Allusion: a brief and indirect reference to a person, place,
thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political
significance. It does not describe in detail the person or
thing to which it refers. It is just a passing comment and
the writer expects the reader to possess enough knowledge
to spot the allusion and grasp its importance in a text.
Example:

“Don’t act like a Romeo in front of her.”
– “Romeo” is a reference to Shakespeare’s Romeo,
a passionate lover of Juliet, in “Romeo and Juliet”.

The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora’s box of
crimes.
– This is an allusion to one of Greek Mythology’s
origin myth, “Pandora’s box”.

“This place is like a Garden of Eden.”
–This is a biblical allusion to the “garden of God”
in the Book of Genesis.

“Hey! Guess who the new Newton of our school is?”
– “Newton”, means a genius student, alludes to a
famous scientist Isaac Newton.
Irony: a figure of speech in which words are used in such a
way that their intended meaning is different from the
actual meaning of the words. It may also be a situation
that may end up in quite a different way than what is
generally anticipated. In simple words, it is a difference
between the appearance and the reality.
- Verbal Irony: Sarcasm
- Situational Irony: When the opposite of what is
expected happens (A situational irony occurs when, for
instance, a man is chuckling at the misfortune of the
other even when the same misfortune, in complete
unawareness, is befalling him.)
Purpose of Passage: Find a quote that has overall meaning
to the theme or climax of the novel and explain. Search for
a quote that has importance to the book. Maybe it has to
do with a turning point or resolution but it helps explain
the conflict/climax/theme of the book.
Character’s Moral Dilemma: A situation in which a
character must choose between undesirable alternative.
This usually involves a perplexing situation or problem
Characterization Crossover:
Talk with other groups/novels and find characters that
share similar personality traits. This is a crossover which
means you need text from each novel to support your
answers.