Pope John Paul II High School
Study Guide First Semester Exam
Sophomore English
Vocabulary:

Study Definitions, Synonyms, and Parts of Speech for words in Units 1-6.

Use returned tests to help you study.

Use www.vocabtest.com
and www.vocabularyworkshop.com
to help you study. o Focus on definitions you missed on your test.

Create Flash Cards on Quizlet.
Literary Terms/ Poetic Devices: Know definitions for the following: alliteration assonance simile theme caesura mood metaphor point of view tone inference bard kenning allusion apostrophe* in medias res

The apostrophe mentioned here is a literary device (Direct Address of an inanimate object or of someone who is no longer living. Do not confuse it with the punctuation which is also named apostrophe used in possessive
nouns and contractions: boy’s coat / can’t

Create Flash cards for these terms on Quizlet.
Writing:

Revising, Proofreading/Editing in Essays o Revising and Editing questions will include the following:

Addition of words and phrases

Subject/Verb Agreement

Correct Verb Tense

Order of sentences and/or paragraphs

Correct Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement

Appositives / Appositive Phrases
 Correct Use of First, Second, Third Person Point of View

Literature: Epic Poetry

The Epic of Gilgamesh

The Iliad – Books I and VI only

Beowulf o Review all online resources – powerpoints, videos, notes, handouts o Review the name of all characters and their relationship to other characters o Review all returned tests o Review all handouts o Create Flashcards for yourself on Quizlet.com by setting up a free account. o Review notes posted on mrs-sullivan.com under the heading
Literature.
Short Stories
 “The Fisherman and the Jinnee”
 “The Gift of the Magi” o
Review returned tests – correct your answers.
o
Review handouts.
o
Review Study and Directed Reading Questions o
Know Point of View

Literature Terms to Review: Be prepared to identify these in the literature questions presented on the exam.
 irony folk tale
 hero in medias res
 quest point of view paraphrase Muse
Epic Poem theme invocation summary
Grammar:

Introductory phrases and clauses

Introductory clauses in sentences

After we eat dinner, we will have dessert. o Notice the introductory clause (a subordinate clause) starts with the subordinate conjunction “After.”

Subordinate clause cannot stand by themselves as sentences. o Notice the comma after the introductory clause. o Notice that there is a subject (we) and a verb
(eat) in the introductory (subordinate) clause,

o Notice that there is a subject (we) and a verb
(will have) in the independent clause.

If we switch this sentence around, and place the independent clause first, we do not need the comma. Look at the example below.
Independent clause first: We will have dessert after we eat dinner. (no comma)
Subordinate clause first: After we eat dinner, we will have dessert. (comma)
 Introductory Phrases in sentences

These can be adjectival or adverbial phrases

They do not contain subjects or verbs

They will begin with a preposition, a participle, a gerund, or an infinitive.
o
At school, we work hard. (notice the comma) o
In the morning, I drive to work. (comma) o
On the table, I’ll find my books. (comma) o Do not use a comma if the sentence is turned around and the phrase does not begin the sentence.

We work hard at school. (no comma)

I drive to work in the morning. (no comma)
 I’ll find my books on the table. (no comma)

Subject/verb agreement o Singular subject agreement

The boy rides his bike
. (Notice the “s” on end of verb) o Plural subject agreement
 The boys ride their bikes. (No “s” on end of verb) o
Notice that both of the girls had each of their bikes stolen (two girls – plural; two bikes – plural).
 Fragments and Run-On Sentences o Fragment: studying all night

Correction: Add a subject – The students were studying all night. o Run-On: We went to the store, we didn’t have enough money.

Correction: Add correct punctuation and/or conjunctions.

We went to the store , but we did not have enough money.
( Added a coordinating conjunction turning sentence into a

compound sentence which has two independent clauses connected by the conjunction “and” plus a comma).

We went to the store ; we didn’t have enough money. ( Added a semicolon turning the sentence into a compound sentence).
 We went to the store . W e didn’t have enough money. ( Added a period and capitalized the first letter of “We” to turn the
Run-On Sentence into two separate sentences.

Although we went to the store, we didn’t have enough money.
( Added a subordinating conjunction to turn the sentence into a Complex Sentence with one dependent clause and one independent clause).
 Correct use of the word “seen.”

The past participle
“seen”
must always have a helping verb coming before it. The helping verbs can be any of the following depending on the tense of the verb. o Am, is, are, was, were, been, be, being, has, have, or had
, ( also the addition of “will” for future or future perfect tense:
 will be seen
 will have been seen
 will had been seen
 REMEMBER: The word “of” is NOT a verb. It is a preposition and cannot be used as a verb. There is no such verb phrase as “would of.” Using these two words together will always be incorrect.

Correct pronoun usage

Pronouns

First person/ subjective: o I, we (Use in the subject position)

My friends and I chatted online.

(friends, I are subjects)

Notice how the two subjects come at the beginning of the sentence.

Second person o You, your o Use you, your, yours, and yourself when writing dialogue, letters, or diaries. Do not use second

person pronouns when writing essays, paragraphs, or sentences unless you are writing dialogue using quotation marks.

Third person/objective o Her, him, them (Never use in the subject position)

I gave him some money. (indirect object)
 Notice how “him” comes after the verb and WILL NEVER
START THE SENTENCE.
 The subject is “I” and the verb is “gave.”

She gave them to Susie.
 Notice how “them” comes after the verb and WILL NEVER
START THE SENTENCE.
 The subject is “She” and the verb is “gave.” “to Susie” is a prepositional phrase.
 Correct Use of the Pronoun “THEM”

THE WORD THEM WILL NEVER HAVE A
NOUN FOLLOWING IT.
o Correct: o Incorrect : o Correct:
I like them.
I like them flowers.
I like those flowers

Know the difference between the following words: than / then to /two/ too accept / except affect / effect your /you’re there/ their / they’re a lot / allot of / have