Anatomy & Physiology notes: Cells & Tissues
I. PLASMA MEMBRANE: maintains the boundaries of the cell - acts as barrier to maintain integrity
A. structure - see fig 3.3 page 67
a. __________________________interspersed with proteins.
b. Bilayer is relatively _______________________ to most water soluble
substances while most ___________ soluble substances can pass through
c. Define hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic
d. Polarity determines the self orienting properties of phospholipids due to
__________________ head & ____________________ tails
i. Important in _______________________________________
e. Substantial amount of the steroid ___________________________ which
___________________ the membrane by wedging hydrocarbon rings between
phospholipid molecules & immobilizing them & helps keep membrane strong yet
fluid.
f. Specialized functions of proteins in membrane
i. Enzymes which act as ____________________ for reactions
ii. Proteins on membrane surface -on cell exterior/interior (known as
____________________________ proteins): are
____________________________ for hormones or chemical
messengers
1. Can also have mechanical functions such as: __________________
2. ________________________________________________
iii. Proteins that extend through the width of the membrane
(__________membrane) (known as ______________ proteins): have
___________________________ functions.
1. can cluster to form pores/channels through which _____________
________________________________________________
2. can act as carriers that ________________________________
________________________________________________
3. Define glycoproteins and give the 3 examples of their functions.
a. Define:
b. 3 function examples:
BE ABLE TO LABEL A MEMBRANE DIAGRAM WITH TERMS & FUNCTIONS
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B. specializations - see fig 3.5 page 70
a. Microvilli - Define: minute, _______________extensions of plasma membrane
i. function: greatly increase surface area for _______________________&
______________________________
ii. location: found on surface of absorptive cells such as:
____________________________________________
b. tight junctions
i. function: form __________________________ junctions by
eliminating extracellular space – fuse tightly together
ii. Importance: prevent free passage of molecules
iii. Location - between epithelial cells such as those lining digestive tract
c. desmosomes
i. function: forms ______________________ junction or adhesion layers
ii. Importance: prevent tissue separation due to ______________________
stress
iii. example locations - skin, heart muscles, neck of uterus
d. gap junctions
i. function: provide for direct passage of chemical substances between
______________________________ cells
ii. cells are connected by _________________________ which are hollow
cylinders ( transmembrane/__________________ proteins)
iii. Importance: allow small molecules ( sugars, ions, etc) to pass directly from
one cell to the next - synchronize contractions due to ion passage
iv. Found in _________________________________ tissues ( heart,
smooth muscle, embryonic tissue)
USE THE MATERIALS ON THE LAB TABLES TO BUILD A MODEL OF THE 4
MEMBRANE SPECIALIZATIONS.
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C. Membrane Transport – define the following terms:
a. Solution
b. Solute
c. Solvent
d. Intracellular fluid
e. Selective permeability
f. Tonicity – the ability of a solution to change the size and shape of cells by altering
the amount of water they contain
g. Define Osmosis(pg 72):
D. Tonicities Graphic Organizer: page 74-75 of textbook and diagram – Answers
are mostly in order in the text. Complete the following & use the info to make a
graphic organizer for notes page 3 – the tonicity section only.
CIRCLE OR HIGHLIGHT THE CORRECT TERM IN CAPITALS
1. Isotonic solution:
a. Has HIGHER/LOWER/SAME solute & water concentration as the cells do
b. cause no visible changes in cell __________ or _____________
c. Important for interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) and IV fluid to be this tonicity
2. Hypertonic solution
a. Has HIGHER/LOWER solute concentration (which means lower water concentration)
than the cells do.
b. Water is in higher concentration INSIDE/OUTSIDE the cell so water will
LEAVE/ENTER the cell.
c. This will cause the cell to SHRINK/SWELL which means it will LYSE/CRENATE
3. Hypotonic solution
a. Has HIGHER/LOWER solute concentration (which means higher water concentration)
than the cells do.
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b. Water is in higher concentration INSIDE/OUTSIDE the cell so water will
LEAVE/ENTER the cell.
c. This will cause the cell to SHRINK/SWELL which means it will LYSE/CRENATE
End of quiz #1 Material
I. HISTOLOGY
A. _____________- grouping of cells that are similar in structure & have a common
function
B. ________________ matrix ( aka. intercellular matrix or fluid) - between cells - cell glue
C. 4 main tissue types (functional categories)
1. ___________________________ - protection/secretion/absorption/filtration
2. ___________________________ - support/structure
3. ___________________________ - movement
4. ___________________________ - communication/control
II. EPITHELIUM
A. special characteristics
1. ______________________________ - little EC matrix - mostly cells
2. contains _________________________ - tight junctions, desmosomes
3. __________________ - always has apical (free) surface - may have modifications
4. _________________________ - no blood vessels within it - diffusion provides
nutrients and carries away waste - lots of nerve fibers
5. ________________________membrane a. reinforcement & connection
b. defines boundaries - see imbalance symbol
6. regeneration
a. highly regenerative as long as adequate nutrition is received
b. found in areas of _________________________________
B. The combination of _________________________ & ____________________
is used to name the tissue ex. stratified squamous
1. shape of cells
a.___________________________ - flattened & scalelike
b. __________________________ - square shaped
c. __________________________ - column shaped (rectangular)
*** shape of nucleus conforms to shape of cell ***
2. number of cells layers
a. simple 1. ____________layer(s) of cells
2. found in areas of selective absorption & filtration
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b. stratified 1. _____________layer(s) of cells
2. usually in areas of high abrasion - protection/secretion
3. named according to shape of cell at apical surface
CONNECTIVE TISSUE: major function - binding,support, protection, insulation, transportation
I. CHARACTERISTICS
A. varying degrees of vascularity: Why important to understand?
B. composed largely of extracellular matrix - Why is amount of EC matrix important?
II. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
A. extracellular matrix
1. ground substance - functions as molecular sieve to diffuse nutrients and subs.
2. fibers
a. collagen fibers -tough for high tensile strength (long. stress)
b. elastic fibers - stretch with recoil
c. reticular fibers - continuous with collagen fibers - supportive
B. cell types
Prefixes
Suffixes
1. fibro - CT proper
1. -blast
2. osteo - bone
2. -cyte
3. chondro - cartilage
3. -clast
4. hemocyto - blood
End of quiz #2 Material
MUSCLE TISSUE & NERVOUS TISSUE:
I. MUSCLE TISSUE
A. highly cellular, well vascularized
 myofilaments called ________________ & ________________ have contractile
functions
B. skeletal
1. ______________nucleate
2. striated which means __________________________________
3. _____________________ control
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C. smooth
1. _______nucleate
2. spindle shape (fusiform)
3. ______________________ control
4. non-striated
D. cardiac
1. _______nucleate
2. striated
3. ___________________ discs which are a form of gap junction & bifurcations
4. contraction properties
5. _________________________ control
II. NERVOUS TISSUE
A. brain, spinal cord, nerves
B. neurons - generate and conduct impulses
1. branching (stellate) cells
2. usually non regenerative
C. neuroglia (glial cells ) - support, insulate, protect neurons
TISSUE REPAIR
1. Regeneration is the replacement of destroyed tissue by
_____________________________________________________.
2. Fibrosis is the replacement of destroyed tissue by
_______________________________________________.
3. The major type of tissue repair that takes place is determined by:
a. _____________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________
End of quiz #3 Material
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