Chapter 1 Comp Sci Review
A. Introduction
1. Hardwares: Physical pieces or components of a computer like chips,
boxes,wires, keyboards, speakers, disks, cables, plugs, printers, mice, and
monitors.
2. Programs: series of instructions that hardware execute one after another.
3. Software: Programs and data those programs use.
4. Hardware devices: CPU (central processing unit), input/output devices, main
memory, and secondary memory devices.
5. CPU-Central processing unit: Device that executes individual commands of a
program.
6. Input and output devices: Allow the person to interact with the computer.
7. Main Memory: Holds the software while it is being processed by the CPU. (RAM
& ROM).
8. Secondary memory: Stores software more or less forever until deliberately
erased (Hard disks, CD's, floppy disks, and Zip disks.).
9. Process of a program: Computer takes a copy from secondary memory and puts
it in the main memory. CPU then reads program instruction from main memory,
executes one at a time. This is all shown in an output device.
10. Operating system (os): Main software of a computer providing a user interface
allowing to interact with a computer, and it manages computer resources like
CPU and main memory. (Easy to use, and makes the computer run well)
11. Examples of OS: Windows 98/NT/2000/XP by Microsoft, Linux, and Mac OS.
12. Application: Any software other than OS - word processing, missile, control
system, database, managers, web browser, and games with their own interface
13. GUI: Graphical user interface is a user interface for modern os and applications,
which uses screen elements: windows, icons, pull down menus, scroll bars, and
buttons.
14. Point and click interfaces: This is aka GUI, and the primary device is the mouse.
this is the only part of the program that the user interacts with the computer.
15. Analog: Continuos information like a thermometer. A thermometer increases as
the temperature increases outside. Another example is a car speeding up, and
braking. This makes the car have various speeds, but it is continuous.
16. Digital technology: The information is broken down into pieces, which are
represented in numbers. Like music is stores in numbers, with each number
representing a voltage level taken in a very short period of time.
17. Sampling rate: The number measurements taken per second is sampling rate. so
for example, when music is created, it is close enough to the original but not
exact.
18. Digitized: when analog information is converted into digital information.
19. Every letter, space, punctuation, and digit are stored in a series of numbers.
20. Text, images, numbers, audio, video, and even program instructions is broken
down into pieces represented as numbers.
21. Binary: The information stored in the computer using only with two numbers, 0
and 1, because it is cheap and reliable.
22. Base value: The number of digits we have to work with, for example, 10 has two
base values.
23. Bit: A single binary digit is a bit.
24. Computer memory devices are magnetized, and the magnetized section
represents binary 1 and the non magnetized section represents binary 2.
25. Binary and digital signals go hand in hand, because they improve the ability to
send information along a wire.
26. Analog is continuous, but digital is discrete.
27. Binary number one represents high-voltage and binary number zero represents
low-voltage, the signal that goes down the wire it gets weaker
28. As analog signal into loses originality, it changes.
29. Digital signal reenforces the signal before info is lost.
30. The number of bits we can use in any given situation determines how many
items we can represent. For example, a single bit can only be written two ways in
binary, 1 and 0.
31. N bits represent 2^N unique items.
32. If there are 256 unique items, then they are using 8 bits.
B. Hardware Components:
1. Computer architecture: How the components of a computer are put together.
2. What computers do: Receive input information, process it, and produce output
information.
3. Bus: Info travels between components across group of viruses
4. CPU: The core of the computer which Executes programs one at a time.
5. Main memory: Stores programs and data.
6. Process of memory transfer: While the program runs, main memory has the
information. CPU reaches the program and executes the answer, which is stored
in main or secondary memory.
7. Peripherals: Components other than the main memory and the CPU, such as the
input and output devices,
8. Controllers: Devices that send information back and for the from main memory
and CPU to peripherals..
9. Data transfer devices: devices that can be used to send or receive information
from different computers.
10. Modem: A data transfer device.
11. Input devices: Helps users to tell a computer what to do, the devices that takes in
the information into the computer.
12. Output devices: The information that comes out of the computer after it is
processed.
13. Examples of input devices: Mouses, scanner, keyboard, bar code reader,
joystick, microphone, virtual reality devices.
14. Examples of output devices: Monitors, printers, plotters, speakers, goggles.
15. Touch screen is both input and output.
16. Processing information: Input devices sends information into the microprocessor
in the CPU, in which the information is processed and then sent to directed
output device.
17. Storage: The holding of information in a permanent basis, such as hard disks,
CD-ROMs, flash drives, SD card, floppy disks, and memory stick.
18. Pixels: The picture created by breaking information up into smaller pieces, and it
stands for picture elements.
19. Main memory: Usually volatile, stored in RAM, the memory can be lost of the
electric power is off.
20. Secondary memory: Devices such as the Hargrove, flash drive, which hold the
memory even without power lost, non volatile.
21. ROM is non volatile, and RAM is volatile.
22. RAM is random access memory, where you can read and edit the information,
while ROM is read only memory. These are both main memory devices since
they are a part of the computer
Make sure you are
familiarized with the cross
word terms we did in class.
Just go over the vocabulary
you guys did for a grade.
Make sure you know dos,
Windows, Microsoft. Study!
EVEN THOUGH IT IS THE
LAST NIGHT! I really
apologize for taking a lot of
time for completing
this.����