MODEL UNITED NATIONS
EL TORO HIGH SCHOOL
25255 Toledo Way, Lake Forest, CA 92630
949-586-6333
DELEGATE GUIDELINES
2014-2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ETHS MUN 2013-2014 ........................................................................................................................3
Advisors, Secretariat, Executive Board and Booster Board ...............................................................3
Conference Schedule and Notebook Due Dates ................................................................................4
Letter of Introduction .........................................................................................................................5
About MUN at El Toro ......................................................................................................................6
CONFERENCE PREPARATION .....................................................................................................7
Time Management ..............................................................................................................................7
Notebooks....................................................................................................................................... 8-9
Advanced Grading Rubrics ............................................................................................................10
Novice Grading Rubrics .................................................................................................................11
Example Cover Page ......................................................................................................................12
Background Preparation ...................................................................................................................13
Research .........................................................................................................................................13
Twenty Questions (Novice) ...........................................................................................................14
Novice Country Profile ..................................................................................................................15
Advanced Country Profile ..............................................................................................................16
Position Papers .................................................................................................................................17
Writing the Paper ..........................................................................................................................18
Footnotes ........................................................................................................................................19
Works Cited....................................................................................................................................20
Best Source Analysis ........................................................................................................................21
Example (Advanced) ......................................................................................................................22
Speeches ...........................................................................................................................................23
CONFERENCE POLICIES .............................................................................................................24
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW ..........................................................................................................26
General Procedure ...................................................................................................................... 26-27
Committee Rules and Motions ................................................................................................... 28-29
Diplomacy and Professionalism .......................................................................................................30
Public Speaking .......................................................................................................................... 31-33
Speech Preparation ...........................................................................................................................34
Blocs .................................................................................................................................................35
Co-Delegating ..................................................................................................................................36
Resolution Writing ...........................................................................................................................37
Sample Resolution..........................................................................................................................39
Writing a Quality Resolution .........................................................................................................40
Amendment Writing .......................................................................................................................41
Phrases for Resolutions ..................................................................................................................42
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................... 43-51
GLOSSARY OF MUN TERMS ................................................................................................. 52-54
2
ETHS MUN 2014-2015
Advisors, Secretariat/Executive Board, and Booster Board
ADVISORS
Dr. Beth Anderson
9th Grade Cultural Geography H/IB/MUN
12th Grade Club Advisor
Ms. Erin Maguire
10th Grade World History H/IB/MUN
Mr. Jeff Houston
11th Grade US History H/MUN
MUN OFFICERS
Secretary General/President:
Dep. General/Vice President:
USG of Publicity:
USG of Documents/DPI:
USG of Food and Facilities:
USG of Staff:
Head Trainer:
Trainer:
Trainer:
Kenna Bayless
Gavin Jaime
Robert Gordon
Cintya Gonzalez
Melissa Torres
Sam Wieske
Paula Pedrani
Daniel Perle
BOOSTER BOARD
Diane Sixsmith
Teri Sullivan
Ken Willard
Susan Dunn-Muratella
Jolene Schafer
Kerena Bayless
Annette McEnry
President
1st Vice-President
2nd Vice-President
3rd Vice-President
Secretary
Treasurer
Webmaster
3
ETHS MUN 2014-2015
Conference Schedule and Notebook Due Dates
October –Novice
El Toro Novice Training—Saturday, October 4, 2014
Conference Notebook Due Th. Oct. 2/Mon. Oct. 6
October – Advanced
Edison HS – Saturday, October 18--Sunday, October 19
Conference Notebook Due: Tu. Oct. 14/Mon. Oct. 20
November – Novice (Saturday) and Advanced (Saturday & Sunday)
Tustin HS – Saturday, November 22 – Sunday, November 23
Conference Notebook Due: Tu. Nov. 18/Mon. Dec. 1
December – Novice and Advanced
Los Angeles Invitational MUN (Mira Costa HS) – Saturday, December 6
Conference Notebook Due: Tu. Dec. 2/Mon. Dec. 8
January – Novice (Saturday) and Advanced (Saturday & Sunday)
Mission Viejo HS – Saturday, January 17 – Sunday, January 18, 2015
Conference Notebook Due: Tu. Jan. 13/Tu. Jan 20
February - Novice
Laguna Hills HS – Saturday, February 21
Conference Notebook Due: Tu. Feb 17/Mon. Feb. 23
March – Novice and Advanced
Berkeley MUN—Friday, February 27—Sunday, March 1
Conference Notebook Due Mon. Feb. 23/Tu. March 3
Laguna Beach MUN—Saturday March 7 (Novice) and Sunday March 8 (Advanced)
Conference Notebook Due Tu March 3/Tu March 10
April – Advanced
UCSD/Triton MUN—Saturday, April 25—Sunday, April 26
May – Novice and Advanced
ETHS Training Conference (Specialized Committees)—Saturday, May 2
Novice students (1st year) are required to attend two (2) DAYS of conferences each semester.
Advanced students (2nd—4th year) are required to attend three (3) DAYS of conferences each semester.
MVHS Conference can count for either 1st or 2nd Semester
Conferences may be added or deleted as necessary & dates & times are subject to change
4
ETHS MUN 2014-2015
Letter of Introduction
Dear Delegate,
Welcome to the El Toro High School Model United Nations program! MUN is a rapidly
expanding program with over 200,000 delegates participating in an array of conferences,
located in places from Laguna Hills to Beijing. The ETHS program has been in existence
for 21 years and continues to flourish each year.
ETHS MUN has participated in some of the most advanced and esteemed conferences,
including UC Berkeley and UCLA. Our delegates have won numerous prestigious
awards, including the coveted gavel for Best Delegate and Best Small School Delegation.
MUN provides an invaluable experience that will help to expand your sphere of
knowledge and develop your understanding of different cultures and important issues and
problems across the globe. It provides valuable skills required to thrive in our ever
changing and globally interdependent world, including research and public speaking
abilities.
However, MUN is not an easy program and requires a great deal of effort to reach
success. Along with your regular course work of 9th grade Cultural Geography, 10th grade
World History and 11th grade United States History, you will be required to attend two
outside MUN conferences per semester. Delegate Notebooks and position papers are
required for each conference. The purpose of this delegate guide is to lead you through
the path ahead and to help you become an outstanding delegate. This guide will bring
clarity to the challenging and sometimes confusing world that is MUN. Use this guide to
ensure that the many steps toward conference preparation are completed to the best of
your ability and in a timely manner.
We hope that you enjoy your MUN experience at El Toro and take full advantage of the
knowledge and skills that you will gain through the program. If you have any questions,
do not hesitate to consult your novice trainers, advisors or advanced members of the club.
Good luck and have fun!
Sincerely,
ETHS MUN Leadership
5
ETHS MUN 2014-2015
About MUN at El Toro
Model United Nations, or MUN for short, is a simulation of the famed international
organization, the United Nations. High school and college students from around the
nation represent different countries and debate world issues, competing against other
schools, both within their geographic area and from all over the world. Model United
Nations provides a forum for young people from an assortment of backgrounds and from
around the country to interact and to get to know each other in healthy competition. MUN
has it all!
What is MUN?
Model United Nations is an academic simulation of the U.N. committees and other
multilateral bodies. Today, more than 200,000 middle schools, high schools and
college/university students worldwide participate in Model United Nations. Many of
today’s leaders in law, government, business and the arts participated in MUN during
their academic careers, including U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer, former
World Court Justice Stephen M. Schwebel, actor Samuel L. Jackson, and former first
daughter Chelsea Clinton.
MUN exercises take place at local schools, at the regional, national, and international
levels. Conferences may be attended by participants from all over the United States and
the world. Today there are more than 400 conferences that take place in 35 countries.
MUN delegates are students who assume the role of an ambassador to the United Nations
at a Model U.N. event. Delegates of any level and ability may participate if they have the
ambition to learn something new and work with people to try and make a difference in
the world. MUN students often to go on to become great leaders in politics, law,
business, education and medicine.
What is El Toro MUN?
At El Toro High School, MUN students compete at high school and university
conferences locally and state-wide. MUN began as an extracurricular club at ETHS in
1993, but has since expanded into an academic program that extends into the classroom.
Freshmen, sophomores, and juniors participate in honors-level history courses as part of
the MUN program as well as participating in club affairs. Over 200 students at El Toro
currently participate in the program and the number continues to grow every year.
6
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Time Management
Time management is one of the most vital skills you will need to succeed in your honors-level course
work and MUN conference preparation. It may be easy to procrastinate, but the work piles up quickly!
To avoid becoming overwhelmed, we recommend you follow these simple steps.
1. Start work for the conference as soon as you are assigned a country and committee. Check the host
school’s website often for important due dates (when is your position paper due to the chair?) and
announcements (any changes to your topic, committee, conference schedule, etc.).
2. Read the topic synopsis provided by the host school and make sure that you truly understand it.
Print out a copy of all topic synopses for your committee – you will need a hard copy for your
notebook. If you need any clarification, e-mail the chairs of the conference or ask your novice
trainers or advisors.
3. Begin your research! You do not want to get caught doing everything at the last minute. Make sure
you use keywords and use the country’s embassy website and the United Nations’ own website for
links to the topic you are analyzing. You will need to find out the historical background of the
topic, what involvement (if any) the United Nations and other organizations have taken to alleviate
the problem, and, finally, the role your country has played and its overall policy regarding the topic
(this will help you to determine possible solutions based on past decisions and alignments.)
4. Write your position paper! Make sure you have gone through your research thoroughly. By the
time you begin writing your paper, you should already know and understand your research. Colorcoding your highlighting for each section will make writing the paper a lot less painful. For
example, you might use yellow highlighter for background information, green for past UN action,
and pink for your country policy. This way, if a single source contributes to multiple sections, you
can quickly see which parts apply to which section.
Ideally, your paper should be done a week before you need to turn it into the committee chair. This
way, you can set the paper aside for a few days before you begin the editing process, thus allowing
you to look at it with a fresh eye. Keep in mind that the position paper is a formal document, and
as such it will probably be graded by advanced writers, or perhaps even college-level students!
5. Sign-up for a roast and outline your general debate speech (novice requirement for notebook) and
substantive debate speech (notebook requirement).
6. Edit your paper. Make sure that you do not use contractions or first-person language. Avoid
discussing your nation’s opinions until you come to the country policy section, and once at the
country policy section, make sure the opinion you provide is a reflection of your nation’s position
and not your own or that of the United States. Make sure you have followed the host school format
if provided and different from the ETHS format.
7
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Notebooks
Conference notebooks provide the basis of the MUN portion of your grade within the
class. Remember that you can ask a Novice Trainer or more experienced delegate for
assistance at any time while compiling your notebook. Notebooks must be organized in a
large 3-ring binder. They will be accepted late, but a penalty will be assessed. Seniors
participating in the club who are not getting a grade must complete position papers but
are not required to complete a notebook.
What is a Notebook?
A notebook is a compilation of everything you have done to prepare for committee. It
includes not only your position paper and the highlighted printouts of your research, but
also other aspects that will be explained in more detail below. The completion of the
notebook will give you a greater understanding of your research and of your topic.
Generally, delegates bring their notebook to committee and refer to it during the course
of the conference.
Formatting
For every entry in your notebook created by you (position paper, works cited, country
profile, etc.), you must use uniform headings at the top left corner of every page.
An example of a heading is:
Committee Name: Security Council
Topic: Nuclear Power in Iran
Country: United States of America
This allows advisors to identify different topics within a notebook and you to you're your
work organized. Some conferences may have different requirements for your page
headings, so be sure to double check before turning in position papers. However, please
follow this format when turning in work to your advisors.
Components of the Notebook – Outline
The notebook should be divided into the following five sections with labeled dividers:
1. Background
2. Position Paper
3. Research
4. Speech
5. Reflection
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CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Notebooks Continued
Components of the Notebook – Detail
Requirements differ by experience level. Novice requirements are marked by (N), and advanced by (A).
Cover Page
Oftentimes, delegates decorate the cover page with pictures of their nation’s flag and other images that
pertain to their topics, but this is optional. It must include…
 Your name
 The name of the conference
 The country you represent
 The committee you are in
 The topic(s) you were assigned to research
 The date of the conference
Section 1 – Background Preparation
This section covers the basics. It must include…
 A copy of your topic synopses (all topics) provided by host school
 Any other directions given by host school (i.e., position paper format specifications, conference
schedule, etc.)
 Copies of prewritten resolutions (if applicable)
 A copy of your answered twenty questions (N)
 A copy of your full country profile (N)
 A copy of your advanced country profile (A)
Section 2 – Position Paper
 A copy of each of your position papers with footnotes
 A copy of each of your works cited pages (one for each topic or combined)
Section 3 – Research
 Hard copies of articles you used in researching your topic and writing your position paper
 Main ideas should be highlighted and used as a reference during conference
 Best Source Analyses (1, 2, or 3 per topic depending on your grade level)
Section 4 – Speech
 A one-minute general debate speech for each topic (N)
 A one-minute substantive debate speech for each topic (all)
Section 5 – Reflection
 Only part of the notebook that you will turn in after the conference
 3 Paragraph reflection on your conference experience that answers the following questions:
o What were the highlights of the conference and your performance
o What were the areas of concern? What do you need to work on for the next conference?
Areas of personal growth
o Overall impression and reflection and any awards you received:
 Research Award – 3 Extra Credit Points
 Commendation – 1 Extra Credit Point
 Outstanding – 3 Extra Credit Points
 Best Delegate – 5 Extra Credit Points
9
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Notebooks – Advanced Grading Rubric
Student Name: _______________________________________________________________
Conference: _________________________________________________________________
Country: ____________________________________________________________________
_____ /__
Cover Page
Name: Student & Conference
Country, Committee, Topic(s), Date of Conference
_____ /__
Background Preparations
Labeled Dividers
Topic Synopses, specific directions provided by host school
Advanced Country Profile
_____ /__
Position Paper – copy of each of your position papers & email confirmation from host school
Format
Citations/Footnotes/Works Cited
Background
UN Involvement
Country Policy & Involvement
Possible Solutions
Email Confirmation
_____ /__
Research & Best Source Analysis – articles used in researching your topic
Cover Sheet – heading, summary, and Best Source Analyses for each topic
Hard copies of articles with main ideas highlighted
_____ /__
Speech & Roast
Roast Grade Sheet
Attended and Well Prepared
General – one-minute general debate speech outline
Substantive – one-minute substantive debate speech for each topic
_____ /__
Reflection – to be turned in after Conference
_____ EC
Awards From the Conference
Research – 5 points
Commendation – 1 point
Outstanding – 3 points
Best Delegate – 5 points
_____ /__
Total Points
10
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Notebooks – Novice Grading Rubric
Student Name: _______________________________________________________________
Conference: _________________________________________________________________
Country: ____________________________________________________________________
_____ /__
Cover Page
Name: Student & Conference
Country, Committee, Topic(s), Date of Conference
_____ /__
Background Preparations
Labeled Dividers
Topic Synopses, specific directions provided by host school
Twenty Questions
Full Country Profile
_____ /__
Position Paper – copy of each of your position papers & email confirmation from host school
Format
Citations/Footnotes/Works Cited
Background
UN Involvement - 3
Country Policy & Involvement
Possible Solutions
Email Confirmation
_____ /__
Research – hard copies of articles used in researching your topic
Cover Sheet – heading, summary, and Best Source Analysis for each topic
Hard copies of articles with main ideas highlighted
_____ /__
Speech & Roast
Roast Grade Sheet
Attended and Well Prepared
General – one-minute general debate speech for each topic
Substantive – one-minute substantive debate speech for each topic
_____ /__
Reflection – to be turned in after Conference
_____ EC
Awards From the Conference
Research – 5 points
Commendation – 1 point
Outstanding – 3 points
Best Delegate – 5 points
_____ /__
Total Points
11
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Notebooks – Sample Cover Page
STUDENT NAME:
FIRST AND LAST
CONFERENCE:
EL TORO HIGH SCHOOL
MUN CONFERENCE
COUNTRY:
UNITED KINGDOM
COMMITTEE:
UNICEF
TOPIC(S):
CHILD LABOR & CHILD MARRIAGE
DATE OF CONFERENCE:
MARCH 16-17, 2014
12
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Background Preparation – Research
Research is the core of MUN. In order to write an outstanding position paper and come
across as a knowledgeable delegate, you must be well prepared. It is important to pay
attention to the validity of your sources and ensure that your research is thorough. Keep
an open mind and be aware of biases, both in sources as well as in yourself. Though it
may seem hard with the more controversial issues, it is imperative to steer clear of your
own opinions when writing position papers and speaking at conferences. Above all, make
sure that you are getting everything done ahead of time. Don’t procrastinate! You will
regret it!
The following tips can make your research much more effective:
 Use key words. If a group or treaty has more than one word in its title, put the title
in quotes. This way, the search engine will search, for example, for “United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees” rather than individual instances of
“high,” “refugees,” etc. that probably will not pertain to the organization.
 Take advantage of prominent search engines such as google.com. Make sure you
visit the United Nations’ official website (un.org). In addition, unbisnet.un.org is a
great resource to use to find resolutions that your nation supports; just click on
“New Keyword Search” under “Voting Records.” Not only will the resolutions
themselves bolster your Past UN Action section, but your nation’s policy will
become apparent based upon whether they supported or rejected said resolutions.
 Color-code your highlighting. For example, you might use yellow highlighter for
background information, green for past UN action, and pink for your country
policy. This will greatly help you once you begin the position paper.
 While writing a position paper, you will have close to 15-30 websites for each
topic, or maybe for one, depending on how many topics the conference requires.
It is always helpful to bookmark each website you find, and organize them
according to which section of your position paper you used them. This will
become useful when making a notebook and making your works cited.
13
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Background Preparation – Twenty Questions (Novice)
Use these questions to guide your research. While it will take some time to craft these answers
into a functioning position paper, answering these questions will provide you with nearly all of
the information you will need. So take the time to complete them!
Background
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Explain how your topic was first “discovered.”
What is the current state of your topic? How has the problem developed over the years?
Which nations, regions, and peoples are most affected by your topic?
Detail the factors that contribute to your topic.
What major issues result from your topic? How does your topic affect the international
community?
Past UN Action & Involvement
6. Explain the UN’s initial actions to combat your topic.
7. What resolutions have been passed over the years?
8. Which UN organizations and NGOs are involved with your topic? What has been their role
in the situation?
9. Detail the meetings and summits that have been held regarding your topic.
Country Policy & Involvement
10. Is your country affected by your topic? What is your bloc’s position on the issue?
11. Which problems resulting from your topic does your country face?
12. What actions, if any, has your country taken to solve your topic or its affiliated problems?
13. Which organizations that combat your topic does your country support? Explain.
14. Which resolutions and/or treaties regarding your topic has your country ratified?
Possible Solutions
Use these questions as a checklist of what to cover when formulating your solution.
15. What major goals does your resolution focus on and hope to achieve?
16. Does your solution follow your policy?
17. Which organizations and/or nations will make it happen? Where will the funding come from?
18. Does your solution follow a specific time frame? Explain.
19. Is your plan feasible, keeping in mind technology, money, and the current economic and
political status of your country?
20. How will you make your solution appeal to other nations?
14
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Background Preparation – Novice Country Profile
Novice Country Profile
Country profiles are important because the information provides background on important issues
going on in the country. Always check to make sure what the conference requirements for your
country profile are by going to either the ETHSMUN webpage or the conference host's webpage. You
will need to search in an almanac or online for the country's amount of arable land, but otherwise, the
rest of the information can be found online at http:www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook.
Physical Geography
1. Official name of country, capital
2. Climate, terrain, length of coastline, current environmental issues, environmental &
international agreements
3. Map
a. Relative location (neighboring countries and large bodies of water)
b. Region country is most associated with (based on culture and political views).
For example: the Middle East, Latin America, etc.
c. Comparative size, relative size in region
Political Geography
4. Type of government, organization of government
5. Year of independence, former colony of which country (if applicable)
6. Number of parties, political pressure groups, number of constitutions
7. Number of international affiliations, key names of affiliations as pertains to the conference topic
8. Military expenditures % GDP
9. Countries with which it has international disputes and topic of the disputes
Cultural Geography
10. Ethnic composition, official language, other languages spoken, and major religions
11. Infant mortality rate and average life expectancy
12. Demographic information (population growth, population distribution)
13. Literacy rate male/female
14. Median age
15. Net immigration rate
16. Refugee/internal displacement issues and human trafficking issues
Economic Geography
17. GNP or GDP (total and per capita)
18. Natural resources, amount arable land
19. Export commodities and partners
20. Import commodities and partners
21. Labor force by occupation
15
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Background Preparation – Advanced Country Profile
Advanced Country Profile
Rather than completing the full profile, use your knowledge of your country and topic to choose
the five most relevant statistics for your conference preparation. After recording these statistics,
write a ½-1 page analysis of the data in a separate paragraph. What do the statistics tell you about
your country's geopolitical, political, cultural, and economic situation? How might this
information impact your country's policy toward its immediate neighbors, its region as a whole,
and the international community? What predictions can you make based on this information?
How may this information affect your country's policy on the conference topic(s)? With which
country is yours most likely to caucus or avoid caucusing? You don't have to include answers to
all of these questions, but your analysis should cite information from the profile to support your
analysis and explain your reasoning.
Example: Greece – Bioterrorism (pretend there are statistics below!)
Committee: Ad Hoc Terror
Topic: Bioterrorism
Country: Greece
Country Profile
1. Relative location (neighboring countries and large bodies of water)
2. Region country is most associated with (based on culture and political views). For example:
the Middle East, Latin America, etc.
3. Number of international affiliations and names of key affiliations as pertains to the
conference topic
4. Countries with which it has international disputes and topic of the disputes
5. Import commodities and partners
Analysis
Because of its crossroads location, Greece must be especially prepared for bio-terrorist
attacks. (Greece has recognized this vulnerability and has taken the necessary steps in ensuring
its legal framework will permit preemptive investigations into potential bio-terrorist activities
along the border.) Terrorists can easily penetrate into Greece’s border and enter other European
countries. Biological agents can just as easily be transported as drugs. While Greece may not be
the target of bio-terrorists, it may very well be the gateway into the targeted country, and as such,
must be ready to respond to a potential threat beforehand.
International law lacks a suitable punishment for countries which violate bio-terrorism
laws, but Greece has taken the necessary steps in reforming its legal framework. (Greece hosted
the 2004 Olympics and many measures for combating a potential terrorist threat were established
then. In committee, we will stress our geographic position as a crossroads nation and refer to
these legal framework reforms to prove to other delegates that Greece can be an integral player
in combating bio-terrorism.
16
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Position Papers
Position Papers
The composition of the position paper is a crucial aspect in the MUN experience. Not only will
you develop and refine your research, analysis, and writing skills, but you will also prepare and
educate yourself for the conference ahead. Generally, a delegate is assigned one to two topics per
conference, but up to three can be assigned depending on the difficulty and length of the
conference.
What is a position paper?
Basically, a position paper is a report with its own unique organization. It is different from other
reports in that it is highly concise - in fact, introductions, conclusions, and oftentimes-even
transition sentences are avoided.
Why is a position paper important?
If you are not convinced that improving your research and writing skills is enough, maybe an
award will win you over. Position papers are sent to the chairs before the conference. The chairs
will read your paper and score it; a job well done will earn you a research award (not to mention
a better grade in the class!). We attend conferences at such colleges as UCI and Berkeley; would
not receiving an award based on your ability to write a research paper for a top college look
impressive on a college application? This is why we highly recommend that you put some
serious effort into your position paper. Plus, the more extensive your position paper is, the better
you will do in committee.
General Formatting Guidelines
Each conference will have different requirements for their position papers; always follow the
instructions given by the particular conference you are attending. However, there are several
general guidelines to follow when specific directions are not provided.
 Use size 10-12 point Times New Roman or similar block font, single spaced.
 Although paper length is not typically specified, papers should be at most two (2) pages,
or one page front and back
 Each position paper should feature a heading in the upper left-hand corner of EVERY
page with your committee, topic, and country—in that order. For example:
Committee: Security Council
Topic: Nuclear Power in Iran
Country: United States of America
 Each paper should have four bold subheadings aligned with the left margin of the page:
Background, United Nations Involvement, Country Policy and Involvement, Possible
Solutions
 Staple the pages together in the upper left hand corner: no binders or folders.
 Use footnotes.
17
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Position Papers – Writing the Paper
Writing the Paper
Your position paper should have four main parts: background, United Nations
involvement, country policy and involvement, and possible solutions.
Background






This should be the smallest section.
Summarize the topic up to the current date (mention when and how the problem
started, but focus most on the current issue.).
Explain the topic’s relevance to the international community.
Incorporate the answers to who/what/where/when/why-type questions.
Include appropriate statistics.
Every sentence should include a valid, important piece of information. No fluff!
UN Involvement




This should be slightly longer than the previous section.
Answer: What has the United Nations done to alleviate the problem?
Discuss UN organizations and resolutions that pertain to the topic.
Avoid listing information! Explain the organizations involved, making sure to
cover their functions, missions, and future plans. For resolutions, explain their
affect on the issue.
Country Policy and Involvement



Explain the official position of your country.
Summarize how your country has dealt with the problem internally and/or
internationally.
Name the organizations and resolutions to which your country supports or objects.
Possible Solutions






Create your own solutions to the problem. Don’t copy verbatim the solutions you
find in your research, but do build off of different solutions you come across and
improve on them.
Make sure that your solutions are strong, logical, feasible, and supported entirely
by your country’s position.
Keep in mind that it is encouraged to organize your solution into steps.
Remember basic obstacles, and explain how to solve them! Funding is the
complication most commonly mentioned.
When your problem is extensive (AIDS, nuclear non-proliferation, etc) focus your
solution on one part of the problem that your country could reasonably tackle.
Education is a feasible solution but it may never stand alone.
18
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Position Papers – Footnotes
Footnotes
Your position papers must have citations, and footnoting is the best way to cite your
sources within your paper. When you footnote, you place a superscript number after the
information in question that corresponds to a footnote at the bottom of the page.
Microsoft Word or Open Office will allow you to insert footnotes easily into your paper.
Footnote Format
The Chicago Manual of Style Guide is a handy resource here:
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
19
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Position Papers – Bibliographies
Bibliography
All position papers must include a full works bibliography. There are subtle differences
between bibliographies and footnotes: DO NOT COPY AND PASTE!
Avoid Plagiarism
“Plagiarism is using others’ ideas and words without clearly acknowledging the source
of that information” (Writing Tutorial Services, 2000). Plagiarism will not be tolerated in
your position papers or notebooks. If you are caught plagiarizing, you will receive a zero
and face certain school disciplinary procedures. Strategies to avoid plagiarism:
1. Cite the source whenever you refer to someone else’s ideas, opinions, or theories,
use any information that is not common knowledge (i.e. facts that cannot be
discovered with common sense), or quote or paraphrase another person’s actual
words, either spoken or written.
2. Paraphrase. Instead of merely rearranging or replacing a few words, read and
understand the text, then write the information in your own words.
3. Edit your paper when you’re finished. Plagiarism can often be eliminated after a
series of revisions.
4. When in doubt, cite.
20
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Research & Best Source Analysis
Research & Best Source Analysis
For each topic; select the best document from your research. Although these sources may
touch upon the background to the issue, they should focus on UN action, country policy,
or possible solutions - NOT background. Furthermore, they CANNOT be from an
encyclopedia. Your best source analysis should include:
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
A printout or photocopy of the source in its entirety. Highlight the main ideas,
particularly the ones you used in your position paper. (Novice and Advanced)
A cover sheet including the following. (Advanced Only)
o Heading: Include the bibliographical information, the topic to which the
source pertains, and the type of information supplied (UN action, country
policy, etc.) in the upper right-hand corner.
o Summary: In your own words, summarize the main ideas of the article.
Concisely (1-2 paragraphs) report on the facts and information in the
article. It is your job to “shrink” the article down. Do not just tell “what it
is about;” that is for the annotation.
o Analysis: Explain why you chose the article, what it covers, and how the
information it contains will be useful to you, both in the position paper and
in committee. Provide relevant information for someone else researching
the topic – why is this source your best? But also touch upon what it does
not cover, or what are its shortcomings. Be sure to include an analysis of
the validity or reliability of the source. Consider the author’s credentials,
the type of website, the editorial opinion, etc.
21
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Best Source Analysis Example – Advanced Only
Best Source Analysis Example:
Committee: Security Council
Topic: North Korea
Country: United States of America
Source: Judson, Tim. “A World Without Security: Implications of the North Korean Nuclear
Crisis.” Syracuse Peace Council. 22 Nov. 2005
<http://www.peacecouncil.net/pnl/03/718/718WorldWithoutSecurity.htm>.
Summary
The North Korean nuclear crisis poses ominous repercussions to international politics and to the
environment. North Korea has realized that nuclear weapons provide a great amount of political
leverage, a fact which surrounding Asian nations may soon exploit. If so, North Korea’s
possession of nuclear weapons may set of a worldwide proliferation initiative. The U.S.’s refusal
to negotiate—and threats against the Kim Jong-Il regime—has only worsened the crisis. The
issue’s roots lie in the UN Charter, which permits the five original nuclear-armed states to
possess nuclear weapons: North Korea views this as unfair. To end the problem, the author
states, the U.S. must back out of Iraq and phase out its nuclear weapons and power plants.
Furthermore, the U.S. should provide North Korea with renewable sources of energy, such as
wind, solar, and geothermal, as nuclear power is inherently costly and detrimental to the
environment.
Analysis
This article proved to be immensely helpful in formulating my solution, as well the background
section. The document suggested that North Korea be supplied with renewable sources of
energy, which I included in my solution. Furthermore, the article emphasized that the U.S.
accelerates the crisis with threats of both military and non-military actions (i.e. sanctions), which
inspired Step Four of my plan, calling for the implementation of a peace treaty. In addition, the
international implications the document provided contributed to the background section of my
paper.
However, I found several aspects of the article unhelpful. The article, written as an editorial,
sharply criticized the U.S.’s handling of the situation, and a great deal of the criticism pertained
to Iraq or to aspects of the topic which I did not need to cover. In addition, the author asserted
that nuclear power is dangerous to the environment, a claim which was countered by other
articles I came across. Other than that, the article was perfect for my purpose.
Tim Judson, the author, is a staff person for the Syracuse Peace Council—thus he is credible.
The document was published on the website of said council—thus it is credible. Although the
article is an opinion piece, it provided facts to persuade the readers, and I used its facts in my
background. I used its persuasive arguments to assist my possible solutions.
22
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
Speeches
Speeches
Guidelines for how to write and deliver speeches are presented later in this guide. The
following are the requirement guidelines for what advisors will be looking for in both
general and substantive debate speeches. Speeches may be bullet pointed, but they must
be typed when turned in (no notecards!).
General Debate Speech Outline
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Hook
Brief background of issue
Past UN involvement on issue
Close
Hook
Substantive Debate Speech Outline
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Country policy
Key points of plan
o Is your plan comprehensive r does it try to solve a specific part of the
problem? Why?
o No more than 7 points, no less than 4
o Try to develop a mnemonic to make your plan more memorable
o Be specific and detailed
o Be sure to explain how each point of your plan will help
Restate country policy briefly
Wrap up
23
CONFERENCE POLICIES
Sign Up
Sign ups for semester conferences will take place at the beginning of each semester
online. All students must register for all conferences and pay conference fees at the
beginning of the semester to secure a spot. Students will be able to submit their top
choices for committees, countries and topics once the country assignments are emailed
out by the conference hosts. Sign-ups will be taken on a first come, first serve basis with
priority given to advanced students.
Attendance
All delegates are required to attend two conferences per semester. First-year delegates are
the only ones that can receive conference credit for the fall training conference. Should
the delegate be unable to complete this requirement, prior notification is needed in order
for the student to complete a supplemental project. The school attendance and tardy
policies will be followed at conferences. Delegates must show up to committee on time
each day. Upon arrival to the conference, delegates must sign in with one of the advisors
from El Toro. In addition, El Toro advisors often require delegates to sign out before they
can leave. Failure to attend a conference will result in a zero for that conference grade.
Transportation
For out-of-district conferences, buses will be provided by the SVUSD district to transport
all delegates to the conference locations. However, for conferences within the district,
students will have to arrange their own transportation. Car-pooling with an adult driver is
allowed. However, students must obtain permission from the advisors before driving
other students.
Dress Code
Delegates must not wear anything that violates the standard school dress code.
Furthermore, the conference dress code described below must also be strictly adhered to.
You do not have to go for the most expensive looks—delegates must only wear an outfit
that connotes professionalism, not necessarily richness. Delegates who are not wearing
appropriate attire will be asked to change before attending the conference.
Male Delegate Dress
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Optimum: A business suit, a tie, and dress shoes.
Alternatives: Instead of a suit, delegates may wear a jacket and dress pants (no
jeans), with a dress shirt, a tie, and dress shoes.
Minimum Dress: Male delegates should at least wear a pair of slacks, a dress
shirt, a tie, and dress shoes.
24
CONFERENCE POLICIES
Female Delegate Dress
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Optimum: Again, you do not have to go for the most expensive looks—aim for an
ensemble that connotes professionalism, such as a nice power suit. The minimum
length of skirts should be just above the knees.
Alternatives: A nice blouse or sweater with slacks, or a pantsuit. If in doubt, dress
conservatively.
Shoes: Open toed shoes are not to be worn at conferences; dress shoes are
required. Throughout the course of the conference, you will probably learn rather
quickly that delegates move around quite a bit. Try to pick shoes that look nice,
but are comfortable as well.
What to Bring
This list is covers the basics you will need to succeed. Of course, you are welcomed bring
amenities such as breath mints, tissues, throat lozenges, etc. if you so desire. It always
pays to be well-prepared and comfortable in committee.
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Your notebook
Pen/pencil
Blank paper to write on
Clipboard (for caucusing)
Delegate Guide
Overhead (if you will need it to bolster your speech)
Handouts for each delegate (if applicable)
UN Charter/Declaration on Human Rights
Change for copy machines and/or snacks
Hotel key (for overnight conferences)
What Not to Bring
Avoid bringing portable CD players, iPods, or MP3 players to committee. Furthermore,
do not bring to committee any games (including cards), school homework, or anything
else which might distract you from doing your work at the conference. You may,
however, bring games or music to play only at lunch and break.
25
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
General Procedure
Each conference follows a specific order of events. Although some schools choose to run
their conferences differently, most schools follow a standard procedure.
Opening Ceremonies
Most conferences begin with some sort of opening ceremony. This is a chance for the
host school's Secretariat to introduce itself, talk about its goals for the conference, and
welcome the delegates attending. The opening ceremonies can vary in length and style at
each conference; they can be formal or informal, depending on the importance of the
ceremony to the host school.
Adoption of Agenda
In most high school conferences, the host school gives the delegates one to three topics to
research and write about. These topics become the agenda—the subjects that the
committee will debate and discuss. However, Security Council committees may
implement an “open agenda,” and delegates vote on the subjects they want to discuss and
resolve. In these cases, an agenda must be submitted, voted on, and adopted before debate
can commence.
General Debate
General debate is the first stage of debate that occurs at a conference. In it, each delegate
details general information about the topic as well as their country’s policy. This stage of
debate can be extremely repetitive, as no solutions can be presented and delegates may
only present country policy and facts/statistics about the committee topic. General debate
proceeds most often by means of a list of speakers, but it may also proceed with a “round
robin” turn order, and speakers are chosen according to seating or by alphabetical order.
Substantive Debate
Substantive debate is where work can actually get done. Delegates may present solutions
and discuss resolutions on the topics based on the ideas discussed in general debate. Two
to three comments are often made after speeches, and delegates may state whether they
agree or disagree with another delegation's policy—and why. During this time, informal
caucusing (see pg. 29) becomes extremely important, as it will be the only chance you
will have to write resolutions, work closely with other delegates, and showcase
diplomatic skills. Security Council is one of the only exceptions to the speech system, for
due to its nature and its smaller size, general debate and substantive comments are
generally omitted.
26
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
General Procedure
Formal Caucus
Formal caucus is called when all resolutions have been completed. At this time,
representatives from each resolution have a given amount of time to explain their ideas to
the other delegates and to attempt to convince them to allow the resolution to pass.
Oftentimes, points are given to the delegates who represent the resolutions—so always
try to be deeply involved in writing and explaining your resolution, but most of all, show
diplomacy to other delegates to show them that you have heard them all out and will
present their ideas in the resolution as well as your own.
Voting Bloc
After all resolutions have been presented and any amendments to the resolutions have
been completed, the committee enters Voting Bloc. At this time, the delegates will vote
on which resolutions and amendments shall be passed. Also, all doors and windows will
be locked and closed.
Closing Ceremonies
At the end of every conference, all delegates attend the host school's closing ceremonies.
Here, the Secretariat may comment on what they enjoyed about the conference and how
well the attending delegates did in committee. Awards are given to delegates who
demonstrated above-average preparation and performance, and schools can receive
delegation awards based upon the number of awards individual delegates from their
school received. The awards at most conferences will go in order of performance: the
“lowest”, for lack of a better word, award one can receive is a “commendable”, then
“outstanding”, and finally, the “gavel” or “best delegate” award. Most large conferences
will actually give away a gavel to the delegate who earns it. The end of the closing
ceremonies marks the end of the conference, and all participating schools are dismissed.
27
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Committee Rules and Motions
The system of rules and motions helps maintain order and professionalism while the committee is in
session. Each motion is usually voted on by the committee and is either passed or failed based on a
majority. Though the system may seem complicated, it becomes easy to remember with practice. All
“points” can be suggested or asked with the raising of the delegates country placard.
Points of Parliamentary Procedure
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Point of Inquiry: Used to ask a question.
Point of Order: Used to clarify a procedure or a ruling of the chair.
Point of Information: Used to inform the chair of something or to request information.
Point of Personal Privilege: Used to ask for permission to use the restroom. However, in most
cases, chairs will let delegates go to the restroom whenever they wish, without needing to bring
up a motion about it.
Right of Reply: Used to respond to any slander or offensive remark made against a delegate.
Only used in extreme cases. A word to the wise: You do not want to provoke a delegate into
asking for a Right of Reply.
Motions
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Motion to Re -Order Agenda: Used to re-order the topics on the committee agenda.
Motion to Open Debate: Once the agenda is set, this motion is used to begin debate on the topic
at hand.
Motion to Open Speaker's List: Used to start a speaker's list for a certain topic. The delegate
who makes this motion is often given the opportunity to make the first speech or to decide when
he or she would like to speak.
Motion to Close Speaker's List: Used to prohibit the addition of more speakers to the speaker's
list.
Motion to Table Speaker's List: Used to erase the current list of speakers.
Motion to be Added to Speaker's List: Used to add a delegate's county to the speaker's list. If
you want to be added after the speaker’s list has been set, send up a note to the chair; do not raise
your placard and interrupt committee.
Motion to be Removed from Speaker's List: Used to remove a delegate's country from the
speaker's list.
Motion to Change Speaking Time: Used to alter the speaking time for speeches and comments.
When you make this motion, be prepared to suggest a new time and a reason for doing so.
Motion to Change the Number of Comments: Used to alter the number of comments made
after a speech. When making this motion, be prepared to suggest a new number and a reason for
doing so.
Motion for an Informal Caucus: Used to suspend debate and to move into an informal caucus
(see pg. 29). When making this motion, you should specify how long and for what purpose the
caucus is being called.
28
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Committee Rules and Motions
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Motion for a Moderated Caucus: Used to suspend debate and move into a moderated caucus
(see pg. 29). When making this motion, you should mention the time limit for each comment, the
length of the moderated caucus, and the purpose for calling it.
Motion for a Formal Caucus: Used to suspend debate and move into a formal caucus (see pg.
29). When making this motion, you should specify the amount of time that each group will be
allotted to present their resolution, and explain your reasons to moving into a formal caucus.
Motion to Suspend Debate: Used to put the committee session on hold while delegates stop for
lunch, break, or the end of the conference.
Motion to Submit a Proposal: Used to submit any kind of completed resolution, amendment,
press release, or formally written request to the chair.
Motion to Move into Voting Bloc: Used in order for the committee to enter voting bloc (see pg.
20), once all amendments and resolutions have been submitted and presented. After this motion
is presented, chairs will often call upon four delegates (two for, two against) to debate it before
the committee can vote.
Motion to Move out of Voting Bloc: Used to end voting bloc once all resolutions and
amendments have been voted upon. A committee must remain in Voting Bloc until this motion is
passed.
Motion to Re-Order Proposals: Used to re-arrange the order in which proposals will be voted
on.
Motion to Divide Proposal: Used to separate a clause from an amendment or resolution, in
order to vote upon it separately.
Motion to Re -Consider Proposal: Used to re-vote a failed proposal. However, the original
sponsors of the proposal cannot use this motion.
Motion to End/Close Debate: Used to end debate on a particular topic.
Motion to Adjourn Meeting: Used to end the conference.
Rules of Procedure “Translations”
Until the time when you can consider yourself fluent in MUN jargon, consider this your handy MUN-toEnglish translation guide:
I have a question. Point of Inquiry
Can I go to the bathroom? Point of Personal Privilege
He said something mean to me! Right of Reply
It’s 12:30. Can we go to lunch? Motion to Suspend Debate
We finally finished our resolution. Motion to Submit Proposal
I think you might be mistaken. Point of Order
I want to debate the issue with the other delegates. Motion for a Caucus
Can we vote on that resolution again? Motion to Reconsider Proposal
Can we put these resolutions in a different order? Motion to Re-Order Proposals
Can I take that part out of the resolution so we can vote on it separately? Motion to Divide Proposal
I want to make a speech. Motion to be added to/open the Speakers’ List
I want to go home. Motion to Adjourn/Close Debate
29
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Diplomacy and Professionalism
Diplomacy is the use of finesse and skill when dealing with other people. In order to be
diplomatic, you must maintain a professional demeanor and ensure that you display a decent
level of respect towards the person(s) you are dealing with. Finding the key to compromise and
balance is an additional aspect of diplomacy; do not give up your principles, instead use
diplomacy to gently push your efforts forward. Furthermore, chairs often focus on each
delegate’s diplomacy when in informal caucus, and the chairs appreciate it when delegates allow
other, quieter delegates a chance to respond to ideas and discussions concerning the topic.
Do…
Don’t…
Be polite—Always be kind and courteous to your
fellow delegates. Using traditional “manners” is
the key.
Be professional—Keep in mind you are “doing
business” at a conference. Maintain a professional
tone in your speeches, facial expressions, and
body language.
Be a leader—In caucus, be the one to moderate.
If other delegates try to involve themselves, invite
them (without interrupting someone) to speak up
or to join the circle. Your peers—as well as the
chairs—will see this and respect you for it, as
stated above.
Remain productive—Stay on task, and don’t get
distracted. Chairs will be very annoyed if they see
you and another delegate being disruptive or
discussing something else.
Use a strong voice—In the act of being kind,
don’t sacrifice a strong, willful voice or speech.
Be in control—Share your delight, express your
concerns, but keep your emotions under control.
Maintain friendly relationships—Even if you’re
not working with a group, attempt to “befriend”
them. Despite any disagreements, you will need
their support in the end when it comes to voting
and passing resolutions.
Stay on policy—Even if your state is the “bad
guy,” while in committee stick to your nation’s
policy and try to convince the others in committee
that you are correct. Chairs will highly smile upon
your knowledge and loyalty to your country’s
policy.
Be a doormat—There’s a difference between
being nice, and letting someone walk all over you.
Be benevolent, but don't let anyone control you.
Strike up a rivalry—Nothing can make you
appear more ravenous and devilish than trying to
“kill the enemy.”
Ask a question if unprepared for the answer—
Not following this guideline is an easy way to dig
your own grave. Don’t get stuck in a situation like
this; the table can turn.
Confuse your opinion with your country’s
opinion—Properly represent your country, even if
your personal beliefs differ. Part of maintaining a
professional demeanor is staying in character.
Insult, yell, or use profanity—This type of
behavior is absolutely unacceptable in MUN and
will result in punishment.
Hold a grudge—Don’t spend all your time trying
to beat one delegate. Stay focused on the big
picture and on your overall goals.
Be cocky- Cont walk into a conference thinking
that you have an assured award, even if you have
won many in the past. Do not ever mention
anything about winning awards during committee;
it will make a bad impression on the chairs and
judges.
30
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Public Speaking
One of the most important aspects of any Model United Nations conference is speaking.
Speeches are rare opportunities to spread your ideas without interruption or rebuttals
from others, which means that you must always take full advantage of opportunities to
speak. The following information is designed to help you deliver effective, well-prepared
speeches.
Speech Types
Planned: Speeches prepared in advance. These speeches are generally longer than the
other types you will deliver, and include both general and substantive debate speeches.
Usually, general debate speeches last from 1 minute to 2 minutes, while substantive
debate speeches tend to be around 2 minutes.
Impromptu: Spur-of-the-moment speeches that are created as they are delivered. Any
speech can be impromptu; you don’t necessarily have to have planned your speech for
general or substantive debate, although it would be a good idea. Impromptu speeches
allow you to discuss information recently mentioned in caucus or in other speeches.
Comments are generally impromptu.
Parts of a Speech
Introduction: The opening of the speech. The introduction consists of a hook to catch the
audience’s attention and a transition to lead you into the body of the speech. Make sure
your hook is NOT fluff, but rather a statistic or a piece of information that will draw your
listeners’ attention.
Body: The bulk of the speech. The body is the place in which you make your points and
give your support.
Conclusion: The closing of the speech. In the conclusion, all points that were made are
summarized and combined, in order to demonstrate how they will affect the issue at hand
and support your main argument or solution.
31
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Public Speaking
General Debate Speeches
The general debate speech is used to inform the committee of your country’s policy on the topic
at hand, and to briefly educate other delegates on the background of the topic with information
you find enlightening and original. As a rule of thumb, assume every delegate knows just as
much as you do in regards to background information. And NEVER repeat information
previously stated by other delegates; this is repetitive and annoying. General debate speeches are
usually 1 minute to 2 minutes long.
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Use specific facts and statistics in your General Debate speech to accentuate a point (i.e.
“...our nation is appalled by the x deaths caused per year by these atrocious tools of
violence and cowardice.”), but don’t end up wasting speaking time reciting facts made by
other delegates.
Show how your nation is affected by the issue at hand by bringing up past actions or
incidents.
Connect the audience to the issue through an analogy or an explanation of how the issue
directly affects the delegates as individuals (i.e. WMDs pose a threat to their families).
Try to keep the speech as focused as possible on the topic, as tangent topics can hurt your
score.
There are no comments in General Debate, so if your nation has a controversial point to
make, now is the time to make it!
Substantive Debate Speeches
Substantive debate speeches serve two purposes. In them, you discuss your nation’s proposed
solutions to the problem and try to convince other nations to support your resolution. You will
usually give at least two substantive speeches throughout the course of committee—the first as a
proposal of your nation’s solution, and the second as an endorsement of the resolution your
nation and caucus group has created. This means that multiple resolutions will be written in
committee. These speeches are usually 2 minutes.
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Don’t put your heart and soul into writing your second or third substantive speeches—
just jot notes about the core idea of your resolution and some of its good points and then
incorporate them into your speech. In this way, most substantive speeches other than the
first become impromptus.
Take on a friendlier, businesslike tone in substantive debate speeches. Be a salesperson
and show you are willing to compromise (whether you are or not).
Try to repeat as little information as possible from previous substantive speeches. Even if
it means a 40 second speech, your score will be higher than if you had repeated yourself.
If you need to make several speeches in substantive debate, focus on the development of
the resolution, and try to think of ways it would benefit other nations.
32
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Public Speaking
Comments
Comments are brief impromptu speeches given in response to a substantive debate speech. In them, other states
explain why they agree or disagree with the points made by the speaker. Comments usually last approximately 30
seconds and are usually given in batches of two or three, but these numbers can sometimes vary.
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Comments must be directly related to the previous speech.
NEVER begin a comment with “We commend the delegate on their excellent speech,” or anything like that.
This wastes speaking time and, contrary to popular belief, does not give you points for diplomacy.
While listening to the speech, jot down what your nation agrees with and/or disagrees with—and why. When
you make your comment, refer to those notes for material.
Don’t become flustered by the short speaking time. You do not have to use the full 30 seconds, and if you run
out of time, you are still allowed to finish your sentence without penalty.
Performance Tips
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Try to get on the speaker's list as early as possible.
Whether you accomplish it through volume or through lack thereof, always make sure you have the
audience’s full attention when you begin your speech. A great way to ensure this is to always use volume in
your speech, and if you really wish to capture attention, vary the volume, but not too dramatically.
Keep yourself open and connected to the audience through posture, gestures, and location. If you can gather
your confidence, try not to use the podium, a defensive tool for nervous speakers. The less you have in front
of you (arms, clipboard, podium, etc.), the more attentive the audience will be and thus the more effective
your speech will be.
Be animated, but not humorous or distracting. Make sure you don’t speak in a droning monotone. Your goal
is to attract other delegates to your ideas. Use hand movement and turn your body when needed. Too much
movement, however, will become distracting and will detract from your speech.
Always maintain a strong degree of eye contact with your audience, but indirectly. Don’t stare at one point or
person, but constantly shift your gaze from person to person or at the audience as a whole.
Pace yourself and enunciate.
If you have memorized your speech, take an outline of the speech up with you to refer to if you get stuck (a
full script of the speech makes it too hard to find your place.)
Don’t banter with the audience or become flustered by a distraction. If you make a mistake or if the audience
laughs, simply correct yourself (if necessary) and continue.
Don’t apologize if you make a mistake; chances are nobody will notice.
Stay flexible. If the speaking time is too low, mark the parts of your speech you can skip. Also, if another
delegate brings up a point before you do, adjust for it—roll with the punches, so to speak. If possible,
reinforce the idea with some ideas of your own that the previous delegate may have left out.
Speak as a team if you co-delegate, but make sure that you do not interrupt each other and that the speech
flows well.
If the room in which your conference takes place is large, walk around the speaker’s area a lot to ensure that
all parts of the audience are getting attention. However, do no win in between desks or chairs and attack
individual delegates. Remember: interact with words, not with distance
Also, having a powerful speech may cause people to look for you when trying to form a caucus (for more, see
Caucus Tips)
Be confident!
33
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Speech Preparation
Writing
As with all things, writing speeches becomes easier with practice. Here are some tips…
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Cater to your audience. Remember who you are speaking to and how they will
receive what you say.
Control your information in the same way as in your notebook. Use tone and
wording to alter how your information is received. For example, half a century
sounds longer than fifty years, and two hundred fifty thousand dollars sounds like
less than a quarter of a million.
Have a speech ready at least a day before it is to be presented so you have plenty
of time to rehearse and revise it.
Experiment with different writing styles, such as longhand, bullet points, or note
cards. Hand write your speech on paper or index cards, or type it on a word
processor. Also try different ways of creating it. For example, you can dictate it to
yourself—say a part of the speech, then write it down and tweak it.
Rehearsing
Follow these tips and your speech will go much smoother.





Find a rehearsal method that makes you feel comfortable and confident. You can
use a mirror, a blank wall, a friend/family member, or a stuffed animal
Memorization is not required in MUN, but it makes you appear more confident,
and can sometimes earn you bonus points.
Recording a speech and then listening to it on playback is a good way to judge
yourself and to learn how you sound.
Rehearse a speech until you are confident that you can present it in front of an
audience in the intended manner. Then rehearse it again.
Know about how long your speech is before going to the conference. Your speech
should never be longer than 2 minutes unless there is unlimited speaking time,
and even then the chairs may become annoyed and bored if you speak for too
long. A good way to practice keeping a speech under two minutes is timing
yourself while you rehearse, so you can learn to talk at a steady, yet fitting pace.
34
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Blocs
A bloc is defined as a “combination of persons with a common interest or purpose.” At
every conference, nations form allies and enemies, and the committee inevitably divides
itself into several small groups, each of which is a bloc. Each bloc represents a different
geographical part of the world; typically, the nations in each region share similar policies.
How they Work
Each bloc usually begins with a few delegates discussing a point who find themselves in
agreement. Other delegates are attracted, either because they are curious or because they
have nothing better to do. The delegates who begin the bloc will usually establish
themselves as leading figures. If you are not one of these delegates, don't worry. With a
little diplomacy and patience, you can make a heavy influence on the bloc. Once the
blocs have been developed, each will form its own resolution. While the resolution is
being written, some delegates will help to write it while others will go out and "sell" the
resolution to other blocs in hopes of gaining their support and vote. A word to the wise: if
you are co-delegating, split up and do both. However, if you are a single delegate, be sure
that you are the leader that sends others to do the advertising, as it is always crucial to be
present when the resolution itself is being discussed or written. This will help your
position when the voting of resolution presenters is done.
How Policy Affects Them
A large part of your score at a conference comes from knowing—and sticking to—your
country's policy. This is especially true in blocs. Always be sure that you do not group
with rival nations and that the resolution you sponsor complies with your policy. For
example, Iran and the United States should not be in the same bloc when discussing the
War in Iraq. There are six main geographic blocs: Western bloc, Latin American bloc,
Asian bloc, Middle Eastern bloc, African bloc, and Eastern bloc. However, these
geographic blocs are more of guidelines than hard-and-fast rules, so at times you will join
with nations outside of your geographic region to create a resolution.
The Back Row Bloc
This is the one bloc that nobody should ever be a part of. The Back Row Bloc is not an
actual international bloc, but rather MUN language for the group of delegates, usually
occupying the back row, who are either too nervous or too lazy to participate
productively. They sit in the back and usually do little to contribute to the committee. Do
not ignore these delegates, but rather try to encourage them to join in. Even more
importantly, never be part of the back row bloc!
35
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Co-Delegating
Throughout the year, there will be many opportunities to work with a partner at
conferences. While this has its advantages, it also means that you must meet higher
standards. Co-delegating is a privilege and is not an excuse to sit back during committee
and chat with your friend. It is often used at advanced conference to accomplish more
during committee, since each delegation can do two things at once.
Since at El Toro, MUN is a part of school and counts towards your grade, you will want
to work with someone you can depend on to do their share of the work. Friends have a
tendency to do less work and more talking, whereas simple acquaintances may be more
business oriented and may work more efficiently together. When you co-delegate, you
better get to know your partner; you might make a new friend in the process!
Many co-delegates will split up the topics. However, you should try to avoid this as much
as possible, since it will leave each delegate less knowledgeable about a certain topic;
since both co-delegates should work together with each topic, splitting up the topics can
hamper the team’s performance. Instead, delegates should work together during the entire
process of researching, writing, and debating.
During committee, both delegates should participate equally. If one is giving a speech,
the other should be writing, taking notes, or caucusing outside with another delegate. Codelegates may also deliver a speech together, which demonstrates their ability to work
together as a team. It is best for both delegates to speak as often as possible, as it will
help others in the committee to recognize both representatives of a certain nation.
During caucus, co-delegates should never work in the same caucus group. The two
should have consistent knowledge of their policy so that each individual can be in a
separate group arguing the same thing. Splitting up allows the group to cover more
ground and to gain more influence in committee. You can talk about what you discussed
in your particular bloc at break or by passing notes during speeches.
During the presenting of resolutions, assuming that both delegates were in different
caucuses, which they should; co-delegations should try to ensure that they both go up to
present resolutions. This will show the judges that both members of your co-delegation
were deeply involved in separate caucus, while still managing to work together.
36
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Resolution Writing
Resolutions are possibly the most direct reflection of achievement in the United Nations.
The resolution document is, in essence, a to-do list. It outlines, in detail, the steps to be
taken to respond to the issue under discussion. In committee, each resolution created by a
Bloc is then submitted to the chair for approval. After all resolutions are submitted, they
are discussed by the committee and then voted upon to determine which resolution(s) will
be implemented. Regardless of whether your resolution passes or not, the ability to write
a resolution is a crucial skill for all MUN delegates to possess.
Writing resolutions requires the delegates to follow a specific format. In essence, the
resolution is just one long compound sentence. Knowing where to use commas, where to
use semicolons, and what to capitalize becomes easier with practice.
The Heading
The heading and title introduce your resolution and provide the nations who contributed.
Although some committees may change the format, there are several general guidelines
that are usually adhered to.



In the upper left-hand corner you state your committee, list the sponsors in
alphabetical order, and state the topic—in that order. Do not use abbreviations.
The title should be capitalized and centered below the heading. It is generally best
to keep the title short and sweet, with flowery language at a minimum.
Address the resolution to the UN organ your committee is in, NOT your
committee.
The Preamble
Preambulatory clauses introduce the subject of the resolution. They usually include
general facts or statistics on your topic. However, since the delegates in your committee
are already supposed to know the topic, it is best to keep these short and sweet.
Preambulatory clauses should not contain any solutions and therefore cannot be amended
(see pg 36). Although delegates often only skim the preambles, it is still important to
make them strong.


Preambulatory clauses are indented and begin with an underlined “-ing” verb.
Each preambulatory clause ends with a comma.
37
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Resolution Writing
Operative Clauses
Operative clauses are the “meat” of the resolution. They explain—in great detail—the
plan that you and your bloc have developed to solve the given issue. Your fellow
delegates will scrutinize your operative clauses, so be sure to make them good. Many
times you will need to use sub-operatives to explain your operatives; sometimes you will
even need to include sub-sub-operatives to explain your solution further!



Operatives are numbered and begin with an underlined present-tense verb. They
end with a semicolon, unless followed by a sub-operative, in which case a colon is
used.
Sub-operatives are labeled with a letter in parenthesis and end the same way as
operatives.
Sub-sub-operatives are labeled with a lowercase Roman numeral.
Additional Format Rules





Skip a line between each clause and sub-clause.
Note the different numbering style for each level of operative. Preambulatory
statements are not numbered.
All preambulatory and operative phrases are underlined.
When typing resolutions, justified text alignment is the best choice.
Always end the resolution in a period.
38
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Sample Resolution
Committee: United Nations Committee on Resolutions
Topic: Resolution Writing
Sponsored by: China, France, Russian Federation, United States of America
RESOLUTION ON WRITING RESOLUTIONS
The General Assembly,
Explaining that all preambulatory clauses should be underlined and that each phrase
should be indented and ended with a comma,
Recognizing that one line should be skipped after each phrase and after the title of the
resolution,
Noting that preambulatory clauses are generally present progressive verbs ending in –ing
but can also be present states such as “aware that” and “concerned that”,
Gravely concerned that delegates use too many preambulatory clauses and that they
should generally limit themselves to 2-4,
1. Reiterates the fact that operative phrases also have a certain format, which:
(a) Calls for the use of a colon if there are to be sub-operatives such as this;
(b) Requires one (1) line between each sub-operative;
(i) Has no underlining within the sub-operative;
(c) Welcomes the use of clear and simple wording by:
(i) Splitting complex ideas into sub-operatives and sub-sub-operatives if
necessary;
(ii) Numbering accordingly in an outlined fashion;
(iii) Ending all sub-operatives and other operatives with a semi-colon;
2. Requests that all operative clauses be underlined;
3. Observes that operative clauses are verbs ending in –s that take action;
4. Emphasizes that resolutions are only one sentence, and therefore end with a period.
39
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Writing a Quality Resolution
After learning the mechanics of a resolution and getting familiar with the vocabulary, you
must be wondering what will make an outstanding resolution, not just a correctly
formatted one. Your time should be primarily focused on the operatives of your
resolution, because this is where the real work is required.
Consider a Resolution...
Like a regular paragraph you transformed into a grammatically-correct sentence. Begin
with the general, and then move to the specifics.
Recommends that the ISAF and NATO organize an election by November:
(a) With polling booths located throughout each province;
(b) With protection provided at each voter forum;
(c) With monitoring from all applicable UN organizations;
In the above example, the delegate started with the topic of elections, and then elaborated
upon the specific election conditions within the sub-operative. Apply this general concept
of “big idea” to “small details” throughout the entire resolution.
Be Specific and Detailed
Make sure you include HOW the ideas in your resolution will be executed. Consider the
following questions:






How will this resolution be funded?
Who will be performing this action?
In what timeframe should this action to be taken?
Are there any deadlines or important dates to consider?
Does the resolution include a “plan B”?
How do we ensure this resolution will be implemented?
Know your Power and Place
Keep in mind which committee you are in and exactly what your committee does. If you
are in the World Health Organization (WHO), you cannot demand a war to end poverty.
You can, however, establish other anti-poverty initiatives. Remember, there are limits to
international law, so you cannot do everything that you want. Keep “international
etiquette” in mind—do not bash other nations needlessly, and avoid improper language or
rude behavior to other sates/cultures/peoples in your resolution.
40
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Amendment Writing
Amendments are written in order to amend, or change, the operative clauses within a resolution.
Typically, they are only written by non-sponsors of said resolution; “friendly amendments,” or
amendments written by the writers themselves of said resolution, are usually not allowed.
Format
Unlike the resolution, the amendment has only a header (with the same format as the resolution) and the
main clauses. Furthermore, you have a choice of only three phrases to introduce the amendment clauses
with. These phrases are not underlined. Number each one with a capital letter (A, B, C…). The phrases
are:


Amends operative clause # ___ to read:
Deletes operative clause #___:
o Includes a new operative to read:
If you only make a few changes to an operative, retype it and underline/boldface the changes. If you
change the ideas of an operative entirely, delete that operative and add a new one. You must leave at
least one original operative intact for the resolution to be valid. You cannot alter the preambulatory
clauses or the title. Keep in mind that the original intent of the resolution should not be altered.
When you submit an amendment, the process will be the same as with resolutions except that
amendments will not be discussed. Be sure that your amendment does not conflict with any other
amendments, as one of them must fail if both contradict each other. Amendments that add or remove
operatives should end with “Renumbers accordingly.”
Sample
Committee: United Nations Committee on Resolutions
Topic: Resolution Writing
Sponsored by: Benin, Djibouti, Kyrgyzstan, and Uruguay
AMENDMENT TO RESOLUTION 1/1
A. Amends operative clause #2 to read:
2. Requests that all operative and preambulatory clauses are underlined;
B. Deletes operative clause # 4;
C. Includes a new operative to read:
5. Stresses that amendments should be brief and purposeful;
D. Renumbers accordingly.
41
CONFERENCE OVERVIEW
Phrases for Resolutions
Preambulatory Clauses
Acknowledging
Appreciating
Believing
Confident
Convinced
Determined
Affirming
Approving
Cognizant
Conscious
Declaring
Distressed
Alarmed
Aware
Concerned
Considering
Deploring
Disturbed
Anxious
Bearing in mind
Condemning
Contemplating
Desiring
Emphasizing
Encouraged
Expressing
Endorsing
Fulfilling
Examining
Grieved
Expecting
Guided by
Having adopted
Having devoted
Having recognized
Having studied
Noting
Recalling
Reiterating
Having approved
Having examined
Having regard for
Hearing
Observing
Recognizing
Seeking
Having considered
Having heard
Having resolved
Keeping in mind
Reaffirming
Referring to
Shocked
Having decided
Having received
Having reviewed
Mindful
Realizing
Regretting
Stressing
Supporting
Underlining
Taking into account
Urging
Taking into
consideration
Viewing
Taking note
Welcoming
Operative Clauses
Accepts
Appreciates
Commends
Congratulates
Demands
Directs
Adopts
Approves
Concurs
Considers
Deplores
Draws attention to
Affirms
Authorizes
Condemns
Decides
Designates
Emphasizes
Appeals
Calls upon
Confirms
Declares
Determines
Encourages
Expresses
Proclaims
Regrets
Renews
Stresses
Transmits
Instructs
Reaffirms
Reiterates
Repeats
Suggests
Trusts
Invites
Recognizes
Rejects
Requests
Supports
Urges
Endorses
Notes
Recommends
Reminds
Resolves
Takes note of
Welcomes
42
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa
ACC Arab Cooperation Council
ACCT Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique; see Agency for Cultural and Technical
Cooperation; changed name in 1996 to Agence de la francophonie or Agency for the FrenchSpeaking Community
ACP Group African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States
AfDB African Development Bank
AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
AG Andean Group; see Andean Community of Nations (CAN)
Air Pollution Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary
Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Control of
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range
Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Air Pollution-Sulfur 85 Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution on the Reduction of Sulfur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at Least
30%
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94 Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulfur Emissions
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range
Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic
Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes
AL Arab League
ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin American Integration Association
(LAIA)
AMF Arab Monetary Fund
AMU Arab Maghreb Union
ANC African National Congress
Ancom Andean Common Market; see Andean Community of Nations (CAN)
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic
Treaty
ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Arabsat Arab Satellite Communications Organization
AsDB Asian Development Bank
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Autodin Automatic Digital Network
BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement; see African Development Bank (AfDB)
BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; see Arab Bank for
Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central American Bank for
Economic Integration (BCIE)
BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central African States
Development Bank (BDEAC)
43
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Benelux Benelux Economic Union
BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity
BIS Bank for International Settlements
BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African Development Bank
(WADB)
BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone
C Commonwealth
c.i.f. cost, insurance, and freight
CACM Central American Common Market
CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity
CAN Andean Community of Nations
Caricom Caribbean Community and Common Market
CB citizen's band mobile radio communications
CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States
CCC Customs Cooperation Council
CDB Caribbean Development Bank
CE Council of Europe
CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West African Economic
Community
(CEAO)
CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Economic Community
of Central African States (CEEAC)
CEI Central European Initiative
CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or Comecon
CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic Community of the
Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
CERN Conseil Europeenne pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European Organization for
Nuclear Research (CERN)
CG Contadora Group
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
CITES see Endangered Species
Climate Change United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change
CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as Comecon
COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls
Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as CMEA
Comsat Communications Satellite Corporation
COPUOS Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
CP Colombo Plan
CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe; see Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
CY calendar year
DC developed country
44
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Desertification United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries
Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
DISC Disarmament and International Security, First Committee of the GA
DSN Defense Switched Network
DWT deadweight ton
EADB East African Development Bank
EAPC Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EC European Community; see European Union (EU)
ECA Economic Commission for Africa
ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and Social
Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
ECE Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission for Latin America
and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
ECO Economic Cooperation Organization
ECOFIN Economic and Financial, Second Committee of the General Assembly
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
ECS European Coal and Steel Community; see European Union (EU)
ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social Commission for
Western Asia (ESCWA)
EEC European Economic Community; see European Union (EU)
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EIB European Investment Bank
EMU European Monetary Union
Endangered Species Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Flora and Fauna (CITES)
Entente Council of the Entente
Environmental Modification Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile
Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
ESA European Space Agency
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
est. estimate
EU European Union
Euratom European Atomic Energy Community; see European Community (EC)
Eutelsat European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
Ex-Im Export-Import Bank of the United States
f.o.b. free on board
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FAX facsimile
FLS Front Line States
45
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
FRG Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information dated before 3
October 1990 or CY91
FSU The former Soviet Union
FY fiscal year
FYROM The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
FZ Franc Zone
G-2 Group of 2
G-3 Group of 3
G-5 Group of 5 (not to be confused with the Big Five)
G-6 Group of 6
G-7 Group of 7
G-8 Group of 8
G-9 Group of 9
G-10 Group of 10
G-11 Group of 11
G-15 Group of 15
G-19 Group of 19
G-24 Group of 24
G-30 Group of 30
G-33 Group of 33
G-77 Group of 77
GA General Assembly
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GDP gross domestic product
GDR German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information dated before 3
October 1990 or CY91
GNP gross national product
GRT gross register ton
GWP gross world product
Hazardous Wastes Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
HF high-frequency
IADB Inter-American Development Bank
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICC International Chamber of Commerce
ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see International Organization for
Migration (IOM)
ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions; see World Confederation of Labor
(WCL)
ICJ International Court of Justice (World Court)
46
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see International Organization for Migration
(IOM)
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
ICRM International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
IDA International Development Association
IDB Islamic Development Bank
IEA International Energy Agency
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC International Finance Corporation
IFCTU International Federation of Christian Trade Unions
IFRCS International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development
IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development
IHO International Hydrographic Organization
IIB International Investment Bank
ILO International Labor Organization
IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see International Maritime
Organization (IMO)
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organization
Inmarsat International Mobile Satellite Organization
InOC Indian Ocean Commission
INSTRAW International Research & Training Institute for the Advancement of Women
Intelsat International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
Interpol International Criminal Police Organization
Intersputnik International Organization of Space Communications
IOC International Olympic Committee
IOM International Organization for Migration
IPD International Press Delegation
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ITU International Telecommunication Union
kHz kilohertz
km kilometer
kW kilowatt
kWh kilowatt hour
LAES Latin American Economic System
LAIA Latin American Integration Association
LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL)
Law of the Sea United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
LDC less developed country
LLDC least developed country
London Convention see Marine Dumping
LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; see International Federation of Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
LOS Law of the Sea
47
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
m meter
Marecs Maritime European Communications Satellite
Marine Dumping Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and
Other Matter
Marine Life Conservation Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the
High Seas
MARPOL see Ship Pollution
Medarabtel Middle East Telecommunications Project of the International Telecommunications
Union
Mercosur Mercado Comun del Cono Sur; see Southern Cone Common Market
MHz megahertz
MINUGUA United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala
MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara
MIPONUH United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti
MONUA United Nations Observer Mission in Angola
MONUC United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
MUN Model United Nations
NA not available
NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council; see Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)
NAM Nonaligned Movement
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NC Nordic Council
NEA Nuclear Energy Agency
NEGL negligible
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NIB Nordic Investment Bank
NIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing economy (NIE)
NIE newly industrializing economy
nm nautical mile
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone
NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space,
and Under Water
NZ New Zealand
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAS Organization of American States
OAU Organization of African Unity
ODA official development assistance
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference
ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador
OOF other official flows
48
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
OPANAL Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el
Caribe; see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the
Caribbean
OPCW Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPI Office of Public Information
OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
Ozone Layer Protection Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
PAC Pan-African Congress
PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration
PDRY People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]; used for
information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91
PFP Partnership for Peace
Ramsar see Wetlands
RG Rio Group
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SACU Southern African Customs Union
SADC Southern African Development Community
SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference; see Southern African
Development Community (SADC)
SC Security Council
SCH Social, Cultural, and Humanitarian, Third Committee of the GA
SDR Special Drawing Rights (see Useful Definitions)
SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic System (LAES)
SFRY Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; dissolved 5 December 1991
SHF super-high-frequency
Ship Pollution Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)
Sparteca South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement
SPC South Pacific Commission
SPD Special Political and Decolonization Committee
SPF South Pacific Forum
sq km square kilometer
sq mi square mile
SWAPO South West African People’s Organization
TAT Trans-Atlantic Telephone
TNCs Transnational Corporations
Tropical Timber 83 International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
Tropical Timber 94 International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994
UAE United Arab Emirates
UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central African Customs
and Economic Union (UDEAC)
UEMOA Union Economique et Monetaire Ouest Africaine; see West African Economic and
Monetary Union (WAEMU)
UHF ultra-high-frequency
49
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
UNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone
UNAVEM III United Nations Angola Verification Mission III
UNCRO United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNDPI United Nations Department of Public Information
UNDRO Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordination
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNFICYP United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus
UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women
UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
UNIKOM United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission
UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research
UNMIBH United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina
UNMIH United Nations Mission in Haiti
UNMIK United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo
UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
UNMOP United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka
UNMOT United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan
UNMOVIC United Nations Monitoring and Verification Commission
UNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia
UNOMIL United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia
UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique
UNOMSIL United Nations Mission of Observers in Sierra Leone
UNOMUR United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda
UNOSOM II United Nations Operation in Somalia II
UNPREDEP United Nations Preventive Deployment Force
UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force
UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
UNSCOM United Nations Special Commission for the Elimination of Iraq's Weapons of Mass
Destruction; see United Nations Monitoring and Verification Commission (UNMOVIC)
UNSMIH United Nations Support Mission in Haiti
UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
UNTAES United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia, Baranja, and Western
Sirmium
50
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
UNTAET United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor
UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
UNU United Nations University
UPU Universal Postal Union
US United States
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for information dated before 25
December 1991
USSR/EE Union of Soviet Socialist Republics/Eastern Europe
VHF very-high-frequency
VSAT very small aperture terminal
WADB West African Development Bank
WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union
WCL World Confederation of Labor
WCO World Customs Organization; see Customs Cooperation Council
Wetlands Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat
WEU Western European Union
WFC World Food Council
WFP World Food Program
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions
Whaling International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
WHO World Health Organization
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WP Warsaw Pact
WTO see WToO for World Tourism Organization or WTrO for World Trade Organization
WToO World Tourism Organization
WTrO World Trade Organization
YAR Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used for information dated
before 22 May 1990 or CY91
ZC Zangger Committee
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GLOSSARY OF MUN TERMS
Abstention An official statement of no opinion.
Ad Hoc Committee called to focus on a specific topic (i.e. Ad Hoc on Terrorism).
Agenda Topic General topics suggested by the Chairs for the committee to discuss in
detail.
Amendment Additions, deletions, and changes in a resolution.
Annex To incorporate into a country the territory of another country.
Armistice A temporary peace agreement
Auspices Protection or patronage
Autonomy Independence; self-government
Back Row Bloc A sarcastic reference to the bloc composed of delegations who sit in the
back row of the room. You do not want to be in this.
Bilateral Having to do with two sides (versus multilateral)
Binding Having legal force in UN member states. Security Council resolutions are
binding, as are decisions of the International Court of Justice.
Bloc Common interest group which meets to formulate group policies on particular
issues.
Boycott Refusing to deal with so as to punish or show disapproval.
Breach of Treaty Failure to observe the terms of a signed treaty.
Caucus A break in committee for the purpose of informal debate. It may be either
informal (most often used, at any time during the conference where delegates get
around and talk policy) formal (when delegates get up and talk about their resolutions
in front of committee) or moderated (delegates stand up from where they sit and state
any comment or push their solution forward)
Censure To blame, criticize adversely or express disapproval.
Chair Person in charge of a committee; assisted by Vice-Chairs.
Committee A group of people representing various viewpoints which gathers to discuss
certain issues; headed by chairs/chairmen.
Compensable financing Credit designed to help raw material producer members of the
IMF in times of poor markets for their exports.
Coup d’état (Coup) A sudden and decisive act in politics, usually bringing about a
change in government unlawfully and by force.
Credentials Name tag indicating name, country, and committee; also name of committee
responsible for investigating policy of member nations.
Dais The group of people in charge of the committee.
Decolonization The establishment of a self-governing area.
Decorum Term used by chair to indicate that the committee is too noisy and that they
must come to order.
De Facto “Actually,” in reality (not officially)
Delegate The representative of a nation who is designated to defend his/her country’s
position on certain issues.
Delegation One or two delegates who represent a nation in a committee; also the entire
group of delegates who represent a nation/school at a conference.
Demilitarize To free from military control or presence.
Deregulation The act of process of removing restrictions and regulations.
52
GLOSSARY OF MUN TERMS
Destabilization The act of making a government unsteady
Dilatory Causing unnecessary delay
Diplomatic immunity Special privileges accorded to diplomats and their families and
staffs by international agreement, including freedom from arrest, search, and taxation.
Disarmament The act of disarming; the reduction of armies, navies, and their equipment.
Docket The resolutions to be discussed by a committee.
Expropriation The taking of property into public ownership without compensation, such
as the property of foreign investors or foreign industry in a country.
Extradition The surrender of a fugitive or prisoner by one state, nation, or legal authority
to another.
Foreign intervention Interference by one nation into the affairs of another.
Formal speech A speech made by a delegation placed on the Speakers List.
Gavel Used by the Chair during committee at many conferences; awarded to the best
delegation in the committee.
General debate First portion of debate on a committee agenda item; discussion of
specific resolutions and amendments is forbidden.
Gross National Product (GNP) The total value of the goods and services produced in a
nation during a specific period of time. (GDP - Gross Domestic Product)
Internal affairs Having to do with affairs within a country; domestic.
Junta A political or military group holding power after a revolution; a political faction; a
group of plotters or partisans; an assembly or council for deliberation or
administration.
Mandate A commission given to one nation by a group of nations to administer the
government and affairs of a territory or colony; a mandated territory.
Nationalize To invest control or ownership of in the national government.
Non-aligned A country that is not aligned politically; “neutral.”
Operative clause Policy portion of resolution.
O.P.I Office of Public Information- where resolutions are typed, photocopied, and
distributed.
Page A person in committee who delivers notes.
Peace keeping forces A force sent to maintain, enforce, or intervene to achieve a
cessation of hostilities between opposing armies, countries, or other groups.
Placard Each delegation is given a placard, which is used to receive recognition from the
Chair and also for voting.
Plebiscite Run by the United Nations in order to affirm a people’s right to selfdetermination to be autonomous or a part of another country.
Plenary session Cumulative Committee session where all committees of the UN organs
convene.
Preambulatory clause Justifications for action; found in resolutions.
President Person in charge of Security Council or an Ad Hoc committee; assisted by
Vice-Presidents.
Protectionism The process of government economic protection for domestic producers
through restrictions on foreign competition.
Protectorate A country under the protection and partial control of another nation.
53
GLOSSARY OF MUN TERMS
Puppet A government or person whose actions, while seemingly independent, are actually
manipulated or controlled by another.
Rapporteur The most eloquent speaker in committee, which is voted on by other delegates.
He/she will sometime summarize the committee during plenary session at the end of a
conference.
Resolution A formal expression of opinion on problems confronting the world.
Roll Call Vote Procedure used in order to hear each country call out their vote individually.
Normally you say aye or nay.
Rules of Procedure The rules used at a Model UN conference to run committee.
Sanction An action by nations toward another nation. Includes blockades, restrictions on trade,
withholding loans. Intent is to force compliance with international law.
Secretariat Composed of people who organize and run the Conference. Headed by the
Secretary- General and Under-Secretary-Generals.
Secretary-General The person in charge of the Secretariat and responsible for success of the
Conference.
Self-determination The ability for the people of a nation to decide what form of government
they shall have without interference from other nations.
Short Comment Speech immediately following and pertaining directly to a formal speech;
Official
Newsletter of the Berkeley Model United Nations Conference
Sovereignty Power or authority in a state.
Speakers List The order in which delegates will speak in formal debate; the Chair keeps the list
of country names.
Special Drawing Rights IMF currency value is the average of US dollar, European Euro,
Japanese yen, and English pound.
Sponsor One of the writers of a draft resolution.
Substantive Debate Second portion of debate on an agenda item; discussion focuses on
specifics of resolutions and amendments.
Tariff A schedule of duties (rates or charges) imposed by a government on imported goods.
Trusteeship The administration by a country of a trust territory, approved by the UN, usually
with the hope that the area in question will be developed toward self-government or
independence.
Under-Secretary-Generals Assistants to the Secretary-General.
Veto The ability, held by China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the
United States to prevent any draft resolution in the Security Council from passing by voting
no.
Vice-Chairs Assistants to Chairs during Committee.
Vice-Presidents Assistants to Presidents during Committee.
Voting Bloc Temporal portion of committee devoted to voting on resolutions and amendments.
Working Groups A formal subdivision of a committee.
Working Paper A document in which the ideas of some delegates on how to resolve an issue
are proposed; often the precursor to a draft resolution
Yield In a formal speech, time not needed by a delegation can be “yielded” to another delegation
or the Chair.
54