish cloth merchant in
Amsterdam. He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology . Using his handcrafted microscopes he was the first to observe and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules , and which we now refer to as microorganisms.
Lister – Joseph Lister was an English surgeon who promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal
Infirmary . He successfully introduced carbolic acid ( phenol ) to sterilize surgical instruments and to clean wounds .
Lister now began to clean wounds and dress them using a solution of carbolic acid. He was able to announce at a British Medical
Association meeting, in 1867, that his wards at the Glasgow
Summer 2008 Workshop in Biology and Multimedia for High School
Teachers
Harvard University Life Sciences – HHMI Outreach Program

Royal Infirmary had remained clear of sepsis for nine months.
Although his methods initially met with indifference and hostility, doctors gradually began to support his antiseptic techniques. In 1870 Lister's antiseptic methods were used, by
Germany, during the Franco-Prussian war saving many Prussian soldier's lives. http://web.ukonline.co.uk/b.gardner/Lister.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lister
Pasteur - Louis Pasteur ( December 27 , 1822 – September 28 ,
1895 ) was a French chemist and microbiologist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of disease. His experiments supported the germ theory of disease , also reducing mortality from puerperal fever (childbed), and he created the first vaccine for rabies . He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness - this process came to be called pasteurization . He is regarded as one of the three main founders of microbiology . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur
Redi - Francesco Redi ( February 18 / 19 , 1626 – March 1 , 1697 ) was an Italian physician . He is most well-known for his experiment in 1668 which is regarded as one of the first steps in refuting
" spontaneous generation ". At the time, prevailing wisdom was that maggots formed naturally from rotting meat. In the experiment, Redi took eight jars, which he divided in two groups of four: in the first jar of each group, he put an unknown object; in the second, a dead fish; in the last, raw chunk of veal. Redi took the first group of four jars, and
Summer 2008 Workshop in Biology and Multimedia for High School
Teachers
Harvard University Life Sciences – HHMI Outreach Program

covered the tops with fine gauze so that only air could get into it. He left the other group of jars open. After several days, he saw maggots appear on the objects in the open jars, on which flies had been able to land, but not in the gauze-covered jars. He continued his experiments by capturing the maggots and waiting for them to metamorphose, which they did, becoming common flies. Also, when dead flies or maggots were put in sealed jars with dead animals or veal, no maggots appeared, but when the same thing was done with living flies, maggots did appear.
See more on the Redi experiment .
Spallanzani -
researched the theory about the spontaneous generation of cellular life in 1768.
His experiment proved that microbes come from the air and that they could be killed through boiling. This work paved the way for later research by Louis Pasteur . http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Spontaneous_Genera tion.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Spallanzani.htm
l
Carl Woese
He is famous for defining the Archaea (a new domain or kingdom of life) in 1977 by phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA , a technique pioneered by Woese and which is now standard practice. Having defined Archaea as a new domain, Woese redrew the taxonomic tree. His three-domain system , based upon genetic relationships rather than obvious morphological similarities, divided life into 23 main divisions, all incorporated within three domains:
Summer 2008 Workshop in Biology and Multimedia for High School
Teachers
Harvard University Life Sciences – HHMI Outreach Program

Bacteria , Archaea , and Eucarya . Archaea are neither
Bacteria nor Eukaryotes. Looked at another way, they are
Prokaryotes that are not Bacteria. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Woese
Review – identify the microbiologist associated with the following attributes.
Discovered penicillin
_____________________________________
First to describe cells
_____________________________________
Used phenol to disinfect wounds
_____________________________________
Described “animalcules” using simple microscope
_____________________________________
Showed that broth heated and sealed will not rot
_____________________________________
First vaccination
_____________________________________
Used salvarsan to treat syphilis
_____________________________________
Discovered that anthrax bacteria can cause anthrax
_____________________________________
Fermentation, biogenesis, aseptic technique, and pasteurization
_____________________________________
Summer 2008 Workshop in Biology and Multimedia for High School
Teachers
Harvard University Life Sciences – HHMI Outreach Program

Discovered Archea as a separate distinct group of prokaryote
_____________________________________
Used the SSU of the 16s rRNA to catagorize all living organisms into a meaningful phylogenetic scheme
_____________________________________
Summer 2008 Workshop in Biology and Multimedia for High School
Teachers
Harvard University Life Sciences – HHMI Outreach Program