Unit 5 States of Consciousness Mock Test
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during
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the first half of the last century was
a. psychoanalysis.
b. behaviorism.
c. functionalism.
d. structuralism.
e. Gestalt psychology.
How did the definition of psychology change when behaviorism began to dominate the field?
a. The focus on mental concepts began to reemerge.
b. The idea that unconscious forces shape our behavior became central.
c. Psychologists began to concentrate on the development of the self.
d. Psychology centered on direct observation of our actions.
e. Advances in neuroscience directed psychologists to the study of brain activity.
Consciousness is
a. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember.
b. the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
c. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
d. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory.
e. our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?
a. Cell clusters in the hypothalamus stimulate the production of relatively slow alpha
waves, signaling the transition from deep relaxation to sleep.
b. The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland in the endocrine system to produce
the hormone thyroxin, which leads you to sleep.
c. During sleep the hypothalamus stimulates the production of free radicals,
molecules that are toxic to neurons, which weakens unused connections.
d. In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes
the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.
e. The action of the hypothalamus suppresses immune cell production that fights off
viral infections and cancer.
With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics
of the
a. hypnagogic state.
b. circadian rhythm.
c. alpha wave pattern.
d. REM rebound.
e. latent content.
The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by
a. the differing musical preferences of younger and older persons.
b. fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day.
c. the different study habits of men and women.
d. the different personalities of people born during different months of the year.
e. varying levels of neurotransmitters during REM sleep.
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7. After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His
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problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal
a. dopamine production.
b. circadian rhythm.
c. hypnagogic sensations.
d. alpha wave patterns.
e. manifest content.
Alpha waves are associated with
a. REM sleep.
b. Stage 2 sleep.
c. Stage 3 sleep.
d. Stage 4 sleep.
e. relaxed but awake state.
Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called
a. night terrors.
b. neuroadaptations.
c. dissociations.
d. hallucinations.
e. stressors.
The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during Stage 2 sleep are called
a. alpha waves.
b. circadian rhythms.
c. sleep spindles.
d. delta waves.
e. amplitude waves.
The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage?
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 3
d. Stage 4
e. REM
Sleeptalking may occur during
a. Stage 1 sleep.
b. Stage 2 sleep.
c. REM sleep.
d. Stage 4 sleep.
e. any stage of sleep.
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called
a. alpha waves.
b. beta waves.
c. delta waves.
d. theta waves.
e. sleep spindles.
____ 14. At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we
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can expect an increasing occurrence of
a. sleeptalking.
b. hypnagogic sensations.
c. muscle tension.
d. REM sleep.
e. Stage 4 sleep.
After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to
a. be easily awakened.
b. have slower, more regular breathing.
c. have slower brain waves.
d. talk in his sleep.
e. have very relaxed muscles.
After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his
breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was
most likely experiencing
a. Stage 4 sleep.
b. sleep apnea.
c. narcolepsy.
d. REM sleep.
e. a hallucination.
Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably
a. experiences very little REM sleep.
b. would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep.
c. dreams during Stage 4 rather than during REM sleep.
d. experiences more Stage 4 sleep than most people.
e. passes through the sleep cycle much more rapidly than most people.
Research on sleep patterns indicates that
a. older adults and newborns have very similar sleep patterns.
b. different sleep patterns reflect differences in latent dream content.
c. everyone needs a minimum of 8 hours of sleep per night to function well.
d. sleep patterns may be genetically influenced.
e. REM sleep may not be necessary for normal functioning.
Sleep deprivation has been shown to
a. increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks.
b. reduce hypertension.
c. diminish immunity to disease.
d. decrease narcolepsy.
e. decrease tolerance and increase withdrawal.
Deep sleep appears to play an important role in
a. narcolepsy.
b. sleep apnea.
c. paradoxical sleep.
d. posthypnotic amnesia.
e. physical growth.
____ 21. Slow-wave sleep promotes
a. effective memory.
b. REM rebound.
c. narcolepsy.
d. insomnia.
e. dissociation.
____ 22. The lack of the neurotransmitter orexin has been linked to which of the following?
a. sleep apnea
b. paradoxical sleep
c. insomnia
d. narcolepsy
e. sleepwalking
____ 23. Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia?
a. Awaken at the same time every day even if you have had a restless night.
b. Drink a glass of milk 15 minutes before bedtime.
c. Avoid taking short naps during the day.
d. Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime.
e. Don't engage in strenuous physical exercise just before bedtime.
____ 24. Obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders?
a. night terrors
b. sleepwalking
c. sleep apnea
d. insomnia
e. sleeptalking
____ 25. Which of the following is true of night terrors?
a. They are usually recalled vividly for days following their occurrence.
b. They are typically accompanied by a state of temporary muscular immobility or
paralysis.
c. They jolt the sleeper to a sudden state of full waking alertness.
d. They typically occur during Stage 4 sleep.
e. They involve the temporary inability to breathe.
____ 26. Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that
a. men are less likely than women to report dreams with sexual overtones.
b. the genital arousal that occurs during sleep is typically related to sexual dreams.
c. people are more likely to dream of failure than of success.
d. most dreams are pleasant, exotic, and unrelated to ordinary daily life.
e. hypnosis increases the amount of time we spend in NREM sleep, which interferes
with dreams.
____ 27. Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and surprising changes in scene. This best serves
to support the theory that dreams
a. strengthen our memories of the preceding day's events.
b. reflect one's level of cognitive development.
c. prepare us for the stress and challenges of the following day.
d. are triggered by random bursts of neural activity.
e. represent both latent content and manifest content.
____ 28. Prior to age 9, children's dreams seem more like a slide show and less like an active story in which
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the dreamer is an actor. This best illustrates that the content of dreams reflects children's
a. latent content.
b. psychological dependence.
c. night terrors.
d. cognitive development.
e. manifest content.
As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed
during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience
a. an increase in REM sleep.
b. sleep apnea.
c. insomnia.
d. dissociation.
e. an increase in NREM sleep.
Hypnosis involves a state of
a. increased physical stamina.
b. heightened openness to suggestion.
c. improved perceptual skills.
d. elevated autonomic arousal.
e. low-amplitude and high-frequency brain waves.
People are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they
a. strongly expect that they can be hypnotized.
b. are below average in intelligence and education.
c. are easily distracted and have difficulty focusing attention.
d. suffer a physical or psychological dependence on alcohol.
e. were diagnosed with a psychological disorder at one time in their lives.
Hypnotically age-regressed people
a. act as they believe children would, but outperform real children.
b. correctly demonstrate behaviors associated with specific developmental stages.
c. provide accurate and detailed information about personal childhood events.
d. are pretending to be hypnotized.
e. are less likely to be fantasy-prone personalities.
Which of the following is true of “hypnotically refreshed” memories?
a. They are accurate except for minor details.
b. The combine fact and fiction.
c. They are difficult to dispute.
d. They are produced by people looking for attention.
e. They are the dissociated part of a person's memory.
Researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in
a. treating obesity.
b. helping individuals with drug, alcohol, or smoking addictions.
c. enhancing recall of stressful events.
d. making individuals perform actions they wouldn't do otherwise.
e. recovering childhood memories.
____ 35. Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few
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days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting
to make use of
a. age regression.
b. posthypnotic suggestion.
c. hypnagogic sensations.
d. REM rebound.
e. parallel processing.
Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that
a. hypnosis is a unique state of consciousness.
b. hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects.
c. the process of dissociation best explains hypnotic phenomena.
d. most hypnotized people are consciously faking hypnosis.
e. hypnotic susceptibility is positively correlated with introversion.
People become unresponsive to hypnosis if told that those who are highly gullible are easily
hypnotized. This fact is most consistent with the theory that hypnosis involves
a. dissociation.
b. conscious role-playing.
c. neuroadaptation.
d. hypnagogic sensations.
e. unconscious processes.
People hypnotized for pain relief may show activity in brain areas that receive pain sensations but
not in brain areas that make us consciously aware of the pain. This most directly supports the theory
that hypnosis involves
a. paradoxical sleep.
b. narcolepsy.
c. dissociation.
d. hallucinations.
e. social influences.
Evidence that people in a posthypnotic state have no difficulty remembering everything they had
learned while under hypnosis would most clearly serve to challenge
a. social influence theory.
b. the activation-synthesis theory.
c. dissociation theory.
d. Freud's dream theory.
e. withdrawal theory.
One plausible theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by
a. distracting attention.
b. blocking sensory input.
c. speeding up the circadian rhythm.
d. eliciting delta waves characteristic of deep sleep.
e. increasing NREM sleep over time.
Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and
moods are called
a. stimulants.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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narcotic agents.
psychoactive drugs.
hallucinogens.
physiological dependents.
The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called
a. narcolepsy.
b. dissociation.
c. disinhibition.
d. neuroadaptation.
e. dependence.
Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of
a. narcolepsy.
b. neuroadaptation.
c. dissociation.
d. physical dependence.
e. REM rebound.
Compulsive craving for and use of a drug is an indication of
a. dissociation.
b. narcolepsy.
c. addiction.
d. hypnagogic sensations.
e. hallucination.
What is the danger of labeling behaviors such as too much eating, shopping, exercise, sex, or
gambling as addictions?
a. It can lead to increased feelings of shame and guilt.
b. No physical or emotional pain is associated with these behaviors.
c. Abusers may be more likely to hide their abuse and avoid seeking help.
d. Abusers are more likely to experience prejudice and discrimination.
e. It can be used as an “all-purpose” excuse to explain away the behaviors.
The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to
a. feel increased feelings of shame.
b. hide the drug abuse from public view.
c. feel powerless to overcome the addiction.
d. become victims of social hostility and prejudice.
e. seek help from medical professionals.
Which of the following is true of alcohol?
a. In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a stimulant.
b. In large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a depressant.
c. In large doses, it is a hallucinogen; in small doses, it is a depressant.
d. In large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a stimulant.
e. In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant.
Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by
a. decreasing REM sleep.
b. increasing anxiety.
c. decreasing sleep apnea.
d. increasing self-consciousness.
e. decreasing tolerance.
____ 49. Alcohol consumption is LEAST likely to make people more
a. fearful.
b. aggressive.
c. self-conscious.
d. sexually daring.
e. self-disclosing.
____ 50. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, are
a. barbiturates.
b. amphetamines.
c. opiates.
d. mild hallucinogens.
e. stimulants.
____ 51. What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates?
a. The immune system is suppressed.
b. The brain shrinks.
c. The brain stops making dopamine.
d. The level of serotonin is permanently decreased.
e. The brain stops producing endorphins.
____ 52. Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased
pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely
experienced the effects of
a. heroin.
b. cocaine.
c. LSD.
d. marijuana.
e. THC.
____ 53. What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common?
a. They slow body functions and calm neural activity.
b. They depress neural functioning and reduce pain.
c. They distort perceptions and evoke sensations without sensory input.
d. They excite neural activity and arouse body functions.
e. They relax the body, lead to disinhibition, and produce euphoria.
____ 54. By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and
diminishes appetite.
a. alcohol
b. heroin
c. nicotine
d. MDMA
e. THC
____ 55. The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most
closely associated with the long-term use of
a. alcohol.
b. Ecstasy.
c. morphine.
d. barbiturates.
e. amphetamines.
____ 56. LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of,
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a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as a(n)
a. agonist.
b. stimulant.
c. endorphin.
d. depressant.
e. antagonist.
As oxygen deprivation just prior to death turns off the brain's inhibitory cells, neural activity
increases in the
a. visual cortex.
b. motor cortex.
c. cerebellum.
d. brainstem.
e. temporal lobe.
Studies of marijuana's effects indicate that
a. daily use of the drug is currently higher than it has ever been among high school
seniors.
b. regular users may achieve a high with less of the drug than occasional users.
c. regular usage has no serious negative effects on physical health.
d. usage consistently reduces feelings of anxiety and depression.
e. marijuana is the most commonly used psychoactive drug in North America.
Adopted individuals are more susceptible to alcohol dependence if one or both biological parents
have a history of it. This indicates that alcohol dependence is
a. psychoactive.
b. an age regression.
c. genetically influenced.
d. a form of narcolepsy.
e. dissociative in nature.
The best predictor of an adolescent's pattern of drug usage is whether the adolescent
a. has close friends who use drugs.
b. grows up in an intact two-parent family.
c. has religious beliefs.
d. owns his or her own car.
e. is a first or second child.