United States Army Aviation Center
Fort Rucker, Alabama
AUGUST 2003
STUDENT HANDOUT
TITLE:
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
FILE NUMBER:
63-0614-16
PROPONENT FOR THIS LESSON PLAN IS:
Aviation Training Brigade
ATTN: ATZQ-ATB-AD
Fort Rucker, Alabama 36362-5000
FOREIGN DISCLOSURE RESTRICTIONS:
This product/publication has been reviewed
by the product developers in coordination with the USAAVNC foreign disclosure
authority. This product is releasable to students from all requesting foreign
countries without restrictions.
D-3
NOTES
D-4
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE (TLO):
NOTE:
Read, or have one of the students read, the TLO requirement.
At the completion of this lesson the student will:
ACTION:
Perform assigned missions.
CONDITION:
While conducting instrument training/evaluation.
STANDARD: In accordance with (IAW) Federal Aviation Administration Handbook
(FAAH) 7110.65, AR 95-1, and DOD FLIP.
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS:
None.
TRAINING RISK ASSESSMENT CODE:
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Low.
None.
EVALUATION: After completing the PE, each student will be evaluated on this
block of instruction by completing a one (1) hour Criterion Test. The test
consists of 20 questions in one (1) scoreable unit. Each student must receive
a GO to successfully complete the examination.
A.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #1.
ACTION:
Identify the Air Traffic Control facilities.
CONDITION:
STANDARD:
Without the use of notes.
IAW FAAH 7110.65.
Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on Air Traffic Control
facilities.
a.
Air traffic control facilities.
(1) Definition. ATC is a service provided by an appropriate
authority to promote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic.
(2) Aviator responsibility. Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR
91.123) states that when an ATC clearance/instruction has been obtained, no
pilot in command may deviate from that clearance/instruction except in an
emergency, unless an amended clearance/instruction is obtained. AR 95-1
requires ARMY aircraft to be operated IAW FAR’s while in Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) jurisdiction.
b. Responsibilities and services provided by ATC. Separation is the
primary responsibility of all ATC agencies. Other services are provided as
necessary.
c.
ATC facility.
(1)
Air route traffic control center (ARTCC).
(a) Responsibility. Control of en route air traffic control
service to aircraft operating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace.
Services provided to VFR aircraft based on workload and equipment
capabilities.
D-5
(b) Area of jurisdiction. This area may cover an area as
large or larger than some states. Generally above 10,000' MSL.
(c) Communications network. Direct pilot/controller
communication is provided by remote transceiver sites.
(2) Approach control. A terminal ATC facility that provides
approach control service in a terminal area.
(a) Requirements to establish. The airport must have an
approved instrument approach, direct pilot/controller communications, and
letter(s) of agreement (LOA).
(b) Types of control.
some non-radar control still exists.
Radar is predominate today; however,
(3) Control tower. Provides traffic control service to aircraft
operating in the vicinity of an airport or on the movement area to include
ground control.
d. Flight service station (FSS).
control of traffic).
A supporting agency to ATC (no
(1) Services. Provide pilot briefings, en route communications and
VFR search and rescue services, assist lost aircraft and aircraft in emergency
situations, relay ATC clearances, originate Notices to Airmen (NOTAM),
broadcast aviation weather and National Airspace System (NAS) information,
receive and process IFR flight plans, and monitor NAVAIDS. In addition, at
selected locations FSSs provide En Route Flight Advisory Service (Flight
Watch), take weather observations, issue airport advisories, and advise
Customs and Immigration of transborder flights.
(2) Communications network. Service "B" teletype, tie-in to
military base operations, ARTCC, and other FSSs.
B.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #2.
ACTION:
State the communication phraseology requirement.
CONDITION:
STANDARD:
Without the use of notes.
IAW FAAH 7110.65.
Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the communication phraseology
requirement.
a.
Communication procedures.
(1)
Radio message format (2-4-8).
(a)
Sector/position on initial radio contact:
1.
Identification of aircraft.
2.
Identification of ATC unit.
3.
Message (if any).
4.
The word "over" if required.
D-6
(b) Subsequent radio transmissions from same sector/position
shall use the same format, except the identification of the ATC unit may be
omitted. TERMINAL. You may omit aircraft identification after initial
contact when conducting the final portion of a radar approach.
(2)
Abbreviated transmissions (2-4-9).
(a) Use identification prefix and last three digits of
identification after communications have been established. Example: "Army
345."
(b)
Omit facility identification after communication is
established.
(c) Transmit message immediately after call up (without
waiting for the aircraft’s reply) when the message is short and receipt is
generally assured.
Example:
(d) Omit "over" if the message obviously required a reply.
"ARMY 345 SAY ALTITUDE."
(3)
Number usage (2-4-17).
(a) Serial numbers.
(ONE ONE FOUR NINER FIVE).
(b)
The separate digits.
Example:
11,495
Altitude or flight level.
1. Altitudes. Pronounce each digit in the number of
hundreds or thousands followed by the word "hundred" or "thousand" as
appropriate. Altitudes may be restated in group form for added clarity if the
controller chooses. Example: 10,000 (ONE ZERO THOUSAND) and can be followed
by (TEN THOUSAND) for clarity.
the separate digits.
(c)
2. Flight levels. The words "flight level" followed by
Example: FL 180 (FLIGHT LEVEL ONE EIGHT ZERO).
Time.
1. General. The four separate digits of the hour and
minute/s in terms of UTC. Example: 0715 (ZERO SEVEN ONE FIVE).
only.
Example:
2. Abbreviated time. The separate digits of the minutes
1415 (ONE FIVE) and 1420 (TWO ZERO).
(d) Altimeter setting. The word "altimeter" followed by the
separate digits. Example: 30.01 (ALTIMETER, THREE ZERO ZERO ONE).
(e) Surface wind. The word "wind" followed by separate
digits of the indicated wind direction to the nearest 10-degree multiple, the
word "at" and the separate digits of indicated velocity in knots. Example:
"WIND ZERO THREE ZERO AT TWO FIVE."
(f) Heading. The word "heading" followed by the three
separate digits of the number, omitting the word "degrees." Use heading 360
to indicate a north heading." Example: "HEADING ZERO ZERO FIVE."
code.
Example:
(g) Radar beacon codes.
"TWO ONE ZERO ZERO."
D-7
The separate digits of the 4-digit
(h) Runways. The word "runway," followed by the separate
digits of the runway designation. Example: "RUNWAY THREE or RUNWAY TWO ONE."
(i) Frequencies. The separate digits of the frequency,
inserting the word "point" where the decimal occurs. Example: "ONE TWO SIX
POINT FIVE FIVE or THREE SIX NINER POINT ZERO."
NOTE:
When the frequency is in the L/MF band, include the word "kiloHertz."
(j) Speeds. The separate digits of the speed followed by
"knots" except as required by para 5-7-2. Example: "NINER ZERO KNOTS."
(k) Miles. The separate digits of the mileage followed by
the word "mile." Example: "THREE ZERO MILE ARC EAST OF NOTTINGHAM" or
"TRAFFIC, ONE O'CLOCK, TWO FIVE MILES, NORTHBOUND, D-C EIGHT, FLIGHT LEVEL TWO
SEVEN ZERO."
(4)
Facility identification (2-4-19).
word "tower."
(a) Towers. State the name of the facility followed by the
Example: "CAIRNS TOWER."
word "center."
(b) ARTCC. State the name of the facility followed by the
Example: "ATLANTA CENTER."
(c) Approach control. State the name of the facility
followed by the word "approach." Example: "DENVER APPROACH."
NOTE:
Departure control is the same.
"radio."
(d)
Example:
(5)
Example:
"CAIRNS DEPARTURE."
FSS. State the name of the station followed by the word
"ANNISTON RADIO."
Route and NAVAID description (2-5-1 thru 2-5-3).
(a)
Airways and routes.
1. VOR, VORTAC, and TACAN airways. State the word
"Victor" followed by the number of the airway in group form. Example:
"VICTOR TWELVE" or "VICTOR FIVE TWENTY-ONE."
2. L/MF airways.
by the number in group form. Example:
(b)
NAVAIDS.
State the color of the airway followed
"BLUE EIGHTY-ONE."
Describe radials and courses as follows:
1. VOR, VORTAC, and TACAN. State the name of the NAVAID
followed by the separate digits of the radial/azimuth/bearing (omit the word
"degrees") and the word "radial." Example: "WIREGRASS ZERO TWO ZERO RADIAL."
2. Quadrant within a radius of NAVAID. State direction
from NAVAID in terms of the quadrant; e.g., NE, SE, SW, NW, followed by the
distance in miles from the NAVAID. Example: "CLEARED TO FLY SOUTHWEST
QUADRANT OF CAIRNS VOR WITHIN TWO FIVE MILE RADIUS."
3. Nondirectional beacons. State the course to or
bearing from the radio beacon, omitting the word "degree," followed by the
words "course to" or "bearing from," the name of the radio beacon, and the
words "radio beacon." Example: "ONE EIGHT ZERO COURSE TO BOLL WEEVIL RADIO
BEACON" or "THREE SIX ZERO BEARING FROM BOLL WEEVIL RADIO BEACON."
D-8
b. Number clarification (2-4-18). If deemed necessary for clarity, and
after stating numbers as specified, controllers may restate numbers using
either group or single-digit form.
C.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #3:
ACTION:
State the methods of non-radar separation.
CONDITION:
STANDARD:
Without the use of notes.
IAW FAAH 7110.65.
Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the methods of non-radar
separation.
a.
Separation (non-radar)(6-4-1).
(1) Longitudinal (6-4-2). Longitudinal separation is based on the
aircraft departing, arriving, holding, or changing altitudes at a fix or a
specified time.
(a) Lead aircraft at least 44 knots or more faster than the
following aircraft -- 5 miles between DME aircraft or 3 minutes between other
aircraft.
(b) Lead aircraft 22 knots to 43 knots faster than the
following aircraft -- 10 miles between DME aircraft or 5 minutes between other
aircraft.
(c) Lead aircraft same speed or up to 22 knots faster than
the following aircraft –- 20 miles between DME aircraft or 10 minutes between
other aircraft.
(2)
(3)
Vertical (6-6-1 and 4-5-1).
(a)
FL 290 and below -- 1,000 feet.
(b)
Above FL 290 -- 2,000 feet.
Lateral (6-5-1).
Separate aircraft by one of the following
methods:
(a) Clear aircraft on different airways or routes whose
widths or protected airspace do not overlap.
(b) Clear aircraft below 18,000 to proceed to and report over
or hold at different geographical locations determined visually or by
reference to NAVAID’s.
(c) Clear aircraft to hold over different fixes whose holding
pattern airspace areas do not overlap each other or other airspace to be
protected.
(d) Clear departing aircraft to fly specified heading which
diverge by at least 45 degrees.
b. Non-radar separation must be established prior to transferring
control by the radar controller.
D.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #4.
D-9
ACTION:
Radar.
State the primary difference between Primary Radar and Secondary
CONDITION:
STANDARD:
From memory.
IAW FAAH 7110.65.
Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the difference between primary
radar and secondary radar.
a.
Primary radar.
(1) Basic principles. The basic principle is based on time
required for transmitted electrical pulses moving at the speed of light to
reach a target and return. The radar display uses a sweep signal on the radar
scope that moves outward from the center at a scaled rate. The echo pulses
are amplified and fed to the scope as a blip at the correct scale distance.
Azimuth information is provided by rotating the antenna through 360 degrees.
(2)
Types and uses.
(a) Air route surveillance radar (ARSR) is used by ARTCC for
traffic control. Range is up to 200 NM.
(b) Airport surveillance radar (ASR) is used by approach
control and as search radar for ground controlled approach (GCA). Range is
from 0 to 30-60 miles.
(c) Precision approach radar (PAR) is used for GCA.
approximately 10 NM.
(3)
Range is
Limitations.
(a) Transmitted pulses attenuate rapidly (inversely
proportional to the square of the distance), limiting the range.
(b) Ground clutter.
causing clutter on the scope.
Ground features also return echoes
(c) Identification. Basic blips appear the same for all
aircraft, making identification difficult.
(d) Weather. Areas of precipitation will return echoes
making it impossible to discern aircraft targets.
b.
Secondary radar.
(1) Basic principle. Secondary radar transmits two closely spaced
electronic pulses from a second antenna called an interrogator. A transponder
device in the aircraft is set to respond to interrogation pulses with coded
pulses of new energy. This increases the range of the equipment and provides
for an easily identified target on the scope. Additionally, since only
transponder replies are shown on the scope, ground and weather clutter would
not appear.
(2)
Scope displays.
(a) Raw display. This is the old type which shows a slash
for each reply pulse of the code. This type is rapidly becoming obsolete.
D-10
(b) Select display. This type display is still widely used
and is designed to limit replies to a maximum of two slashes. This equipment
provides the controller with a discrete readout by showing a double slash for
aircraft replying on a selected code and a single slash for all other
transponder equipped aircraft.
NOTE:
The newest equipment has a computer input and mode C altitude
capability. Students will be briefed on this system on the Cairns
ARAC field trip.
c.
Emergency procedures.
(1)
Emergency--squawk 7700 (5-2-7).
(2)
IFR two-way radio failure.
(3)
Hijack--squawk 7500 (5-2-13).
Squawk 7600 (5-2-8).
d. VFR code. 1200 is code for all aircraft operating VFR, regardless
of altitude (5-2-9).
e.
NOTE:
E.
Flight plan TD code.
(1)
Transponder, no mode C (/T).
(2)
Transponder and mode C (/U).
(3)
No transponder but has VOR/ADF (/X).
Refer to FLIP GP, Chapter 4, for complete TD code chart.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #5.
ACTION:
State the method of identifying aircraft using radar procedure.
CONDITION:
STANDARD:
Without the use of notes.
IAW FAAH 7110.65.
Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the method of identifying
aircraft using radar procedure.
a. When identifying aircraft controllers are required to establish
positive identification and be reasonably sure they can maintain radar
identification of aircraft before providing radar service (5-1-1).
b.
Identification procedures.
(1) Primary radar (5-3-2). Observing a departing aircraft target
within 1 mile of the takeoff runway end at airports with an operating control
tower, correlation of position with a fix, or identifying turn or turns of 30
degrees or more.
(2) Secondary radar (5-3-3). Use of the "IDENT" feature,
assignment of code change, or having aircraft squawk "standby."
c. Position information (5-3-6). Inform an aircraft of its position
whenever radar identification is established by means of identifying turns or
by any of the beacon identification methods outlined in para 5-3-3, Beacon
Identification Methods. Position information need not be given when
D-11
identification is established by position correlation or when a departing
aircraft is identified within 1 mile of the takeoff runway end.
d. When required, inform an aircraft of its position with respect to a
fix or airway (5-1-12a). Example: "FOUR MILES NORTH OF WIREGRASS."
d.
Identification status (5-3-7).
(1)
Inform an aircraft of radar contact when:
(a)
Initial radar identification n the ATC system is
established.
(b) Subsequent to loss of radar contact or terminating radar
service, radar identification is reestablished. Example: "R12345 RADAR
CONTACT 4 MILES NORTH OF MARIANA VOR."
(2) Inform an aircraft when radar contact is lost.
"R12345 RADAR CONTACT LOST."
(3)
Example:
Radar service termination (5-1-13).
(a)
Inform aircraft when radar service is terminated.
(b) Radar service is automatically terminated and the
aircraft needs not be advised of termination when:
1. An aircraft cancels IFR flight plan, except within
Class B airspace, Class C airspace, TRSA, or where basic radar service is
provided.
2. An aircraft conducting an instrument, visual, or
contact approach has landed or has been instructed to change to advisory
frequency.
3.
F.
An aircraft completes a radar approach.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #6:
ACTION:
State the method of vectoring an aircraft.
CONDITION:
STANDARD:
From memory.
IAW FAAH 7110.65.
Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the method of vectoring an
aircraft.
a.
Application (5-6-1).
(1) In controlled airspace for separation, safety, noise abatement,
operational advantage, or when a pilot request.
(2) In Class G airspace only upon pilot request and as an
additional service.
(3) At or above the MVA or the minimum IFR altitude except as
authorized for approaches, special VFR, VFR operations, or by para 5-6-3,
Vectors Below Minimum Altitude. ATC facilities prepare charts of their area
to show MVAs by sector. Altitudes are based on standard obstacle clearance
D-12
requirements of a minimum of 3 or 5 miles from obstructions. While being
radar vectored, controllers will assign IFR altitudes at or above the MVA.
b.
Lateral separation (aircraft/5-5-4 and obstructions/5-5-9).
(1)
When less than 40 miles from the antenna -- 3 miles.
(2)
When 40 miles or more from the antenna -- 5 miles.
(3) Between departing aircraft and arriving aircraft on final,
minimum of 2 miles if normal radar separation will occur within 1 minute after
takeoff (5-8-4).
c.
Methods (5-6-2).
(1)
Generally the same for en route or terminal.
Vector aircraft by specifying:
(a)
Direction of turn, if appropriate, and magnetic heading
to be flown, or
(b) The number of degrees, in group form, to turn and the
direction of turn, or
(c) For NO-GYRO procedures, the type of vector, direction of
turn, and when to stop the turn.
(2)
When initiating a vector, advise the pilot of the purpose.
(3) Issue with the vector an altitude to maintain and all
appropriate altitude restrictions when applicable.
(4)
is completed.
(5)
If appropriate, advise the pilot what to expect when the vector
Provide radar navigational guidance until the aircraft is:
(a) Established within the airspace to be protected for the
nonradar route to be flown, or
(b) On a heading that will, within a reasonable distance,
intercept the nonradar route to be flown, and
(c) Informed of its position unless the aircraft is RNAQV<
FMS, or DME equipped.
(6) Speed adjustments should be kept to a minimum as necessary and
in 10-knot increments (5-7-1).
(7) Radar Departure. Before departure, assign the initial heading
to be flown if a departing aircraft is to be vectored immediately after
takeoff.
d.
NOTE:
Radar Arrivals (5-9-1).
Refer to the definition of Approach Gate in Glossary.
(1)
Vector arriving aircraft to intercept the final approach
course:
(a) At least 2 miles outside of approach gate unless one of
the following exists:
D-13
1. Reported ceiling is a least 500 feet above the
MVA/MIA and visibility is at least 3 miles.
2.
Requested by the pilot.
(b) For precision approach, at an altitude not above the
glidelope/glidepath or below the minimum glideslope intercept altitude.
(c) For non-precision approach, at an altitude which will
allow descent in accordance with the published procedure.
(2)
Final approach course interception (5-9-2).
(a) Distance from interception point to approach gate is less
than 2 miles maximum interception angle is 20 degrees.
(b) Distance from interception point to approach gate is more
than 2 miles maximum interception angle is 30 degrees (45 for helicopters).
(c) If deviation from the final approach course are observed
after initial course interception, give vector to intercept the final or
another approach if outside approach gate, or inform the pilot of the
aircraft’s position and ask intentions if inside approach gate.
(3) Vectors across final approach course. Inform the aircraft
whenever a vector will take it across the final approach course and state the
reason for such action (5-9-3).
(4)
Arrival instructions (5-9-4).
(a) Controller requirements.
issued prior to reaching the approach gate:
The following items should be
1.
Position relative to a fix on the final approach
2.
Vector to intercept the final approach course if
course.
required.
3. Approach clearance and altitude restrictions if
necessary (altitude restrictions will be given prior to approach clearance).
4.
Communication transfer as necessary.
(b) Pilot responsibility. When on a radar vector, the pilot
shall maintain last assigned altitude until established on a segment of a
published route or segment of the approach procedure. After established, the
published minimum altitudes apply.
NOTE:
G.
Refer to paragraph 4-8-1 of FAAH 7110.65 to cover the phraseology used
for different approach clearances and their meaning.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #7.
ACTION:
State the controller phraseology for radar approaches.
CONDITION:
STANDARD:
Without the use of notes.
IAW FAAH 7110.65.
D-14
Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the controller phraseology for
radar approaches.
a.
Radar approaches (ASR/PAR).
(1) Vectors to final (5-10-1). Vector procedures prior to ASR or
PAR final are identical (information given to pilot may be different).
(a)
Approach information (5-10-2).
1. Altimeter, ceiling, visibility, known changes,
pertinent information, and lost communications (5-10-4).
2.
Before starting final approach.
a.
Type of approach (if approach is a "no-gyro"
inform the aircraft at this time).
b.
Specify the missed approach point for ASR.
c.
Inform an aircraft making an approach to an
airport not served by a tower that no traffic or landing runway information is
available for that airport.
(b) No-Gyro approach (5-10-3). When an aircraft will make a
no-gyro surveillance or a PAR approach, before issuing a vector, inform the
aircraft of the type of approach. Instruct the aircraft when to start and
stop turns. After turn to final prior to approach gate, instruct the aircraft
to make half-standard rate turns.
(c) Lost communications (5-10-4). Air traffic control
facilities at U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force installations are not required to
transmit lost communications instructions to military aircraft.
(d)
Landing check (5-10-6).
(e)
Position information at least once before starting final
(f)
Final controller changeover (5-10-8).
(5-10-7).
(2)
Final Controller.
(a)
Communications check (5-10-9).
(b)
Transmission acknowledgment (5-10-10).
(c)
Wheels down check before starting final descent (2-1-24).
(d) Missed approach instructions (5-10-11). Given before
starting final descent if any portion of the final approach will be conducted
in IFR conditions.
(3)
Give instructions for the aircraft whenever the completion
of a safe approach is questionable because of safety limits exceeded, position
in doubt, or radar contact lost (5-10-14).
b. ASR final (5-11-1 thru 5-11-6).
(1)
Provide recommended altitudes on final only if the pilot
requests.
D-15
(2) Issue advance notice of where descent will begin and issue the
straight-in MDA prior to issuing final descent instructions.
NOTE:
For circling approaches, obtain aircraft category from the pilot before
issuing circling MDA.
(3) Issue descent instructions when the aircraft reaches the
descent point.
(4) Issue course guidance and inform the pilot of his distance from
runway, airport, or MAP at least once each mile on final.
(5) Discontinue approach guidance when requested by the pilot,
continuation of a safe approach to the MAP is questionable, or the aircraft is
over the missed approach point (MAP).
(5) When approach guidance is discontinued give the aircraft its
position and to proceed visually or to execute missed approach as appropriate.
(6)
c.
Transfer of communications instructions as necessary.
PAR final (5-12-1 thru 5-12-8).
(1)
Inform the aircraft when it is approaching glidepath (10 to 30
(2)
Give the decision height (DH) to any pilot who requests it.
seconds).
(3) When the aircraft reaches descent point, instruct the pilot to
begin descent.
(4)
Issue course and glidepath guidance.
(5) Inform the aircraft of its distance from touchdown at least
once each mile on final approach.
(6)
Inform the aircraft when it reaches published DH.
(7) Continue to provide course and glidepath information until the
aircraft passes over the threshold.
(a)
Inform the aircraft when it is passing over the approach
lights.
(b) Inform the aircraft when it is passing over the landing
threshold and position with respect to the final approach course.
(8)
Transfer of communications as necessary.
d. Approach monitoring (5-13-1 thru 5-13-3). Controllers are required
to monitor non-radar approaches when the NAVAID final approach course is
aligned with the PAR final approach course from the FAF to the runway and the
following conditions exist:
(1)
Weather is below basic VFR minima.
(2)
At night (does not apply to US Army facilities).
(3)
On request of pilot.
D-16
e. Speed adjustments. Controllers may request aircraft to adjust IAS
in units of 10 knots for more effective traffic control (5-7-1e).
H.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #8:
ACTION: Select from a list the correct instrument flight rule (IFR) initial
clearance.
CONDITION:
STANDARD:
From memory.
IAW FAAH 7110.65.
Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the correct sequence of an IFR
initial clearance.
a. Initial clearance. An authorization by ATC to proceed within
controlled airspace under specific conditions.
(1)
(2)
Methods of delivery.
(a)
Clearance delivery.
(b)
Ground control.
(c)
Tower.
(d)
FSS.
(e)
Approach.
(f)
Center.
Clearance prefix (4-2-2) and void time (4-3-4).
(a) When issuing a clearance direct from ATC, use phrase
"identification cleared."
(b) When clearance is relayed through a non-ATC facility, use
phrase "ATC clears."
(c) When relaying ATC clearance from non-ATC facilities;
issue clearance void time, alternate instructions requiring the pilot to
advise ATC of their intentions no later than 30 minutes after the clearance
void time if not airborne, and a time check. Example: "CLEARANCE VOID IF NOT
OFF BY 1445, IF NOT OFF BY 1445, ADVISE GAINESVILLE RADIO NOT LATER THAN 1515
OF INTENTIONS, TIME 1430 AND ONE QUARTER."
(3)
Clearance items (4-2-1) and departure clearance (4-3-2).
(a)
Clearance items.
1.
Aircraft identification.
2.
Clearance limit.
3.
Instrument departure procedure (DP).
4.
Route of flight.
5.
Altitude, in order flown.
D-17
6.
Holding instructions.
7.
Any special information.
8.
Frequency and beacon code information.
(b) Clearance limit. Specify the destination airport when
practicable, even if outside controlled airspace. Short-range clearances will
be issued in any procedure established for their use. Example: "R12345,
CLEARED TO MONTGOMERY AIRPORT (or MONTGOMERY REGIONAL AIRPORT)" or "R12345,
CLEARED TO BANBI."
(c) Departure procedure. Specify direction of takeoff/turn
or initial heading/azimuth to be flown after takeoff as follows:
1. Locations with airport traffic control. Specify
these items as necessary. Example: "R12345, CLEARED TO DOTHAN AIRPORT,
DEPART RUNWAY ONE EIGHT, FLY RUNWAY HEADING UNTIL REACHING ONE THOUSAND,
DIRECT WIREGRASS VOR."
2. Locations without airport traffic control service but
within Class E surface area. Specify these items, if necessary, but
obtain/solicit pilot's concurrence.
3. Uncontrolled airports. At uncontrolled airports, do
not specify direction of takeoff/turn. If necessary, issue the initial
heading/azimuth so as to apply only within controlled airspace.
Example:
4. Textually described instrument departure procedures.
"DEPART VIA THE TROY MUNI RUNWAY 7 DEPARTURE PROCEDURE."
(d)
Example:
Instrument departure procedures (DP’s).
1. Assign a DP including a transition if necessary.
"FADET-TWO DEPARTURE, MARIANNA TRANSITION."
2. If necessary to
differs from the DP altitude, repeat the
EXAMPLE: "DASHER THREE DEPARTURE, PECAN
ABOVE 4,000, I SAY AGAIN CROSS DASHER AT
DP.
Example:
assign a crossing altitude which
changed altitude for emphasis.
TRANSITION, EXCEPT CROSS DASHER AT OR
OR ABOVE 4,000."
3. Specify altitudes when they are not included in the
"SKIFF FOUR DEPARTURE, SQUID TRANSITION, CROSS SKIFF AT 2,000."
(e)
Route of flight.
1.
Specify one or more of the following:
Airway, route, radial, course, azimuth, heading, arc,
or vector.
a.
Use the word "VIA" with airways, established
routes, radials, courses, azimuths, headings, arcs, and vectors. Example:
"VIA VICTOR 241 OR VIA THE WIREGRASS 180 RADIAL."
Example:
b.
For direct flight, use the word "direct."
"R12345, CLEARED TO THE CAIRNS VOR DIRECT."
2. The routing a pilot can expect if any part of the
route beyond a short-range clearance limit differs from that filed. Example:
"EXPECT FURTHER CLEARANCE VIA (airway, route, or fix)."
D-18
(f) Altitude. Clear the pilot to maintain an altitude using
one of the following in the order of preference listed:
1.
The altitude requested by the pilot.
2.
An altitude as near as possible to the pilot's
requested altitude.
3. An interim altitude. Inform the pilot what altitude
can be expected and when/where to expect the altitude. Example: "MAINTAIN
2,000, EXPECT 8,000 AT MARIANNA (or at a time)".
(g)
Holding (4-6-1).
1. Use this portion, if necessary, to issue holding
instructions in the initial clearance.
2. Holding instructions may be omitted when the pilot is
informed that no delay is expected. Example: "NO DELAY EXPECTED".
NOTE:
Give examples and this section covered in detail later.
(h) Special instructions. Use this portion to include any
necessary information that is not included elsewhere.
(i)
frequency.
Example:
Frequency and beacon code information (3-9-3).
1. Given on clearance delivery or ground control
"DEPARTURE FREQUENCY (frequency), SQUAWK (code)."
2. Departure frequency may be omitted if previously
given or published on the assigned DP (2-1-17).
(j)
Cruise clearance (Glossary and 4-5-7).
1. Authorization to conduct flight at any altitude from
minimum IFR up to and including the altitude specified in the clearance.
2. Level off, climb, or descent is at the discretion of
the pilot. Once a pilot starts a descent and reports leaving an altitude in
that block, he may not return to that altitude without ATC clearance.
3.
at destination airport.
(k)
It is an approval for the pilot to make an approach
VFR on Top (Glossary and 7-3-1).
1.
Assigned only upon pilot's request.
2. Pilot has responsibility to remain in visual
meteorological conditions (VMC), use VFR semicircular rule, and make all
necessary reports.
NOTE:
If remaining VMC becomes impossible, pilot should notify controller
who will then assign an altitude to maintain.
b.
Abbreviated departure clearance (4-3-3).
(1)
Issue if its use reduces verbiage.
(2)
Route or destination of flight has not been changed.
D-19
(3) In a radar environment when no changes are required in the
filed route, state:
(a)
Cleared to (destination airport filed in the flight
(b)
DP’s and DP’s transition as appropriate then as filed.
plan).
(c) Assigned altitude. Example: "R12345, CLEARED TO
VALDOSTA AIRPORT FADET TWO DEPARTURE, MARIANNA TRANSITION, THEN AS FILED,
MAINTAIN FIVE THOUSAND."
(d)
(4)
filed route:
If a DP is not assigned, follow with "AS FILED."
In a non-radar environment when no changes are required in the
(a) Specify one or more fixes, as necessary, to identify the
initial route of flight.
(b) Assigned altitude. Example: "R12345, CLEARED TO
VALDOSTA AIRPORT AS FILED VIA WIREGRASS AND MARIANNA, MAINTAIN THREE
THOUSAND."
I.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #9:
ACTION:
State the controller phraseology to transfer control of aircraft.
CONDITION:
STANDARD:
From memory.
IAW FAAH 7110.65.
Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on controller phraseology to
transfer control of aircraft.
a.
Transfer of control (initial contact 2-1-15 thru 2-1-17).
(1) Transfer radio communications before an aircraft enters the
receiving controller’s area of jurisdiction unless otherwise coordinated or
specified by a letter of agreement or a facility directive.
(2)
Controller phraseology.
(a)
NOTE:
The controller will state:
Facility or location name.
In the terminal area, omit the location name when transferring to
another controller within the same facility.
(b)
Frequency.
Controllers may omit the following:
1.
FSS frequency.
2.
Departure frequency, if previously given or published
on an issued DP.
3. Ground or local control frequency, if in your
opinion, the pilot knows the frequency in use.
new facility.
(c) Time, fix, altitude, or specifically when to contact the
(May be omitted when compliance upon receipt.)
D-20
b. Avoid issuing a frequency change to helicopters known to be singlepiloted during air-taxiing, hovering, or low-level flight.
J.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #10:
ACTION:
State the proper IFR report.
CONDITION:
STANDARD:
Using the appropriate DOD FLIP Publication.
IAW Flight Information Handbook.
Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on IFR reports.
a.
Pilot phraseology on initial contact.
(1) When informed by ATC that their aircraft are in "RADAR
CONTACT," pilots should discontinue position reports over designated reporting
points.
(2) When operating in a radar environment: On initial contact, the
pilot should inform the controller of the aircraft’s assigned altitude
preceded by the words "level", or "climbing to", or "descending to", as
appropriate; and the aircraft’s present vacating altitude, if applicable.
EXAMPLE: "(Name) CENTER, (aircraft identification), AT (altitude or flight
level), or if appropriate, LEAVING (exact altitude or flight level) (CLIMBING
or DESCENDING) TO MAINTAIN (altitude or flight level)."
(3) When operating in a non-radar environment: On initial contact,
the pilot should inform the controller of the aircraft’s present position,
altitude, and time estimate for the next reporting point.
EXAMPLE: (Name) CENTER (aircraft identification), (position), (altitude),
ESTIMATING (reporting point) AT (time).
EXAMPLE: "JACKSONVILLE CENTER, R12345 WIREGRASS VOR, level 5000, estimating
ABIDE at 1445."
b.
Pilot phraseology after initial contact.
(1)
IFR position reports.
(a) Position reports are not required when in radar contact.
Position reports will be made in non-radar environment when passing a
compulsory reporting point, on request of ATC, and over each reporting point
used in the flight plan to define a direct route of flight.
(b) Format: Aircraft identification, position, time,
altitude, ETA and name of next reporting point, name of the next succeeding
reporting point, and any remarks.
and position.
(2)
(c) While in radar contact and told to report, report only ID
(FAR 91.183)
Additional reports.
(a)
At all times.
1.
Vacating assigned altitude for newly assigned
altitude.
D-21
2.
Altitude changes when "VFR on Top."
3.
Unable to climb/descend at 500 foot per minute.
4.
When approach has been missed.
State request.
5. Change in true airspeed (at cruising altitude) by 5
percent or 10 knots (whichever is greater).
NOTE:
6.
Time and altitude reaching a holding fix.
7.
When leaving a holding fix.
Reports entering and leaving holding may be omitted when conducting
instrument training at a military terminal area facility and radar
service is provided.
8. Any loss, in controlled airspace, of navigation
receiver capability, the complete or partial loss instrument landing system
(ILS) receiver capability, and any impairment of air/ ground communication
capability.
(b)
When not in "radar contact."
1. Leaving final approach fix (non-precision approach)
or outer marker or fix (precision approach) on final approach.
2.
Previous estimate is in error in excess of three
minutes.
(c) Encountering unforecasted weather or hazardous weather
which has been forecast.
K.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #11:
ACTION:
State the proper items in sequence of holding instructions.
CONDITION:
STANDARD:
Without the use of notes.
IAW FAAH 7110.65.
Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the proper items in sequence
of holding instructions.
NOTE:
When a delay is necessary either en route or terminal controller should
issue holding instruction at least 5 minutes prior to the holding fix.
a.
Holding.
(1) Standard holding pattern is right turns with a 1 minute leg at
and below 14,000 feet and a 1½ minute leg above 14,000 feet.
(2)
Holding airspeeds. (GP chapter 5)
(a)
All aircraft.
1.
0-6000 feet MSL - 200 KIAS.
2.
Above 6000 feet MSL-14,000 feet MSL - 230 KIAS.
D-22
3.
(b)
Above 14,000 feet MSL - 265 KIAS.
Copter/STOL only approaches 100 KIAS.
(3) Entry procedures. Timing on the initial outbound leg should be
adjusted for known winds from over the fix or from abeam the fix, whichever is
appropriate.
NOTE:
Most controllers will attempt to hold an aircraft on the course
which it arrives over the holding fix making entry simple.
(4)
Holding instructions (4-6-1 and 4-6-4).
(a)
General holding.
1. Clearance limit. Only required if the latest
clearance limit is different than the holding fix.
2.
Direction of holding from the fix/waypoint.
3.
Holding fix or waypoint.
NOTE: The holding fix may be omitted if included at the beginning of the
transmission as the clearance limit.
4.
route on which to hold.
Radial, course, bearing, track, azimuth, airway, or
5.
Direction of turns only if left turns are to be made.
6.
Expect further clearance (EFC).
Example: "CLEARED TO BANBI, HOLD SOUTHEAST ON VICTOR SEVEN, EFC 1445." or
"HOLD SOUTHEAST OF BANBI ON VICTOR SEVEN, EFC 1445." or "HOLD NORTH OF ABIDE
ON VICTOR TWO FORTY ONE, LEFT TURNS, EFC 1445."
(b) Published pattern. Issue the published holding
direction, the statement, "as published," and EFC.
Example: "HOLD NORTH OF ABIDE, AS PUBLISHED, EFC 1445" or "CLEARED TO ABIDE,
HOLD NORTH, AS PUBLISHED, EFC 1445."
L.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #12.
ACTION:
State the phraseology of the terminal controller.
CONDITION:
STANDARD:
Without the use of notes.
IAW FAAH 7110.65.
Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the phraseology of the
terminal controller.
a. Approach information (4-7-10). Issued by en route and terminal
approach control. The following items shall be issued on initial contact or
as soon as possible thereafter. Approach information contained in the ATIS
broadcast may be omitted if the pilot states the appropriate ATIS code or
items 3-5 below may be omitted for pilots destined to uncontrolled airports
when they advise receipt of the automated weather.
D-23
(1) Approach clearance or type approach to expected if two or more
approaches are published and the clearance limit does not indicate which will
be used.
(2)
Runway if different from that to which the instrument approach
(3)
Surface wind.
is made.
(4) Ceiling and visibility if below 1,000 feet or highest circling
minimum, whichever is greater, or the visibility is less than 3 miles.
(5)
NOTE:
Altimeter setting for the airport of intended landing.
Pilots shall read back altimeter settings received from approach
control agencies when inbound during penetrations, letdowns, entering
and departing holding patterns and during all approaches to a landing.
b. Upon pilot request, controllers shall inform pilots of the frequency
where automated weather data may be obtained and, if appropriate, the airport
weather is not available.
c.
clearance
possible,
following
Clearance beyond a fix (4-6-2). If no delay is expected, issue a
beyond the clearance limit as soon as possible and, whenever
at least 5 minutes before the aircraft reaches the fix. Include the
items when issuing clearance beyond a clearance limit:
(1)
Clearance limit or approach clearance.
(2)
Route of flight.
(3)
Specify one of the following:
(a)
Complete details of the route.
(b)
The phrase "via last routing cleared."
Assign an altitude if different from the present altitude.
Example: "R12345, CLEARED TO CAIRNS VOR VIA V-7 WIREGRASS DIRECT CAIRNS." or
"R12345, CLEARED TO CAIRNS VOR VIA LAST ROUTING CLEARED, MAINTAIN 4,000."
d.
Approach clearance (4-8-1).
(1) Clear aircraft for standard or special instrument approach
procedures only.
(2) To require an aircraft to execute a particular instrument
approach, specify the name of the approach as shown on the approach chart.
(3) Where more than one procedure is published on a single chart
and a specific procedure is to be flown, amend the approach clearance to
specify execution of the specific approach to be flown.
(4) If only one approach of a particular type is published, the
approach needs not be identified by runway reference.
(5) An aircraft conducting an ILS/MLS approach when the
glideslope/glidepath is reported out of service shall be advised at the time
the approach clearance is issued. Example: "CLEARED ILS RWY 5 APPROACH,
GLIDESLOPE UNUSABLE."
D-24
(6) For aircraft operating on unpublished routes issue the approach
clearance only after the aircraft is:
(a) Established on a segment of a published route or
instrument approach procedure
(b) Assign an altitude to maintain until the aircraft is
established on a segment of a published route or instrument approach
procedure.
e. Clearance limit. Issue approach or other clearances, as required,
specifying the destination airport as the clearance limit if airport traffic
control service is not provided even though this is a repetition of the
initial clearance.
f. Circling Approach. Circling approach instructions may only be given
for aircraft landing at airports with operational control towers. Include in
the approach clearance instructions to circle to the runway in use if landing
will be made on a runway other than that aligned with the direction of
instrument approach. Example: "CIRCLE TO RUNWAY 36."
g. Communications release. If an IFR aircraft intends to land at an
airport not served by a tower or FSS, approve a change to advisory service
frequency when you no longer require communications.
M.
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE ELO #13:
ACTION: State the altitude restriction/requirement for assignment of
altitude.
CONDITION:
STANDARD:
From memory.
IAW FAAH 7110.65.
Learning Step/Activity - Provide instruction on the altitude
restriction/requirement for assignment of altitude.
a.
Altitude requirements (FAR 91.177 and 4-5-1 thru 4-5-9).
(1) Minimum en route altitude (MEA). Provides both obstruction
clearance and radio reception for the route segment to which it applies.
(2)
Minimum obstruction clearance altitude (MOCA).
(a) Provides at least 1,000 feet of obstacle clearance. In
addition, it provides at least 2,000 feet of terrain clearance in the western
mountains and at least 1,500 feet in the eastern mountains.
(b) May be used as the minimum en route IFR altitude within
22 nautical miles (NM) of the VOR, VORTAC, or TACAN.
(3) Minimum reception altitude (MRA).
an intersection can be determined.
b.
The lowest altitude at which
Altitude changes.
(1) Normal. Climb (or descent) to new altitude after passing fix
where new MEA is established.
(2) With MCA. Where MCA flag is shown, begin climb so as to be at
or above the MCA when crossing fix beyond which new MEA applies.
D-25
(3) Rate of altitude change. At an optimum rate to 1,000 feet
above of below assigned altitude and then at a rate of between 500 and 1,500
feet per minute (fpm) for the last 1,000 feet.
D-26
APPENDIX E
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
REFERENCES FOR FAAH 7110.65
E-1
APPENDIX E
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
REFERENCES FAA AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL HANDBOOK 7110.65.
NOTE:
REFERENCES ARE TO PARAGRAPHS.
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
1-1-1
1-1-7
1-2-1
1-2-5
CHAPTER 2.
PURPOSE
PUBLICATION AND DELIVERY DATES
WORD MEANINGS
ANNOTATIONS
GENERAL CONTROL
2-1-1
2-1-2
2-1-4
2-1-5
2-1-8
2-1-14
2-1-17
2-1-21
2-2-12
2-4-8
2-4-9
2-4-17
2-4-18
2-4-19
2-4-20
2-5-1
2-6-5
2-7-1
2-7-2
2-9-3
CHAPTER 3.
AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL TERMINAL
3-1-3
3-1-7
3-1-13
3-9-1
3-9-9
3-10-5
CHAPTER 4.
ATC SERVICE
DUTY PRIORITY
OPERATIONAL PRIORITY
EXPEDITIOUS COMPLIANCE
MINIMUM FUEL
COORDINATE USE OF AIRSPACE
RADIO COMMUNICATIONS TRANSFER
TRAFFIC ADVISORIES
AIRBORNE MILITARY FLIGHTS
RADIO MESSAGE FORMAT
ABBREVIATED TRANSMISSIONS
NUMBER USAGE
NUMBER CLARIFICATION
FACILITY IDENTIFICATION
AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION
AIRWAYS AND ROUTES
CALM WIND CONDITIONS
ALTIMETER - CURRENT SETTINGS
ALTIMETER SETTINGS ISSUANCE BELOW LOWEST USABLE FL
ATIS CONTENT (USE EXAMPLE)
USE OF ACTIVE RUNWAYS
POSITION DETERMINATION (TAXI)
ESTABLISHING TWO-WAY COMMUNICATIONS
DEPARTURE INFORMATION
TAKEOFF CLEARANCE
LANDING CLEARANCE
IFR
4-1-1
4-1-2
4-2-1
4-2-2
4-2-9
4-3-1
4-3-2
4-3-3
4-3-4
4-4-1
REFERENCE 7110.65
ALTITUDE AND DISTANCE LIMITATIONS
EXCEPTIONS
CLEARANCE ITEMS
CLEARANCE PREFIX
CLEARANCE ITEMS (AIRBORNE AIRCRAFT)
DEPARTURE TERMINOLOGY
DEPARTURE CLEARANCES
ABBREVIATED DEPARTURE CLEARANCE
DEPARTURE RESTRICTIONS (VOID TIME PROCEDURES)
ROUTE USE
(CONT)
E-2
4-5-1
4-5-2
4-5-6
4-6-1
4-6-2
4-6-4
4-7-6
4-7-10
4-8-1
4-8-6
4-8-9
CHAPTER 5.
VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMA
FLIGHT DIRECTION (ALTITUDE ASSIGNMENT)
MINIMUM EN ROUTE ALTITUDES
CLEARANCE TO HOLDING FIX
CLEARANCE BEYOND FIX
HOLDING INSTRUCTIONS
ARRIVAL INFORMATION
APPROACH INFORMATION
APPROACH CLEARANCE
CIRCLING APPROACH
MISSED APPROACH
RADAR
GENERAL
5-1-9
5-1-10
5-1-13
5-3-1
5-3-2
5-3-3
5-3-6
5-5-4
5-5-9
5-6-1
5-6-2
HOLDING PATTERN SURVEILLANCE
DEVIATION ADVISORIES
RADAR SERVICE TERMINATION
APPLICATION
PRIMARY RADAR IDENTIFICATION METHODS
BEACON IDENTIFICATION METHODS
POSITION INFORMATION
MINIMA
SEPERATION FROM OBSTRUCTIONS
VECTORING APPLICATION
METHODS
5-7-1
APPLICATION
SPEED
ARRIVALS
5-9-1
5-9-2
5-9-3
5-9-4
VECTORS TO FINAL APPROACH COURSE
FINAL APPROACH COURSE INTERCEPTION
VECTORS ACROSS FINAL APPROACH COURSE
ARRIVAL INSTRUCTIONS
RADAR APPROACHES
5-10-1
5-10-2
5-10-3
5-10-4
5-10-6
5-10-7
5-10-8
5-10-9
5-10-10
5-10-11
5-10-13
5-10-14
APPLICATION
APPROACH INFORMATION
NO-GYRO APPROACH
LOST COMMUNICATIONS
LANDING CHECK
POSITION INFORMATION
FINAL CONTROLLER CHANGEOVER
COMMUNICATION CHECK (FINAL CONTROLLER)
TRANSMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
MISSED APPROACH
TOWER CLEARANCE
FINAL APPROACH ABNORMALITIES
5-11-1
5-11-2
5-11-3
5-11-4
ALTITUDE INFORMATION
VISUAL REFERENCE REPORT
DESCENT NOTIFICATION
DESCENT INSTRUCTIONS
ASR
E-3
5-11-5
5-11-6
FINAL APPROACH GUIDANCE
APPROACH GUIDANCE TERMINATION
REFERENCE 7110.65
(CONT)
PAR
5-12-1
5-12-2
5-12-3
5-12-4
5-12-5
5-12-6
5-12-7
5-12-8
5-12-9
GLIDEPATH NOTIFICATION
DECISION HEIGHT (DH) NOTIFICATION
DESCENT INSTRUCTIONS
GLIDEPATH AND COURSE INFORMATION
DISTANCE FROM TOUCHDOWN
DECISION HEIGHT
POSITION ADVISORIES
APPROACH GUIDANCE TERMINATION
COMMUNICATION TRANSFER
PAR MONITORING
5-13-1
5-13-3
CHAPTER 6.
MONITOR ON PAR EQUIPMENT
MONITOR INFORMATION
NONRADAR
6-4-1
6-5-1
6-6-1
CHAPTER 7.
LONGITUDINAL
LATERAL
VERTICAL
VISUAL
7-3-1
7-5-1
7-6-1
7-7-1
7-8-1
7-9-1
CHAPTER 10.
10-3-1
10-4-1
10-4-2
10-4-3
10-4-4
VFR-ON-TOP
SPECIAL VFR
BASIC RADAR SERVICE
TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA
CLASS "C" SERVICE
CLASS "B" SERVICE
EMERGENCIES
OVERDUE AIRCRAFT
TRAFFIC RESTRICTIONS
LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS
TRAFFIC RESUMPTION
COMMUNICATION FAILURE
E-4
APPENDIX C
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
PRACTICAL EXERCISE
TITLE:
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL.
MOTIVATOR: This P.E. will assist you in understanding ATC procedures during
departure, en route, and arrival.
TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE (TLO):
At the completion of this P.E. the student will:
ACTION:
Perform assigned missions.
CONDITION:
While conducting instrument training/evaluation.
STANDARD: In accordance with (IAW) Federal Aviation Administration Handbook
(FAAH) 7110.65, AR 95-1, and DOD FLIP.
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS:
None.
TRAINING RISK ASSESSMENT CODE:
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Low.
None.
EVALUATION: After completing the PE, each student will be evaluated on this
block of instruction by completing a one (1) hour Criterion Test. The test
consists of 20 questions in one (1) scoreable unit. Each student must receive
a GO to successfully complete the examination.
PROCEDURES:
1.
Discuss the ATC clearances and instructions that would be used for
departure, en route, and arrival on the given routes or one of your own.
2.
Allow students to respond orally with the correct ATC clearance in its
proper sequence, employing good ATC procedures IAW FAA Air Traffic Control
Handbook 7110.65. Use ELA 17-18 and volumes 8 and 15 LIAP.
NOTE: Normal class participation is very good. Discussions and explanations
are sometimes lengthy. PE is designed so that breaks can be given just about
anyplace.
C-2
INITIAL CLEARANCE
REF:
R
7110.65 (4-2-1, 4-2-2, 4-3-1, 4-3-2, 4-3-3, 4-3-4, 4-4-1,4-5-6)
1.
ID
2.
Clearance limit
3.
Instrument departure procedure
4.
Route
5.
Altitude (data in the order flown)
6.
Holding instructions
7.
Special instructions
8.
Frequency and beacon code
(ID)
, CLEARED TO
ROUTE , MAINTAIN
(ALT)
(CL)
, (DP OR VERBAL DEPARTURE INSTRUCTIONS),
, (HOLDING INSTRUCTIONS or NO DELAY EXPECTED),
(ANY SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS, I.E. "REQUEST D2 FOR DEPARTURE"), DEPARTURE
FREQUENCY WILL BE
(FREQ)
, SQUAWK
(CODE)
.
******************************************************************************
ATIS
REF:
7110.65 (2-9-3)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Airport/facility name and phonetic letter code.
Time of weather sequence
Wind, Visibility, Ceiling, Temperature, Dew point, Altimeter
Instrument approach in use--runway if different
Departure runway if different than approach runway
NOTAMS/PIREPS
Braking action
Optional information
Low level wind shear
Hold short read back instructions
ATIS code for initial contact
C-3
GROUND CONTROL
REF: 7110.65 (3-7-2, 3-9-1, 3-11-1)
Aircraft calls requesting
(did not request to hover)
DEPARTURE INFORMATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
NUMBERS
Runway in use
Surface wind
Altimeter
Time (when requested)
Ceiling and visibility
Hover-taxi instructions
1.
2.
3.
Runway in use
Surface wind
Altimeter
******************************************************************************
Aircraft calls request for hover ------------WITHOUT NUMBERS OR CURRENT ATIS
WITH NUMBERS OR CURRENT ATIS
(AIRPORT VFR)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Runway in use
Surface wind
Altimeter setting
Time (when requested)
Ceiling and visibility
Hover-taxi to
Contact tower
1.
2.
Hover-taxi to
Contact tower
(AIRPORT IFR)
1.
2.
3.
C-4
Ceiling & visibility
(Omit with current ATIS)
Hover-taxi to ________
Contact tower
TOWER
(DEPARTURE)
REF:
7110.65 (3-9-3, 3-9-4, 3-9-9, 3-10-1, 3-10-5, 3-10-7, 3-10-9, 3-11-1)
Aircraft calls short of active runway/pad----------HOVER-TAXI INTO POSITION AND HOLD FOR TRAFFIC
HOVER-TAXI INTO POSITION AND HOLD FOR RADAR RELEASE
HOVER-TAXI INTO POSITION, PLAN FOR A
DEPARTURE
HOVER-TAXI INTO POSITION, CALL WHEN READY
Aircraft call ready---------WIND
, CLEARED FOR TAKE-OFF
CONTACT DEPARTURE ON CLIMBOUT, WIND
, CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF
MONITOR GUARD, CONTACT DEPARTURE ON CLIMBOUT, WIND
TAKEOFF
, CLEARED FOR
CONTACT DEPARTURE ON CLIMBOUT, MAINTAIN T/O HEADING UNTIL
,
RIGHT/LEFT TURN, CLIMB ON COURSE, WIND
, CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF
******************************************************************************
(ARRIVAL)
Aircraft calls--beacon, FAF, or on an approach inbound
NOT IN SIGHT, WIND
, RUNWAY ________ CLEARED TO LAND
REPORT FIELD IN SIGHT
WIND
, CLEARED TO LAND
WIND
, CLEARED FOR TOUCH-AND-GO
WIND
, CLEARED FOR LOW APPROACH (ANY ALTITUDE RESTRICTIONS)
WIND
, CLEARED FOR STOP-AND-GO
WIND
, CLEARED FOR THE OPTION
CLEARD TO LAND (CIVILIAN AIRPORT)
C-5
DEPARTURE CONTROL
REF:
7110.65
(5-8-2, 2-1-17, 4-7-6, 5-3-1, 5-3-2, 5-3-3, 5-3-6, 5-3-7)
Aircraft calls off ----------------RADAR CONTACT
RADAR CONTACT, CLIMB & MAINTAIN
RADAR CONTACT, (ANY SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS)
NOTE:
Prior to aircraft entering approach control area
C-6
(refer to 4-7-6)
HOLDING CLEARANCE
REF:
R
7110.65
(4-6-1, 4-6-4)
1.
Aircraft ID
2.
Hold
3.
Direction
4.
Fix or waypoint
5.
Radial, course, bearing, track, azimuth, airway or route
6.
Leg length (as required)
7.
Left turns (as required)
8.
EFC
(ID)
, HOLD
(DIR)
, OF
LEFT TURNS (if necessary), EFC
R
(ID)
, CLEARED
R
(ID)
, CLEARED TO
(FIX)
(FIX)
(TIME
, HOLD
(FIX)
, HOLD
, ON
(LOCATION)
,
.
(DIR)
, ON
(DIR
(LOCATION
, EFC
, AS PUBLISHED, EFC
(TIME)
(TIME)
.
.
******************************************************************************
CLEARANCE BEYOND A FIX
REF:
R
7110.65
(4-6-2)
1.
Aircraft ID
2.
Clearance limit or approach clearance
3.
Route (or "VIA LAST ROUTING CLEARED")
4.
Altitude (if changed)
, CLEARED TO
(CL)
, VIA
(ROUTE)
C-7
, MAINTAIN
(ALT)
.
APPROACH CONTROL
REF:
7110.65
NOTE:
(4-7-10, 4-8-1, 4-8-5, 5-9-1, 5-9-2, 5-9-3, 5-9-4)
Refer to 4-7-10
1.
Type of approach to expect/approach clearance
2.
Runway in use (if different from that to which the IAP is made)
3.
Wind
4.
Ceiling and visibility
5.
Altimeter
R
, EXPECT THE
CEILING
(TYPE)
APPROACH, RUNWAY
, VISIBILITY
IN USE, WIND
, ALTIMETER
,
.
******************************************************************************
Prior to aircraft reaching approach fix----------------CLEARED APPROACH
CLEARED
(TYPE)
CLEARED STRAIGHT-IN
APPROACH
(TYPE)
APPROACH
CLEARED
(TYPE)
APPROACH RUNWAY
(NUMBER)
CLEARED
(TYPE)
APPROACH, CIRCLE TO RUNWAY
, GLIDE SLOPE UNUSABLE
(NUMBER)
.
******************************************************************************
Radar vectored aircraft---------------------NOTE:
Refer to 5-9-4
1.
Position (RELATION TO FAF)
2.
Heading to intercept
3.
Altitude to maintain
4.
Approach clearance
R
, 4 MILES FROM RUCKER RB, TURN LEFT HEADING 100, MAINTAIN 2000 UNTIL
ESTABLISHED ON THE LOCALIZER, CLEARED FOR ILS RW 6 APPROACH.
C-8
CAIRNS TO
MONTGOMERY TO
CAIRNS
MARRA
NDB
MONTGOMERY
VOR
168R
SHADY
PETRY
V7
BANBI
CRENS
CLIOS
BVG NDB
OZR VOR
RUCKR NDB
C-9
CAIRNS TO
MAIANNA TO
DOTHAN TO
CAIRNS
RRS VOR
0ZR VOR
V7
178R
HOUND
FADET
300R
OALDY
V521
MALON
POPER
353R
SOYYA NDB
MARIANNA VOR
C-10
V454
218R
CAIRNS TO
COLUMBUS AND
LAWSON RETURN
TO OZR
LAWSON
VOR
LAWSON
NDB
MOLER
OMAHO
RENFO
V241
006R
057R
V323
V70
256R
EUFALA VOR
239R
CLIOS
360R
V168
V241
019R
ABIDE
006R
051R
OZR VOR
WIREGRASS VOR
C-11
CAIRNS TO
ALBANY TO
CAIRNS
PECAN VOR
SHORT
ABIDE
264R
259R
HALER
051R
PUTNY NDB
085R
0ZR VOR
089R
BLALY
RRS VOR
C-12
FLINN