Unit 1
SHIPS AND SHIPS TERMS
SHIP DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
Basic terms
hull
machinery
stern
bow
amidships
beam
engine room
propeller shaft
bow thruster
rudder
bulbous bow
hold
There are two main parts of a ship: the hull and the
machinery. The hull is the actual shell of the ship
including her superstructure, while the machinery
includes not only the engines required to drive her, but
also the ancillary equipment serving the electrical
installations, winches and refrigerating plant.
The rear portion of the ship is called the after end or
stern. When moving stern first, the vessel is said to be
moving astern. The front portion of the ship is called
the fore end, whilst the extreme forward end is called
the bow. When moving bow first, the vessel is said to
be moving ahead. Fore and aft are generally used for
directional purposes. The area between the forward
and aft portions of the vessel is called amidships.
The maximum breadth of the vessel, which is found in
the amidships body, is known as the beam.
Many modern cargo and passenger liners have a
transverse propulsion unit or bow thruster in the
bows. Its purpose is to give greater manoeuvrability in
confined waters, e.g. ports, and so reduce or eliminate
the need for tugs.
The rudder, which enables the vessel to maintain her
course, is situated right aft.
The bulbous bow can improve passenger and crew
comfort, as it can reduce pitching in heavy seas and
has been provided in tankers, bulk carriers, and
modern cargo liners to increase speed when in ballast.
The modern tendency is to have large unobstructed
holds with mechanically operated hatch covers, both
for the speedy handling of cargo, and to reduce turnround time to a minimum.
A ship's actual design and number of decks depend on
the trade in which the ship will ply. A tramp, carrying
shipments of coal or ore, will be a single deck vessel
with large unobstructed hatches to facilitate loading
and discharge. A cargo liner carrying a variety of
cargo in relatively small consignments would have
'tween decks to facilitate stowage. If such a vessel also
conveyed wood and other commodities of high
stowage factor, a shelter deck would be provided.
Additionally, container ships are equipped with
specially designed holds with cells or slots to facilitate
speedy container handling using shore-based lifting
gear.
General Arrangement Plan (Reefer Ship)
Ship’s Machinery - Propulsion
The main engine is a single Mitsui B&W
6S70MC two-stroke diesel engine developing 15 400
kW (20 940 bhp) at MCR at 88 rev/min; 13856 kW
(18840 bhp) at NCR of 85 rev/min.
The engine is arranged to burn HFO with a
maximum of 380 cSt at 50°C. Drive is direct to a fourbladed Nakashima 8,5 m diameter FP propeller. On
sea trials the vessel attained a maximum speed of
15.6 knots at NCR and a displacement of 159500
tonnes. Full load service speed on a moulded draught
of 15.77 m was 14.92 knots at NCR with a 15 per cent
sea margin. Endurance at this speed is about 24000
nautical miles.
The rudder is controlled by an electrohydraulic
four-ram Kawasaki steering gear with a torque of 160
t/m, controlled by an autopilot feed from a dual
gyrocompass.
The engine is fitted with an Osaka DC-081610
exhaust gas economisers with a capacity of 1500
kg/hr at a pressure of 6.0 kg/cm2 at NCR. Monitoring
of the engine is by a Terasaki Electric system, and
treatment for the HFO, diesel and lub oil is provided
by Alfa Laval separators.
Three 1 025 KVA, 820 kW/450 V, 60 Hz
generators supply the electrical power through a
Terasaki main switchboard. These are each driven by
a Daihatsu 6DL-24 four-stroke, turbocharged diesel
engine. Emergency power is supplied by a
NishishibaVC125 KVA, 100 kW/450V, 60 Hz
generator, driven by a Yanmar 6 HAL-H.
To provide 100 per cent redundancy, a requirement of
the owner, the vessel is equipped with two Mitsubishi
MAC-30B two-drum water tube boilers, each with a
capacity of 27.5 tonnes/hr at 16 kg/cm . These also
supply the aluminium-brass healing coils in all the
cargo tanks.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Main engine
Waste-heat boiler
Diesel generator
Exhaust silencer
Shaft-driven generator
Lineshaft bearing
Main air compressor
Control air compressor
Main air reservoir
Distilling plant
Auxiliary boiler
Fuel oil heater
Lube oil purifier
Diesel oil purifier
Fuel oil purifier
Lube oil heater
Boiler feed pump
Freshwater arc pump
Jacket water cooler
Jacket water pump
Lube oil cooler
Lube oil filter
Enclosed operating station
Diesel oil settling tank
Fuel oil settling tank
Fuel oil service tank
Aux engine lube oil tank
Cylinder oil tank
Main engine lube oil tank
30 Boiler feed water tank
A. Comprehension & vocabulary
A.1 Find the parts of the Reading Text which provide
answers to the following questions:
1. What do the two main parts of the ship include?
2. What are the two extreme ends of a ship called?
3. Define the term beam.
4. Which types of machinery are housed in the engine
room?
5. What does the propeller shaft pass through?
6. Where are the anchors and windlasses placed?
7. What is the purpose of the bow thruster?
8. What is the purpose of the bulbous bow?
9. What are the main features of the ship's hold:
a. in a tramp vessel?
b. in a cargo liner?
c. in a timber carrier?
d. in a container ship?
A.2 Complete the following sentences:
1.
The hull includes both _______________ .
2. The ship's machinery includes ______________.
3. When
moving
bow
first,
the
ship
_________________ and she
_________________ when she moves stern first.
4. The midship portion of the ship is situated
between ________.
5.
The beam is _______________.
6. The rudder is designed to ___________________
.
7. The
bow
thruster
gives
the
ship
_______________.
8. Modern ship holds are equipped with mechanically
operated hatch covers to _____________ .
9. The use of the bulbous bow is to
__________________ .
A.3 Which ship terms are defined below?
1. ____________ : the body of the ship.
2. ____________ : the large hinged plate at the stern
of the ship which controls the ships direction.
3. _____________: space inside the ship for
carrying the cargo.
4. ____________ : a part of the ship which drives
the ship through the water.
5. ____________ : an opening in the deck through
which the cargo is lowered into and lifted from
the hold.
6. ____________ : the measurement of the ship's
largest width.
7. ____________ : fore and after end of the ship's
hull.
A.4 Complete the following text with the
corresponding ship terms:
The forward end of the ship is called the 1.
_____________ the after end is the 2.
_____________ , and halfway between the two is 3.
_____________ . The 4. _____________ of the ship
is the distance from the port to the starboard side of
the ship. The 5. _____________ or body of the ship
includes the outer skin or shell and all members and
parts which hold the ship together, divide it into 6.
_____________ and give it strength and rigidity.
A.5 Insert the missing labels in the layout drawing of
the ship (see also Basic terms for help):
A.6 Re-write the abbreviations referring to the terms
deck and tank from the drawings of the ships on
p. 6, and give their full forms:
EXAMPLE
main dk = main deck
wb tk = water ballast tank
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
B. Grammar
B.1 Supply the right form of the verb in brackets:
Description of a ship
The «Polar Star» (be) 1. _____________ a ship
(belong) 2. _____________ to a class called multipurpose ships. She (be) 3. _____________ of 15,000
dwt (9,000 gross and 6,000 net tons). Her overall
length is 130 m, beam 16 m, draught 9 m. Her five
cargo holds (arrange) 4. ______________ so that
holds Nos. 1 to 4 (be)
5. _____________ forward of the bridge
superstructure and No. 5 is abaft it. Each hold
(serve) 6. _____________ by two 20 ton derricks,
mounted in pairs. The hull (be) 7.
_______________ of a single 'tween deck type
with raised forecastle and a bridge superstructure of
medium height. The ship (fit) 8. _______________
with a stern anchor and warping winch for
(manoeuvre) 9. _______________ in confined
waters. With a single diesel engine and a
controllable pitch propeller the «Polar Star» (run)
10. ______________ at her economical service
speed of 16 knots, her fuel consumption (be) 11.
_____________ around 20 tons per day.
B.2 Complete the list filling in the missing words:
adjective
long ______________
___________________
___________________
high ______________
___________________
strong _____________
noun
_____________________
width_______________
breadth______________
_____________________
depth________________
_____________________
C. Translation
C.1 Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Oltre al motore principale, nella sala macchina c'e anche il
motore ausiliario.
2. Le eliche di manovra sono montate per aumentare la
manovrabilita della nave.
3. La prua a bulbo riduce il beccheggio con mare agitato.
4. La nostra nuova nave opera sulla rotta dell'Estremo Oriente.
5. Le navi modeme hanno ampi boccaporti per facilitare lo
stivaggio del carico.
6. Fra la poppa e la prua ci sono la sovrastruttura del ponte di
comando e le stive.
7. La larghezza massima si misura sulla sezione maestra.
8. Le navi polivalenti sono principalmente navi a interponte.
9. II timone si usa per govemare e mantenere la rotta della nave.