CHAPTER THIRTEEN MEAT PRODUCT AND MEAT PREPARATION MANUFACTURE A CONTINUING AND ONGOING DEVELOPMENT (Including Some Sample Recipes) Recipes do vary from country to country and even from region to region within a country and no list of recipes can be taken to be exhaustive. Included here are just a few suggested basic recipes gathered over a longish period of time and which may be of interest to those involved with meat processing. In view of the ever changing nature of legislation relating to the description (and indeed in some cases the content) of meat products and preparations, the reader is advised to make the necessary checks that for the sale of any products which are going to be made, the demands of legislation which may be current at that time is being met for those products which are being made. Recipes in themselves are constant. The quantities of each item remain quite constant in ratio to each other for each ingredient but the total quantities of each ingredient in the recipe can vary depending upon the total finished quantity of product aimed at. In the sample recipes included here, the quantities used are quite small (generally too small for large production purposes, the base usually being a single weight unit, in the main, metric weights to conform with more modern weighing) but these may be expanded as needed for the production involved. Before discussing the recipes themselves though it is necessary to briefly consider some of the ingredients (other than meat) that may be used in the products. Herbs, seasonings, spices and fillers are often taken for granted but they can, in themselves, be quite an interesting subject to study. 1 Herbs, Spices & Seasonings In the recipes that follow later, the seasonings have been given in quantities for the various individual products. However, quite often some recipes (NOT those shown here) will require a given quantity of ‘stock seasoning’. Stock seasonings are seasonings that are used quite regularly and, to aid the operator, a larger quantity of seasoning is prepared in advance following the basic recipe requirements. Once prepared, it may only be necessary to say (using as an example, in the Beef Sausage No.2 recipe) that a mix of 6kg of meat requires a total of 500g of seasoning. This ‘bulk mixing’ eliminates an element of time for weighing out each individual seasoning for the product. In using this example it would be possible to mix say, 2.8 kg of salt, 2.1 kg of Ground White Pepper, 700g of Ground Nutmeg and 350g each of Ground Ginger, Ground Mace, Ground Sage and Ground Cayenne. This would give a stock of 7 kg of stock seasoning, enough for about 14 mixes of sausages. It can save time but it can also lead to errors. In the example given, the quantities of Ginger, Mace and Cayenne are comparatively quite small and if the mixing isn’t quite as good as it needs to be or if one of the seasonings tends to ’settle’ during storage it may lead to any individual sample of the mix receiving quantities which don’t quite match the quantities in the recipe. Will this today’s batch be the same as tomorrow’s batch? It may indeed be quite similar, or it may be significantly different. Is the risk worth it? Some people do believe in stock seasonings and some people say that it does work. It is up to the individual to decide if they feel confident with such a system, or is it perhaps better to just take a little more time and trouble to get the recipe right every time. This section will give some brief information on the various herbs, spices and seasonings but they are not separated out into sections of herbs – spices and seasonings. Salt (sodium chloride), while being a very definite seasoning is quite separate as a mineral in its own rights and is again not included in the list. In general it can be taken that ‘herbs’ are generally the fresh leaves, flowers or seeds of various plants. ‘Spices’ (and to a large extent, ‘seasonings’) are the dried, and perhaps ground down versions of some of the herbs. Any of the dried spices and seasonings may be very much subject to ‘ageing’ and it is best not to stock large quantities of any of these items, preferably obtaining fresh supplies on a regular basis since the effect of ageing may often be a noticeable loss in flavour. Bay Leaves These are the leaves of a small evergreen bush that grows throughout Great Britain and they contain a volatile oil that has quite a pleasant odour. They are best used fresh although quite often they are obtained in the dried form that unfortunately has lost a certain amount of flavour. Mainly they are used in brines but they may also be used where meat is being cooked but care 2 should be taken to ensure their removal from the cooking prior to any further process. Black Pepper (& White Pepper) [Whole, Ground or Crushed] These are a product usually from more tropical areas of the world notably Malay, Singapore, Penang and the West Indies. The Black pepper is the fruit of a climbing plant piper nigrum and is then dried before being sold either whole or as a crushed or ground product (Crushed pepper and ground pepper are similar but the breaking is carried out to provide a seasoning being required for slightly different purposes). White Pepper These are produced from the same plant but are a more mature version, again being dried prior to use. Cayenne Sometimes referred to as Cayenne Pepper it is prepared mainly from Capsicum minimum and capsicum annuum that are dried and ground. Cardamon This is prepared from the seeds of the plant Elettaria cardamomum that is found around the Indian sub-continent. The seeds are ground and are used sparingly in some Continental type sausages Celery Seeds These are the dried fruits of the celery plant Apium graveolens. That is usually imported from Southern Europe and India. Their main use is in items such as liver sausage although it is a useful spice to try with some other products. Care must be taken to ensure that it is ‘celery seeds’ that are used and NOT celery salt. The latter is merely some ground celery seed mixed with salt and has a much less pronounced flavour but does increase the saltiness of the product. Cinnamon This is obtained from the dried inner bark of the stems of Cinnamomum zeylancium that is again found in the Indian sub-Continent. It is used occasionally in some cooked pork products. Cloves These are the dried flower buds from the plant Eugenia caryophyllata that comes from Zanzibar, Madagascar and Penang. These are quite often used ‘studded’ into the outside when baking hams while the ground cloves are useful for including in brawn, black puddings and occasionally in liver sausage. 3 Coriander This is the herb Coriandrum sativum and the seeds of the plant are dried and may be used whole or ground. It is a useful spice and can be used in a number of sausages, namely good quality pork sausages and frankfurters. The leaves of the plant are best used fresh when possible and can be included in products such as brawns and some potted meats Garlic This is the bulb of the plant Allium sativum and is obtained from many of the countries bordering the Mediterranean areas as well as South America and the Indian Sub-Continent. It is well know as a powerful seasoning agent and is essential in many Continental type products and can, if used sparingly; also provide piquancy to some English products. Ginger This is a part of the rhizome of the plant Zingiber officianale Roscoe that is found in the West Indies, India and parts of Africa. Although the ground version is useful in adding a ‘little extra’ to many pork products and sausages, some shredded ginger may also be occasionally tried in brawns and potted meats. Juniper Berries These are the dried fruits of the coniferous shrub Juniperus communis that can be found in the British Isles. Once again, their general use is in the makeup of brines. Mace & Nutmeg Both of these are obtained from the fruit of the tree Myristica fragrans. This tree can be found in Penang, Sumatra Java and the West Indies. The fruit once ripe, splits into two parts, the redder outer part called the ‘arillus’ and in the centre there is a brown seed. The arillus is stripped away and dried to form mace while the seeds after drying are cracked open to reveal inside the nutmeg. Although from the same plant the two seasonings are different and each one deserves the respect due for the flavours that they can impart. Marjoram This is obtained from the leaves of the plant Marjorana hortensis that is found in the British Isles. The leaves again may be used in many pork products either fresh or in sausages when dried and ground. 4 Mint Mint is a genus of about 25 species (and many hundreds of sub species or varieties) of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae (Mint Family). Many of the species have a distribution across Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North America. The leaf, fresh or dried, is the usual source of mint for cooking. Fresh mint is usually preferred to dried mint where possible but is usually found to be quite acceptable. Mint is not widely used in manufactured products but its distinctive taste does lend itself on some occasions. In British cookery though, mint sauce is quite popular with lamb. Mustard. Mustard flour is a product of the ground seeds of the mustard plants Brassica sinapioides (Black Mustard) and Brassica Alba Boissier (white mustard). These plants are grown in many countries around the world. The products of this substance are sometimes used in some sausages but can be quite volatile and should be used with some care. Onion This is the bulb of the plant of the lily family Allium cepa. Often described as being a ‘vegetable’ rather than a herb it is a fact that without the distinctive flavour that the onion can give, many foods would become less interesting. Its use is invaluable in many products both as fresh, diced onion, dried kibbled onion and as onion powder. Pimento Pimento is also known as allspice, which is in itself quite a misnomer since that name implies that it is a mixture of many spices while in fact it is actually the berry of the tree, Pimenta officinalis that is grown mainly in the West Indies. This is a different spice to the American Pimento (also sometimes mistakenly called allspice) that is a form of Paprika. The ground Pimento spice is used in many Continental type sausages. Pistachio This is a product of the tree Pistacia vera that grows around the Mediterranean area and when dried and ground can be very useful in products such as galantines. The production of galantines can be quite complex, almost ‘works of art’ in some cases and while they may be of some interest to some meat producers of fine cooked meats, the modern demand is very limited and recipes for this kind of product has not been included in the appendix. They can however provide a definite impact when prepared and displayed properly. 5 Rosemary Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant evergreen needlelike leaves. It is native to the many parts of Europe. It is also a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which also includes many other herbs. The fresh and dried leaves are used frequently in many meat products and other cookery as a herb; they have a bitter, astringent taste, which complements a wide variety of foods. Again, like mint, Rosemary is a popular accompaniment to Roast lamb. Sage The plant Salvia officinalis is grown in the British Isles and the leaves may be used in the production of sausages and stuffing mixes, usually in the dried form but provided that they are ‘well chopped’ before use they can provide a very useful product. Thyme Another plant grown in the British Isles, Thymus vulgaris is, like sage a product that can be used either in the fresh or the dried form but once again it is the leaf that is being used and if used fresh, it must be chopped well before use. Truffles These are an edible fungus but the English type is Tuber aestivum and is usually found near the roots of trees where they are hidden under leaf mould. These are quite an expensive product and while they may be useful in some game products their use in general meat production is limited by their cost. Binders Cereal binders used in English sausages are added to the meat mix along with water and seasonings in order to ‘bind’ together the meat in the sausage and, to some extent, to absorb some of the residual fats & juices coming from the meat content of the sausage. A further factor that is associated with the binder is that of helping to reduce the overall manufacturing costs of the sausage. This latter point though should ideally be of only a marginal consideration since, all binders do, to some extent, carry some of the cereal flavour into the sausage and it is pointless to produce a sausage that no one wishes to buy or eat at a very low cost merely by using an excess of binder. The quantity of binder permitted (or more accurately the meat content) of the 6 sausage is quite strictly controlled by legislation and even when used at permissible levels some ‘taste’ carried from some of the cereals may be noticeably detectable. Binders do have their uses but to use theme simply to produce a ’cheap’ product is simply a means of reducing demand and their sales growth. In a similar way, during many cooking processes, ‘cornflour’ is often used as a thickening agent to sauces and soups but while definitely achieving the target of thickening, cornflour can be quite easily detected in the taste of the finished product where it has been used excessively. In saying all of this though, binders in themselves have a taste which can be quite pleasing to the palate and, when mixed with appropriate seasonings and meat they can enhance the overall flavour of the sausages. The binders do have another characteristic that can be a critical point in sausage manufacture. They do absorb water (and meat juices) and this factor must be evaluated along with the individual taste factors of the various binders as the moisture and meat juices can help to develop some of the succulence of the sausage in its entirety. Binders though are not only used in sausages and nor are they always of a cereal type. Some cereal binders are found to be a very useful part in the manufacture of some cooked meat products while blood plasma, albumen and some meat emulsions (made largely from connective tissues) can be found in the recipes for many continental type sausages and meat products. Other continental type sausages have the ‘binding’ effect of the sausage created by the processes of the sausage manufacture and indeed, their costs may be effectively reduced by introducing some considerable amounts of water (in the form of ice) during their manufacture, but again, where cost becomes involved it is quite common for the quality to suffer, and ultimately the desirability and therefore the sales. Rusk, Perhaps the most common of the cereal binders used in the English type of sausage is that of rusk. Rusk is manufactured from wheat flour and water that is baked into quite large ‘slabs’ that are subsequently ground down to produce a fairly even sized granule. Some rusks are asked for as a ‘fine’ rusk and in such products, the grinding takes the particle size down. A good rusk can absorb up to twice its own weight of water but it can often prove to be a false economy to try to aim at ‘maximum absorption’ of water. Once the water has been added and mixed into the rusk there is a noticeable rise in temperature of the mix. Ideally, the rusk should have the water added perhaps an hour before its use and after mixing it can be stored under chill conditions. Although many would disagree, the author believes that a more uniform overall mix is achieved if the weighed, dry seasoning is added and mixed into the weighed, dry rusk. The soaked rusk should then be well mixed with the meat prior to filling. Some people recommend the seasoning 7 being added to the meat with the rusk being added last. Others suggest that the seasoning should be added only after the meat and rusk have been mixed. Each person may have some valid points to consider but generally the author’s opinion is that if the seasoning is added and mixed into the dry rusk that is then soaked then the equal coating of the seasoned rusk onto the meat produces a much more consistent product. Bread, Although not now as common as a sausage binder, bread used to be a very popular binder and is worthy of mention. It is usual for the bread to be ‘staled’, or left to dry for three or four days after baking before being ground to create the ‘crumbs’ that are needed. Many people used to claim that the use of bread as a binder improved the flavour of the finished sausage but once again, this may be simply a preference of taste. The water absorption of bread is slightly less than that of rusk, being 1 to 1½ parts water to 1 part bread. Farina Farina, or potato flour, when used is more common in being chosen for cooked sausages although again, some people do prefer the binding action that it gives. The absorption of water is similar to bread but the rate of absorption can appear to be much quicker. Soya Flour Produced from the Soya bean this product used as a meat binder, in controlled quantities, can have some quite surprising effects. As the protein content of the Soya can be quite similar to that of meat it can be difficult to detect where the Soya content isn’t too high. Again, the absorption rate is similar to that of bread but it can be variable depending upon the size of the grind of the soya flour. It can be obtained as flour and it can also be obtained in a granular form. During the period of the Second World War it was sometimes used by some less scrupulous manufacturers who, recognising the protein properties of Soya used this to mask the shortage of meat. Analysis at that time was somewhat restricted but modern analysis methods can now detect its presence much easier in a sausage mix. Blood Albumin (or plasma) The collected blood from the slaughter process (when not used fresh for black puddings etc.) can 8 be processed to separate the plasma (that includes the white blood cells) from the erythrocytes (mainly red blood cells. The general term for the collected plasma is the ‘blood albumin’ and this is used, particularly on the continent as a binding agent in some of their sausages. Due to its highly perishable nature it has traditionally had a very short shelf life and needed to be treated with extreme caution. Now though it is collected and stored in a more stable, dried form and it is also occasionally used in the preparation of emulsions made from rinds (and sometimes some other connective materials). The dried red blood material (rather than fresh blood) is also now more commonly used in the manufacture of black puddings etc due to its more convenient storage form as a dried product. Emulsions In the section dealing with the tumbling of meat a brief mention was made of the ‘emulsion’ that was created by the process from the mechanical action and the subsequent reactions of the actins and myosin's of the muscle tissues along with the salt and water. A similar process, but variously utilising fats, muscle and connective tissue can be brought about to create an emulsion and that emulsion may then be used as a form of binder in some sausages and meat products. Fat emulsions, meat emulsions and rind emulsions are though, in themselves, all different. The subject of emulsions can be quite a detailed study in itself so a brief description of emulsions follows but those more interested in the subject should consider the more specialised and detailed reading that is available. In general terms, an emulsion is an intimate mixture of two immiscible liquids, one of them (the disperse phase) being dispersed in the other (the continuous phase) in the form of fine droplets. Meat emulsions are normally emulsions of oil in water, water being the continuous phase. This is when two immiscible liquids are adjacent to each other and interfacial tensions exists at the interface, i.e., the two liquids wants to ‘pull apart’ from each other. In an emulsion the area of interface is very great and consequently so is the interfacial tension. This implies that energy has to be introduced into the system when an emulsion is formed. The higher the interfacial tension, the more energy is required to achieve emulsification, and the greater the desire on the part of the emulsion to reverse the system, i.e., for the oil particles to coalesce eventually into one and to separate from the water. Emulsifying agents are substances that reduce interfacial tension and make easier the formation of emulsions. Because of their structure they have an affinity for both oil and water. Meat proteins are natural emulsifying agents, due to the nature of the amino acid side chains situated along their lengths, some of which are lyophylic and others hydrophilic. The emulsifying agent in an emulsion coats the surface of the fat droplets reducing the interfacial tension. (Ref: Meat & Meat Products – factors affecting quality control, N.R.P. Wilson et al 1981 ISBN 0-85334-951-7: and Ref: Evans, F.G. BFMIRA Scientific and Technical Circular No. 71, 1971) 9 P I E S A N D PA S T R I E S Pies and pasties all require one very basic element each, the pastry. Pastry itself can vary to suit the different products and individual tastes but, however, some basic pastry recipes are given here. Experimentation by slight variation of the various ingredients may create a product that has a more ‘preferred’ taste or perhaps be more suitable to a particular product or even locality and also the tastes of that locality. Rough puff pastry is not perhaps used very widely with meat products but as there is some use of it, some mention must be made, and a recipe is given. In order to produce a ‘good’ rough puff pastry though it does require some considerable time and certainly a fair amount of effort (unless a pastry rolling machine is close at hand). Although time and effort are to be expected from workers in the meat industry the cost of that time and effort must be considered against the potential gains that are available for the time/effort outlay. A more acceptable method nowadays (except where the larger scale production of products using rough puff pastry is contemplated) is to ‘buy in’ readymade rough puff pastry or puff pastry (sometimes called flaky pastry), probably in frozen blocks. Rough puff pastry and flaky pastry are not the same product but to a limited extent, flaky pastry can be used in place of rough puff pastry but rarely can rough puff pastry be used in place of flaky pastry. In a similar vein, suet crust pastry is not a product widely used in meat products (steak and kidney puddings perhaps being the main item that does use it) but again a basic recipe is given in case it may be needed by someone. Short Crust Pastry. 4 kg 1¾ kg 20g Water Plain flour Lard or margarine (butter may be preferred but for commercial purposes lard or margarine are usually used) Salt (This is a commodity which is currently under severe scrutiny on health grounds and if an acceptable taste is achieved by using less, do so but do NOT compromise taste for absolutely no reason). For this amount of pastry about 300ml to 400ml should be quite adequate but It may be found with some pastries that different batches of pastry (and perhaps even flours) do require slightly different amounts of water to achieve an accepted consistency so do add the water gradually and also have more water available in case more may be needed to be added should it be required. 10 Method Put the flour and salt into a bowl (in the case of modern flours, sifting of the flour, although recommended by many recipes is now rarely necessary) add the fat (which may be put in as slices or small chunks) and rub the fat into the flour until the mixture begins to crumble into a breadcrumb like appearance. (One method seen, but not tried by the author, is to have the lard in a frozen state and then to shred it for adding to the flour. It is claimed that this method enables a more even mixing.) Add the water gradually and continue mixing until the pastry forms a fairly firm mass. Empty onto a floured surface and knead to complete the mix but don’t over knead. Use as required in the recipe. An increase in the quantity of fat makes a ‘shorter’ pastry and reductions in the amounts of fat makes a pastry, which is less ‘short’. The pastry once made may be either used immediately, or be placed into a chiller for a short time prior to use, thus making it slightly more firm to handle. To make a cheese pastry, 250g of grated cheese should be added to each 1kg of flour used. For best results a fairly mature type of cheese is preferred. This is added after the fat has been rubbed into the flour but before the water is added. Cheese pastries can be used to make Cheese and Onion pasties which are similar to Cornish pasties but obviously having a cheese and onion filling. Products such as this appears to have an even stronger regional preference so no recipe is given here but this kind of recipe is quite easy to develop to suit the ‘local’ demand. H O T WAT E R PA S T R Y (This type of pastry is often preferred for use in making pork pies and by some people for making steak and kidney pies, both of which may be required to hold a ‘gravy’ or liquor once baked. 3½ kg Plain flour 1.25 kg Lard (melted) 20g Salt (do remember the point of scrutiny of salt levels for health reasons) 1.4ltr of near boiling water. Due to the temperatures of the water and the hot fat DO TAKE EXTREME CARE when producing this pastry. Put the flour and the salt together in a bowl making a ‘well’ in the centre of the mix. Melt the lard until it is quite hot but take care with this as hot fat can cause more ‘burn’ to skin than boiling water since it does achieve a higher temperature and will stick to the skin. Boil the water. (Some recipes suggest mixing the lard with the water and bringing it all to the boil. In theory this may sound ideal but when water containing fat reaches the boiling temperature of the water, the mixture may ‘spit’ tremendously and serious injury can result). Add the melted lard and most of the boiling water into the flour/salt mix and beat well with a wooden spoon (if a 11 mixing machine isn’t being used) until the mixture clings together in a ball and leaves the sides of the bowl cleanly. Do not attempt to mix this mixture by hand, very hot fat has been used and the mix being prepared may cause injuries). If the mixture is still ‘dry’, then add the remainder of the water. The reason for this is that additional water may be added but water cannot be taken out once added. This is another good reason for not putting the water with the fat to heat up since all of the fat should be used but not necessarily all of the water. Put the finished product onto a floured surface and leave to cool before using in the recipe. It can help to chill the product down prior to use as this makes it more workable. . S U E T C R U S T PA S T R Y 3.0 kg 25g 1.25 kg 2 ltr. Plain flour & 50g baking powder (or alternatively use 3.0kg self-raising flour) Salt Shredded beef suet Cold water Method Mix together the flour, baking powder and salt in a bowl, stir in the suet and then bind with the water to form a soft mix. Turn out onto a floured surface and knead only lightly prior to use. This mix can be used in making steak and kidney puddings (or indeed can be used for some meat pies although it is less popular than the first two pastries). Do note that the salt level in this recipe is quite high and in view of modern demands may need to be reduced. Rough Puff Pastry. 3.0 kg 0.75 kg 1.00kg 20g 1.5ltr Plain flour Lard Margarine Salt Cold water Method (The mix of lard and margarine can be varied, some recipes suggesting all margarine, other recipes suggesting the majority of margarine and less lard. The mix has to be developed to suit the product that sells best). Some recipes advise the addition of some lemon juice to make this pastry but that can usually be regarded as an ‘optional item’. Mix the flour and the salt and then add the fats that have been cut up into small pieces and stir into the mix but DO NOT rub it in as is done with the other pastries. Add enough water to make it into a stiff dough mix and then turn the mix out on to a floured rolling board. Roll some of the 12 mix (enough for one rolling) out into a narrow strip and then fold the strip into three, in doing so turning the ‘block’ of rolled pastry through one quarter so that the open ends are facing you. Roll out the pastry again into a strip and fold again then turn to make the open ends face you again. This action needs to be done three or four times to complete the process. The finished rolled pastry should then be placed into the chiller to rest for about 30 or 40 minutes before its final use. PORK PIES In making pies, ideally a pie forming machine is needed for any large quantity production. Simple, hand operated machines are available with the ‘blocking’ head heated either by gas or electricity. However, some pies can be made without the aid of such machines, the ‘hand raised’ pork pie being in itself quite a popular selling pie. In making a small hand raised pie, while not absolutely essential it is again made easier if a pie forming tin (or ring) is used and if a wooden ‘block’ can be made up for use with the tin or ‘ring’. This kind of block needs to be about 3 times the height of the pie to be made (which is the depth of the tin) and about 10 or 15mm less than the diameter of the tin being used (to enable a thickness of pastry at the sides). If the block is made with a ‘ring’ turned in on one end it does make it more obvious which way up it is to be used! The ring end is not where the pastry is put on it! The block needs to be made of a hard wood (to enable it to maintain a good standard of hygiene) and be well smoothed down in order to prevent any pieces of wood getting into the pies. As a rough guide when getting material ready it can be useful to remember that a small pie e.g. a 227g (8oz) pie will contain about 114g (4oz) of pastry and 114g (4oz) of meat (here giving imperial weights as well as metric weight for a traditional British product). The pastry (usually hot water pastry) is rolled out, fairly thick (the thickness will become easier to determine for the person making them as they progress) and then may be laid over the well-floured forming block. Form the pastry to the block until it is of a thickness that permits the tin to be put over it. Turn over the tin, with the block and pastry still in it and carefully remove the block. The tins then have a pastry cavity to hold the meat. After filling the cavity with meat the edges of the pastry around the top of the pie are wetted with water and a pastry lid can be placed on top. Using either a ‘crimping tool’ (or even a normal dining fork) crimp the pastry lid to the rest of the pie before trimming off any surplus pastry from around the edges. Large pies are difficult to make without using a block and ‘pie tin’ but small pies can also be made as follows without a tin. Prepare the hot water pastry as usual and allow starting to chill. Roll an approximate amount [let’s say 114g (4oz) of pastry for a 227g (8oz pie)] into a fairly even ‘ball’. Chill the pastry balls for a time; about an hour is usually enough to get the firmness needed. Take the ‘ball’ and put the two thumbs into the centre of the ball and form a ‘cup’, turning frequently to ensure that the sides have a reasonably even thickness (similarly to 13 how a potter can be seen doing with clay - although the potter has a moving turntable to help the work). Make sure that the sides are tall enough to take the meat that will be used and place the meat into the cup. Take a small piece of rolled out pastry to use as a lid and, after wetting the insides of the top of the pie with water, using fingers and thumbs crimp the edges before trimming off any surplus pastry from around the top. Some people making small hand raised pork pies don’t use a separate lid but instead, after filling the pie, bring the wetted pastry edges together to seal. In the opinion of the author, which is after all only one opinion, the use of a separate lid does give a better finished appearance. Once lidded, the pastry top of the pie can be brushed with some beaten egg mix to enable the top of the pie when baked to have a nice ‘golden brown’ colour. In the case of pork pies it is usual to have a lightly seasoned ‘meat jelly’’ ready which can be poured into the pie through a small hole broken through the top of the piecrust after baking. The jelly can be made using pork bones and pig trotters, boiled in water until the rind is quite soft on the trotters. Once the jelly has been strained away from the bones/trotters it should be re-boiled with the addition of perhaps a very slight seasoning of salt & pepper. Meat jelly it must be remembered though can be an ideal growth medium for bacteria and so strictest standards of hygiene must be maintained. The meat jelly MUST be boiled before use (and then be permitted to cool a little before putting in the pie) and all implements used must be as near sterile as possible. Pork Pie suggested Meat Recipe The filling for a pork pie has various devotees. Some prefer the meat to be cured (and therefore having a pinkish colour when cooked) while other insist that the meats used should never be cured. Some people making pork pies make both kinds to try and satisfy both markets but usually it is preferable to settle on one or the other and seek to gain a reputation for the product that you make really well. If the cured type is chosen then the meat needs to be cured prior to cooking and this may be done either by the use of a ‘curing mix’ being spread on the meat (usually after the first mincing) or by cutting the meat into small pieces and keeping it in a brine for a short time, usually overnight is enough time but it does depend on how small the pieces of pork are cut (to enable penetration of the brine). The major variation that this causes is in the quantity of salt to be used in the seasoning (since the brine or the curing mix will already have incorporated some salt). Some recipes may be found to include the addition of some cereal or binder and while this may aid the margin of profit that can be achieved, do try the quality of the end product before attempting such changes. As with sausage recipes it will be found that there are many variations on the possible seasonings that can be used. 14 Meat Ingredients: 3kg 3kg 1½ kg Pork shoulder meat (70 – 75% Visual lean [V.L.]) Pork belly meat (60%V.L) Pork back fat (With the modern trend in demands to reduce the fat contents of foods, a variation may be made where the pork back fat is replaced with a further 1½ kg of pork belly but do try the taste first since it may be found that the change may be one sacrifice too many). Where curing mix or brine is used: (presuming the meat to have been brine cured) 250g Salt 250g ground White Pepper 75g ground Mace 75g ground Sage 75g ground Cloves 50g Ground Cayenne 50g ground Coriander (It must be remembered that with the curing will the meat mix will have a pink colour when cooked). Where no curing mix is used 500g Salt 250g ground White Pepper 75g ground Mace 75g ground Sage 75g ground Cloves 50g ground Cayenne 50g Ground Coriander (With no curing mix the meat mix have a gray colour when cooked), Method. Mince the pork shoulder on a fine plate (about 5mm) and the pork belly (and back fat if used) on a coarser plate (say 10mm). If the meat is to have cure added, spread the meat out and cover with the cure mix and mix in well. For the meat that has a cure, leave the meat to cure at least overnight but if the meat is not to be cured then after the various meats have been minced for the first time the process continues as follows: Mix in well all of the seasonings and then mince again on a coarse plate (again a 10mm plate) when it will be ready for filling into the pies. Some people have been known to include some forms of binders such as rusk as an extender (profit extender?) but if a reputation for quality is sought it may be more advantageous to sell a really ‘meaty’ pie. For another slight change or variation, a ‘Gala’ pie would include whole boiled eggs being layered into the meat mixture before sealing on the lid and baking. Large scale manufacture of this kind of product can involve further processes to make a ‘longer’ Gala pie in which the egg is pre-formed and laid, almost like a sausage, along the length of the pie. For small scale production standard boiled eggs in the pie are normally quite acceptable. 15 Steak & Kidney Pies, Steak & Kidney Puddings, Minced beef (and Minced Beef & Onion Pies) Steak & Kidney pies and Minced Beef Pies (sometimes with extra onion added to make it conform to a minced beef & onion pie but they are basically the same product) both follow similar procedures, the main difference being in the fillings used. Again, for the purposes of production it is easier to have a machine to ‘block’ out a base and also to crimp on the lid. However, the pies can again be made without a machine by using a simple pre-formed aluminium disposable pie tin. The pastry being rolled out and fitted into the tin before the filling is done. The top of the pie again is wetted with water and, after filling, a lid applied and crimped to fasten to the pie base before removing any surplus pastry. This is followed by egg washing with a beaten egg or beaten egg and milk mix on the top of the finished pie for baking. It is suggested that a short crust pastry be used for this product (but as mentioned, some people preferring a hot water pastry while others use the traditional cold water pastry) but it is in fact fairly common for puff pastry to be used for the lid, particularly where the pie is produced in a dish and the ‘baked lid’ is placed on top for serving. The cooking process is quite similar for both the steak & kidney and the beef and onion mixes. A minced beef pie can be made by using the similar ingredients but by reducing the onion from 2kg to ½kg if required Ingredients: (Steak & Kidney Pies) Ingredients: (Minced Beef & Onion Pies) 4kg 1kg 4kg 2 kg 2 ½ ltr 100g 30g 20g 10g ½kg 3 litres 100g 30g 20g 10g Lean diced beef (about 10 to 15mm dice) Beef kidney, cored, trimmed and diced (again a fairly small dice) Diced onion Water . Salt; White pepper; Ground sage Cayenne Lean beef minced through a 5mm plate Onion (diced). Water Salt; White pepper; Ground sage Cayenne STEAK & KIDNEY PIES Melt some fat in a pan and lightly fry the onion until it is becoming soft and ‘clear’ in appearance. Strain the onion of most of the fat and place the beef, kidney, onion and water in a pan with the seasoning and bring to the boil then allow to simmer for 30 to 40 minutes. If after this time the gravy isn’t thick enough, add a small quantity of Cornflour mixed with caramel (to colour) and a little cold water to provide a thickener for the gravy. Remove the mix from the heat and allow it to cool before filling into the pie shells that are then covered with a pastry lid which may be crimped to seal. The completed pies, after being brushed with an egg mixture 16 should be baked at 190°C for about 30 to 40 minutes (when the tops of the pies should be a golden brown colour. MINCED BEEF & ONION PIES Melt some fat in a pan and lightly fry the onion until it is becoming soft and ‘clear’ in appearance. Strain the onion of most of the fat and place the beef, onion and water in a pan with the seasoning and bring to the boil then allow the mix to simmer for 30 to 40 minutes. Again if the gravy isn’t thick enough, a small quantity of Cornflour may be added mixed with caramel (to colour) and a little cold water to provide a thickener for the gravy once it has boiled again. Remove the mix from the heat and allow it to cool before filling into the pie shells that are then covered with a pastry lid which may be crimped to seal. The completed pies, after brushing with a beaten egg mix should be baked at 190°C for about 30 to 40 minutes (when the tops of the pies should be a golden brown colour. Other variations on this kind of pie may include steak & mushroom and even a beef & vegetable pie but if a larger range of products are needed for the business a simple questionnaire for customers (obviously with some suggestions in it) enable the products made to match the demands of the customers in the area. The development of the recipe can be a useful project for the trader to test out their skills to match the needs of the business. Whatever is done though, DO write down the recipe for comparison later. STEAK & KIDNEY PUDDINGS With this product the suet crust pastry is required. The meat mix is prepared as for the Steak & Kidney Pies. Once again, ideally a small machine is used to ‘block out’ the pastry for the pudding. However, once again, the pastry can be rolled out and then be formed on the inside of a small pre-formed disposable aluminium pudding dish prior to filling (but although it can be done for this item it does become far less commercial to do so as the shape of the pudding dishes can take a few minutes to get a good ‘form’ of pastry). It may also be found to be slightly more difficult as suet crust pastry can be far less forgiving when trying to form or mould it. Fill the base and after wetting the edges a lid can be applied and be crimped to hold it in place. Once again, ideally the finished product will be cooked in a steam oven but in the absence of this piece of equipment they may be placed onto the base of a large pan with water about halfway to two thirds of the way up the pudding container. The pan is put on the heat and the water brought to the boil and then the pan is covered and the lid placed on the pan while it simmers for at least 30 minutes. Remove from the heat and allow the puddings to cool before refrigerating. The finished puddings may be ‘cooked’ off by the customer following a similar process to that for the cooking method shown here. It is advisable to provide some cooking advice for the customer on selling the puddings. 17 Cornish Pasties Ingredients: 5kg lean lamb (beef may be used as an alternative) 5kg potatoes 1kg onions 1kg carrots 200g 60g 25g 25g salt white pepper Coriander Sage Method The meat may be either minced through a coarse plate or diced quite small. Preferences for either method appear to vary with each person who makes these products. Try both ways and choose the one that you prefer. Cook the meat for about 20 minutes simmering gently. Lightly pre-cook the vegetables (do not fully cook them or they will ‘mash’ during the further processing) and then dice the vegetables or mince through a 10mm plate. Again the two ways, mince or dice, do appear to depend on the individual preference. In some cases the vegetables have been known to have been sliced thinly prior to light cooking after which they are strained of water and mixed with the meat and seasoning. In some Cornish pasties recipes some swede has been known to be used as a replacement for some of the potato to give a slightly different taste and texture. Again, try the different ways to find a product that suits your own (or your customers) taste. Mix the seasoning well with the meat/vegetable mixture and set aside. Again, personal preference appears to indicate to some people that a short crust pastry should be use while others prefer a rough puff pastry. The authors’ preference is for short crust pastry. Whichever pastry is used though, roll out the pastry and cut into circles (usually about 6” (15cm) in diameter) but the size may vary depending on the size of Cornish pasty wanted. Place some of the filling on one half of the pastry and after wetting the edges of the circle well with water, fold the pastry over to make the seal with the other edge of the circle and then crimp the edges together to hold the seal. Brush a beaten egg, or egg and milk mixture over the finished pasty’s and bake at 180°C for 30 minutes or until the crust is a golden brown. Once again further varieties can be developed within the general framework of this product and may include items such as steak pasties, cheese & Onion Pasties etc. The customer preference must dictate the range and types of product best suited to the particular business. 18 Sausage Rolls Ingredients & Method: Usually a simple Pork Sausage (but other types of sausage or sausage meat may be used if required. Indeed it may often be found that a different flavoured sausage meat can make a serious difference to the finished product). Once again there may be a preference for either short crust or rough puff pastry and this is a matter of taste, possibly on this occasion falling in favour of rough puff pastry. Roll out the pastry and cut lengthwise to give strips about 12cm to 15cm wide. Place either skinless sausages, or sausage meat rolled out to about 15 to 20mm diameter rolls, lengthwise on the pastry not quite at the centre of the width of the pastry. Wet the pastry down both external lengths and then bring the top ‘flap’ down over the roll of sausage meat and crimp closed (usually leaving a short crimped ‘flap’. Cut the sausage rolls into the length required (for a single sausage roll and then brush the top with beaten egg, or egg and milk mixture. Bake at 180°C for about 30 minutes until they are golden brown in colour. SAUSAGES, SALAMI AND OTHER MEAT DELIGHTS Sausages, a name, and a product, that has so many different meanings to so many people. Depending upon the country, the region within a country and even the local tastes or even preferences within such a region, a sausage is capable of being a staple food requirement for many people. The meat content itself can vary so very much, from 100% meat content (less a fraction perhaps for spices and seasonings) or the cheap and cheerful ‘banger’ with perhaps a questionable meat content which can at best satisfy only the least discriminating of tastes. It may be strongly spiced, very lightly spiced, mouth-wateringly full of the taste of herbs, be smoked, be eaten cold or be eaten hot. A sausage may contain the meats only from one animal species or it may include a mixture of meats from several species. However, a sausage should never be a repository for old, dark, discoloured meat or meat of either questionable quality or origin. A good sausage deserves only the best ingredients in it since a good sausage can indeed become either the basis of a memorable meal or indeed a quality snack in itself or equally, the basis of a good ongoing business, or a recipe for disaster. Some meat trade skills may have diminished along with the number of “local butchers’ shops” over the past few decades. One of those skills was the manufacture of the ‘in house sausage’. Some retailers have realised this error and do try to regain that ground, along with the reputation 19 for a local ‘high quality sausage’. Many of the small shops that do try to produce their own sausages will almost certainly have a mincing machine but it is possible that they may be unlikely to have the benefit of a bowl chopper. Therefore, in the following recipes, where possible, a method of production without using a bowl chopper has been included for some kinds of sausages. Once binders have been joined by the meats, fats and seasonings a good mixing by hand and second mincing of it all can produce in most cases a satisfactory product. While a bowl chopper is ideally recommended for making many sausages, and is indeed necessary for some sausages (some Continental sausages and salami’s in particular require that an emulsion be created and the only practical way to do this is with the use of a bowl chopper), other general type sausages can adequately be made using a mincing machine and hand-filling machine (or even a simple nozzle attachment fitted to the mincing machine). Bowl choppers themselves can vary in the types of work that they are capable of and in the recipes that follow the bowl chopper referred to is a simple 3 or 6 blade machine, not a high powered vacuum bowl chopper as may well be used by the large specialist manufacturer. Where bowl chopping is included in the following suggested methods, the amount of time in the bowl chopper has been given in terms of ‘revolutions’ of the bowl. This though itself may be dependent to a large extent on the actual bowl chopper being used and it is advisable to check the mixture until quite confident that the number of revolutions suggested in this text does bear a reasonably accurate relation to the mix required and the bowl chopper being used. Obviously, once the operator is used to the mix being achieved with the bowl chopper, amendments can be made to the recipe in order that a consistency of mix will be achieved for the all of the sausages produced, possibly by means of counting the number of bowl chopper revolutions to achieve this mix. As mentioned, it is possible to fit a filling nozzle onto a small mincing machine but while this may well suffice to try and examine the potential of ‘in house sausage’ production it could well appear to be somewhat ‘penny pinching’ if the demand for the product is proved. Small hand operated filling machines’, either vertical or horizontal cylinder types are quite readily available and are not costly. If the product is correct and creates a demand then the initial expense can be well worth the outlay. Some of the recipes here do include sausages that require smoking and here there may be a little more of a problem for the small shop. However, the recipes have still been included just in case the small shopkeeper should at some time decide to expand a little and perhaps include smoking facilities in their expansion. Some small modern smoke units can be acquired which do not require a large amount of space but they do need to be situated in an area which can be ventilated fairly easily. With a number of the sausages that require smoking there is also a slight problem, though not insurmountable, in that of ‘cure mixes’. Saltpetre itself (sodium nitrate) which is 20 often referred to as one of the basic components of curing can now only rarely be obtained (due to its other use as an ingredient in the making of explosives!), so although a mix using Sodium nitrite is usually suggested as an alternative this substance is also difficult to obtain (for similar reasons) so it may probably be easier incorporate instead a proprietary curing mix as a substitute, always of course ensuring that it does contain some of the similar ingredients. This message has been repeated on each of the recipes as a reminder for those who do seek to experiment. Recipes it must be remembered are merely recorded ‘suggestions’ of ingredients and methods of producing a consistent product. In many cases it is worth experimenting with a recipe in order to discover they type of product that a particular market demands. Some markets may prefer less seasoning, others, more seasoning. In most of the following suggested recipes the quantity of salt has generally been reduced in order to comply with current trends in reducing the Sodium (mainly in the form of salt) intakes in the diet. Similarly, the amount of fat suggested in some old recipes is far higher than the quantities suggested here. Reductions have again been made in order to try and conform to the modern trend of ‘reduced fat content’ but do remember that many meat research bodies in the past have demonstrated a positive relationship between the mouth watering aroma of cooking meat with a higher fat content. Some reductions then may be necessary but it should be remembered that while this may satisfy the health conscious it may not always satisfy the ‘taste’ of the customer. It is always best to ‘try’ the recipe yourself and, if in your opinion it requires adjustment, do just that - but do record the details of the adjustment. The customer in the end count is the person who keeps the business going so that taste MUST be paramount. Sometimes it can be found that a slight change in ‘taste’ can be found to be favourable and increase demand. While this is true, it must be remembered that the opposite may also be true, that a change of taste may deter customers. In order to avoid this, any changes in recipe formulation should be noted by a slight change in name, in order that customers may be aware. They may be interested in providing feedback information on the changed taste. Any such feedback should be listened to and acted upon. Little has been included on sausage casings. These can in themselves be worth a discussion by themselves as the preference for ‘natural’ casings against ‘collagen’ or the ‘synthetic’ type is fast becoming legend. In general, narrow natural casings (from about 15mm upwards to about 28mm) are obtained from the sheep intestines, varying in diameter where the larger of them may overlap slightly with the smaller of the pig intestines (which start at about 30mm and go up to about 45mm). The bung, from both sheep and pigs did use to be traditionally used for the production of liver sausages and some other cooked sausages and some salami products. Sheep stomachs, notably 21 the first stomach or Rumen, while not being a true ‘sausage casing’ is now often associated with the container for the production of haggis. Beef casings being larger, where used were associated with the very large types of cooked sausages with a diameter of up to 70mm. All of the natural casings are normally obtained in a salted pack where the casings are supplied in bundles that have been preserved in a coarse salt and need to be well soaked to remove some of the salt before use. Of the synthetic casings there are cellulose casings, collagen casings, fibrous casings and some plastic types of casings where they may be supplied pre-coloured or printed if required so that they represent the name of the supplier when the products are sold. The range of the various synthetic casings is large and the manufacturers of these products are only too willing to offer advice on their usage. Once again, it can be a case of trying both kinds, natural and synthetic and then making up your own mind but it is worth bearing in mind that most top of the range quality sausages do tend to stick to using natural casings. That doesn’t mean that synthetic casings are wrong, just that they haven’t been utilised for those products. Just a few recipes follow merely, as suggestions, but as has been said earlier, this list should not be taken as anything like a ‘full listing’ since many variations may be found, even for the sausage recipes that are given here, and there are certainly many more types of sausages and meat items than the ones that have been suggested in the following samples. If a ‘new product’ is made by varying a recipe, either one of these or any other, DO write down the details so that in years to come people may be able to enjoy the product that you have developed. Secrets may have some benefits but secret recipes can eventually deny others the pleasure of a successful product that you may have developed. Once again the change in public awareness of health aspects must be stressed and do examine the salt levels and the fat levels to see if they can be adjusted to provide products that are more ‘acceptable’ but do not put at risk the reputation of the product by adjusting the recipe to conform with perhaps only one or two ‘occasional’ customers while denying the preferred product to the majority of your customers. 22 Fresh Sausages PORK SAUSAGE (1) (Meat & Binder) 3 kg lean pork 1½ kg Skinned Belly Pork ½ kg Pork Back Fat ½ kg Rusk 1 kg Water (Spices & Seasonings) 75g Salt, 25g Ground White Pepper, 10g Ground Mace, 10g Ground Nutmeg 10g Ground Coriander Method without using Bowl Chopper Mix the seasoning with the dry Rusk and add the water, mix well and set aside. Mince the lean meat through a fine mince plate (3mm if possible) and mince the Belly Pork through a coarser plate (perhaps 10mm). Thoroughly mix the meat with the damp seasoned rusk and mince again on the coarser plate before filling into hog casings and linking. Leave the linked sausage to ‘set’ for a minimum of 2 hours Method using Bowl Chopper As above but after mincing all of the meats for the first time on the different plates put the meat into the bowl chopper and run for 3 revolutions. Add the seasoned binder evenly across the mix in the bowl chopper and run for a further 4 revolutions. Fill as above PORK SAUSAGE (2) (Meat & Binder) 5.5kg Lean Pork 1kg Rindless pork belly 1kg Rusk 2 kg Water 100g 25g 20g 10g 10g (Spices & Seasonings) Salt Ground White Pepper, Ground Mace, Ground Ginger, Ground Sage Method without using Bowl Chopper Mix the seasoning with the dry Rusk and add the water. Mix well and leave to stand for 10 minutes. Mince the meat first on a 5mm plate and then on a fine plate (about 3mm If possible). Put the seasoned Rusk with the meat and mix well before mincing again on a fine (3mm) plate before filling into hog casings before linking. Leave the linked sausage to stand for at least 2 hours. Method using Bowl Chopper As above but after mincing all of the meats on the 5mm plates put the meat into the bowl chopper and run for 3 revolutions. Add the seasoned binder evenly across the mix in the bowl chopper and run for a further 4 revolutions. Fill as above 23 PORK SAUSAGE (3) (Meat & Binder) 61/2 kg Lean Pork 1 kg Rindless pork belly 1½ kg Rusk 21/2 kg Water (Spices & Seasonings) 75g Salt, 35g Ground White Pepper 10g Sage 10g Ground Pimento, 10g Ground Marjoram Method without using Bowl Chopper Mix the seasonings with the dry rusk and add the water and mix thoroughly. Leave to stand for about 10 minutes. Mince the meat on a medium plate (about 5mm) and add the rusk seasoning mixture and mix well before re-mincing on the same size plate and filling into hog casings and linking. Leave the linked sausage hanging in the chiller to let them ‘set’ for a minimum of 2 hours. Method using Bowl Chopper As above but after mincing all of the meats for the first time on the 5mm plates put the meat into the bowl chopper and run for 3 revolutions. Add the seasoned binder evenly across the mix in the bowl chopper and run for a further 4 revolutions. Fill as above TOMATO PORK SAUSAGE (Meat & Binder) (Spices & Seasonings) 5 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1½ kg 100g 20g 20g 20g 250g lean pork rindless belly pork Rusk water salt, Ground Nutmeg Ground Mace, Ground Sage Concentrated tomato puree ** **Note: Some recipes replace the tomato puree with 2 cans of chopped plum tomato but the puree does appear to give a more noticeable flavour and be a preferable method. Method without using Bowl Chopper Mix the seasonings with the dry rusk and add the water and mix thoroughly. Leave to stand for about 10 minutes. Mince the meat on a medium plate (about 5mm) and add the rusk seasoning mixture (including tomato puree) and mix well before re-mincing on the same size plate and filling into hog casings and linking. Leave the linked sausage hanging in the chiller to let them ‘set’ for a minimum of 2 hours. Method using Bowl Chopper As above but after mincing all of the meats the first time put the meat into the bowl chopper and run for 3 revolutions. Add the seasoned binder evenly across the mix in the bowl chopper and run for a further 4 revolutions. Fill as above. 24 CUMBERLAND SAUSAGE (Meat & Binder) (Spices & Seasonings) 4½ kg 2 kg 1 kg ½ kg ¾ kg 100g Salt 25g Ground Black pepper 10g Ground Rosemary 10g Ground Thyme, 10g Ground Nutmeg 10g Dried Ground Sage 5g Cayenne Pepper Lean Pork Skinned Belly Pork Pork Back fat Rusk Water Method without using Bowl Chopper This is intended to be a coarse cut, high meat content sausage and doesn’t always have any rusk as a binder. However, it is always better with these particular sausages, to at least minimise the binder and keep the meat content high. Mix the seasoning with the dry rusk and then add the water. Mix well and put aside for about 10 minutes. Mince the all the pork and fat through a medium to coarse plate (about 10mm) and add all of the seasonings, mix well before mincing again on a 10mm plate. Fill into sheep casings. This sausage is laid out in a ‘ring’ and is not (normally) linked. Leave the sausage to set for 2 to 3 hours. Method using Bowl Chopper As above but after mincing the all the pork and fat (keeping them separate) through a medium to coarse plate (about 10mm) put the pork into the bowl chopper and run for 2 revolutions. Add the seasoned binder evenly across t he mix in the bowl chopper with the minced fat and run for a further 2 revolutions. Fill as above LICOLNSHIRE SAUSAGE (Meat & Binder) 4 ½ kg Lean Pork 1kg Pork belly (rindless) ¾ kg Rusk 1¼ kg Water (Spices & Seasonings) 100g Salt, 90g Dried Sage, 30g Ground White Pepper Method without using Bowl Chopper Mix the seasonings with the dry rusk and add the water and mix thoroughly. Leave to stand for about 10 minutes. Mince the meat on a medium plate (about 8mm) and add the rusk seasoning mixture and mix well before re-mincing on the same size plate and filling into hog casings and linking. Leave the linked sausage hanging in the chiller to let them ‘set’ for a minimum of 2 hours. Method using Bowl Chopper As above but after mincing the all the meat through a medium plate (about 8mm) put the meat into the bowl chopper and run for 3 revolutions. Add the seasoned binder evenly across the mix 25 in the bowl chopper and run for 3 revolutions. Fill as above CHIPOLATA SAUSAGE (Meat & Binder) 5½ kg Lean Pork 1¾ kg Pork Back Fat 1 kg Rusk 2 kg Water 200g 50g 20g 10g 5g (Spices & Seasonings) Salt, Ground White Pepper, Ground Coriander each of Ground pimento, Nutmeg, & Thyme Ground Cayenne Method without using Bowl Chopper Mix the seasoning with the dry rusk then add the water, mix well and put aside for about 10 minutes. Mince all of the meat and fat through a fine mince plate (about 3mm if possible), mix the seasoned binder with the meat and mix well before re-mincing through the same plate. Fill into fairly narrow sheep casings. Link the filled sausage at about 16 sausages to the lb and leave to set for about 2 hours. Method using Bowl Chopper As above but after mincing the all the pork and fat through a 3mm plate place it into the bowl chopper and run for 4 revs. add the seasoned binder evenly across the mix in the bowl chopper and run for a further 3 revolutions. Fill as above COCKTAIL SAUSAGES (Meat & Binder) 5½ kg Lean Pork 1¾ kg Skinned Pork Belly 1 kg Pork Back Fat 1 kg Lean Beef 1 kg Rusk 2 kg Water 250g 100g 28g 25g 10g 10g 5g (Spices & Seasonings) Salt, Ground White Pepper, Ground Coriander Ground Mace, Ground Nutmeg, Ground Thyme Ground Marjoram Some recipes suggest that the same ingredients that are given for the chipolata can be used but ideally, the cocktail sausage needs to carry a little more salt and spice. Equally, some recipes will suggest even greater quantities of salt and pepper than are shown here so it is worth doing some experiments to see what kind of market is asking for them. Do remember though the implications in the current climate of health awareness of the excesses of salt in a product. Method without using Bowl Chopper Mix the seasoning with the dry rusk then add the water, mix well and put aside for about 10 minutes. Mince all of the meat through a fine mince plate (about 3mm if possible), mix the seasoned binder with the meat and mix well before re-mincing through the same plate. Fill into fairly narrow sheep casings. Link the filled product to create about 32 sausages to the lb (my 26 apologies for going Imperial on this occasion) and leave to set for about 2 hours. Method using Bowl Chopper As above but after mincing the all the pork and fat through a 3mm plate place it into the bowl chopper and run for 4 revolutions, add the seasoned binder evenly across the mix in the bowl chopper and run for a further 3 revolutions. Fill as above BEEF SAUSAGE (1) (Meat & Binder) 4kg Lean Beef 1kg Rindless Pork belly 1kg Rusk 2kg Water (Spices & Seasonings) 200g Salt, 75g Ground White Pepper, 50g Ground Ginger 50g Ground Mace, 50g Ground Nutmeg 50g Ground Sage, 25g Ground Coriander Method without using Bowl Chopper Mix the seasonings with the dry rusk, add the water and mix well then put aside for about 10 minutes. Mince the beef through a 5mm plate and fat through a 10mm plate and mix in the seasoned rusk. Mix well and re mince through the 10mm plate. Filling can be either into Hog casings or medium to wide sheep casings. Method using Bowl Chopper As above but after mincing the all the beef and fat (keeping them separate) put the beef into the bowl chopper and run for 2 revolutions. Add the seasoned binder evenly to the mix in the bowl chopper and run for 2 revs. Add the minced fat and run for a further 2 revolutions. Fill as above BEEF SAUSAGE (2) (Meat & Binder) 4½ 11/2kg 1½ kg 3 kg (Spices & Seasonings) kg Lean Beef Rindless Pork belly Rusk Water 200g 150g 50g 25g Salt, Ground White Pepper, Ground Nutmeg, each of Ground Ginger, Ground Mace, Ground Sage & Ground Cayenne Method without using Bowl Chopper Mix the seasonings with the dry rusk, add the water and mix well then put aside for about 10 minutes. Mince the beef through a 3mm plate and the fat through a 10mm plate and mix in the seasoned rusk. Mix well and re mince through the 10mm plate. Filling can be either into Hog casings or medium to wide sheep casings. 27 Method using Bowl Chopper As above but after mincing the all the beef and fat (keeping them separate) put the beef into the bowl chopper and run for 3 revolutions. Add the seasoned binder evenly across the mix in the bowl chopper and run for 2 revolutions. Add the minced fat and run for a further 2 revolutions. Fill as above PRODUCTS REQUIRING SOME COOKING BEFORE SALE BLACK PUDDING (Meat & Binder) 7 kg 3½ kg 750g 600g 750g 1kg (Spices & Seasonings) Fresh Pigs Blood Pork Flare Fat Pearl Barley Flour Oatmeal Onion 500g 225g 125g 125g 125g 35g salt, Ground White Pepper, Ground Pimento Ground Coriander, Ground Mustard, Celery Seeds Method If using Fresh blood, do make sure that the blood has been ‘well stirred’ to ensure that it is free of any ‘stringiness’. If you are using dried blood, reconstitute or mix as the instructions given with the product being used. Put the blood into a large bowl. Dice the onion and lightly cook in water, strain and put aside. Cut the flare fat into small diced size pieces and scald and strain. Put the fat aside. Put the pearl barley, flour, oatmeal, onions, fat and seasonings into the blood and mix well ensuring a good even mix throughout. Using a wide hog casing and a funnel (inserted into the end of the casing, fill the mixture into the casing. Tie off into rings of about 1lb using string and cook at 82°C for about 45 minutes. Do not cook at high temperatures as this may cause the puddings to burst. The cooked pudding can be tested to see if it is cooked by inserting a needle into one of the rings. If there is no material oozing out, the puddings are cooked. Alternatively, use a thermometer and ensure a deep product temperature of at least 72°C. Hang the cooked puddings and after allowing cooling, then chill overnight. An alternative more commonly seen on the continent of Europe includes the addition of some cooked, skinned pigs tongue cut into small pieces being put in the mixture before filling. This does not appear to be as popular in Mainland U.K. Consider the salt content here in view of current demands and then try various slight adjustments to produce an acceptable product both to satisfy both taste and public awareness reasons. 28 HAGGIS (Meat & Binder) (Spices & Seasonings) 4kg Cooked lamb pluck meat (Lungs, heart, liver & melt) 1½kg Beef suet 2kg Oatmeal 750g Diced Onion 100g 50g 25g Salt Ground white pepper Ground Nutmeg Method Using a lamb pluck, remove windpipe (trachea) and the major bronchial tubes and retain the heart, liver, melt (spleen) and some of the softer parts of the lungs. Dice all of these into reasonably large pieces and with the onion, place into water and bring to the boil. Simmer for about 20 minutes and then strain. Mix the oatmeal into a paste using some meat stock and mix all of the ingredients together before mincing on a 5mm plate. Fill the mixture into sheep bungs (or stomach) and sew up any openings. Put the filled haggis into water and bring to the boil and gently cook allowing about 45 minutes per ½ kg of product. Remove from the boil and cool the haggis before refrigerating. PRODUCTS DEFINITELY NEEDING A BOWL CHOPPER From here, the mincer continues to be required but with many items it is impractical to try and produce the products without the aid of a bowl chopper. The texture of the finished product requires the action that can be achieved by bowl chopping and this texture cannot be simulated by mincing alone. No method will therefore be shown for ‘making without a bowl chopper.’ POLONY (Meat & Binder) 4½kg Lean Pork 1kg Pork Back Fat ½ kg Rice Flour ½ kg Rusk 100g 50g 20g 20g 29 (Spices & Seasonings) Salt, Ground White Pepper, Ground Mace, Ground Coriander, 1kg Boiling Water 10g 10g Ground Nutmeg Ground Cinnamon Method Scald the rice flour with the boiling water and then put the lean pork into the bowl chopper and run for 3 revolutions, add the seasoning and run for a further 2 revolutions. Add the scalded rice flour fat and the dry rusk and run for a further 3 or 4 revolutions. Fill the mixture into beef runners, tying off at about 500g lengths that are then tied into rings. Place the filled rings into water at 82°C and cook for 40 minutes. Dip the cooked rings into a polony red dye mixture which is held at the same temperature and then cool in iced water to start the setting of the mixture and hang the rings in a chiller to finish the setting overnight. LIVER SAUSAGE (1) (non-smoked) (Meat & Binder) 3½kg Trimmed Pigs Liver 3kg Pork Back Fat 225g Cornflour ½ kg Onion (Diced) 150g 50g 35g 25g 10g 10g (Spices & Seasonings) Salt, Ground White Pepper, Marjoram, Powdered Garlic Ground Pimento, Ground Nutmeg, Method Dice the liver and scald. Dice all of the fat and place with all of the other ingredients into the bowl chopper. Run the bowl chopper until the mixture is reduced to a fine paste. Fill the mixture lightly into large hog casings (or 50mm collagen casings) tying off into rings of about ½ kg or ‘sticks’ of about ½ kg and cook at 82°C for 45 to 50 minutes with a light weight on top of them in order to keep them below the surface of the water. Remove & place into cold water for initial chill. Remove from the water and spread out in chiller overnight to complete the chill and set. HASLET (Meat & Binder) 3kg Lean Pork 1½kg Pork Back Fat 2kg Trimmed Pigs Pluck (Lungs, heart, & liver) 2kg Onions 1½kg Water 1kg Rusk Pigs Caul Fat 250g 50g 50g 50g 25g 30 (Spices & Seasonings) Salt, Ground Black Pepper, Ground Sage Coriander, Powdered Garlic Method Mix the seasonings with the dry rusk then add the water, mix well and put aside. The pigs’ pluck must be trimmed of the major cartilaginous tissue of the bronchial vessels. Cut the pluck into smallish pieces, mixing the various items well though (lungs, heart and liver) and put aside. Skin and dice the onion and put aside. Dice the pork back fat before scalding and put aside. Place the meat and seasoned rusk and diced onion into the bowl chopper and run for 3 revolutions. Add the diced fat and run for a further 3 revolutions. Remove from the bowl chopper and, laying a piece of caul fat onto a work surface, form some of the mixture into a loaf shape and place onto the caul fat, wrapping the remainder of the caul fat around it. Place the wrapped ‘loaves’ into a roasting tin and roast in a moderately hot oven 200°C for 1 hour or until the loaves are well browned on top (in particular) and have an internal temperature reading of over 73°C. Remove from the oven and allow an initial cool before chilling overnight. Some recipes suggest painting the outside of the hot finished loaves with a caramel mixture to enhance colour but this should not be necessary. DRIED AND/OR SMOKED MEATS & SAUSAGES A number of the following recipes require a ‘curing mix’ to be added to the prepared meat prior to further processing. This is added at least 12 hours and sometimes 24 hours (or more) before in order to achieve the marinating effects needed on the meat. It will be noticed that in general they require the inclusion of saltpetre (sodium nitrate) in this mix. However, saltpetre itself cannot easily be obtained, so although a mix using sodium nitrite is suggested here, in view of this problem it may probably be easier to accept that the use of a proprietary curing mix will have to be substituted. This should be acceptable, always ensuring of course that the mix does also contain some of the other, or similar, ingredients. LUNCHEON MEAT (Meat & Binder) (Spices & Seasonings) 1½kg Lean Beef 100g Salt, 1½kg Lean Pork 20g Dextrose, 1kg Beef or Pork fat 20g Ground White Pepper, ¾kg Rusk 10g each of Ground Nutmeg, 400 g Rice Flour Ground Mace & 1¼ kg Water Ground Coriander, Method Mix the seasoning with the rice flour and dry rusk, add the water, mix well and put aside. Mince the beef and pork on a medium to fine plate (about 3mm or 5mm) and mince the fat on a 10mm plate. Put the pork and beef mince in the bowl chopper and run for 4 revolutions then add the soaked, seasoned rusk/cornflower mix and run for a further 2 revolutions. Add the minced fat 31 and run for another 2 revolutions. Take out the mix and fill either into a beef bung or a 100 to 120mm synthetic casing. Cook the filled luncheon meat in water at 83°C for 1¼ hrs If the luncheon meat is to be smoked, cook for 1¾ hrs if un-smoked. Hot smoke for about 2 hrs (optionally select the product here, smoked luncheon meat or un-smoked luncheon meat, there may be a local preference) . SAVELOYS (Meat & Binder) (Spices & Seasonings) 3kg Lean Beef or Pork 250g Salt, 2kg Lean Pork 100g Ground White Pepper, 1kg Pork Fat 10g each of Ground Mace, Ginger 2kg Rusk and Cinnamon 3kg Water Method Mix the seasonings with the dry rusk, add the water and mix well then put aside for 10 minutes. Mince the meats and the fat on a fine plate (about 3mm) keeping the fat separate from the lean meat. Put the lean meats into the bowl chopper and run for 3 revolutions, add the seasoned, soaked rusk and run for 2 more revolutions. Add the minced fat and run for another 3 revolutions. Take out the mix and fill into hog casings and twist-link to allow the product to be hung from a rod in the smoke chamber. To twist link, taking a sausage length, grip and nip then twist the sausage to the right. Leave another sausage length and then nip and twist to the left, laying the linked sausage on the table to create a ‘loop’ laid on the table, with care, place a rod through the loop and lifting both ends of the rod take the hanging sausages to the smoke chamber. Smoke in a fairly hot smoke for about 30 minutes and then place the smoked sausage into hot water at 83°C to cook for a further 30 minutes. Remove from the cooker and after allowing an initial cooling period place into the chiller for 2 hours to chill down. POTATO SAUSAGE (Meat & Binder) (Spices & Seasonings) 2kg Lean Beef 70g Salt, 1kg Lean Pork 30g Ground White Pepper, 1kg Pork Back Fat 30g Ground Mace, 3kg Boiled, Peeled Potatoes 15g Ground Ginger, ½ kg Onion 10g Ground Sage Method Cube the Pork Back Fat. Mince the Beef, Pork and Potatoes through an 8mm mince plate and place into the bowl chopper with the seasoning and the cubed back fat. Run the bowl chopper for 4 or 5 revolutions to mix well but do not break the mix down too fine. Fill into hog casings and 32 then hold in a brine solution for about 4 hours. Twist-link the filled skins to make into sausages each of about 6 inch in length. Cook gently at about 83°C for 20 minutes and then give a light smoke of about 1 hour. BOLOGNA Curing Mix: 225g Salt, 25g Sodium Nitrite (e250), 10g Brown Sugar 20ml water (Meat & Binder) (Spices & Seasonings) 4½ kg Beef 60g Ground White Pepper, 1½ kg Pork Back Fat 30g Ground Nutmeg, 1kg Plain Flour 10g each of Ground Ginger, 1kg Cornflour Mace, Coriander and ½kg Rusk Marjoram 4kg Iced Water Method Using a coarse plate (10mm or 15mm) mince all of the Beef and mix well with the curing mixture and leave to cure for 48 hours. Mix the seasonings with the dried cereals and then add the water ensuring that a good mix is achieved. This should result in a smooth paste. Dice the Pork Back Fat. Put the cured meat into the bowl chopper spreading the seasonings and the flour/corn flour/rusk water paste evenly. Run the bowl chopper for about 4 revolutions and then add the diced Back Fat and run for a further 3 or 4 revolutions. Fill into beef bungs or synthetic casings then smoke for 3 hours in a heavy smoke. The smoked sausage should then be cooked in water containing an approved brown dye at a temperature of 80°C for 3 hours. The finished product needs to have an initial cool before being chilled to 2 to 4°C ready for sale. LIVER SAUSAGE (2) (Meat) 4½ kg Pig Liver 1kg Skinless Pork belly 1kg Bacon Fat ½ kg Onion 1kg Pork bones or Boned pig heads 225g 30g 15g 10g 5g (Spices & Seasonings) Salt, Ground White Pepper, Garlic, each of Ground Ginger, and Marjoram, ea of Ground Cinnamon & Ground cloves Method Place each of the items, Pork belly, Bacon fat and bones into a segmented pan (or alternatively use cooking nets, each item being held in a separate net.) and cook, barely covering with water. Cook the bones for 2 hours, the belly for 40 minutes and the bacon fat about 15 minutes. Peel 33 and dice the onion and fry off in lard and then, along with the raw liver, mince on a fine plate (about 3mm) and place into the bowl chopper. The Pork Belly and bacon fat are minced through a coarser plate (about 10mm) and then, along with the seasoning added to the bowl chopper. Run the bowl chopper for a minimum of 8 revolutions until the entire mass is a fine paste. Fill the mixture into hog bungs and cook at 75°C for 1½ hrs. Chill the cooked sausage and when cooled, cold smoke at 45°C for 5 to 6 hours. With this kind of product, the water used in the initial cooking is sometimes further boiled to reduce and a little may be added when the mixture is going into the bowl chopper. ITALIAN TYPE SALAMI Curing Mix: 125g salt, 20g Sodium nitrite (e250), 30g Brown Sugar, 20ml water (Meat) (Spices & Seasonings) 3kg Lean Beef 50g Ground White Pepper, 5kg Lean Pork 50g Whole White Peppercorns, 2kg Pork Back Fat 30g Fresh Garlic Method Mince the beef through a 10mm plate along with the garlic, mix well and return to the chiller for at least three hours. Mince the pork through the 10mm plate and then mince the beef again, this time through a 3mm plate. Thoroughly mix the meat with the cure mix (the mixing is very important and it is necessary that it is well mixed) and the seasoning and pack the mixture in trays in layers about 6” deep. Leave the mix packed in the trays to permit the cure to take effect, which is usually about 2 days (and the meat will start to take on a brighter red colour). Fill the mix quite tightly into hog bungs and after filling wrap the outside with good string at 20mm intervals. Leave the sausages hanging to set for a further 48 hours then cool smoke for 12 hours. The finished salami should be hung with plenty of breathing space around them and left to mature for 8 to 10 weeks. CERVELAT Curing Mix: 150g salt, 20g Sodium nitrite, 20ml water (Meat) 9kg Lean Beef 2¾kg Boneless Hand of Pork 55g 20g (Spices & Seasonings) Ground White Pepper, Coriander, 10g each of Ground Nutmeg, Ground Cardamom & Ground Marjoram Method Mince the beef and the pork through a 10mm plate and in order to get a good even mix, spread 34 all of the mince out on a table and mix in well the cure and the seasoning. Pack the mix into a storage tray and hold for 48 to 72 hours. Mince again on a 3mm plate and fill into hog casings and twist link into 12 to 14” links to prepare for smoking. Cool smoke the sausages for 12 hours at about 50°C and chill with a water spray. Hang the sausage to mature for about 1 week. FRANKFURTERS Curing Mix: 200g salt, 25g Sodium nitrite, 30g Brown Sugar, 20ml water (Meat & Binder) (Spices & Seasonings) 7 kg Pork 75g Ground White Pepper, 3½ kg Lean Beef 15g Ground Mace, 3½ kg leg of Beef 15g Ground Coriander, 3 kg Cooked pork rind 15g Ground Ginger, 1 kg Farina 15g Ground Marjoram. 4 kg crushed ice Method All of the beef and pork may be minced on a coarse mince plate (10mm) and the curing mixture added, ensuring a thorough mixing. Leave the cured meat to rest for 24 hours. Place all of the meats into the bowl chopper and run it for 6 or 7 revolutions. Mix the seasoning with the cereal and, with the bowl chopper running, add the seasoned cereal. Add the cooked rind and then the crushed ice and keep the bowl chopper running until all of the water has been taken up. Fill the mixture into sheep casings and twist link them so that they can be suspended on a rod. Leave the rods of sausages to dry off for about 1 to 1½ hrs and then smoke to achieve the desired colour. Cook the smoked sausage in water at 75°C for 20 to 30 minutes then plunge into cold water before placing into chill. CHORIZOS Curing Mix: 150g salt, 15g Sodium nitrite, 30g Brown Sugar. 250ml white vinegar (Meat) 3kg Lean Beef 3kg Lean Pork trim 2¾kg Fat Pork Trim 50g 25g 25g 10g 10g (Spices & Seasonings) Ground mild Paprika, Ground Red Pepper, Chilli Powder, Cinnamon & Fresh Garlic, Method Mince the beef through a 5mm plate and the pork through a 10mm plate. Mix both meats together thoroughly and add the curing mixture (with the vinegar) ensuring that a thorough mix is achieved. Pack the meat into a tray to hold for the curing period (48 to 72 hours) until the meat achieves a good deep red colour. After curing, spread out the meat, add the seasoning and mix 35 again quite thoroughly before filling into hog casings, twist linking into sausages of about 6 to 8” in length. The linked sausages are smoked for about 6 hours at a medium temperature of about 65 to 70°C. Hang the smoked sausage with plenty of air around them to mature for about 5 to 7 days. This is just one recipe for Chorizo sausages but there are many, many more. Some of the recipes relate the sausage to various individual countries, such as Portuguese, Spanish and Mexican etc. It can be quite interesting to try some of the different recipes and to taste the difference! CACCIATORI SAUSAGES (small salami) Curing Mix: 75g salt, 15g Sodium nitrite, 20g Dextrose, 20ml water. (Meat) 3kg Pork leg 1½kg Lean Beef (Chuck) ¾kg Pork back fat 75g 20g 10g (Spices & Seasonings) Milk Powder Coriander Seeds each of Black Pepper, White Pepper, Mace & Garlic Method Make sure that all of the meat and fat is well chilled, probably as low as –4°C before mincing. Mince on a coarse plate, about 10 or 12mm, keeping the meat separate from the fat. Mince the fat and the meat again but through a 4mm plate, still keeping them separate. Mix the starter culture with the water and then mix all of it with the meat and then refrigerate for 8 hours. Mix the rest of the seasonings with the fat and then mix the fat in with the meat ensuring a thorough mix is achieved. Fill into beef runners or alternatively 45mm collagen casings and twist link at about 15cm lengths to put onto a smoking rod and in doing so it may help later to incorporate a continuous length of string in the linking to connect all of the sausages. Smoke for about 12 hours at 80°C and then remove and leave to dry at ambient of about 50 to 60°C. The sausages may develop a fine white mould during their ageing which is quite normal. A weight loss of some 30% will occur before they are fully ready. THURINGERS (1) Curing mix: 150g Sodium nitrite, 50g Dextrose, 25ml vinegar (Meat) 2.0kg Beef chuck 1.5kg Beef plate meat 1.5kg Pork shoulder 50ml water 50 g 20g 5g (Spices & Seasonings) Salt Black pepper each of Ground Ginger, whole mustard seed and Ground Nutmeg Method Coarse mince the beef (on a 10 or 15mm plate). Mix the curing mix with the beef and refrigerate 36 for at least 2 hours. Mince the beef with the pork through a 3 or 4mm plate and mix the rest of the ingredients (along with the water) into the minced meats and refrigerate again for a further 2 hours. Fill the mix into hog casings and link the filled sausage to put it onto a smoking rod. Allow the filled sausage to come to room temperature. Place a bowl of water in the smoke chamber and pre-heat the smoker to 38°C. Place the rods of sausages into the smoker and take the temperature up to 70°C and maintain at this until an internal temperature of the sausage of at least 65°C is achieved and then maintain this for a further 30 minutes. Remove the sausages from the smoker and allow the temperature to reduce to room temperature before storing in the chiller. FAGGOTS (SAVOURY DUCKS) (Meat & Binder) 3kg Beef trim (60%V.L.) 3kg Pork trim (60%V.L.) 1½kg Rusk 1kg Onion chopped Pigs Caul Fat (if available About 2kg Stock 200g 35g 35g 35g 30g 20g (Spices & Seasonings) Salt, Ground White Pepper, Ground Ginger, Ground Sage Ground Coriander Ground Nutmeg The stock can be from the meat stock left from the cooking process or from stock generated in the making of brawn. If it is stock left from making brawn, adjust the seasoning to compensate after carrying out a taste test). Method Place the meats and the diced onion in a large pan and cover well with water and stock. Bring to the boil and simmer for 1½ to 2½ hrs. Strain off the liquor and reserve. Mince all of the meats through a 5mm plate and mix some of the liquor with the rusk to produce a good mix which is not too wet. Mix all of the minced meat well with the soaked rusk. If the bowl chopper is used care should be taken not to ‘over mix’ and make the mixture too fine. Take the mixed product and form into about 3oz balls. Each of the balls should be wrapped with a small portion of caul and placed fairly tightly into a roasting dish. If caul fat cannot be obtained then the formed balls will just be packed into the roasting tin. Add a little of the liquor over the top of the finished faggots in the roasting tin to minimise the risks of ‘burning on’ and bake in a fairly hot oven, about 180 to 200°C for 30minutes or until a good golden brown colour is achieved on the tops of the product. BRAWN (Meat & Binder) 3 Pigs Heads (split) 12 Pigs Trotters 3kg Ox Cheek 2kg Pork rind (de-fatted) (Spices & Seasonings) 100g Salt, 30g each Ground White Pepper Ground Nutmeg, Ground Cloves & Ground Sage 37 10 bay leaves (tied in a small muslin bag). Method Remove the brains and the eyeballs from the head. Using a knife split the trotters into halves put all of the Meat ingredients into standard brine and cure for 2 days. Remove the meat from the brine, rinse well under cold water and place in a large pan and cover with cold water. Add the seasonings. Bring to the boil and simmer for about 4 hrs ensuring while it is doing so that the water level doesn’t fall too low. As soon as it is possible to strain the liquor off do so, keeping the liquor for use later. Remove the meat from the bones but discard any hard gristle or large pieces of fat. Remove and discard the muslin bag containing the bay leaves. Using a coarse mince plate (about 10mm) mince the meats (or if preferred, cut into small pieces by hand) and place into a pan for later use. Re-boil the liquor to reduce by about ½ and add the meat to the liquor and again take the temperature up to boil. Taste and, if needed, adjust seasoning (particularly salt) and pour the mixture into a large container to cool and set. The finished product should empty out quite easily for slicing. POTTED MEATS (Meat & Binder) 3kg Beef shin (or leg of beef) 1kg pig Head meat 1kg Pork rinds 75g 30g 15g (Spices & Seasonings) Salt, each of Ground White Pepper, Coriander and Mace Ground Marjoram Method As with the Brawns, it is better if the meat items can be cured in a standard brine for a short time. Remove the meats from the brine and rinse well under cold water. Place in a large pan and cover well with cold water, add the seasoning and bring to the boil. Simmer the meat for about 4 hours and then remove from the heat, strain off the liquor and then re-boil the liquor to reduce by about 1/3rd. Mince all of the meat through a fine plate (about 3mm) and put back into a pan, adding some of the reduced liquor and bring back to the boil. Decant the mixture into small containers and leave it to cool before refrigerating. PATE Pate can in fact be many different things to many people and the range of pates that can be produced can be quite enormous. That pate is both a popular and enjoyable meat product goes without saying. However, some pates are made with liver; some are not made with liver; some are made with game; some are made with fish. It would not be sensible to try and give a range of recipes here just as it would not be sensible not to give at least one recipe as a suggestion. Certainly the one given here can work quite well but as with many of the recipes that have been given already, do be ready to experiment and adapt the recipe, remembering each time to write 38 down what the recipe actually was. If possible include a few comments noting the reaction of anyone who has tested it to both the taste and the texture, remembering that some people prefer a coarse pate while others will only accept a smooth pate. The suggested recipe here is for a chicken and bacon pate and, as one of the final processes is carried out in a blender, the degree of coarseness or fineness can to some extent be left to the individual taste. Usually, for a shop, the amount of pate made at any one time is quite small so the quantities here reflect that point and, in blending, for a shop the use of a domestic type of blender may be adequate but for commercial purposes of course a larger and more robust machine would need to be used. (Meat & Binder) 1.0kg Chicken livers 500g finely chopped onion 250g streaky bacon 20ml red wine (optional) 10 20g 20g 15g 15g (Spices & Seasonings) gloves of garlic finely chopped Salt Marjoram Black Pepper Ground Nutmeg Method In a large pan, slowly at first, cook the bacon over a low heat and, without adding any extra fat, gradually increase the heat and cook until the bacon is crisp then remove it, drain off any residual fat and crumble the bacon, setting it aside while reserving all of the dripping. Add the chicken livers, chopped onion and chopped garlic to the some of the reserved dripping in the pan (still retaining some of the dripping for later) and cook over a medium heat, stirring constantly for about 5 minutes or until the chicken livers lose their red colour and become a grey/brown colour. Cool slightly and then add the crumbled bacon and the seasonings and half of the wine (if used). Blend the mixture to achieve the consistency required and then return to a pan to take the temperature of the product back up to above 75°C. If the mixture is very thick, add some more of the wine before pouring or spooning into an appropriate container that has had the remains of the dripping ‘washed’ all over the inside. Refrigerate overnight and then turn the container over to release the moulded pate onto a dish. The layer of dripping on the inside of the container should ease the release of the finished pate but if there is a problem, place the container in a slightly larger container of hot water to soften the dripping before emptying it out. THURINGERS (2) [Summer Sticks] Curing mix: 50g Sodium nitrite, 90g Dextrose, 15g Lactacel (Meat) 3kg Lean beef (85 90%VL) 1.5kg Beef flanks or beef trim 125g 90g 20g 10g 39 (Spices & Seasonings) salt ; 90g sugar Sugar Ground White Pepper ea., mustard powder; Paprika; Ground Caraway Seeds; Ground Nutmeg and Monosodium Glutamate Method Coarse mince the meat (10 or 15mm plate) mix all of the seasonings with the curing mix and mix well with the beef then refrigerate for at least 2 hours. Mince the mixed minced meat, seasonings and cure through a finer plate (3 or 4mm) and fill into sheep casings (or 15 to 19mm collagen casings and link the filled Casings onto a smoking rod. Place the linked sausages into a pre heated smoker and maintain heat until a core temperature of the sausage reaches 72°C and continue smoking for a further 30 minutes. Remove and hang the linked sausage to cool to room temperature before placing in the chiller. SPICY GARLIC BEEF STICKS Curing mix: 30g Sodium nitrite, 100g Dextrose, 15g Lactacel (Meat) 3kg Lean beef (85 90%VL) 1.5kg Beef flanks or trim 25g 20g 35g 15g 15g 10g (Spices & Seasonings) Salt Ground White Pepper Paprika Mustard powder Garlic Ginger Method Coarse mince the meat (10 or 15mm plate) mix all of the seasonings and curing mix with the beef and refrigerate for at least 2 hours. Mince the mixed minced meat, seasonings and cure through a finer plate (3 or 4mm) and fill into sheep casings (or 15 to 19mm collagen casings and link the filled Casings onto a smoking rod. Place the linked sausages into a pre heated smoker and maintain heat until a core temperature of the sausage reaches 72°C and continue smoking for a further 30 minutes. Remove and hang the linked sausage to cool to room temperature before placing in the chiller. MORTADELLA Curing Mix: 125g Salt, 20g Sodium nitrite, 30g Brown Sugar 20ml water (Meat) 4kg lean pork 4kg lean beef 1kg Pork back fat (1) 1kg Diced pork back fat (2) 40g 30g 30g 20g 40 (Spices & Seasonings Sugar Ground White Pepper Whole White Peppercorns each of Garlic, Ground Coriander & 15g Ground Marjoram Ground Cloves Method The beef, pork and pork back fat (1) are all minced through a 5mm mince plate and, while being kept separate, approximate parts of the cure mixture are added to each of the items that are then mixed well and trayed up separately to cure for about 48 hours. Scald the white peppercorns and leave to soak for about 1½ hrs. Put the cured beef in the bowl chopper and run for about 5 or 6 revolutions then add the cured pork and cured fat and after adding the seasoning (and peppercorns) continue the bowl chopper for a further 5 or 6 revolutions. Add the diced pork back fat (2) and run for 2 or 3 revolutions to mix well. Fill into hog bungs or synthetic casings and tie off. The filled sausage should be tied with string to create a criss-cross pattern (it is possible to use a small size meat netting for this purpose, but that is not traditional!). Let the filled, tied sausage set for 5 or 6 hours before smoking. The rested mortadella should be smoked at first for about 10 to 12 hours at a temperature of 50°C and then the temperature needs to rise to about 70 to 72°C for a further 12 hours when the internal temperature should have reached at least 65°C. It is preferable, whenever possible to leave the smoked mortadella to cool in the smoke house after it has been turned off for a further 5 or 6 hours when it may be removed to a chiller. Other ‘Non-Sausage’ Products TERRINES (Meat & Binder) 2kg Skinless Streaky Bacon 2kg Pork Tenderloin 2kg Pigs Tongues (Cooked / skinned) 1kg Skinned Belly Pork 1kg Pig Liver 1kg Chopped Onion ¾ kg Chopped Mushrooms ½ kg Farina Method (Spices & Seasonings) 25g Salt, 20g Ground Thyme, 20g Ground Black Pepper, 20g Ground Coriander, 10g Ground Marjoram Spread the streaky bacon and stretch before then carefully laying across the bottom and sides of a terrine or loaf tin, leaving some of the bacon hanging well over the sides. Butterfly the pork tenderloin lengthwise and lay it between greaseproof paper and gently flatten with a butchers mallet (or fat basher) and put aside. Slice the tongues lengthways into about 1cm thick slices. 41 Mince the pork belly and liver and put aside. Gently fry the onion and mushrooms in butter for about 5 minutes then add the minced meat, liver, farina and seasoning and mix well. Take some of the minced mixture and make an even layer in the terrine, add a layer of pork tenderloin, a layer of the mince mixture, a layer of pigs tongue, a layer of mince mixture and carry on until the terrine is full. Bring the ends of the streaky bacon back over the top of the filled container so that the complete top is covered with the streaky bacon and then cover the terrine with foil and stand in a roasting tin which contains about 1” of water and bake for 2½ hours at 160°C. Remove from the oven and place a weight on top of the terrine while it cools. Once the terrine has fully cooled down, remove the weight and the foil, invert and empty out onto an appropriate tray. This type of product may prove to be very popular but it may also have a limited demand so it may be advisable to adjust some of the recipe to produce smaller quantities to begin with. 42