Portál italského jazyka:
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Why learn Italian ? - a profile of the Italian language (http://how-to-learn-anylanguage.com/e/languages/italian/index.html)
All free Italian dictionaries (http://www.dicts.info/dictlist1.php?k1=53)
Centro Studi Italiani (http://www.locuta.com/)
Italian course search (http://www.applelanguages.com/en/learn/italian.php)
Online Italian language course
(http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/modlang/carasi/site/pageone.html)
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Albanian language
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Griko language
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Calabrian language
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F
P
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Franco-Provençal
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Italian dialects
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Gallurese
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Neapolitan language
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Italština:
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Sardinian language
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W
Italian is a Romance language spoken by about 70 million people, most of whom live
in Italy. Standard Italian is based on Tuscan dialects and is somewhat intermediate
between the languages of Southern Italy and the Gallo-Romance languages of the
North. The long-established Tuscan standard has, over the last few decades, been
slightly eroded by the variety of Italian spoken in Milan, the economic center of Italy.
Italian has double (or long) consonants, like Latin (but unlike most modern Romance
languages, e.g., French and Spanish). As in most Romance languages (with the
notable exception of French), stress is distinctive.
History
The history of the Italian language is quite complex but the modern standard of the
language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. The earliest surviving texts
which can definitely be called Italian (as opposed to its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are
legal formulae from the region of Benevento dating from 960-963 C.E. Italian was first
formalized in the 14th century through the works of Dante Alighieri, who mixed
southern Italian dialects, especially Sicilian, with his native Tuscan in his epic poems
known collectively as the Commedia, to which Boccaccio later affixed the title Divina.
Dante's much-loved works were read throughout Italy and his written dialect became
the canonical standard that others could all understand. Dante is still credited with
standardizing the Italian language.
Italian has always had a distinctive dialect for each city, since the cities were up until
recently city-states. Italians generally believe that the best spoken Italian is lingua
toscana in bocca romana - 'the Tuscan tongue, in a Roman mouth' (Tuscan dialects
spoken with Roman inflection). The Romans are known for speaking clearly and
distinctly, while the Tuscan dialect (supposedly derived from Etruscan and Oscan), is
the closest existing dialect to Dante's now-standard Italian.
In contrast to the dialects of northern Italy, the older southern Italian dialects were
largely untouched by the Franco-Occitan influences introduced to Italy, mainly by
bards from France, during the middle ages. (See La Spezia-Rimini Line.) The
economic might and relative advanced development of Tuscany at the time (late
middle ages), gave its dialect weight, though Venetian remained widespread in
medieval Italian commercial life. Also, the increasing cultural relevance of Florence
during the periods of 'Umanesimo' and Rinascimento (Renaissance) made its vulgare
(dialect) a standard in the arts.
Classification
Italian is a member of the Italo-Dalmatian group of languages, which is part of the
Italo-Western grouping of the Romance languages, which are a subgroup of the Italic
branch of Indo-European.
Geographic distribution
Italian is the official language of Italy and San Marino, and is an official language in
Ticino and Grigioni cantons of Switzerland. It is also the second official language in
Vatican City and in some areas of Istria in Slovenia and Croatia with an Italian
minority. It is widely used by immigrant groups in Luxembourg, the United States,
Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, and Australia, and is also spoken in
neighbouring Malta and Albania. It is spoken, to a much lesser extent, in parts of
Africa formerly under Italian rule such as Somalia, Libya and Eritrea.
Official status
Italian is an official language of Italy, San Marino, Switzerland and Vatican City. It is
also an official language in the Istria County (Croatia) and municipalities of Koper,
Piran and Izola (Slovenia).
Dialects
The dialects of Italian identified by the Ethnologue are Tuscan, Piemontese,
Sardinian, Abruzzese, Pugliese (Apulian), Umbrian, Laziale, Central Marchigiano,
Cicolano-Reatino-Aquilano, and Molisan. Other dialects are Milanese, Brescian,
Bergamasc, Venetian, Modenese, Bolognese, Sicilian and so on, essentially one per
city.
Many of the so-called dialects of Italian spoken around the country are different
enough from standard Italian to be considered separate languages by most linguists
and some speakers themselves. Thus a distinction can be made between "dialects of
(standard) Italian" and "dialects (or languages) of Italy".
A link to an Italian site with translation features between Italian dialects and Italian:
[1] (http://www.dialettando.com)
Vowels
Italian has seven vowel phonemes: /a/, /e/, /ɛ/, /i/, /o/, /ɔ/, /u/, although many Italian
speakers only distinguish 5. The words /ˈpeska/ (fishing) and /ˈpɛska/ (peach), both
spelled as "pesca", show that /e/ and /ɛ/ are in fact two different phonemes. Similarly,
the words /ˈbotːe/ (barrel) and /ˈbɔtːe/ (beatings), both spelled as "botte", discriminate
/o/ and /ɔ/.
In general, vowel combinations usually pronounce each vowel separately.
Diphthongs exist, (e.g. "uo", "iu", "ie"), but are limited to the pattern:
(unstressed "u" or "i") + (stressed vowel)
The unstressed "u" in a diphthong approximates the English semivowel "w", the
unstressed "i" approximates the semivowel "y". E.g.: buono, ieri. As a semivowel, "j"
is an alternate spelling of i, currently obsolete but common until early 20th century
and preserved in specific words like "Jesi" (a town).
Triphthongs are limited to a diphthong plus an unstressed "i". (e.g. miei, tuoi.) Other
sequences of three vowels exist (e.g. noia, febbraio), but they are not triphthongs;
they consist of a vowel followed by a diphthong.
Consonants
Two symbols in a table cell denote the voiceless and voiced consonant, respectively.
bilabial labiodental dental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar
plosive p, b
nasal m
trill
t, d
k, g
ɲ
n
r
ɾ
flap
fricative
f, v
affricate
lateral
s, z
ʃ
ʦ, ʣ
ʧ, ʤ
l
ʎ
The sound [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ when followed by a velar consonant, i.e., /k/ or
/g/.
Italian plosives are in general not aspirated, though they often are in English. Italian
speakers hear the difference as a foreign accent.
Italian has geminate, or double, consonants, which are distinguished by length.
Length is distinctive for all consonants except for /z/, /ʃ/, /ʦ/, /ʣ/, /ʎ/ /ɲ/. Geminate
plosives and affricates are realized as lengthened closures. Geminate fricatives,
nasals, and /l/ are realized as lengthened continuants. Geminate /ɾ/ is realized as the
trill [rː].
Assimilation
Italian has few diphthongs, and so most unfamiliar diphthongs heard in foreign words
(in particular, those with a first vowel that is not "i" or "u", or a first vowel that is
stressed), will be assimilated as the corresponding dieresis (i.e., the vowel sounds
will be pronounced separately: "strive" and "hive" will rhyme with "naïve").
Nouns (i nomi)
Nouns in Italian have gender (masculine or feminine, but no neuter), and number
(singular or plural). The gender and number is always shown by the leading article
(definite or indefinite), and usually by the final vowel.
In most cases:


Masculine singular in -o, plural in -i
o il ragazzo / i ragazzi (the boy / the boys)
Feminine singular in -a, plural in -e
o la ragazza / le ragazze (the girl / the girls)
but:


Masculine singular in -e, plural in -i
o il cane / i cani (the dog / the dogs)
Feminine singular in -e, plural in -i
o la parete / le pareti (the wall / the walls)
Irregular Nouns (i nomi irregolari)
Irregular noun patterns:




Masculine singular in -a, plural in -i (problema/problemi problem(s))
Masculine singular in -é, plural in -é (caffé coffee(s))
Feminine singular in -à, plural in -à (città city/cities)
Feminine singular in -o, plural in -o (...except la mano, le mani, hand(s))
Certain body parts are masculine in the singular but feminine in the plural:



braccio (m)/braccia (f) (arm/arms)
ginocchio (m)/ginocchia (f) (knee/knees)
sopracciglio (m)/sopracciglia (f) (eyebrow/eyebrows)
And occasional individual exceptions when a word has been abbreviated but keeps
its original gender, for example:


la foto (= la fotografia, the photograph)
la moto (= la motocicletta, the motorcycle)
Lastly, the soft/hard nature of italian c and g leads to a few spelling/pronunciation
rules in certain cases:




Words in -cio and -gio form plurals in -ci and -gi (to preserve pronunciation).
Words in -co and -go:
o Form plurals in -ci and -gi if the final letter before the prefix is a vowel:
l'amico, gli amici
o Generally form plurals in -chi and -ghi if the final letter before the prefix is a
consonant: il fungo, i funghi
Words in -cia and -gia:
o Form plurals in -cie and -gie if the final letter before the prefix is a vowel: la
camicia, le camicie
o Form plurals in -ce and -ge if the final letter before the prefix is a consonant: la
frangia, le frange
Words in -cie are invariable in the plural, with the exception of: la superficie, le
superfici.
Articles (gli articoli)
The Definite Article (the)




Masculine singular: il (lo before an impure consonant sound, l' before a vowel)
Masculine plural: i (gli before a vowel or impure consonant sound)
Feminine singular: la (l' before a vowel)
Feminine plural: le
Impure consonant sounds are z, gn, pn, ps, or s+consonant (sp, st, etc). See also
Italian sounds.
The Indefinite Article (a)


Masculine: un (uno before an impure consonant sound)
Feminine: una (un' before a vowel)
Pronouns (i pronomi)
Declension
First Person
Second Person
Informal
Third Person
Formal
Masculine
Feminine
Singular Plural
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
lui (egli, loro lei (ella, loro
esso)
(essi)
essa)
(esse)
Nominative
io
noi
tu
voi
Lei
Loro
Accusative
mi
ci
ti
vi
La
Le
lo
li
la
le
Dative
mi
ci
ti
vi
Le
Loro
gli
loro
le
loro
Prepositional
me
noi
te
voi
Lei
Loro
lui
loro
lei
loro
Notes:





egli/ella are fading, esso/essa/essi/esse are rare neuter forms.
2nd person Nom. is tu for informal, Lei for formal since 1940s. lei (third person
singular) and Lei (second person singular formal) are pronounced the same but written
as shown. Formal Lei/Loro take third-person conjugations.
Accusative mi, ti, ci, and vi become me, te, ce, and ve when emphasized.
Accusative lo and la contract to l' before a vowel or h.
Dative mi, ti, ci, and vi become me, te, ce, and ve when emphasized or when preceding
an accusative pronoun.

Dative gli combines with Accusative lo, la, li, and le to form glielo, gliela, glieli, and
gliele.
(Compare German Sie.)
Adjectives (gli aggettivi)
Adjectives, like nouns, have two genders and two numbers.
In general, for adjectives:




Masculine in -o, plural in -i
Masculine in -e, plural in -i
Feminine in -a, plural in -e
Feminine in -e, plural in -i
Possessive adjectives




Masc. sing.: mio, tuo, suo, nostro, vostro, loro
Fem. sing.: mia, tua, sua, nostra, vostra, loro
Masc. pl.: miei, tuoi, suoi, nostri, vostri, loro
Fem. pl.: mie, tue, sue, nostre, vostre, loro
In most cases the possessive adjective must be used with the definite article:



Ho perso la mia penna. (I've lost my pen.)
Mi piace il mio lavoro. (I like my job.)
Hanno rubato la mia automobile! (They've stolen my car!)
The only exception is when the possessive refers to a family member:


Sara è mia sorella (Sarah is my sister.)
Questa penna è di mia zia. (This pen is my aunt's.)
Tenses (i tempi)

Present
Simple tenses (examples in first person)
Presente
do, am doing1
faccio, sto facendo
Imperfect Imperfetto
was doing, used to do
facevo
Future
Futuro
will do
farò
Preterite
Passato remoto
did2
feci

Compound tenses
Recent Past
Passato Prossimo
have done
3
ho fatto
Recent Pluperfect
Trapassato Prossimo
had done
avevo fatto
Remote Pluperfect
Trapassato Remoto
had done
ebbi fatto
Future Perfect
Futuro Anteriore
will have done avrò fatto

Special forms
Infinitive
Infinito
to do fare
Past Participle
Participio Passato
done fatto
Present
participle/Gerund
Participio
Presente/Gerundio
doing facente/facendo
Imperative
Imperativo
do!
fai! / fa!
Notes
1Present
continuous in Italian is similar to that in English but not as frequently used.
Italian usually uses the simple present instead, except when emphasizing the
ongoing nature of the action.
2The
preterite is becoming obsolete in spoken Italian. It is still used in Southern Italy
but becoming less common there too. It is however very common in literature, even
modern literature.
3The
Trapassato Prossimo (Recent Pluperfect) and the Trapassato Remoto (Remote
Pluperfect) are separate tenses in Italian though not in English.
Verbs (i verbi)
Italian verb infinitives have one of three endings, either -are, -ere, or -ire. (Exceptions
are porre "to place", and a few verbs ending in -urre, most notably tradurre "to
translate".) Most Italian verbs are regular.
Compound tense auxiliary verbs
In Italian, compound tenses are formed with an auxiliary verb (either essere "to be" or
avere "to have"). Most verbs use avere as their auxiliary verb. The exceptions are
commonly used verbs of motion, (and other intransitives), all reflexive verbs and
verbs in the passive voice.
The distinction between the two auxiliary verbs is important for the correct formation
of the compound tenses and is also essential to the agreement of the past participle.
The past participle
The past participle is used in Italian as both an adjective and to form many of the
compound tenses of the language. The past participle conjugated with essere follows
the usual adjective agreement rules.
For the intransitive essere verbs, the past participle always agrees with the subject:
lui è partito; lei è partita. This is also true for reflexive verbs, the impersonal si
construction, and the passive voice, which also use essere.
The past participle when conjugated with avere never changes to agree with the
subject.
Regular conjugations
[edit]
Indicative mood (l'indicativo)
Present
Preterite
Imperfect
First
Conj.
Second Third
Conj.
Conj.
First
Con.
Second
Conj.
Third
Conj.
First
Conj.
Second
Conj.
Third
Conj.
First
Conj
io
parlo
batto
parto
parlai
battei
partii
parlavo
battevo
partivo
parle
tu
parli
batti
parti
parlasti
battesti
partisti
parlavi
battevi
partivi
parle
lui
parla
batte
parte
parlò
batté
partì
parlava
batteva
partiva
parle
noi parliamo battiamo partiamo parlammo battemmo partimmo parlavamo battevamo partivamo parle
voi parlate
battete
partite
parlaste
batteste
partiste
parlavate
battevate
loro parlano
battono
partono
parlarono batterono partirono parlavano battevano partivano parle
The infinitive of first conjungation verbs end in -are, that of second conjungation
verbs in -ere, and that of third conjungation verbs in -ire.
partivate
parle
Some third conjugation verbs such as capire insert -isc- between the stem and the
endings in the present, e. g. capisco, capisci, capisce, etc. It is impossible to tell from
the infinitive form which verbs exhibit this phenomenon, though it tends to be the
shorter verbs. In some grammatical systems, "isco" verbs are considered a fourth
conjugation, often labelled 3b. The infinitive of some second conjungation verbs ends
in -urre, e. g. tradurre, condurre, dedurre. Their conjungation is the same as if the
verbs were traducere, conducere, decucere.
Subjunctive mood (il congiuntivo)

Present
o
o
o
o

-are: -i, -i, -i, -iamo, -iate, -ino
-ere: -a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano
-ire (partire): -a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano
-ire (capire): -isca, -isca, -isca, -iamo, -iate, -iscano
Imperfect
o -are: -assi, -assi, -asse, -assimo, -aste, -assero
o -ere: -essi, -essi, -esse, -essimo, -este, -essero
o -ire: -issi, -issi, -isse, -issimo, -iste, -issero
Conditional mood (il condizionale)

Conditional
o -are: -erei, -eresti, -erebbe, -eremmo, -ereste, -ebbero
o -ere: -erei, -eresti, -erebbe, -eremmo, -ereste, -ebbero
o -ire: -irei, -iresti, -irebbe, -iremmo, -ireste, -ebbero
Imperative mood (l'imperativo)




-are: -a, -i, -iamo, -ate, -ino
-ere: -i, -a, -iamo, -ete, -ano
-ire (partire): -i, -a, -iamo, -ite, -ano
-ire (capire): -isci, -isca, -iamo, -ite, -iscano
Non-finite forms


Gerund: -ando, -endo, -endo
Participle: -ato, -uto, -ito
Irregular verbs (i verbi irregolari)
Most Italian verbs are regular, but many of the most commonly used verbs are not. In
particular, the auxiliary verbs essere and avere, and the common modal verbs potere
(ability, to be able to), dovere (duty, to have to), stare (to stand, to be in a particular
state), sapere (to know how to), and volere (to want to) are all irregular.
The 110 most-used irregular Italian verbs are conjugated
here (http://turtiainen.dna.fi/cgi-bin/it/irreg.pl)
essere (to be, an auxiliary)





Present: sono, sei, è, siamo, siete, sono
o Present subjunctive: sia, sia, sia, siamo, siate, siano
Imperfect: ero, eri, era, eravamo, eravate, erarano
o Imperfect subjunctive: fossi, fossi, fosse, fossimo, foste, fossero
Preterite: fui, fosti, fu, fummo, foste, furono
Future: sarò, sarai, sarà, saremo, sarete, saranno
Conditional: sarei, saresti, sarebbe, saremmo, sareste, sarebbero
avere (to have, an auxiliary)





Present: ho, hai, ha, abbiamo, avete, hanno
o Present subjunctive: abbia, abbia, abbia, abbiamo, abbiate, abbiano
Imperfect: avevo, avevi, aveva, avevamo, avevate, avevano
o Imperfect subjunctive: avessi, avessi avuto, avesse avuto, avessimo avuto,
aveste avuto, avessero avuto
Preterite: ebbi, avesti, ebbe, avemmo, aveste, ebbero
Future: avrò avrai, avrà, avremo, avrete, avranno
Conditional: avrei, avresti, avrebbe, avremmo, avreste, avrebbero
potere (to be able to, a modal)





Present: posso, puoi, può, possiamo, potete, possono
o Present subjunctive: possa, possa, possa, possiamo, possate, possano
Imperfect: potevo, potevi, poteva, potevamo, potevate, potevano
o Imperfect subjunctive: potessi, potessi, potesse, potessimo, poteste, potessero
Preterite: potei, potesti, poté, potemmo, poteste, poterono
Future: potrò, potrai, potrà, potremo, potrete, potranno
Conditional: potrei, potresti, potrebbe, potremmo, potreste, potrebbero
Adverbs (avverbi)
An adjective can be made into an adverb by adding -mente to the ending of the
feminine singular form of the adjective. (E.g. lenta "slow" becomes lentamente
"slowly". Adjectives ending in "-re" or "-le" lose their "e" before adding -mente (facile
"easy" becomes facilmente "easily").
Sentences and word order
Italian is an SVO language, where Subject, Verb, and Object normally come in that
order. The subject, if a pronoun, is usually omitted -- distinctive verb conjugations
make it redundant. Subject pronouns are considered emphatic when used at all.
Questions are formed by a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (in written
form, a question mark). The question word (how, who, what, etc.) simply replaces the
missing subject or object. Subject-verb inversion does not mark a question as in
many European languages, it just emphasizes the subject.
Note how in the following examples the Italian word order remains relatively fixed
while the English varies somewhat:
E.g.
Davide è arrivato in ufficio.
(David has arrived at the office.)
Davide è arrivato in ufficio?
(Has David arrived at the office?)
Perché Davide è arrivato in ufficio? (Why has David arrived at the office?)
Perché Davide è arrivato in ufficio. (Because David has arrived at the office.)
È arrivato Davide in ufficio.
(It was David who arrived at the office.)
È arrivato Davide in ufficio?
(Has David, in particular, arrived at the office?)
È arrivato in ufficio.
(He has arrived at the office.)
Lui è arrivato in ufficio.
(He has arrived at the office.)
Chi è arrivato in ufficio?
(Who has arrived at the office?)
In general, adjectives come after the noun they modify, adverbs after the verb. But:
as with French, adjectives coming before the noun indicate essential quality of the
noun. Demonstratives (e.g. questo this, quello that) come before the noun, and a few
particular adjectives (e.g. bello) may be inflected like demonstratives and also placed
before the noun.
Object Pronouns
Though objects come after the verb as a rule, the rule changes when the object is a
pronoun.
Dative and accusative pronouns come before the verb. If an auxiliary verb is used,
the pronouns come before the auxiliary. If both dative and accusative pronouns are
used, the dative comes first. Pronominal particles "ce"/"ci" (to it) and "ne" (of it) are
treated like accusative pronouns for word-order purposes. (Note that "ci", the first
person plural accusative, is easy to confuse with "ci", the accusative particle, but
they're not the same. See examples.)
Examples: (please correct these and add more, it's a difficult grammar point.)
Davide lascia la sua penna in
ufficio.
Davide la lascia in ufficio.
Davide ce la lascia.
Davide ce ne lascia una.
Davide potrebbe lasciarcene
una.
(David leaves his pen at the office.)
(David leaves it at the office.)
(David leaves it there. (but also: David leaves it to us.))
(David leaves one there. (but also: David leaves us one of
them.))
(David might leave one of them (but also: David might leave
us one of them.)
(Compare with the similar use of objective pronouns, and "y" and "en" in French.)
And finally, in the imperative and infinitive cases, the objective pronouns come once
again after the verb, but this time as a suffix:
Davide lascia la sua penna in ufficio. (David leaves his pen at the office.)
"Lasciala in ufficio!"
("Leave it at the office!")
"Lasciacela!"
("Leave it there!" also "Leave it us!")
Davide potrebbe lasciarla in ufficio. (David might leave it at the office.)
"Non lasciarcela!"
("Don't leave it there!" also "Don't leave it us!")
Davide dovrebbe lasciarcela.
(David should leave it there.)
Writing system
Italian is written using the Latin alphabet. The letters J, K, W, X and Y are not part of
the standard Italian alphabet, but are seen in imported words (such as jeans, whisky,
taxi). J may also appear in many words from different dialects. Each of these foreign
letters has an Italian equivalent spelling: gi, ch, u, cs or s, and i. (For example, the
Italian for "xylophone" is silofono.) "W" is sometimes used as "VV" or as an
abbreviation for "Viva".

Italian uses the acute accent over the letter E (as in perché, why) to indicate a closed
vowel, and the grave accent (as in tè, tea) to indicate an open vowel. The grave accent
is also used on letters A, O and U to mark an unusual stress position (for instance
gioventù, youth). Typically, the penultimate syllable is stressed.

The "silent" letter H sounds as a glottal stop when it begins a word.

The letter Z is pronounced /ʦ/, or sometimes /ʣ/, depending on context, but the sounds
are considered allophones.

The letters C and G are a soft /ʧ/ as in "chair" and /ʤ/ as in "gem", respectively, before
the front vowels I and E. They are pronounced hard /k/, /g/ (as in "call" and "gall")
otherwise.1

But: The normally silent H is added between CI, CE, GI or GE if the consonant is to
be pronounced hard. For example:
Before back vowel: hard Before front vowel: soft With "H": hard
"C" cara (/k/A-ra)
ciao ( /ʧ/AH-oh)
"G" gallo (/g/AL-lo)
genere ( /ʤ/en-EH-reh) ghetto (/g/ET-toh)
chiaro (/k/y-AH-roh)
1
(Front/back vowel rules for C and G are similar in French, Romanian, and to some extent English.
Swedish and Norwegian have similar rules for K.)

There are two special digraphs in Italian: GN and GL. GN is always pronounced /nj/
(IPA /ɲ/), and GL is pronounced /lj/ (IPA /ʎ/) but only before i. (Compare with
Spanish "ñ" and "ll", Portuguese "nh" and "lh".)

In general all letters are clearly pronounced, and always in the same way. Spelling is
clearly phonetic and difficult to mistake given a clear pronunciation. Exceptions are
generally only found in foreign borrowings.
Dictionaries
The classic Italian dictionary is Lo Zingarelli.
Many Italian/English dictionaries are available.
Examples





cheers (generic toast): salute /saˈlute/ (sall-OO-teh)
English: inglese /iŋˈglɛze/ (ing-GLAY-zay)
good-bye: arrivederci /arːiveˈdɛrtʃi/ (a-ree-veh-DARE-chee)
hello: ciao /ˈtʃɑo/ (CHAH-oh) (informal); buon giorno /ˈbwon ˈdʒɔrno/ (bwon JAWRnoh) (good morning), buona sera /ˈbwona ˈsːera/ (BWO-na SAY-ra) (good evening)
how much? quanto /ˈkwɑnto/ (KWAN-toh) (masculine); quanta /ˈkwɑnta/ (KWANtah) (feminine)
Použitý zdroj: Encyklopedie Wikipedia