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Stanford University ClassGen/RS 174 Fall 2009
Martyrdom in the Ancient World: Jewish, Pagan, and Christian Tues Thurs 2:15-3:30
Maud W. Gleason (Classics) HYPERLINK "mailto:maud@stanford.edu"
maud@stanford.edu Office hours: Thu. after class or by appointment Phone number: 408356-6193 Bldg.110, room 112k (before 9:30 pm) Course Description: In the ancient world, since
the days of Homer, a noble death had been the preserve of aristocratic warriors and philosophers.
Under religious persecution, however, a noble death became open to a wider range of persons:
Jewish resistance fighters as well as rabbis, Christians from modest backgrounds, as well as
distinguished bishops. We will try to figure out why and by whom these stories were written
down, and by whom. We will also consider the social function of such tales, and the
commemorative rituals built around them by various communities: how did martyr stories
operate to define and preserve the group? And who were these groups anyway? The late first
century CE through the mid-third century was a period full of martyr stories and also a period in
which various Christian and Jewish groups were struggling to define themselves against
perceived rivals. What can we figure out about this tangled religious landscape from Martyr
stories? We will also investigate the social context that made martyrdom possible: the Roman
Empire, its criminal justice system, its notions of gender and social order, and its symbolic
language of power, which was deeply intertwined with public spectacle and violence.
Goals & Requirements: This is a seminar class and your informed preparation is essential for its
success. My goal is to help you become skillful interpreters of texts with complex agendas and
multiple levels of meaning. I also want to explore how story patterns and plot expectations
condition people's understanding of their history, and also may condition their behavior while
history is in the making. This course will also challenge your ability to read texts from multiple
traditions sympathetically, even when one tradition may be more familiar than the others.
1) Preparation & Participation: For each class prepare a page of *talking points,* with questions
and observations drawn from the readings for that class (key them to page numbers so you can
find the relevant passage quickly in class). We will use them as a basis for discussion. These will
serve as evidence of your preparation and participation. Please email them to me by noon the day
of class, and bring hard-copy with you to class. 2) There will be one exam Dec 3. Its purpose is
to help you consolidate what you have learned and to help me assess the interpretation skills you
have developed during the course. It will contain passages for analysis and comment, some
chosen from texts we have discussed in class, and others that will be new. It will also have a
take-home question that you can answer by using your informed imagination and citing
examples from our readings. Grading Basis: Attendance and Participation 40%
In-class
Exam 35%
Take-home question 25%
Readings: Make sure you always bring them to
class! Week One: The spectrum of evidence: from trial-transcript to romantic fictionalization.
The Scillitan Martyrs Potamiaena –two versions Augustine letter *29 about types of martyr
accounts Ignatius, Letter to the Romans Week Two: Martyrdom as Display and Commemoration
Tuesday Sept 28: Peregrinus: supreme philosopher or self-promoting showman? Thursday Oct 1:
Masada and the role of commemoration in the creation and preservation of communities. 1)
Josephus, The Jewish War VII .8-11 (=pp. 395-408 in the Penguin translation, available in
Stanford Bookstore). This is the ONLY ancient text that mentions a siege and mass suicide at
Masada. Much about this episode is murky, but it seems that Josephus intends it to serve as a
capstone or coda to his account of the unsuccessful rebellion of the Jews in the Roman province
of Judaea, which resulted in the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple in the year 70 CE. For a
quick dose of background you could (cautiously) read the Wikipedia article on Sicarii. 2) Yael
Zerubavel, “The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death: Masada and the Holocaust as
Historical Metaphors, Representations, No. 45 (Winter, 1994), pp. 72-100. Stable URL:
HYPERLINK "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2928603"
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2928603 .
The PDF version is the most legible (find it under Course Materials on Coursework). Week
Three: Tuesday Oct 6: Martyr vs. Trickster-survivor Flavius Josephus, The Jewish War pp. 200222, 283 Boyarin, Dying for God, chap.1 (pp. 22-41) Thursday Oct 8: Female Chastity and
Martyrdom as Romantic Fiction Plot summaries of ancient pagan romance novels, with some
observations on their social function for elite Greek-speaking readers in the Roman Empire
(Judith Perkins, the Suffering Self) The Perils of Leukippe (from Achilles Tatius, Leukippe and
Cleitophon) The Perils of Thecla (Apocryhpal Acts of Paul and Thecla) Week Four: Martyrdom:
the Performance Context Tuesday Oct 13: Martyrdom of Bishop Polycarp For your Talking
Points, 1) Please read it once, making some notes on what you find interesting. 2) Then read it
again, making some notes on things you did not notice the first time. 3) Then come up with an
INTERPRETATIVE QUESTION to ask the class--a question whose answer is not obvious and
will generate discussion. (eg. "Why do you think the author of this text.....?") Thursday Oct 15:
VIDEO BBC the Roman Arena Week Five: Causes and pretexts of persecution Tuesday Oct 20:
Legal Issues GEM de Ste Croix, “Why were the Early Christians Persecuted?” (40 pp.) Pliny’s
Letter to Trajan Thursday Oct 22: Demonization of the Other Excerpts from Tertullian, Cyprian
and Cassius Dio on cannibalism Selections from David Frankfurter, Evil Incarnate: Rumors of
Demonic Conspiracy and Ritual Abuse in History Week Six: Trials as “Contest-Theater”
Tuesday Oct 27: Selections from David Potter on ritual and spectacle in Roman trials and
executions A street prophet who predicted the fall of Jerusalem (Josephus Jewish War VI,
Penguin edition pp. 361-3) Martyrdom of Pionius Thursday Oct 29: “I am not afraid to die”
Book of Daniel 1. 1-7; 3. 1-30 2 Maccabees Chs. 1, 6, 7 Socrates Nelson Mandela trial (audio
clip with transcript) Week Seven: Putting a gender spin on martyrdom Tuesday Nov. 3 The Acts
of Perpetua and Felicitas Thursday Nov. 5 Augustine, Sermons 280-282 Judith Perkins, “The
Rhetoric of the Maternal Body in the Passion of Perpetua” (2007) Video clip: “The Cult of the
Suicide Bomber” on the first child martyr of the Iran-Iraq war Week Eight: Tuesday Nov. 10:
Martyr vs Trickster-survivor S. Weitzman, “Josephus on How to Survive Martyrdom” Review of
Jewish texts we have read Thursday Nov. 12: Crowd Violence: Is there meaning in the madness?
Natalie Z. Davis, “The Rites of Violence” on violence between Protestants and Catholics in 16th
century France Martyrs of Lyons (177 CE) Week Nine Tuesday Nov 17: Martyrdom and Church
Discipline "Patrolling the unacceptable" --Roman perspective on religious control Cyprian,
letters 5, 6, 7, 13-16, 20-23, 26, 27 Cyprian's treatise "On the Lapsed" Sample sacrifice
certificate from Cyprian’s persecution Thursday Nov. 19 Martyrdom as a Community-Created
Script Video: Paradise Now Week Ten Martyrdom and Memory Tuesday Dec 1 Brent Shaw,
“Judicial Nightmares and Christian Memory” JECS 11, 2003 Elizabeth Castelli, “Religion as a
Chain of Memory: Cassie Bernall of Columbine High and the American Legacy of Early
Christian Martyrdom Additional reading to help with take-home exam question: J. Rives, “The
Decree of Decius and the Religions of Empire” JRS 89 (1999) ******** Thursday Dec. 3: Exam
Our exam will consist of (A), a take-home question and a (B), a selection of passages from the
reading for comment in blue books during our regular class time Dec 3. Prepare for part (B) by
reviewing your readings, talking points, and in-class notes. (A) The take-home question: Choose
one of our more fully-narrated ancient martyr stories from the list below. Peregrinus –imprisoned
c. 150 CE Polycarp –martyred c. 155 CE Perpetua –martyred 203 CE Martyrs of Lyons –
martyred177 BC Pionius –martyred 250 CE in the Decian persecution Martyrs and confessors
jailed in Cyprian’s Carthage 250 in the Decian persecution Put yourself in the shoes of a
government official (local or imperial) who is responsible for public order in that community at
that time. To understand your official’s mentality better, review our readings on the history of
persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (Croix, “Why were the Early Christians
Persecuted”, Frankfurter “Evil Incarnate”, “Patrolling the Unacceptable” and Rives, “Decree of
Decius and the Religions of Empire). Decide how your chosen episode is best characterized: is it
a “top-down” endeavor like the persecuation of Decius or a “bottom-up” (Pre-Decian) episode. If
the latter, what do you think got it started? Posing as a government official charged with keeping
order in your city or province, write an imaginary letter to ask advice of a colleague or to a
superior (example: Pliny’s letter to Trajan). Describe from the point of view of a pious and
patriotic pagan what has been going on with the various religious groups in your city, what you
have been trying to do about it, what you are afraid may happen etc. Probably you should write
as if your city is still in crisis, before any actual executions take place. A word of advice: This is
an imaginative exercise, so really try to take on the personality of your character (crusty, timid,
obsequious, superstitious, whatever). And don’t feel bound to just recap just what is in your
chosen text. Look around in other texts for ideas to round out your picture. For example, when
writing about Martyr X you might say, if it’s plausible, that there have been some anonymous
denunciations, then add in a footnote: “This comes from Pliny.” I am not sure how many words
it will take for you to do a good job—just go with the flow and enjoy yourself. Preparing this
fictional letter will also help you review for the rest of the exam. PAGE
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