Exam 3 – Quarter 2 Review Sheet
AP Biology
Exam 3 will cover:
1. Chapter 6
-peroxisomes
-vacuoles
-Cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella
-Cell Junctions
-ALL energy converting organelles
-Harvard Inner Life of the Cell Video
-endosymtiobitic theory and evidence
-cilia and flagella
2. Chapter 7
-up to, but not including, water potential (up to slide 85 I believe –
osmoregulation with contractile vacuole)
Know all bold words, figures and questions in appropriate chapter sections…
1. THIS IS A QUESTION: Water to water question. You are an electron in a water
molecule in the soil. Describe your travels from this water molecule to another as you
pass through photosynthesis and cellular respiration within a plant. End in a water
molecule in the atmosphere. Draw out the overall reactions of photosynthesis and cell
resp and use these as figures to refer to when you write your text.
The following terms must be included and in proper context within your answer. If I
cannot tell that you know what the word means then I cannot give you credit.
Oxidize, reduce, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, chloroplast, thylakoid disc, grana,
thylakoid membrane, stroma, mitochondria, matrix, inner membrane, cytosol, glycolysis,
Krebs, ETC, Grooming, Light reactions, Dark reactions, Calvin cycle, electronegativity,
light, kinetic energy, potential energy, affinity, ADP, P, ATP, exergonic, endergonic,
energy coupling
2. THIS IS A QUESTION(S): You must watch the inner life of the cell video and know
exactly what you are observing throughout the entire video. There will be video/still shot
questions pertaining to this animation. It can be found under the misc section of the
website.
3. Define and give lots of examples of energy coupling.
4. Discuss the importance of peroxisomes and include the reactions occurring within
them. Why do these reactions need a special compartment? Why is H2O2 dangerous to
your cells?
5. Describe the different types of plastids and how they arise.
6. Explain why plants need both chloroplasts and mitochondria.
7. Explain what is meant by the cytoskeleton is “dynamic”. Describe the general
structure of cytoskeletal elements.
8. Compare and contrast the three different fibers of the cytoskeleton in terms of structure
and function.
9. Explain the premise/evidence behind the endosymbiotic theory – You need to know
table in powerpoint
10. Compare and contrast both the structures and functions of chloroplasts and
mitochondria. How, when working together, do these two organelles illustrate energy
flowing through an ecosystem and matter/nutrients cycling through it?
11. You should be able to draw both a simple chloroplast and mitochondria and be able to
label your drawings.
12. Explain the structure and function of flagella/cilia. Explain how flagella/cilia move.
Identify all of the motor proteins you currently know…there should be three…and where
they function.
13. What is meant by an MTOC? Where are they found? Describe their structures. What
does 9+0 mean? How does this compare to 9+2?
14. How are the centrosomes from plants different from those of animals?
15. Compare and contrast the structures of centrioles, basal bodies, and the core
microtubule structure of flagella and cilia.
16. Describe the structure and function of the three types of cell junctions and give real
life examples of where they are found.
17. Describe the structure and function of plasmodesmata. Explain how it is that plant
cells share their membranes and cytoplasm with each other.
18. Compare and contrast the primary cell wall of plants to the secondary cell wall.
Chapter 7:
The Cell Membrane (animation under misc section)
1. Describe the structure of a phospholipid in detail and be able to draw it. Just use R for
the group attached to the phosphate, but do not forget the charge.
2. Indicate how phospholipids align relative to each other in an aqueous solution (we
discussed two ways), explain WHY they do this (water cage…random collision…etc…),
and be able to draw both. Which of these ways is representative of a cell membrane.
3. Describe the structure of a cell membrane. What are they composed of and how are
they organized? Be able to draw a two-dimensional membrane that includes all types of
integral membrane proteins discussed in class, peripheral membrane proteins,
glycoproteins, glycolipids, ECM, cytoskeleton, and cholesterol. For example, I could ask
you to draw a membrane containing all these items and shows three different classes of
integral membrane proteins in terms of function (transport, enzyme, receptor, etc…).
4. Identify functions of glycosylated integral membrane proteins.
5. Identify the general functions of integral membrane proteins and give real-world
examples of each.
6. Explain the terms ligand and receptor.
7. Identify and describe the three general phases of cell signaling – reception, signal
transduction and response.
Watch the tutorial below and use it to explain cell signaling beginning with a hydrophilic
(amino acid/polypeptide/protein) hormone.
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp15/15020.html
This tutorial is under misc section of website.
This specific pathway, which is triggered by adrenaline (epinephrine) released from the adrenal medulla or
the adrenal gland in response to some fight or flight external stimulus (ex. A bear chasing you). Adrenaline
is a amino acid based hormone. This particular animation does not show genes being turned on and off, but
remember that they usually are in response to a hormone signal.
8. What is the difference between a ligand and a substrate?
9. Describe the functions of cell membranes. You should be able to come up with many.
10. THIS IS A QUESTION: A) Explain what is means that cellular membranes are
selectively (semi-) permeable. B) Describe the types of substances that can and cannot
cross the plasma membrane without the aide of proteins. C) Explain WHY a steroid like
testosterone can cross by simple diffusion, while a much smaller substance, Na+, cannot
cross. This must be in detail…a logical, rationale reason… D) Explain why large
substances like polymers, regardless of charge/polarity, cannot cross.
11. Using the analogy of the cell, how thick is the cell membrane? What is the actual
thickness is nm?
12. Describe the fluid mosaic model of membranes. What does “fluid” and what does
“mosaic” refer to? The inner life of the cell video shows this nicely.
13. THIS IS A QUESTION: Explain the ABO blood types in detail. What is the
molecular difference between these blood types and why does this molecular difference
arise?
14. Explain why I always say that being inside the ER/Golgi is like being outside the cell.
15. Explain the function of cholesterol in the membrane. How does it act as a “fluidity
buffer” – what is it doing at elevated temps…at low temps?
16. Explain why it is rare for a phospholipid to flip from one leaflet to another, but
frequent that it moves laterally.
19. The membrane spanning region of most proteins is what secondary element? The
amino acids in these regions tend to be of what type? Explain why membrane proteins do
not slip out of the membrane.
20. 7TM-GPCR…what does this stand for and what type of protein is this?
Simple Diffusion (simulator under misc section)
1. THIS IS A QUESTION: Describe the process of diffusion on the molecular level.
Why do substances diffuse from “high to low concentration”? Include random motion
and probability in your explanation. Do not just say high to low concentration.
2. What is meant when one says that diffusion is “passive”? Explain why it is passive.
3. Explain how concentration gradients relate to diffusion. What is a concentration
gradient? What does it mean to move down the gradient? Up/Against the gradient?
Passive Transport – Diffusion (tutorial under misc section)
1. Explain passive transport (Be able to explain Figure 5.14). Remember that once we say
“transport” we are implying across a cellular membrane.
2. Make sure you understand the difference between the actual movement of molecules
across a membrane and the NET movement of molecules across a membrane.
3. What is meant by “dynamic equilibrium”? What is happening during dynamic
equilibrium and why does this happen? (again…probability and likelihood) Why is it
called “dynamic” “equilibrium”?
4. Explain why when two different substances are placed on either side of a semipermeable membrane they diffuse independent of each other assuming they do not bind.
5. What is osmosis?
6. Explain the process of osmosis in terms of a U-tube.
7. Compare hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. Why can’t a solution be one of
these types if it is the only solution you have?
8. Explain why water tends to diffuse from hypotonic to hypertonic solution.
9. Make sure you can do the problems in the powerpoint.
9. What does osmoregulation mean and give two examples in nature. Why is it important
that our bodies are able to perform osmoregulation?
10. Compare and contrast what would happen to an animal cell vs. a plant cell when each
is placed in a isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, or hypertonic solution. You should be
able to explain why this happens on the MOLECULAR LEVEL in terms of concentration
gradients, probability, why the solutes don’t just cross the membrane instead of the water,
etc… Put the big picture together.
12. You should know the terms crenate and plasmolysis and the cell types they refer to.
In which of the three states in this figure are plants most happy? What about animal cells
(most happy)?
13. Explain why if you drink salt water your brain will inform you that you are thirsty.
What is happening to your blood and why would you need to drink water to help
yourself? Also tell me why if you ever get an IV at the hospital the fluid is 0.9% NaCl
(0.9g per 100ml of water). If you were going to make an eye drop solution for people
with contacts, what salt concentration do you think you would use?
For more info read here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_%28medicine%29
14. Explain what would happen to a fresh water fish if you put them into a saltwater
aquarium and why?
15. Explain WHY the concentration of solute molecules in a solution is more important
than the actual number of solute molecules. Thinking about collision theory will help (if
you do not know what collision theory means, look it up).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_theory
STUDY WELL