EL-MINIA MED. BULL. VOL. 20, NO. 2, JUNE, 2009
Mahran et al
ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BODY FAT, AND OBESITY
OF PRE- AND POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN IN MINIA GOVERNORATE.
By
Alsayed A Mahran; Nabil A. Hasan; Mostafa Abdel-Hamid;
and Fatma A. F. Abdel-baky.
Department of Anatomy, Minia Faculty of Medicine,
ABSTRACT:
In women, body anthropometry and fat distribution change with age especially
after menopause. Menopause is associated with, and the result of, hormonal changes
such as the decrease in estrogen level. This is reflected on women body morphometry.
A sample of premenopausal (N=500) and postmenopausal (N =500) women, based on
the presence or absence of menstruation, were taken from the gynacology clinics at
El-Minia University Hospital. Various body anthropometric measurements were taken
including; stature, weight, circumferences (at mid-upper arm, chest, waist, and mid
thigh regions), and skinfold thicknesses (at biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac
regions). The blood pressure was measured for each woman and recorded. Derived
variable, based on anthropometric measurements, were computed such as: body mass
index (BMI), % body fat, lean body mass, total body fat, upper arm muscle area, and
upper arm fat area. Postmenopausal women were found to have more mean values of
weight, circumferences and skinfold thicknesses. Derived measurements such as BMI,
fat indices, and upper arm anthropometry were shown to be higher in postmenopausal
women in comparison with premenopausal women. Also, the present results showed
that postmenopausal women had higher mean values of systolic and diastolic blood
pressure than premenopausal women. In conclusion, postmenopausal women were
heavier and had more adipose tissue than the premenopausal women. The increased
body fat and consequently the increased body weight may increase the risks of
cardiovascular diseases. These are indicated by elevated blood pressure and incidence
of hypertension.
KEY WORDS:
Obesity
Post-menopausal
Per-menopausal
Anthropometry
and Ferrara et al., 2003 reported that
the postmenopausal women were
lighter than the premenopausal women
and they attributed this to the aging
process. Also, Hughes Dowson and
Harries 1992 and Strenfeld et al., 2004
showed no significant changes in the
body weight in relation to the
menopause.
INTRODUCTION:
Body anthropometry and fat
distribution change with age in women,
especially after menopause. Menopause is associated with, and the result,
of hormonal changes such as the
decrease in estrogen level.
Body weight was found to be
significantly heavier in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal
women (Ley et al., 1992; Lindsay et
al., 1992; London et al., 1995; Larsson
et al., 2003). On the contrary,
Meuriége et al., 2000; Lyu et al., 2001
For stature, postmenopausal
women were found to be nonsignificantly shorter than premenopausal women (Einhorn 1984; Stefan
et al., 2000 and Bakker et al., 2003).
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EL-MINIA MED. BULL. VOL. 20, NO. 2, JUNE, 2009
Postmenopausal women were
significantly having more mean values
of body circumferences than the
premenopausal women (Grill and
Bachmann 1987; Greendale et al.
1999; Lovegrone et al. 2002; Azizi and
Ainy 2003; Hwu et al.,2003 and
Kontagianni et al., 2004). They
reported that the increase of body
circumferences after menopause is
mainly due to the increase of the total
body fat and also due to the
redistribution of the body fat with
deposition of the adipose tissue over
the abdomen and the buttocks regions.
On the contrary Hughes Dowson and
Harris (1992) reported that no changes
in body circumferences occur after the
menopause.
Mahran et al
Body mass index was found to
be significantly higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal
women (Hwu et al., 2003; Juntunen et
al., 2003; Larsson et al. 2004; You et
al., 2004).
Kontagianni et al., (2004)
reported that % body fat was
significantly higher in postmenopausal
women than in premenopausal women.
The upper-arm fat and muscle
areas were significantly more in the
postmenopausal than in premenopausal
women (Heymsfield et al., 1982;
Campbell et al., 1990; Reid et al.,
1992).
Toddei et al., (1996); Seely et
al., (1999); Blumel et al. (2001);
Juntunen et al., (2003); and Larsson et
al. (2003) repoted that blood pressure
values, both systolic and diastolic,
were significantly higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal
women. The incidence of hypertension
and ischemic heart diseases was found
to increase in postmenopausal women
(Toddei et al., (1996); Seely et al.,
1999; Blumel et al., 2001). On the
contrary, Van Beresteijn et al., (1992);
Zamboni et al., (1992); Kuller et al.,
(1994) reported that the blood pressure
either systolic or diastolic was not
affected by the menopause. Some
authors reported that the postmenopausal women had lower diastolic blood
pressure than the premenopausal women
(Meuriége et al., 2000; Stefan et al.,
2000).
For skinfold thicknesses, the
reports were variable. Some researchers reported that postmenopausal
women had significantly thicker
skinfolds than premenopausal women
(Brochu et al., 2000; Toth, et al., 2000;
Hunter et al., 2001; Hwu et al., 2003
and Juntunen et al., 2003). On the
contrary, Chumelea et al. (1984 a & b);
Samaras et al. (1997); Stefan et al.,
(2000) and Strenfeld et al., (2004)
reported that the postmenopausal
women had smaller skinfold thicknesses than premenopausal women.
Total body fat was found to be
significantly higher in postmenopausal
women than in premenopausal women
(Nassis and Geladas 2003).
The mean values of the lean
body mass were significantly higher in
postmenopausal women than in
premenopausal women (Forbes and
Welle 1983; Despres et al., 1991;
Wang et al., 1994 and Szulc et al.,
2002). In contrast, Razay et al., 1992;
Guo et al., 1999; Gower and Nyman
2000) found that the fat free mass was
less in postmenopausal women than
premenopausal women.
The aim of the present work
was to examine the the possible
differences in body anthropometric
variables and blood pressure in a
sample of pre- and post-menopausal
women. At the same time, a reference
anthropometric data about women in
El-Minia Governorate was needed to
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EL-MINIA MED. BULL. VOL. 20, NO. 2, JUNE, 2009
be used by health-care providers in
plannig health programs for women
living at El-Minia Governorate.
Mahran et al
RESULTS:
In the present study, postmenopausal women were, statistically,
found to be significantly heavier, have
more mean values of body circumferences, and have greater mean
values of skinfold thicknesses than the
premenopausal women (table 1 and
figures 1, 2 & 3). For stature, postmenopausal women were found to be
non-significantly shorter than premenopausal women (table 2 and figure 1)
SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
The studied sample of women
was from residents of El-Minia who
attended the Gynecology clinics at ElMinia University hospital. According
to the presence or absence of the
menstruation the women were divided
into premenopausal (500 women
within child bearing period) and postmenopausal (500 women 7 years after
stoppage of menstruation) groups. All
subjects were considered as apparently
healthy based on findings of history
taking and clinical examination.
For derived variables, the mean
values of body mass index (BMI), %
body fat, lean body mass, total body
fat, upper arm muscle area, and upper
arm fat area were significantly higher
in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women (table 2 and figures 5,
6). Body density was found to be
significantly lighter in postmenopausal women.
Anthropometric measurements
were taken by one observer at the same
sitting. All the lateral measurements
were taken on the right side of the
body. For each variable two measurements were taken and the mean value
was recorded.
The mean values of blood
pressure, both systolic and diastolic,
were significantly higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal
women. (table 2 and figure 4).
Anthropometric variables of
body weight, stature, circumferences
and skinfold thicknesses were taken.
Blood pressure measurement was
taken. Derived measurements were
calculated according to the followings:
body mass index (Keys et al., 1972),
body density (Chumelea et al., (1984 a
& b), body fat determination in the
form of percent body fat, total body fat
and lean body (Brozek et al., 1963),
upper arm anthropometry in the form
of total upper arm area, upper arm
muscle area and upper arm fat area
(Frisancho 1984).
A stepwise multiple regression
analysis
using
anthropmetric
measurements as predictors of blood
pressure was performed. The Body
mass index was found to be the best
predictor of both systolic and diastolic
blood pressure in postmenopausal
women (table 3). The body weight was
found to be the best predictor of both
systolic and diastolic blood pressure in
prermenopausal women (table 3).
Other variables (such as triceps
skinfold thickness and stature) were
proved statistically to be significantly
related to blood pressure values (table
3).
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Mahran et al
Table (1): Means and standard deviations of the studied anthropometric
measurements of premenopausal and postmenopausal women of ElMinia Governorate.
Measurements
Age (years)
Weight (Kg)
Height (Cm)
Circumferences (cm)
Mid-arm circumference
Mid-chest circumference
Waist circumference
Mid-thigh circumference
Skinfold thickness (mm)
Biceps skinfold
Triceps skinfold
Subscapular skinfold
Suprailiac skinfold
Pre-menopausal women
Mean
S.D
32.5
6.78
67.27
10.23
161.67
5.00
Post-menopausal women
Mean
S.D
*
54.21
5.42
*
79.3
13.2
161.07
4.92
27.18
91.33
76.58
50.86
4.60
12.11
14.12
8.82
31.24*
102.19*
91.86*
57.71*
5.82
14.67
16.94
12.11
10.08
16.11
20.21
21.01
4.19
6.04
8.15
8.04
14.6*
22.22*
28.14*
28.25*
7.9
8.58
8.89
9.9
119.3
14.03
134.77*
18.54
Diastolic BP
77.7
Derived variables
Body density (gm/cc)
1.02
% body fat
31.3
Total body fat (kg)
21.3
Lean body mass (kg)
45.9
Body mass index (kg/m²)
25.7
Total upper arm area (cm²)
60.4
Upper arm muscle area (cm²)
40.1
Upper arm fat area (cm²)
20.3
* = highly significant at p<0.0001
10.24
87.79*
13.2
0.008
3.6
5.14
5.7
3.8
23
17.4
9.4
1.01*
34.53*
27.69*
51.63*
30.51*
80.38*
48.52*
31.85*
0.008
3.63
6.55
7.29
4.61
30.89
19.95
15.34
Blood pressure (BP)(mmHg)
Systolic BP
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EL-MINIA MED. BULL. VOL. 20, NO. 2, JUNE, 2009
Mahran et al
Table (2): Correlations coefficient of blood pressure with the studied body
measurements in pre- and postmenopausal of El-Minia Governorate.
Pre-menopausal women Post-menopausal women
N = 500
N = 500
Variable
SBP
DBP
SBP
DBP
Age (years)
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.13
Weight (Kg)
0.42
0.43
0.39
0.38
Height (Cm)
0.15
0.17
0.23
0.24
Mid-arm circumference
0.22
0.28
0.23
0.30
Mid-chest circumference
0.33
0.42
0.21
0.38
Waist circumference
0.33
0.37
0.21
0.33
Mid-thigh circumference
0.38
0.39
0.21
0.19
Biceps skinfold
0.24
0.28
0.40
0.16
Triceps skinfold
0.29
0.31
0.21
0.29
Subscapular skinfold
0.19
0.25
0.24
0.34
Suprailiac skinfold
0.27
0.36
0.29
0.32
Systolic blood pressure mmHg
1.0
0.67
1.0
0.72
Diastolic blood pressure mmHg
0.67
1.0
0.72
1.0
Body density (gm/cc)
0.26
0.28
0.25
-0.032
% Body fat
0.25
0.28
0.25
0.32
Total body fat (kg)
0.38
0.40
0.37
0.40
Lean body mass (kg)
0.42
0.40
0.37
0.33
Body mass index (kg/m²)
0.38
0.37
0.34
0.32
Total upper arm area (cm²)
0.18
0.24
0.21
0.28
Upper arm muscle area (cm²)
0.08
0.18
0.15
0.19
Upper arm fat area (cm²)
0.29
0.33
0.23
0.32
SBP = Systolic blood pressure.
DBP = Diastolic blood pressure.
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EL-MINIA MED. BULL. VOL. 20, NO. 2, JUNE, 2009
180
Mahran et al
Premenopause
Postmenopause
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Age
Weight
Height
Figure (1): Histogram of age, weight, and height
in the studied pre-and postmenopausal groups.
120
Premenopause
Postmenopause
100
80
60
40
20
0
Mid-arm C
Mid-chest C
Waist C
Mid-thigh C
Figure (2): Histogram of body circumferences
the studied pre-and postmenopausal groups.
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EL-MINIA MED. BULL. VOL. 20, NO. 2, JUNE, 2009
Mahran et al
30
Premenopause
Postmenopause
25
20
15
10
5
0
Biceps
skinfold
Triceps
skinfold
Subscapular
skinfold
Suprailiac
skinfold
Figure (3): Histogram of the skinfold thickness in the studied
pre- and postmenopausal groups.
45
Systolic blood pressure
40
Diastolic blood presure
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Premenopause
Postmenopause
Figure (4): Histogram of the systolic and diastolic blood
pressure in the studied pre- and postmenopausal groups.
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Mahran et al
Table (3): Results of stepwise multiple regression analysis using anthropmetric
measurements as predictors of blood pressure.
Dependent
Variables
Data Set
Sample
Size
PremenoPausal
500
PostmenoPausal
500
Systolic Blood
Pressure
PremenoPausal
500
Diastolic
Blood
Pressure
PostmenoPausal
500
Significant Quantities
Predictors
Body mass index
Body weight
Triceps skinfold thickness
Height
Body mass index
Body weight
Triceps skinfold thickness
Height
R.
Value
0.14
0.18
0.08
0.02
0.97
0.15
0.04
0.05
Body mass index
Body weight
Triceps skinfold thickness
Height
0.13
0.18
0.09
0.02
Body mass index
Body weight
Triceps skinfold thickness
Height
0.97
0.96
0.88
0.97
All R2 values are significant at 1% level.
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Mahran et al
60
Premenopause
50
Postmenopause
40
30
20
10
0
Body densiy
% body fat
Total body fat
Lean body
mass
Body mass
index
Figure (5): Histogram of the body composition measurments
in the studied pre-and postmenopausal groups
Premenopause
90
Postmenopause
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Total upper arm area
Upper arm muscle area
Upper arm fat area
Figure (6): Histogram of the upper arm anthropometry
in the studied pre- and postmenopausal groups.
al., 1992; Lindsay, et al., 1992 and
London, et al., 1995) who postulated
that, the natural menopause is usually
associated with reduction in the energy
expenditure during rest and physical
DISCUSSION:
Postmenopausal women were
significantly
heavier
than
the
premenopausal women. These results
were in harmony with those of (Ley et
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EL-MINIA MED. BULL. VOL. 20, NO. 2, JUNE, 2009
activity resulting in an increase in the
total body fat accumulation and
consequently increase of the body fat.
On the contrary to the results of the
present study, Meuriege et al., 2000;
Lyu et al., 2001 and Ferrara et al., 2003
found that postmenopausal women
were lighter than the premenopausal
women and they attributed this to the
aging process. At the same time,
Hughes Dowson and Harries (1992)
and Strenfeld, et al., (2004) reported
that no significant changes in the body
weight in relation to the menopause
were found.
Mahran et al
al., 2003) compared the premenopausal
with the postmenopausal women and
found non-significant differences in the
body height between the studied groups.
In the current study, the
postmenopausal
women
were
significantly having more mean values
of body circumferences than the
premenopausal women. This is
consistent with the results of (Grill
1987; Greendale 1999; Lovegrone,
2002 and Azizi and Ainy 2003) who
reported that, the increased of body
circumferences after menopause are
mainly due to the increase of the total
body fat and also due to the
redistribution of the body fat and more
deposition of the adipose tissue over
the abdomen and the buttocks regions.
On the contrary to our results, Hughes
Dowson and Harris (1992) reported no
changes in body girths after the
menopause.
In the present study, the body
weight in both pre-and postmenopausal
women
had
highly
significant
correlations with body fat as well as
with lean body mass measurements.
This might be explained by the
conception that, weight includes body
fat plus lean body mass, thus it
possesses
a
high
significant
correlations with the body composition
measurements. A similar results were
reported by (Lindsay, et al., 1992 and
Ley, et al., 1992).
The onset of menopause have
been suggested to be a risk factor for
developing of the cardiovascular
diseases in women (Staessen et al.,
1989 and Bunker et al., 1991). In the
present study the mean values of the
adipose tissue measurements including
skin fold thickness, % body, total body
fat, body mass index and the upper arm
fat area were significantly more in
postmenopausal than premenopausal
women. This is in agreement with
those reported by (Brochu et al., 2000;
Toth et al., 2000; Hunter et al., 2001;
Hwu et al., 2003 and Juntunen et al.,
2003) who attributed the increase of
adipose tissue after menopause to the
decrease in the physical activities and
imbalance between the energy intake
and the energy expenditure. On the
contrary to the present study, Chumelea
et al. (1984 a & b); Samaras et al.
(1997); Stefan et al. (2000) and
Strenfeld, et al. (2004) reported that the
postmenopausal women had small skin
In the present study, the
postmenopausal women are nonsignificantly
shorter
than
the
premenopausal women. A similar
results were reported by (Einhorn,
1984) who postulated that the onset of
menapause usually associated with loss
of bone by a rate of 0.4% /year. This
bony loss is increased to 2% to 3% per
year in late postmenopausal status. On
the other hand, some authors (Young et
al., 1962; Manson et al.,1990; Guo, et
al.,1999 and Houtkooper et al., 2000)
showed that, the decrease of the body
height after menopause, was probably
due to the fact that the postmenopausal
women had a degenerative changes in
bones and cartilages particularly the
intervertebral discs. In contrast, studies
by (Stefan, et al., 2000 and Bakker, et
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EL-MINIA MED. BULL. VOL. 20, NO. 2, JUNE, 2009
fold thickness, low body mass index
and decreased body fat mass than
premenopausal women. They concluded that, the decrease of body
adipose tissue at menopause might be
due to the aging prosses rather than the
menopause status..
Mahran et al
mass. In the present study, the
premenopausal and postmenopausal
women
residents
in
El-Minia
Governorate has shown an interaction
between the anthropometric measurements, body composition and blood
pressure. The mean values of the
sphygmomanometric blood pressure
together with the prevalence of both
systolic and diastolic hypertension
where significantly (p<0.001) higher in
postmenopausal women than in
premenopausal women. This is consistent with the results of Toddei et al.,
(1996); Seely et al., (1999); Blumel et
al., (2001) who suggested that, the high
incidence of both systolic and diastolic
blood pressure in postmeno-pausal
women could be explained by the
change in the level of the female sex
hormone particularly the decreased
level of the estrogen hormone. This
leads to endothelial dysfunction and
high risk of cardiovascular disease
specially hypertension and atherosclerosis.
In the present study the mean
values of the lean body mass were
significantly higher in postmenopausal
women than in premenopausal women.
This is consistent with the results of
Forbes and Welle (1983); Despres et al.
(1990); Wang et al. (1994) and Szulc,
et al. (2002) who reported an increase
in the lean body mass in
postmenopausal women particully who
did not receive hormonal therapy. In
contrast, studies by (Razay et al., 1992;
Guo, et al., 1999 and Gower and
Nyman 2000) showed that the fat free
mass was less in postmenopausal
women than premenopausal women.
They attributed this to the change in
the maximum oxygen consumption and
decreased of the physical activity after
menopause. Therefore, they suggested
that the low fat free mass in
postmenopausal women can be
improved by increased the time of the
physical activities.
On the contrary to the present
study Van Beresteijn et al., (1992);
Zamboni et al., (1992) and Kuller et
al., (1994) who found that the blood
pressure either systolic or diastolic did
not affected by the menopause. Some
authors reported that the postmenopausal women had lower diastolic blood
pressure than the premenopausal women
(Meuriége et al., 2000 and Stefan, et
al., 2000).
In the present study the mean
values of the upper-arm fat and muscle
areas were significantly more in the
postmenopausal than in premenopausal
women. This is consistent with the
results of (Heymsfield et al., 1982;
Campbell et al., 1990 and Reid et al.,
1992).
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‫‪EL-MINIA MED. BULL. VOL. 20, NO. 2, JUNE, 2009‬‬
‫الملخص العربي‬
‫سمات القياسات الجسمية ‪,‬الدهون والسمنة لدى السيدات قبل وبعد بلوغ سن‬
‫اليأس في محافظة المنيا‬
‫تتغير مقاييس الجسم تتتييما المدهتن لمد السميدام مما تقمد رهممارهن تمابمد ما مد‬
‫لتغهن سن اليأس تذلك س ب التغير فم الهرمتامام اثايتيمد مممايإدى المغ التغيمر فم ال م‬
‫المارج لالااث‪.‬‬
‫رجريم هذه الدراسد هلغ رلف (‪ )0111‬سيدة ممن ترددن هلغ هيادام الاساء مست فغ‬
‫المايا الجام للمتا د ‪ 011‬سيدة ماهن ااتا الييالمتن فم فتمرة االاجماب ‪ ،‬تالمخممسماةد سميدة‬
‫(‪)011‬اثمر مممن لغمن ما مد سمن اليمأس ( مد ااقاماد دترة الاممث) مرة سماتام ‪ ,‬تقمد‬
‫رجريمم لهمن المقماييس الجسممميد الممتلفمد مالتين‪ ,‬الامت ‪ ,‬متياممام ماتبمف المذراد تالبممدر‬
‫تالمبر تماتبف الفمذ‪ ,‬قياس ياايام الجلد تماتتته من دهتن ف هدة ماااق من الجس ماها‬
‫فتق ماتبف ال ضلتين ذام الررسين تذام الرءتس الياليد تتتم لتح ال تف‪ ,‬ما رجريم لهن‬
‫قياس ضغا الد ‪ .‬ت تتلي هذه القياسام هن اريق التاسب اآلل ممن ممال رامامح اتبماة‬
‫ماص‪.‬‬
‫ري تم اتاةح هذا ال تث مايل ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -0‬رن م د تين السيدام ما د لتغ سن اليأس ان ر ر ماه للسيدام ماق لتغ سن اليأس‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬رن م د ترا الدهتن السيدام ما د لتغ سمن اليمأس مان ر يمر مامه للسميدام ماق م لمتغ‬
‫سن اليأس‪.‬‬
‫‪-3‬رن م د متياام ماتبف الذراد تالفمذ تالبدر تالمبر السيدام ما د لتغ سمن اليمأس‬
‫ان ر ر ماه للسيدام ماق لتغ سن اليأس‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬رن م د ضغا الد السيدام ما د لتغ سن اليأس ان ر ر مامه للسميدام ماق م لمتغ سمن‬
‫اليأس‪.‬‬
‫مما سم ق اسمتملص رن ييمادة م مدالم ال تامم المامرة هامد السميدام ما مد لمتغ سمن‬
‫اليأس ي تن ر ير ت دتيا مما يج لهن هرضمد لالبما د مأمرال القلمب تال مرايين اتيجمد لييمادة‬
‫التين تترا المدهتن فم الجسم ‪ ,‬لمذا يابم لهمن مد االفمراا فم تامات الا متيام تالمدهتن‬
‫تاجراء التمارين الرياضيد المااس د ااتظا للتد من ماترة هذه ال تام ‪.‬‬
‫‪185‬‬