Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1
I. A and P Jeopardy
--the study of the structure of body parts
---the study of how body parts function
---tiny building blocks of matter that combine to form
molecules
---the smallest units of all living things
---groups of similar cells that have a common function
---composed of two or more tissue types with a common
function
---group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common
purpose
---composed of 11 organ systems; the highest level of
organization
---moves the human body as a whole and moves things inside
the body
---composed of glands that produce hormones
---composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints
---composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory
receptors
---composed of heart and blood vessels
---returns fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels
---eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body
---the liver and pancreas belong to this system
---supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
---system that can be used to continue the species
II. Chapter Instructional Objectives
1. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology.
--anatomy is study of structure and shape of body and body
parts and their relationship to one another
--gross anatomy versus microscopic anatomy
--physiology is study of how the body and its parts work
or function
--neuro, cardiac, and others
---in real world, anatomy and physiology ALWAYS RELATED
2. Construct a flow chart of the levels of structural organization.
---subatomic particles-->atoms-->molecules-->cells-->
tissues-->organ-->organ system-->organism
3. List and discuss the human systems presented in the text.
---Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine,
cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive,

urinary, and reproductive
4. Name at least one organ in each system.
5. State a function for each system.
--Integumentary is external covering of the body (skin)
--waterproofs body and cushions/protects deeper tissues for injury
--excretes salts and urea in perspiration
--helps regulate body temperature
--temperature, pressure, and pain receptors located in
skin
--Skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages,
ligaments, and joints
--supports body and provides framework for skeletal muscles to cause movement
--also has protective function (skull and vertebral column)
--formation of red blood cells ( hematopoiesis ) occurs in cavities of skeleton
--Muscular system comprised of muscles that have only one
function—to contract or shorten
--when contraction occurs, movement happens
--muscles can be viewed as “machines” of body
--mobility of body as whole reflects the activity of skeletal muscles (large, fleshy muscles attached to bones) which form muscular system
--skeletal muscles distinct from muscles of heart and other hollow organs which move fluids (blood, urine) and other substances (such as food) along definite pathways within body
--Nervous system is body’s fast-acting control system
--consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
--body must be able to respond to stimuli from without and within body
--sensory receptors detect changes and send messages
(via electrical signals called nerve impulses ) to central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
--CNS processes info and responds by activating the appropriate body muscles or glands
--Endocrine system is body’s slow control system
--endocrine glands produce chemical molecules ( hormones) and release them into blood to travel to target organs
--include pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries and testes
--not connected in same way as other organ systems
--control/regulate other structures/organs
--growth, reproduction, and food use among many

--Cardiovascular system primary organs are heart and
blood vessels
--using blood as transporting fluid, CV system carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells where exchanges occur
--white blood cells and chemicals in blood help protect body from bacteria, toxins, and tumor cells
--heart acts as the “blood pump”
--Lymphatic system complements the CV system
--organs include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs (spleen and tonsils)
--lymphatic vessels return fluid leaked from blood to blood vessels for continuing circulation
--lymph nodes/lymphoid organs help cleanse blood and house cells involved in immunity
--Respiratory system charged with responsibility of
keeping body supplied with oxygen and purged of carbon
dioxide
--includes nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
--tiny air sacs (alveoli) in lungs where gas exchange occurs
--Digestive system is basically tube running through body
from mouth to anus
--oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum
--role is to break down food and deliver products to blood for dispersal to body cells and eliminate the wastes (fecal material)
--most breakdown and absorption occur in small intestine
--large intestine important for water reclamation
--liver (bile for fat breakdown) and pancreas (digestive enzymes) part of this system
--Urinary system responsible for ridding body of nitrogen-
containing wastes (urea and uric acid) which result from
breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids
--also called excretory system and is composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
--also functions in maintaining body’s water and salt balance and regulating acid-base balance of blood
--Reproductive system exists primarily to produce
offspring
--testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system
--ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

6. Define and discuss homeostasis including the terms receptor, control center, effector, and negative feedback mechanism.
--homeostasis described (defined) as body’s ability to
maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite
changes internally and externally
--is dynamic state of equilibrium (internal conditions change and vary, but always within relatively narrow limits)
---in general, body is in homeostasis when its needs are
being adequately met, and it is functioning smoothly
---regardless of factor or event being regulated (variable)
all homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three
components
--receptor is some type of sensor that monitors and
responds to change in environment
--responds to such changes (stimuli) by sending information (input) to second element called control center
-info flows to control center along afferent pathway
--control center determines the level (set point) at which
variable is to maintained, analyzes info received, and
determines appropriate response or course of action
--effector provides means for control center’s response
(output) to the stimulus
--info flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway
---results of response feed back to influence stimulus
--depressing stimulus so that whole control mechanism is shut off = negative feedback
-net effect of response to stimulus is to shut off
the original stimulus or reduce its intensity
-examples are thermostat, heart rate, blood pressure
breathing rate, blood levels of glucose, oxygen
carbon dioxide, and minerals
--enhancing stimulus so that reaction continues at even faster rate = positive feedback
-tend to increase original disturbance (stimulus) and
to push the variable farther from its original value
-examples are blood clotting, birth of a baby, nursing
a baby
***homeostasis so important that MOST disease is regarded
as result of its disturbance
--condition called homeostatic imbalance

Additional Objectives for this Chapter
1. List and discuss the necessary life functions.
--maintaining boundaries dictates that living organisms
must be able to maintain its boundaries so that its
“inside” remains distinct from its “outside”
--occurs at cellular and organism level
--movement includes all activities promoted by muscular
system
--movement also occurs when blood, foodstuffs, urine, and reproductive cells are propelled through internal organs, ducts, and tubes
--responsiveness (irritability) is ability to sense
changes (stimuli) in environment and react to them
--digestion is process of breaking down ingested food to
simple molecules that can be absorbed by blood and
delivered to all body cells
--metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions that
occur within a cell (in larger sense, an organism)
--anabolism and catabolism
--excretion is process of removing excreta (wastes) from
body
--reproduction (production of offspring) can occur on
cellular or organismal level
--growth is increase in size, usually accomplished by
increase in number of cells
2. List and discuss survival needs of a human organism.
--nutrients taken in via the diet contain the chemicals
used for energy and cell building
--carbs, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins
--oxygen require for chemical reactions that release
energy from foods
--final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
--water accounts for 60 to 80 percent of body weight
--provides fluid base for body secretions/excretions
--body temperature must be maintained around 37 o C
--optimum temperature for enzymes
--atmospheric pressure is force exerted on surface of body
by weight of air
--breathing and exchange of gases in lungs depends on appropriate atmospheric pressure
--survival needs must be presence in adequate and
appropriate amounts
--excesses and deficits may be equally harmful
--24/7; 1,000/hour; no shoes syndrome