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Beginings
1756-63: Fr/Ind. W => X Fr. In new word
Great Lakes: scooped & filled by Glaciers
Ice age X => saline Salt Lake
5000-1200 BC: Spread of Corn (MX  Pueblo)
 3 sister farming: bean/corn/squash
- cleared forests for better hunting
- Europe
- 1000 AD: Norse  Newfoundland => Vinland (b/c o grapes)
- 1295: Marco Polo
- Africa: wind problem; solved by Port. (caravel & new ways & mariner’s compass)
=> slave business (40,000/year)  Port.
- 1488: Diaz, 1498: de Gama
Columbus – “Most succesful failure”
- 6 weeks => crew  => Bahamas => Tri. Trade
- New Things: rattle snakes, tobacco, corn, tomato potato, syphillis
- New  NW: swine, horses, sugar cane, dandelion, germ
- 1494: Tordesillas:  Port
Sp. Conquisitador: 1500s
- 1513: Balboa: “discoverer o Pacific”  Panama
- 1519: Magellan: 5 ships  Mag. X in Phillipines  1522: one ship  home
- Juan Ponce de Leon: Florida
- Coronado: Pueblos, Grand Canyon, Buffalo
- 1532: Pizarro
1519: Cortez (Dona Marina)  1521: Smallpox
Others
- 1497: Cabot (NE Eng) 1524: Verranzo (East, Fr)
1534: Cartier (St. Lawrence)
- 1542: Cabrille  Cali; but found no interest
- 1565: Sp. Built St. Augustine, Florida  oldest continental settlement in US
- 1599: Sp X Peublo @ battle o Acoma: Sp. X one foot off survivor => New MX
- 1680: Pope’s Rebellion: Pueblo ppl X Cath. Church & Priest
 built kiva instead, took Sp. 50 years to reclaim
- 1716: Sp  Tx => Alamo
- 1769: Father Serra: began Christianize (21 mission, 300,000 covert) => Ind. Culture 
1500-1733: Planting o Eng. Am.
- 1610: 3 Outposts: Sanata Fe (1610); Quebec (1608); Jamestown (1607)
- 1558: Elizabeth: Rel. T =>  Ireland => Ireland got Sp. Help => 1588: Drake, Sea Dogs
- 1583: Sir Gilbert: NFL;  b/c cold
- 1585: Sir Walter Raleigh: Roanoke, Virginia
Causes o Colonial: 1500s: E. & W. Woolen ind  & Puritans; non-oldest sons o $ ppl; Joint Stock
Jamestown
- Charter o Va. Co.: Guarantee same RT as Eng.
- 1606: ppl  Ch. Bay, Ind. Atk => Jamestown (5.24.1607)
- 1609-10: winter: 400 ppl  60
- Smith: “shall not eat shall not work”  1608: captured
- Ld. De La Warr: came, controled, vs. Ind
Chesapeake
- Powhatan’s Confed: sought peace, then Warr came
1. 1614: Anglo-Pohattan War: end w/ Poc. & Rolfe  1st
2. 1644-46 => 1646: peace treaty => separate Indians => 1685: none left
- Y: DDD (Disease, Disorg., Dispose)
Eng: want land & Ind. Raid (Rolfe X w/ 347 ppl)
Tobacco: 1612: Rolfe => labor for King Nicotine (planted even in cemetary) => 1700: 14% slave
- 1619: House o Burgesses => 1624: James I X Charter & VA under him (he  Tobacco)
Maryland (Cath, Baltimore): 4th col, 2nd Plantation
- 1649: “Act o Tol.”: b/c o Prot. Vs. Cath; Tol for Christian; Death to Jew, etc.
W. Indies: 1588: Sp loosen => Eng TO in 1600 (1655: Eng  Jamaica)
- 1650s: Sugar: => slave => 1700: B:W::4:1
- 1661: Barbados slave code: gave up slave RT; whites punish anyway
- 1696: Carolina adopted slave code
Carlolina: 1670: for Ch. II (1660) => Proprietors: ribboned cross US, pwr  Nobles
- Slave: 10,000 Indians traded (Savannah Indian dissapear 1707-1710)
- 1710: Rice: Afr. Ppl good for swampy word
- Charlestown: started by younger son; Rel. Tol => more diverse (Fr/Sp)
N. Carolina: 1712: poor, small tobacco farmer
- No import many slave
- Indians: still X (NC vs. Tuscaroras ( Iroquois Natn);
SC vs. Yamsee)
Georgia: 1733: receive $ subsidy; goal: no slaves
- Oglethorpe: 1. Prison ref., 2. Vs. Sp., 3. Imperialism, 4. Philanthropist
- Rel. Tol: Convert Indian
- Least pop b/c  climate, no slave (til 1750), Sp. Atk
Plantation Col: MA, VA, NC, SC, GA (tobacco/rice) => city, school, churches grow slow
- tobacco/rice => soil  => move West => vs. Indians
Northern Col. 1619-1700
Plymouth Pilgrims: 1608:  Holland => sign w/ VA Co.
- 65 days@ sea: missed destination  Plymouth Bay: out o domain => Compact (41 men)
- 1620-21: Winter: 102 ppl  44 => 1621: Thanksgiving
- Bradford: self-taught scholar; gov’r 30x; worry non-Puritan corruption
Mass. Bay. Col: Plymouth merge: 1630: 11 ships w/ 1,000 ppl
- moderate Puritans want ref. =>  w/ Parl => 1629, Parl X => Puritans persecuted
- Great Migrations: 1630s: 70,000 ppl left: 11K  NE; 11K  Chesapeake; 48,000  W. Indies
- Winthrop: 1st gov’r; bel. ‘twas calling de Dieu (city on hill, model for all)=> fur, fish, ship build up
 Bel.  commonor “meaner sort” => demo. 
- Puritan Church: only members are “visible saint”, but every was taxed to support Church
 Rel. leader had pwr; Cotton: (clergy) prayed (6 hr/day), preach, enforce rel. rules
 BUT: a congregation could fire minister, bar preachers; Clergy can’t have office
- New Haven: couple fined for for kissing in public
 Connecticut: bc Blue Law State (repressive laws printed on blue paper)
 Prot. Work Ethic: work, worldy pursuit (drank)
Rel. Trouble
- Hutchinson: predestination & anitnomianism => Rhode => NY (14 kids)
- Williams: deny gov’t over rel. => 1635: exiled, but sick
Rhode Isle: 1936 (William started; Rel. T: Quaker & Jew; no tax 4 state church)
- manhood suffrage  property required
- “rogue’s Island”
- 1644: got Charter “Home o the otherwise minded”
Conn. R. Val
- 1635: Hartford
- 1939: Fundamental Order: demo. Control by “substantial citizen”
- 1938:” New Haven: close gov./church reliance, no charcter, merge w/ Conn.
- Maine: fish! Purchased in 1677
1641: New Hampshire absorbed by Bay  1679: made separate
Indian: 1640: Disease X ¾ o ppl
- Squanto: 1621: Wampanoag Indian; Thanksgivn; (Chief Massasoit)
- Pequot War: b/c Eng  Conn. R. Val  Pequot X => Indian vs. Puritan
- Metacom: 1675: ally w/ Sp. To vs. Eng => many dead (Meta’s head on pike)
 King Phillip’s War (Meta was Kg. Phillip) =>:  Indian; end their threat
===
- 1643: N. Eng. Confed: to vs. Ind, Dutch, Fr., slaves,
 ea. Colony had 2 votes (=>  Bay)
Puritain only (no Maine/Rhode)
- 1660: Charles II take charge over colony & vs. Bay => Rhode received new Charter
=> 1684: Bay’s charcter revoked
- Dominion o NE: Created to urge Navigation Laws => smuggle
- Sir Andros: <3 Eng.; headquarters in Boston, twn mtg, restrict press, nav. Laws,  smuggling
- 1688: Glorious Rev: Domion crash => Boston mob drive Andros to Eng.
- 1691: New Charter for Mass (now royal col.): vote  m. property =>  Puritan
- 1689-91: mobs force royal gov. dn => “Salutary neglect”; Nav. Laws dn
- 1700s: Eng Judges, clergs  US =>  dans US
Middle Col. (NY, NJ, Dela, Penn, MA)
- River; Fur; Adventure, Soil fertile, lumber, shipbuilding, seaport
- Land holding, gov’t, industry middled; population: diverse; social/eco demo up
NY: Netherlands: 1600s: Dutch Golden Age
- Henry Hudson: 1609: disregard his order & sailed to Hudson R.  Wooded Area
- 1623-4: W. India Co est. New Netherlands; Manhattan pour $24
 NYC: (New Amsterdam) for company/stock, no Rel. T, demo; Despotic, Quakers abused
- Patronship: granted to promoter w/ 50+ ppl
- 1664: ½ o New Neth. Were English => Duke York vs. Stuyvescant => Maine  Carlolina
- NY: lordly, slow growth; Harlem, Brooklyn, Easter Egg, Santa, Waffle, Bowling, Golf
Swedes: 1638-55: anemic New Sweden sur Delaware R. b/c Adolphus, 30W
- Stuyvescant: 1655: lost bloodless seige to Dutch; colony absorbed
Penn
- 1600s: Quakers up: “So. O Friends”; no oath, no tax, no violence, turn cheek, demo. => Gov’t 
- Penn (16, army b/c father  Quak), 1681: granted Pen. => “1st Am. Advertising Man”
  to Indian; Scots Irish undid it – among others
NJ: 1664 Berkeley & Carteret found
- 1674: W. NJ  Quaker for refugee; E. NJ  Q. later; 1702: crown made NJ one col.
Delaware (Swedish): 1703: granted own ass.; but remain under gov’r o Penn. Til Am. Rev.
Franklin: US not only survived, but thrived: intercolonial trade, run own church/gov’t
Life in 17th 1607-1692
Chesapeake: diseased (50% ppl X < 20 yr: VA, MA)
- 1650: M:F::6:1 => 1/3 bride in MA preg.
Tobacco: before food
- 1700: Chespeak 40 mil. Lb exported => price  => more => labor
- ID: (Afr. Too $) => Headright Sys: pay ID  50 acre o land => 1700: 100K ID
Bacon’s Rebellion 1676: gov’r (VA Gov. Berkely) & $ ppl  @ ID; Indian problem
- Bacon X Indian & Chased Berkely out => Chaos
- Bacon sick  died => Berkely dn rebellion 2/ cruelty => Tension
=> Slavery: 10 mil  NW; 400K  N. Am/; 1670: 70% o S. Plant. => 1680: B. Servant > W. Servant
- 1798: Royal Afri. Co. lost charter => States rush (esp. RI)
- Middle Passge: 20% X  NW; some earlier Afr. (free) owned slaves
- Slave Codes: can’t buy books; Christian slave != free
- Chespeak slave easier than deep south (Tobacco EZer plant)
- Social: 1720: family up; Gullah: Eng & Afr. Lang; bongo, banjo
- Rebellions: 1712: (NYC): 12 whites X => 21 blacks X;
1739: SC
Southern Soc: $ & pwr: Plantation owners
- Planters worked hard, keep order; Farmers: 1-2 slaves, ragged; Landless: esp. ID; Lawyer: slow up
- Transportation: main waterways; Roads bad => family cemetary
NE Fam: !Family: lots-o-kids
- NE “invented” grandparents  inf. Kids
Women: S: b/c men die young  prop. RT; NE: some pwr, midwives, gov’t intervene abuse, “A”
Towns: lightly knit; Chesa: settled random
NE: org., mtghouse, 50+ ppl => elem edu.
Salem/½ Way Covenant: partial membership to ppl not yet converted  mostly women, GAP smaller
- Jeremiad: from old-testiment, scold ppl pour waning interest
- 1692: Witch trial: 20 died & 2 dogs  1693: Gov’t wife accused => $  heir o accused
Way o Life
- NE: soil bad => “Nutmeg State” (Conn.); less diverse; climate extreme => diverse ag. & ind.
 Shipbuilding; Codfish (NFL); orderly, “Yankee ingenuity”, town mtg; idealism, nat’lism
- Whites think Indian’s wasteful of land
Early Settlers: dawn  dusk (evening work only if worth candle)
- Most: MC; UC don’t emigrate, LC no $
- 1689-91: Liesler’s Rebellion: NY: Lord Landholder vs Merchant
 1651: law against poor ppl wearing Lace  UC no like
1700-1775
- 1775: GB a 32 col, seule 13 rebel
 13 Col: diverse, pop (2x/25 yr) (esp. VA, Mass, Penn, NC, MA; Phili, NYC, Boston)
 avg ans: 16; 3:1::Eng:Am
- Penn. Dutch: actually, ils sont Germ. Lutheran (made 1/3 o pop there)
- Scots-Irish:  en Ireland => va a Penn => crowded => W. & S.
 1764:  @ Brit. Pour Ireland => Paxton Boys: want Quaker harsher  Indian => no happen
- Others: Fr Hug., Welsch, Swede, Jew, Swiss, Afr. (20% in S.)
- In M. & S. : ½ ppl non-Eng.
- Indians: forced out o home => bc mixed too (Catabwa tribe)
- 1690, 1700s: War => widow/orphan, alm houses
=> ppl $ by sell weapon => buy Euro. Stuff (sign o status)
- S: GAP up; 1760s: fear o Slave Reb (esp. in SC), mais GB vetoed anti-slave laws (4 cheap labor)
- LC: Jayle Bird: Eng’s riffraff (some bc respectable), ID up (2 signed Dec. o Ind)
- 1775 Soc.: Clergy: less pwr, but still pwr; Dr.: crude medicine, “tamper w/ God”; Lawyer:  til
drunkards ( til 1750s); Farming: !90% o pop
- fishing:  (small pop.) => shipbuild => seamen bc traders => triangle (rum, slave, molasses)
- manufacture: 2nd: rum, iron forge, spin/weave, craftspeople prized (carpenter freed from murder)
 Colonial Naval Store:  b/c GB would look  Hostile Baltic otherwise => forest preserved
- Colony want 2 sell to other count => Molasses Act => smuggle/bribe
- Transport: bad (better in JC’s time); tree,  bridge, => pop up around rivers
- Taverns: another ! o demo; gossip, alchohol
1700s: Mail: slow, infrequent, not private
- 1775: Church: 2 est’d (ou tax supported); Angl. & Congr.
 Ang: less harsh,  VA Fox hunt; found Col. O Will & Mary  better clergy
 Wanted to create Am. Bishopric (had  Eu. 2B ordain)  “holy oil on fire o rebellion”
 Congr: NE (not RI); later taxed only members
 RCath: not many => laws vs. them less harsh
 Ministers bc political, esp. Ang. (support by Kg)
Great Awakening: 1730s-1740s: Mass  South
- Puritan: elaborate doc., compromise liberal, hellfire dn, predestination 
 Arminian: free will => fate
- Edward: painted scary pix o hell &  good work => salvation
- Whitefield: open field: human helpless, divine omnipotence => Old Light vs. New Light (Baptist)
- FX: denomination up => competitiveness & missions up, 1st Spontaneous Mass Mvt in US
Education: Eng: Edu  arist;
NE: edu  church => more edu. Boys ($ ppl had tutors)
- college: more ! than ABC ($  Eng. School); enrollment (200-ish)
- 1750: trend: live lang. & modern subject;
Franklin: made U. o Penn (1st non Church college)
- Backwood: work, no art b/c clergy “art est work de devil” => $ ppl  material, not art
- Archeticture: Swede log cabin; 1720: Georgian red brick
- Poetry: Wheatly: slave  Boston (8 yr); 20 yr  Eng & write poems  inf. Alex. Pope
- Sci: some botanist/math!
 Franklin: bifocal, lightning rod (Clergy:  control heaven), Alamanac (1732-58)
- Press: most too poor; Byrd fam: (VA) 4,000 vol. (most)
 1734-5: Zenger: Andrew Hamilton lawyer
Polotics: 1775: 8 royal gov; 3 (MA, Penn, De) Proprietor; 2 (Conn., RI) elect on self charter
 usualy 2 house: choosen by crown & by ppl
- Gov’r: some good, some bad; ppl get what they want or no pay  gov’r => 1767: GB pay (ppl )
- 1775: Local: S: County gov’t; NE: Town Mtg; M: modication of two
 vote: property, religious quality (1/2 o men); votes acquise their betters
Social: tedious, food plenty mais monotonous; no heat, candle, hog in street (to eat waste)
- frontier: husking bee, quilt, apple paring; wedding/funeral: social gathering => alchohol
- N: winder sports;  plays (Quaker/Puritan);
S: card, horse, cockfight, square dance, playacting
- Universal Et.: lottery, thanksgiving, X-mas  in NE (too cath.)
- Colony Similaries: Eng., Prot., some Ethnic/Rel. T., social mobility, self rule (not quite demo),
communication up, share history/culture
FAX
- after Columbus, 3/5 of world’s food from NW
- germ: in 1 year Taino pop: 1 mil  200, 100 yr after Columbus: 90% Indian X
- Malinche (Cortez’ Ind. Slave) now root o word that means traitor
- 1609-10: winter: 400 ppl  60
- Savannah Indian dissapear 1707-1710 after Slave trade intro’d in Carolina
- Baby born on Mayflower named Oceanus
- Wall St: Dutch built walls against Indians
- 18th: MA  Mass  MA  pop. Size
- Mass. Gov’r Philps – one o 27
- Ld. Cornbury: (Qn. Anne’s cousin) NJ: 1702: drunk, graft, dressed like women in public