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THE EFFECT OF COMPLETE FEED WITH DIFFERENT NITROGEN FREE
EXTRACT ON THE RAT (Rattus norvegicus) BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL
Zulkifli Abdul Latif 1), Dady Soegianto Nazar 2), Muchammad Yunus 3)
1) Student, 2)Department of Animal Husbandry, 3) Department of Parasithology
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Airlangga University
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research was to observe the effect of complete feed with different
nitrogen free extract (NFE) content on rat (Rattus norvegicus) blood glucose. Twenty
eight rats were used in this study with the body weight 50-60 grams, and were
randomly divided into four group with seven replication. Treatments were used
chicken commercial feed as a control treatment, complete feed P1 (44% NFE
content), complete feed P2 (37% NFE content), and complete feed P3 (28% NFE
content) with different formula in four weeks. O’Toulidin method was used for
blood glucose examination. The result showed that there was significant differences
(p<0.05) among control feed to complete feed P1 (44% NFE content), complete feed
P2 (37% NFE content), and complete feed P3 (28% NFE content), however no
significantly different between P1 and P2 or P1 and P3. Blood glucose level on
control feed (55% NFE content) was 124.71 mg/dl, higher than feed formula (P1, P2,
P3). Complete feed P1 (44% NFE content) was 88.29 mg/dl, complete feed P2 (37%
NFE content) was 98.78 mg/dl, and complete feed P3 (28% NFE content) was 81.28
mg/dl.
Key words : Complete feed, NFE, Blood Glucose, Rattus norvegicus.
Introduction
Experimental animal commonly
used in scientific research is rat (R.
norvegicus). Rat (R. norvegicus) has
been known for its properties
perfectly, easy to maintain, and an
animal that is relatively healthy and fit
for various researches (Depkes, 2011).
Studies utilizing experimental
animals must use healthy and quality
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experimental animals in accordance
with the study material. These animals
are specifically bred and maintained
in a strictly controlled environment.
The goal is to get a defined laboratory
animals so that the nature of
genotype, phenotype (maternal effect),
and the nature dramatipe (effect of
environment on phenotype) to be
constant (Ridwan, 2013).
One of the several factors that
affect the health of rat (R. norvegicus) is
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126
the quality of feed. Feed composition
(stock diet) should remain well
controlled.
Good feed is a feed that
able to complete the body needs and
contains all the nutrients body need
(Ogunleye et al., 2005). Feed material
consisted of two groups that is the
feed material from plant and from
non-plant (livestock or fish). The
quality of a feed material is
determined by the nutrient substances
or chemical composition and the level
of antinutrition substances contained
(Soejono et al., 2006).
Nitrogen free extract (NFE) is part
of a food that contain carbohydrates,
sugars and starches. Carbohydrate
content (NFE) of a feed material is
highly
dependent
on
other
components such as ash, crude
protein, crude fiber and crude fat. This
is due to the determination of NFE
only based on calculations of available
substances. Nitrogen free extract is an
energy source in complete feed
formula (Supardjo, 2010).
Blood glucose is the major
metabolite which is closely related to
the continuity of energy supply for the
implementation of the physiological
and biochemical functions in the body
(Hernawan et al., 2012). Blood glucose
levels are set to always be in a stable
condition in the body through the
homeostation process (Adisuworjo et
al., 2001). Excessive deviation from the
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normal either too high or too low
indicating
the
disruption
of
homeostasis (Ronald et al., 2004). High
or low glucose levels indicate that
animal do not get the appropriate
feed.
According
to
the
research
background above, the researcher will
conduct a research about the complete
feed on how various complete feeds
feeding can make the differences on
the rat (R. norvegicus) blood glucose
level. This research will conduct
complete feed P1, P2, and P3
compared to P0 as the control feed.
These complete feeds have different
compositions
each
other.
The
composition of complete feed can’t be
exposed because it is patents right of
the creator.
Materials and Methods
The research was conducted in
Animal Cages Trial Faculty of
Veterinary
Medicine,
Airlangga
University on December 2013 to
January 2014. Blood glucose test was
done at Health Laboratory Center
Surabaya.
Experimental animal that used in
this research was 28 healthy male rats
(R. norvegicus) strain wistar at four
weeks old. The rat body weight was
about 50 grams. Experimental animals
were divided into four groups, each
group consisted of seven male rats.
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127
Research materials that used in
this research is commercial feed with
52% NFE contents as control (P0), feed
formula one with 44% NFE contents
as P1, feed formula two with 37% NFE
contents as P2, and feed formula three
with 28% NFE contents as P3 with
different composition, in this part the
composition of feed formula can’t be
explained because it’s patent right of
the creator.
The equipments for the research
are needle 26 G, syringe 3 cc, test tube,
pipette, sterile cotton, glove and
digital cameras.
This research was conducted by
providing various complete feed to
experimental animals. Experimental
animals were randomly assigned
using a completely randomized
design. Before the treatment should be
adapted during seven days. Treatment
conducted for four weeks. Rat blood
sample was collected intracardialy
after four weeks of feeding treatment.
O’ Toulidin method is used for blood
glucose examination with the sample
of serum.
Data Analysis
Data obtained in this research
analyzed using ANOVA based on
Completely Randomized Design and
followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test to determine the best treatment
(Kusriningrum,
2010).
Statistical
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analysis used the Statistical Program
Service and Solution (SPSS).
Result and Discussion
Some treatment of different NFE
level of rat (R. norvegicus) feed
influenced blood glucose levels in
some treated groups (Table 4.1)
Table
4.1 Mean and standard
deviation of the rat blood
glucose
levels
after
treatment
Blood glucose level
Treatment
(mg/dl)
x + SD
P0
124.714 a+ 7.632
P1
88.286 bc+ 21.219
P2
98.777 b+ 13.227
P3
81.286 c+ 18.300
a,b,c Different superscripts in the same
column indicate significantly different
(p<0.05)
That statistical analysis showed
that P0 significantly different with P1,
P2 and P3 However, no significantly
different among P1 and P2 or P1 and
P3 (P>0.05).
Observation on rat (R. norvegicus)
blood glucose level after treatment for
four weeks were seen different among
treated groups (Table 4.1) it can be
seen that the blood glucose levels in
the normal range which was between
50 – 135 mg/dl (Kusumawati, 2004).
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128
Highest glucose levels obtained at
commercial feed. Altough still in
normal range, the blood glucose level
(124.7 mg/dl) at risk of hyperglicemia.
It is because P0 contains the highest
Nitrogen free extract. This is
supported by Hughes et al., (2011)
research result that show the feed
containing highest NFE lead to higher
blood glucose and significantly
different with the other. Consumption
of sugar result in larger increases in
blood glucose concentrations than
does consumption of less easily
digested carbohydrates (Hill, 2006).
Blood glucose in the body have
function as an energy source. Glucose
in the body is set to remain in a
normal condition via homeostation.
There are several factors that cause the
variation of blood glucose levels, the
higher crude fiber content in the feed
then make blood glucose levels in the
body increasing (Yuwanta, 2009).
Feed formula three contain lowest
NFE and result lowest blood glucose
level (81.3 mg/dl). On the lowcarbohydrate diet, mean energy intake
decreased. The mean energy deficit
completely accounted for the weight
loss. Mean blood glucose and
hemoglobin level decreased, and
insulin sensitivity improved (Boden,
2005).
Decreasing
carbohydrate
consumption cause lower blood
glucose level (Westman, 2007).
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Several
factors
influencing
glycemic index are the source of
carbohydrate,
resistant
starches,
amylose and amylopectin levels, and
fiber content. Glycemic index, which
is a ranking of carbohydratecontaining feeds according to their
immediate effects on blood glucose
levels (Allen, 2012). The higher
carbohydrate can increasing blood
glucose levels (Gannon, 2004).
Blood glucose is the energy
source for the body gained after the
glucose is converted to ATP
(Adenosine
Triphospate).
Blood
glucose obtained from food sources
mainly from carbohydrates and other
food sources such as protein and fat
(Widodo, 2006). Feed consumed by
rats will be digested in the small
intestine into polysaccharides, then
absorbed by the intestinal villi and
flowed through the hepatic portal vein
to the liver cells which are then
converted into glycogen through
glycogenesis process. This happens
because when glucose is consumed
increases, it will cause the secretion of
insulin from the pancreas which
would suppress glucagon secretion in
the blood, so the blood glucose levels
remain stable, insulin also stimulates
the acceleration of glucose into the
liver to be stored in the form of
glycogen and fatty acid (Ophardt,
2003). Glucose levels should remain in
a homeostation condition. If blood
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129
glucose exceeds normal levels, it can
cause damage to tissue, which tissue
dehydration, and loss of essential ions,
in addition to the high blood glucose
levels will accelerate the aging process
of the protein (Utari et al., 2013).
Conclusion
Based on this research it can be
concluded that complete feed P0, P1,
P2, and P3 affect rat (R. norvegicus)
blood glucose. Blood glucose level
was higher when the NFE content in
feed 52% (Commercial feed) and
blood glucose level was lower when
NFE content in feed 28% (Complete
feed P3), however still in the normal
range (50-135 mg/dl).
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