Living Primates- Anthropoids
Anthropoids
 There are at least ______ living species of the suborder Anthropoidea .
 Over 90% of them are monkeys.
 The remaining species are apes and h____________.
 The anthropoids (members of the suborder Anthropoidea) have been the most successful primates in
populating the earth.
 They are generally larger, more intelligent, and have more highly developed eyes than the prosimians.
2 Types of Anthropoids
 There are two distinct infraorders of anthropoids that have been evolving independent of each other for
at least 30,000,000 years.
 They are the Platyrrhini (N__________________) and the Catarrhini (Old World monkeys, apes, and
humans).
 These two diverse groups of species can be distinguished from each other most easily based on the form
of their n____________ and by the number of specific types of t____________.
Living Primates- Anthropoids
Platyrrhines and Catarrhines- Noses
Nose structure of platyrrhine:
-
W____________ septum
-
Sideways projecting nostrils
 This is an emperor tamarin with a platyrrhine nose.
 New World Monkeys
Nose structure of catarrhine:
-
N____________ septum
-
Downward projecting nostrils
 This is a Celebes black macaque with a catarrhine nose.
 Old World Monkeys, apes, humans
Platyrrhines and Catarrhines- Teeth
 All primates have essentially the same kinds of specialized mammalian teeth adapted to eating a wide
variety of foods.
 Beginning at the front, each quadrant of the mouth has 2 incisors, 1 canine, and varying numbers of
premolars and molars.
 The incisors are used like scissors for nipping off pieces of food.
 The pointed canines are for piercing and tearing. The premolars (or bicuspids) and molars, with
their multiple cusps, are used to grind and smash food.
Platyrrhines and Catarrhines- Teeth
 Catarrhine
 In contrast, all of the catarrhines have ______ premolars and 3 molars, making a dental formula of
2.1.2.3.
 The chimpanzee is an Old World anthropoid species and, therefore, has a catarrhine dental formula.
 Platyrrhine
 In platyrrhine species, there are ______ premolars and 2 or 3 molars.
 This results in a dental formula of 2.1.3.2 or 2.1.3.3.
Living Primates- Anthropoids
Platyrrhines and Catarrhines- Teeth
 All Old World monkeys, apes, and humans share this ____________dental formula.
 This not only sets us apart from New World monkeys and prosimians, but it also reflects the
evolutionary closeness of the Old World anthropoid species.
 By comparison, the general placental mammal dental formula is ____________.
 The dental formula for a dog is 3.1.4.2/ 3.1.4.3
NEW WORLD MONKEYS
New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines)

Marmosets and tamarins

New World Monkeys all have a _____________dental formula

Small, have claws, give birth to twins, and call for two or more adults for care for two years

universally arboreal, some b_____________, some have p_____________ tails (among primates, a trait

exclusive to the New World)
Adults may practice monogamy or polyandry

poly- = many ; mono- = one

-andry = males ; -gyny = females

-gamy = mates

OLD WORLD MONKEYS
Two
major subfamilies
C_____________
Monkeys - Mostly t_____________ monkeys with diet consisting mainly of tree leaves
C__________________________
Monkeys - Many show a great deal of sexual d_____________; calloused
bottoms for sitting comfortably in trees or on the ground for long periods of time
di
= dividing into two
-morph
(meta-
= body
= change)
Many are t_____________ but can be arboreal

Significant distinctions existing between arboreal and terrestrial Old World monkeys include size

(a_____________ monkeys are s_____________ than terrestrial monkeys) and sexual dimorphism (terrestrial
males are significantly larger and fiercer than terrestrial females, while little or no such differentiation exists
among arboreal monkeys.
The dental formula is 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3 = 32

Living Primates- Anthropoids
The Hominoids

Old
World Monkeys comprise the superfamily Cercopithecoidea, while humans and apes are in the
superfamily H_____________.
Hominoidea

is subdivided into three families.

Hominids (h_____________ and their fossil ancestors).

Pongids (“great apes”: gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutan).

Hylobatids (gibbons and siamangs).
Recent biochemical evidence suggests that gorillas and chimpanzees are almost as closely related to humans as
they to each other.

N__ T_____________!
The Hominoids
Gibbons and Siamangs

Spectacular b_____________

Long arms and fingers allow hand-over-hand swinging through tree cover

Orangutans

Most live s_____________ lives; unusual among higher primates, but good for self-preservation (hide

from humans)
Gorillas

K_____________-w_____________ is their common/”all fours” form of locomotion

Chimpanzees

Move best on the ground with knuckle-walking form

Group life ebbs and flows, depending on environmental conditions; e.g. availability of food, defense,

etc.
Hominids

Modern humans who share over 90% of their DNA with chimpanzees and gorillas

Orangutans
Orangutans relatively large (up to 200 pounds), solitary, and markedly sexually dimorphic.

Orangutans move between arboreal and terrestrial habitats.

15,000 in wild

Living Primates- Anthropoids
Gorillas
Gorillas are large (up to 400 pounds), the most s_____________ d_____________ of all primates, and are

primarily terrestrial.
They live in relatively s_____________ social groups, typically led by a mature silver-back male.

VARIABILITY IN PRIMATE ADAPTATIONS
Body Size

What accounts for such difference?

Time of day the species is active (diurnal, nocturnal)

Where the species is active (trees, plains, savanna)

Kinds of f_____________ eaten (carnivorous, omnivorous, frugiferous)

Relative Brain Size

Ratio of b_____________ size to b_____________ size

L_____________eaters tend to have s_____________ brains because amount of nutrients needed for

larger brains (glucose) is missing
Group Size

N_____________ monkeys have s_____________ bodies and g_____________ size, feeding alone or

in pairs
T_____________l groups may be l_____________ due to the need for more eyes and ears for

protection; more teeth and strength to defend against predators
Human-Primate Similarities
Adaptive
Flexibility Through Learning
Neotony and life in c_____________ social groups allows primates to learn behavior from their

fellows, rather than relying only on genetically encoded behaviors.
Learned behavior has been observed in monkeys as well as apes.

From adults, juveniles learn to use a variety of t_____________ and substances.

I_____________ made by one individual may be a_____________ by others, standardized, and passed

on to succeeding generations.
Practices are l_____________, socially shared, and often differ from one group to another.

Living Primates- Anthropoids
Predation and Hunting
Hunting is a regular and normal component of wild chimpanzee behavior.

Hunting by chimps is both opportunistic and planned.

Wild chimpanzees have been observed hunting consistently, using c_____________ techniques, with

some sex s_____________ (males hunt more than females).
Human-Primate Similarities
Tools

Tool use allows primates to a_____________ to a wider range of niches more q_____________ than
p_____________ adaptation alone (although primates are not the only animals that use tools).

Wild chimps have been observed constructing tools.
Aggression

and Resources
The capacity for hunting exists among many different primates, but expression of this capacity can
depend upon environmental pressure and opportunity.

Observations of chimps and orangutans indicate that a_____________ behavior (“warfare,” in some
chimp cases) may increase when t_____________ encroachment occurs.
Language

Washoe (common chimp) – ASL

Kanzi (bonobo) - Graphic symbols
Apes and Humans
Apes
are humans’ closest relatives.
Apes
include gibbons, siamangs, orangutans, gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees.
Genetic
structure and biochemistry reveal that bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas are closer to
h_____________than to orangutans, gibbons, and siamangs.
Evolutionary Relationships
Humans,
bonobos, and chimpanzees are between _____________identical.
Bonobos
and chimps have an extra pair of chromosomes. Of the other pairs, _____________ are virtually
i_____________l.
Fewer
differences than gibbons and siamangs which, in captivity, have produced live h_________.
Living Primates- Anthropoids
Human-Primate Differences
Sharing, Cooperation, and Division of Labor

S_____________ and cooperation is c_____________ to most primates, however humans do it much

more complexly.
Human foraging bands tend to have a s_____________ division of l_____________ (e.g., men hunt,

women gather), other primates do not.
Homo sapiens is the only primate species that engages in f_____________ s_____________

consistently on a large scale.
Mating and Kinship

Human females do not experience e_____________.

M_____________ and k_____________ are two exclusively, universally human systems that give

identity and stability to certain types of human relationships in a way that is absent from other primate
social systems.
Distinctive Human Characteristics
Physical Traits

B__________________________

Cerebral cortex - Center for speech and other higher mental activities

Continuous female sexuality (loss of estrus)

Behavioral Abilities

T_____________ - Humans are unique for using one tool to make another one

Language

Only humans have s_____________, symbolic language

To what degree do other primates use language (or are capable of using it)?

Other Human Traits

Only humans have hunted very large a_____________

Humans are completely t_____________

Humans have the longest d_____________ period (secondary altriciality) of all primates

Humans have complex division of labor, often divided by sex

Living Primates- Anthropoids
Culture
Definition:
ability to i_____________ seemingly arbitrary new behaviors and p_____________ them along to others

Question…

Do non-human apes have culture? Why or why not?
Signs of Culture
Orangutans are now considered official members of an elite club of animals with culture -- humans and

chimps. Examples of orang culture:
G_____________: Using leaves as protective gloves or napkins.

T_____________: Using sticks to poke into tree holes to get insects or pry seeds from fruit.

Fly-swatters and cups: Using leafy branches to swat insects or gather water.

S_____________: Snag-riding, where orangs ride falling dead trees and then grab onto vines or trees and jump

off before the tree crashes to the ground.
Co_____________: Using their hands or leaves to make a spluttering "raspberry" sound as they bed down for

the night.
Source: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=899883