July 29, 2013
HARVARD KENNEDY SCHOOL
FALL 2013
PED 375
THE INFORMAL ECONOMY:
LINKS WITH POVERTY, GROWTH, & ECONOMIC CRISES
Martha Chen
Class Meetings:
Location:
Office Hours:
Course Assistant:
Monday and Wednesday, 10:10-11:30 a.m.
Rubenstein G-20
Monday, 4:00-6:00 p.m., Belfer 107 (sign up sheet on office door)
tbd
Since its ‘discovery’ in the early 1970s, the informal economy and its role in economic development
have been hotly debated. Contrary to early predictions, the informal economy has continued to grow,
appearing in new forms and places. Today, it represents a significant share of the global economy and
workforce. During the recent global recession, employment in the informal economy expanded.
Today, there is a major employment crisis – in both the formal and informal economies – around the
world.
Some observers view the informal economy in positive terms, as a ‘pool’ of entrepreneurial talent or
source of livelihood for the working poor. Others view it more problematically, arguing that informal
entrepreneurs deliberately avoid regulation and taxation. While they might differ about the role of the
informal economy in normal times, many observers think the informal economy provides a ‘cushion’
during economic crises. However, economic crises affect informal firms and workers in much the same
way as they affect formal firms and workers.
This course provides an overview of the theoretical debates and empirical evidence on the informal
economy and labor markets more generally, as well as alternative policy and programmatic responses to
the informal economy. Special attention is given to the situation and perspectives of the working poor in
the informal economy. In sum, this course seeks to equip students with conceptual tools to understand
labor markets and the links between employment, poverty, and growth; and practical tools for
understanding appropriate responses by different stakeholders – government, the private sector, civil
society, and international agencies – to informality.
The structure of the course is as follows: Part One provides an historical and theoretical overview of the
informal economy; and concludes with recent rethinking of the concept. Part Two reviews the empirical
evidence on the scale and composition of informal employment, including trends over the past two
decades. It begins with an overview of official statistics by country and region followed by a session on
efforts to improve labor force and other economic statistics. It then examines the characteristics of major
categories of the urban informal workforce. Case studies of selected occupational groups in different
countries will be presented. Part Three reviews recent evidence on the links between informality and
poverty, growth, and economic crises. Special attention will be paid to variations in these linkages
across different segments of informal employment, and between women and men. Recent evidence from
a 12-country study on the impact of the current global recession on the informal workforce will be
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presented. Part Four explores different policy and programmatic responses to informality. The policy
sessions begin with a review of three alternative policy approaches to informality – regulation,
protection, and promotion – and conclude with discussions of urban planning/regulations and economic
policies. The programmatic session focuses on four fields of practice: micro-finance, micro-enterprise
development, fair trade, and ethical trade. Part Five provides students an opportunity to observe and
interview informal workers in the Boston area, make presentations on what they observed and heard,
and draw out the policy implications of their findings. The course concludes with a session on the
growing international movement of organizations of informal workers and a final discussion on the
future of the informal economy.
There are no prerequisites for the course. However, students with a background in international
development and/or development economics are preferred. Students will be expected to write two
short papers and make one group presentation (based on the field exercise). There will be a final paper
in lieu of a final examination. Required readings will be accessible through the online course page and
will be available on reserve at the HKS Library.
Class will not be held on October 14 (Columbus Day), November 11 (Veteran’s Day), and November 27
(Thanksgiving Break). Students will participate in a field exercise the week of October 28 rather than
attend class on October 28 and 30.
INTRODUCTION (Sept. 6)
A. What Is the Informal Economy?
B. Why Study the Informal Economy?
C. Overview of Course
I. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES (Sept. 9)
A. Economic Development and Employment
B. Informal Economy
Required Readings:
Fields, G. 2004. “A Guide to Multisector Labor Market Models.” Prepared for the World Bank Labor
Market Conference. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLM/Resources/3900411103750362599/Fields_MultisectorLMGuide.pdf
Hart, K. 1973. “Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana”, The Journal of
Modern African Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 61-89.
Lewis, W.A. 1954. "Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”, Manchester School of
Economic and Social Studies, 23(2), pp. 139-91.
Singer, H. W. "Dualism Revisited: A New Approach to the Problems of Dual Society in Developing
Countries", in Journal of Development Studies, October 1970, pp. 60-75. Available at:
http://ezpprod1.hul.harvard.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=769
2531&site=ehost-live&scope=site (click on PDF)
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II. THEORY AND DEBATES (Sept. 11)
A. Four Main Theories
1. Dualist: ILO World Employment Mission
2. Structuralist: Castells and Portes
3. Legalist: de Soto
4. Voluntarist : Maloney
B. Differences in Perspective: when reading the required readings, students should consider the
differences in perspective of each of these schools regarding the following aspects of informality:
1. Definition and Composition
2. Characteristics
3. Causes
4. Links with Formal Economy
5. Links with Formal Regulatory Environment
Required Readings:
Castells, M. and A. Portes. 1989. “World Underneath: The Origins, Dynamics and Effects of the
Informal Economy” in Portes, A. et al., eds., The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less
Developed Countries, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, pp. 11-37.
International Labour Office. 1972. Employment, Incomes and Equality: A Strategy for Increasing
Productive Employment in Kenya, Geneva, Switzerland: ILO, pp. 1-8, 51-57, 76-77. Available at:
http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1972/72B09_608_engl.pdf
Maloney, W. F. 2004. “Informality Revisited”, World Development, Vol. 32, No. 7, pp.1159-1178.
Available at:
http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.01.008
de Soto, H. 1989. The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. pp. 3-15, 131-187.
Assignment # 1
Students will write a short analytical paper comparing two theories of the informal sector. First, select
two of the four main schools of thought on the informal sector. Then, compare what the two schools
have to say about the composition, characteristics, and causes of the informal sector, and the links
between the informal sector, formal enterprises, and the formal regulatory environment. At the end, on a
separate sheet, prepare a matrix that summarizes the key aspects of your comparison. This paper should
not exceed 1000 words, and will be due on September 18.
III. RECENT RETHINKING (Sept. 16)
A. International Labour Organization
B. World Bank
C. WIEGO Network
Required Readings:
Chen, M. 2012. “The Informal Economy: Definitions, Theories, & Policies”. WIEGO Working Paper #
1. Cambridge, MA: WIEGO. Available at:
http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/publications/files/Chen_WIEGO_WP1.pdf
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International Labour Office. 2002. Decent Work and the Informal Economy. Geneva, Switzerland:
International Labour Conference, 90th. Session, Report VI, pp. 1-9. Available at:
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc90/pdf/rep-vi.pdf
Perry, G. et al. 2007. Informality: Exit and Exclusion. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, pp. 1-20.
Available at: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/06/19/000090341_2007061914
3652/Rendered/PDF/400080Informal101OFFICIAL0USE0ONLY1.pdf
IV. IMPROVING STATISTICS (Sept. 18)*
*First assignment due in class.
Guest Lecturer: Joann Vanek, Director of WIEGO Statistics Program and former head of Social
Statistics, UN Statistical Division
Required Reading:
Hussmanns, R. 2007. “Measurement of Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment: Current
International Standards and Issues in Their Application” in Bulletin of Labour Statistics. Available at:
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/--stat/documents/publication/wcms_088394.pdf
Hussmanns, R. 2004. “Measuring the Informal Economy: From Employment in the
Informal Sector to Informal Employment”. Working Paper 53. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO Policy
Integration Department, Bureau of Statistics. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--dgreports/---integration/documents/publication/wcms_079142.pdf
Recommended Readings: students should read these papers to prepare for Assignment # 2.
ILO Bureau of Statistics with the Department for Statistics and Sociology of the Republic of Moldova.
2005. “Employment in the Informal Economy in the Republic of Moldova”. Working Paper 41.
Available at:
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/--integration/documents/publication/wcms_079145.pdf
Heintz, J. 2009. “Estimating informal employment in Serbia, Kazakhstan, and the Former Yugoslavian
Republic of Macedonia: Definitions, recommendations and applications.” Report prepared for a joint
project of the UNECE and ILO (Geneva).
Available on reserve at the HKS Library.
V. EMPIRICAL REALITY (Sept. 23)
A. Global Picture
B. Regional Patterns
C. Main Categories
D. Statistical Limitations
Required Readings:
Chen, M. et al. 2005. Progress of the World’s Women 2005: Women, Work, and Poverty. New York:
UNIFEM, pp. 36-57. Available at: http://www.un-ngls.org/orf/women-2005.pdf
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Vanek, J. et al. 2012. Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture. Geneva,
Switzerland: ILO and WIEGO. To be circulated later.
Perry, G. et al. 2007. Informality: Exit and Exclusion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, pp. 21-42.
Available at: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/06/19/000090341_2007061914
3652/Rendered/PDF/400080Informal101OFFICIAL0USE0ONLY1.pdf
Assignment # 2
Students should choose one country as their particular focus for the course. Using statistics from
national and international sources, prepare a profile of the labor force in your selected country. Use the
most recent data available on the total labor force, including both formal and informal employment. To
the degree possible, disaggregate the data by urban and rural areas, by industry or sector, by
employment status, and by sex. The purpose of the labor force profile is to be clear about a) the
different categories of the labor force in your selected country and b) what available statistics tell us –
and don’t tell us - about the labor force in your country. Provide brief notes on the sources of the data
you present. Please note that, for the final paper, you will be asked to write a policy brief on the same
country. The labor force profile should be 1000 words in length, typed, and double-spaced, and will be
due on October 9.
VI. THE INFORMAL WORKFORCE (Sept. 25)
A. Major Groups: students should chose one of the following occupational groups and read the 2-3
required readings related to that group and be prepared to discuss what they learn about the group.
1. Domestic Workers
2. Home-Based Workers
3. Street Vendors
3. Waste Pickers
B. Key Variables: when reading about the group they selected, students should consider whether and
how the following variables help define the work arrangements of that group.
1. Place of Work
2. Employment Status
3. Forward and Backward Linkages
Required Readings: students should a) read the 2-3 readings below related to the occupational group
that they have chosen from A above and b) also read the occupational page for this group on the
WIEGO website: http://wiego.org/informal-economy/occupational-groups.
Benton, L.1989. “Homework and Industrial Development: Gender Roles and Restructuring in the
Spanish Shoe Industry”, World Development, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 255-266. Available at:
http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1016/0305-750X(89)90249-0 (click on PDF)
Birkbeck, C. 1979. “Garbage, Industry, and the ‘Vultures’ of Cali, Colombia” in Bromley, R. and C.
Gerry, eds., Casual Work and Poverty in Third World Cities. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 161183.
Bromley, R. 1978. “Organization, Regulation and Exploitation in the So-Called 'Urban Informal Sector':
The Street Traders of Cali”, World Development, Vol. 6, No. 9/10, Sept-Oct, p. 1161-71. Available at:
http://dx.doi.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1016/0305-750X(78)90070-0 (click on PDF)
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Chen, M. 2010. “Recognizing and Protecting Domestic Workers: Conceptual, Measurement, and
Regulatory Challenges”. Chapter for Special Issue of Canadian Journal of Women and Law on
“Regulating Decent Work for Domestic Workers”.
Lund, F. and J. Nicholson, eds. 2004. Chains of Production, Ladders of Protection. Washington, D.C.:
World Bank. Available at: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/06/23/000160016_20040623105223/Re
ndered/PDF/28116.pdf
Roever, S. 2006. “Street Trade in Latin America: Demographic Trends, Legal Issues, and Vending
Organizations in Six Cities”. Regional Review for WIEGO Urban Policies Programme.
Cambridge, MA: WIEGO. Available at:
http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/publications/files/Roever-Street-Trade-Latin-Amer.pdf
Samson, M., ed. 2009. Refusing to be Cast Aside: Waste Pickers Organising Around the World.
WIEGO On-Line Publication. Available at:
http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/publications/files/Samson-Refusing-to-be-Cast-AsideWastepickers-Wiego-publication-English.pdf
Skinner, C. 2008. Street Trade in Africa: A Review. WIEGO Working Paper (Urban Policies) No.5.
Available at:
http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/publications/files/Skinner_WIEGO_WP5.pdf
VII. POVERTY AND GROWTH LINKAGES (Sept. 30)
A. Informality and Poverty
B. Informality and Growth
Required Readings:
Chen, M. et al. 2005. Progress of the World’s Women 2005: Women, Work, and Poverty. New York:
UNIFEM, pp. 37-73. Available at: http://www.un-ngls.org/orf/women-2005.pdf
Galli, R. and D. Kucera. 2003. “Informal Employment in Latin America: Movements Over Business
Cycles and the Effects on Worker Rights”, Institute of International Labour Studies Discussion Paper,
No. 145. Geneva: ILO. Available at:
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/dwresources/docs/287/F73675047/Galli%20and%20Kucera.pdf
Heintz, J. and R. Pollin. "Informalization, Economic Growth and the Challenge of Creating Viable
Labor Standards in Developing Countries." Available at:
http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/working_papers/working_papers_51-100/WP60.pdf
Loayza, N., and J. Rigolini. 2006. “Informality Trends and Cycles” Policy Research Working Paper
4078. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Available at:
http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2006/12/05/000016406_2006120515
3005/Rendered/PDF/wps4078.pdf
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VIII. ECONOMIC CRISES AND INFORMALITY (Oct. 2)
A. Impact of Crises: Theory and Reality
B. Responses to Crises: Private and Public
Required Readings:
Horn, Zoe Elena. 2009. No Cushion to Fall Back On: The Global Economic Crisis and Informal
Workers. WIEGO and Inclusive Cities. Available at:
http://www.inclusivecities.org/pdfs/GEC_Study.pdf
Horn, Zoe Elena. 2011. Coping with Crises: Lingering Recession, Rising Inflation, and the Informal
Workforce. WIEGO and Inclusive Cities. Available at:
http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/publications/files/Horn-Global-Economic-Crisis-2_0.pdf
IX. ECONOMIC POLICIES (Oct. 7)
Guest Lecturer: James Heintz, Research Professor at University of Massachusetts/Amherst
Required Readings:
Heintz, J. 2009. “Employment, Poverty, and Inclusive Development in Africa: Policy Choices in the
Context of Widespread Informality," in Padayachee, V. ed. The Political Economy of Africa.
Amherst.
Heintz, J. 2008. “Revisiting Labour Markets: Implications for Macroeconomics and Social
Protection” in Kabeer, Cook, and Heintz, eds., IDS Bulletin, Vol. 39, No. 2, Brighton, UK: Institute of
Development Studies, pp. 11-17
X: URBAN PLANNING & POLICIES (Oct. 9)*
*Second assignment due in class
Guest Lecturers: Sally Roever and Lucia Fernandez
Required Readings:
Bromley, R. 2000. ‘Street Vending and Public Policy: A Global Review’, International Journal
of Sociology and Social Policy. Vol. 20, Issue 1/2.
Crossa, V. 2009. "Resisting the Entrepreneurial City: Street Vendors' Struggle in Mexico
City's Historic Center." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research Vol. 33.1 (March):
43-63. Available at:
http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/publications/files/Crossa%20_Resisting_Entrepreneurial_City_200
9.pdf
Öz, Özlem and Eder, Mine. 2012. “Rendering Istanbul’s Periodic Bazaars Invisible: Reflections on
Urban Transformation and Contested Space.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research v.
36, no. 2 (March): 297-314.
Dobson, R., C. Skinner, and J. Nicholson. 2009. Working in Warwick: Including Street Traders in
Urban Plans, pp. 43-61. Durban, South Africa: University of KwaZulu Natal and WIEGO. Available at:
http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/publications/files/Working_in_Warwick_Ch_2.pdf
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Lund, F. and C, Skinner. 2004. “Integrating the Informal Economy in Urban Planning and
Governance: A Case Study of the Process of Policy Development in Durban, South Africa”.
International Development Planning Review, Vol. 26, No.4, 2004. Available at:
http://liverpool.metapress.com/content/6055652532574441/fulltext.pdf
Roever, S. 2006. “Enforcement and compliance in Lima’s street markets: The origins and consequences
of policy incoherence towards informal traders,” in B. Guha-Khasnobis, R. Kanbur, & E. Ostrom, eds.
Linking the Formal and Informal Economy: Concepts and Policies. New York: Oxford University Press,
pp. 246-262. Available at: http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn3:hul.ebookbatch.OXSCH_batch:osouk0199204764 (Select chapter title in list)
Spodek, Howard. 2012. "Raju and the Radisson." Manuscript. Available at:
http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/resources/files/Spodek_Raju_and_the_Radisson.pdf
XI. POLICY RESPONSE # 1: REGULATION (Oct. 16)
A. Framework for Policy Analysis
1. policy stance
2. functional areas of policy
3. policy process
B. The Formalization Debate
C. Regulation: whether and how to regulate…
1. informal enterprises
2. informal jobs/employment relations
Required Readings:
Chen, M. 2006. “Rethinking the Informal Economy: Linkages with the Formal Economy and the Formal
Regulatory Environment” in Linking the Formal and Informal Economy, edited by Guha-Khasnobis, B.,
R. Kanbur and E. London: Oxford University Press, pp. 75-92.
Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor. 2008. Making the Law Work for Everyone: Volume II
Working Group Reports, pp.147-165, 200-202, 221, 244-253. Available at:
http://www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/democratic-governance/dgpublications-for-website/making-the-law-work-for-everyone---vol-ii-/making_the_law_work_II.pdf
Kucera, D. and L. Roncolato. 2008. “Informal Employment: Two Contested Policy Issues” in
International Labour Review, Vol. 147, No. 4. Available at:
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/revue/download/pdf/s2_kucera_roncolato.pdf
Perry, G. et al. 2007. Informality: Exit and Exclusion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, pp. 175-178.
Available at: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/06/19/000090341_2007061914
3652/Rendered/PDF/400080Informal101OFFICIAL0USE0ONLY1.pdf
XII. POLICY RESPONSE # 2: PROTECTION (Oct. 21)
A. Social Protection
B. Legal Protection
Required Readings:
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Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor. 2008. Making the Law Work for Everyone: Volume I
Report of the Commission, pp. 43-89. Available at:
http://www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/democratic-governance/dgpublications-for-website/making-the-law-work-for-everyone---voli/Making_the_Law_Work_for_Everyone.pdf
Levy, Santiago. 2008. Good Intentions, Bad Outcomes: Social Policy, Informality, and Economic
Growth in Mexico, pp. 253-291. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Perry, G. et al. 2007. Informality: Exit and Exclusion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, pp. 179-248.
Available at: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/06/19/000090341_2007061914
3652/Rendered/PDF/400080Informal101OFFICIAL0USE0ONLY1.pdf
WIEGO. Law and Informality website: Available at: http://wiego.org/law
XIII: POLICY RESPONSE # 3: PROMOTION (Oct. 23)
A. Promotion of Informal Enterprises
B. Promotion of Informal Workers
Required Readings:
Chen, M. et al. 2005. Progress of the World’s Women 2005: Women, Work, and Poverty. New York:
UNIFEM, pp. 86-104. Available at: http://www.un-ngls.org/women-2005.pdf
National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector. 2007. Report on Conditions of Work
and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector. New Delhi: National Commission for
Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector, pp. 172-224. Available at:
http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Unorganised%20Sector/bill150_20071123150_Condition_of_w
orkers_sep_2007.pdf
XIV. INFORMAL ECONOMY IN BOSTON: FIELD EXERCISE (Week of Oct. 28)
Details of the field exercise and group presentation will be presented in early November.
XV. INFORMAL ECONOMY IN BOSTON: PRESENTATIONS (Nov. 4 and 6)
*The third assignment – a group presentation – will be made in class on Nov. 4 and 6.
XVI. PROGRAMMATIC RESPONSES (Nov. 13)
A. Micro-Finance
B. Business Development Services
C. Fair Trade
D. Ethical Trade
Required Readings:
Related Websites: Please scan the following websites to get a sense of current practice and debates in
the fields of micro-finance, micro-enterprise development, fair trade, and ethical trade. If you have
worked in either or both of these fields of practice, please be prepared to say a few words, based on your
experience, on what you think are the greatest past accomplishments and the greatest future challenges
in your field/s of practice.
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http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m/
http://www.cgap.org/p/site/c/
http://www.enterprise-development.org/
http://www.ethicaltrade.org/
http://www.fairtradefederation.org/
XVII. INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL MOVEMENT (Nov. 18)
A. Local Organizing and National Advocacy
B. International Organizing and Advocacy
Required Reading:
Batliwala, S. “Grassroots Movements as Transnational Actors: Implications for Global Civil Society”,
Voluntas, Vol. 13, pp. 393-409.
Bhatt, E. 2006. We Are Poor But So Many. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 23-46, 211-219.
Related Websites: Please scan the following websites to get a sense of a) the range of interventions that
SEWA undertakes with and for its members; b) what StreetNet International is doing with and for its
affiliates; c) the initiatives of the Inclusive Cities project for the urban working poor; and c) the role of
WIEGO in the international movement of informal workers.
www.sewa.org
www.streetnet.org.za/
www.inclusivecities.org
http://wiego.org/wiego/core-programmes/organization-representation
Final Exercise
You are the head of a National Task Force appointed by the President or Prime Minister of your selected
country to formulate a national strategy for generating productive employment and decent work for
those who work in the informal economy in your country, including appropriate roles and
responsibilities of different stakeholders (national and local government, private sector companies, nongovernmental organizations, and workers’ organizations). After reflecting on the readings and
discussions over the past semester, write a memo to the President or Prime Minister that recommends,
with supporting arguments, an appropriate policy and institutional response to informal employment as a
key pathway to reducing poverty. Your memo should reflect a concrete understanding of the
composition of the informal economy in your selected country (from Assignment # 2) and of the policy
options presented and discussed during the course. Your memo should be 1500 words in length, typed,
and double-spaced, and will be due on December 4th.
XVIII. INFORMAL ECONOMY IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (Nov. 20)
Guest Lecturer: Francoise Carré, Research Director, Center for Social Policy at University of
Massachusetts, Boston and WIEGO Research Coordinator
Required Readings:
Bernhardt, A., Spiller, M., & Polson, D. 2013. “All work and no pay: Violations of employment and
labor laws in Chicago, Los Angeles and New York City,” Social Forces, 91(3): 725-46.
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Carré, F. et al. 2000. “Nonstandard Work: The Nature and Challenges of Changing Employment
Arrangements,” in Carré, Ferber, Golden, and Herzenberg, eds. Nonstandard Work Arrangements and
the Changing Labor Market. Champaign, Ill and Ithaca, NY: Industrial Relations Research
Association/Cornell University Press, pp .1-20.
Carre, F. and J. Heintz. 2009. “Issues in Developing a Common Framework on Informal Employment,”
2009. WIEGO Working Paper. Available at:
http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/publications/files/Carre_and_Heintz_Common_Framework.pdf
XIX. THE FUTURE OF INFORMALITY Nov. 25)*
*Final Assignment Due on December 4th.