 COE 305 Term Paper
King Fahd University Of Petroleum and Minerals
College Of Computer Science and Engineer
Computer Engineer Department
COE 305: Microcomputer System Design
Term Paper
Prepared For
DR. Redwan Abd-Elaal
Prepared by
Atiyah Al-Nakhli
233139
Rayyan Al-Harbi
233823
Redhah Al-hashim
235219
2007-11-24
Contents
Intel 8085: ...................................................................................................................... 3
Intel 8086: ...................................................................................................................... 3
Intel 8088: ...................................................................................................................... 3
Intel 80286: .................................................................................................................... 4
Intel 80386DX: ............................................................................................................... 4
Intel 80386SX: ................................................................................................................ 5
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper
Intel 80486DX: ............................................................................................................... 6
Intel 80486SX: ................................................................................................................ 7
Intel 80486DX2: ............................................................................................................. 8
Intel 80486DX4 Processor:............................................................................................. 9
Intel Pentium classic: ................................................................................................... 10
Intel Pentium MMX: .................................................................................................... 10
Intel Pentium Pro: ........................................................................................................ 11
Intel Pentium II: ........................................................................................................... 12
Intel Celeron: ............................................................................................................... 12
Pentium III:................................................................................................................... 14
Pentium 4:.................................................................................................................... 14
Pentium M: .................................................................................................................. 15
Intel Xeon:.................................................................................................................... 16
Intel Core Duo: ............................................................................................................. 16
Intel Core 2 Duo: .......................................................................................................... 17
References ................................................................................................................... 18
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper
Intel 8085:
 General Information:
The Intel 8085 was an 8-bit microprocessor made by Intel in the
mid-1970s. The range of the speed is
between 3.07 MHz to 5 MHZ. The
instruction set used on it is pre x86. It has
a single core.

Evolutions:
The 8085 incorporated all the features of the 8224 (clock
generator) and the 8228 (system controller) increasing the level of system
integration. Unfortunately, the 8085 was not a success until 8086
processor made.
Intel 8086:
 General Information:
The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor chip designed by Intel in 1978.
The range of the speed is between
4.77 MHz to 10 MHZ. The instruction
set used on it is x86. It has around
29,000 transistors. It has a single core.

Evolutions:
The architecture and the physical chip were therefore developed
very quickly, and were based on the earlier 8080 and 8085 designs with a
similar register set. This is because it was originally intended as a
temporary substitute for the ambitious iAPX 432 project in an attempt to
draw attention from the less delayed 16 and 32-bit processors of other
manufacturers (such as Motorola, Zilog, and National Semiconductor).
Intel 8088:
 General Information:
The Intel 8088 is an Intel
microprocessor based on the 8086, with
16-bit registers and an 8-bit external data
bus. It can address up to 1 MB of memory.
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper

The 8088 was introduced on July 1, 1979, and was used in the original IBM
PC. Its speed is 4.77 MHZ. The instruction set used on it is x86. It has a
single core.
Evolutions:
It was a modified 8085 processor. A factor for using the 8-bit Intel
8088 version was that it could use existing Intel 8085-type components,
and allowed the computer to be based on a modified 8085 design.
Intel 80286:
 General Information:
The Intel's 286, introduced on
February 1, 1982, (originally named 80286,
and also called iAPX 286 in the
programmer's manual) was a 16-bit
microprocessor with 134,000 transistors.
Its Common manufacturers are Intel, AMD,
Harris Corporation and Siemens AG. Its
speed range is between 6 MHz to 25 MHZ.
The MOSFET channel length is 1.5 µm. The
instruction set used on it is x86. It has a
single core.

Evolutions:
The 80286's performance was more
than twice that of its predecessors (the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088) per clock
cycle. In fact, the performance increase per clock cycle may be the largest
among the generations of x86 processors. Calculation of the more complex
addressing modes (such as base + index) had less clock penalty because it
was performed by a special circuit in the 286 which make a better
performance.
Intel 80386DX:
 General Information:
The Intel 80386DX is a microprocessor which has been used as the
central processing unit (CPU) of many personal computers since 1986. Its
speed is between 16 MHz to 40 MHZ. Its Common manufacturers are Intel,
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper

AMD and IBM. The MOSFET channel length is between 1.5 µm to 1 µm.
The instruction set used on it is x86 (IA-32). It has a single core.
Evolutions:
The Intel 80386DX was the first true 32-bit processor used on the
PC platform. Its internal register size was increased to 32 bits, and its data
and address buses were as well, doubling data path width to the processor
and increasing addressable memory to 4 GB theoretical. The 80386DX
offered more performance than the 80286 processor. That is because the
80386DX was the first to use pipelining.
Intel 80386SX:
 General Information:
It is a Lower speed version of 80386DX. It uses a 16-bit data bus
instead of a 32-bit data bus. It has a 24-bit address bus. It has a speed
between 16 MHz to 33 MHz

Evolutions:
It was made to move the market away from the 80286 since it had
roughly the same interfaces but better performance. It provides more
flexibility in running existing DOS applications. Its lower performance than
80386DX because the larger width in bus.
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper
Intel 80486DX:
 General Information:
The Intel 80486DX made 1989. Its speed is
between 16 MHz to 133 MHZ. Its FSB speed is
between 16 MHz to 50 MHZ. The MOSFET channel
length is 0.8 µm. Its Common manufacturers are
Intel, AMD and Texas Instruments. It has a single
core.
 Evolutions:
The performance has change dramatically in
this version. This is because the core of the chip can execute instructions in less
time than earlier processors. Also, the execution pipeline was increased by one
step. The motherboard was more efficient than before.
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper
Intel 80486SX:
 General Information:
The Intel's 80486SX was a modified Intel
80486DX microprocessor with its floating-point unit
(FPU) disconnected. It has a speed between 16MHz
to 33 MHZ.
 Evolutions:
It was made for marketing reason because for its less coast to give the
customers more choices. Rather than this, it was same as 80486DX.
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper
Intel 80486DX2:
 General Information:
The Intel's i486DX2 is a CPU produced by in 1992.
There is more than one version and the 80486DX266 is by far the most common version of this chip; a
great number of these systems were produced and
many are still in use today, especially in small
businesses. It was the first chip to use clock
doubling. It was a very popular processor for many
players of video games during the early and mid
1990s. The 486DX2 systems are perfectly viable for
many uses, including routine office word
processing and spreadsheet work under DOS and Windows 3.x

Evolutions:
The 80486DX2 was identical to the 80486DX but for the addition of "clock
doubling" technology, it performs two clock cycles per single cycle of the memory
bus. Because of this, an 80486DX2 is faster than an i486DX-based system at the
same bus speed. For instance, if the computer's main clock runs at 33 MHz, a
clock-doubled CPU would run, internally, at 66 MHZ.
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper
Intel 80486DX4 Processor:
 General Information:
The 80486DX4 was released in 1994 continued
the trend started by the 80486DX2 toward faster clock
speed processors. The 80486DX4 was most commonly
put into systems as OverDrive processors for older and
slower systems. The difference between Intel, AMD
and Cyrix is that the AMD and Cyrix support write-back
cache while the Intel does not. However, all three chips
support power management. It available at two
speeds: 75 MHz (for the 25 MHz bus) and 100 MHz
(For the 33 MHz), with the 100 being by far the most popular.

Evolutions:
- The 80486DX4 uses "clock tripling", where the processor runs at three times
the speed of the memory bus.
- The processor used a voltage of 3.3V in order to keep the heat down.
- It has its level 1 cache doubled to 16 KB.
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper
Intel Pentium classic:
 General Information:
 The Intel Pentium processor was introduced in
1993 and was a great evolution in PC
processors. It offered PC users new levels of
performance. So, the Intel Pentium quickly
becomes the choice for many PC users. The
CPU speeds are from 60 MHz to 300 MHZ. FSB
speeds are from 50 MHz to 66 MHZ. It has 3.3
million transistors.

Evolution:
 It offered a superscalar architecture: It used two pipelines.
 It has separate floating-point pipeline which improve the speed of execution of
floating-point instructions.
 it employed branch-prediction technology to help minimize the delays often
incurred when a branch instruction alters the flow of instruction execution
 It increased the speed of data transfer from memory by using a 64-bit data
bus.
 Built-in power management
 It has two separate Level 1 caches, one for data and the other for instructions.
 Performed 100 Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS).
 It has SIMD instruction set extension which is designed for use in multimedia
applications.

The original Pentium was released in Socket 4 format which did not last very long
and could only be used by the 60 & 66 MHz models. This was followed at the
beginning of 1995 by the release of Socket 5 which was followed by the release of
the Pentium in speeds of 75, 90, 100, 120 & 133 MHz by the end of 1995.
Intel Pentium MMX:
 General Information:
Intel's 5th generation of x86 line of
processors released in 1997. The Pentium
MMX processor is binary compatible with
older generations of x86 processors. It is
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper











Superscalar architecture and Dual processor support. MMX processor is designed
to run faster when playing multimedia applications. It comes in speeds of 166,
200 & 233 MHZ. It was manufactured using the 0.35 µm or 0.25µm (for mobile
version) manufacturing process. Its FSB are 60/66 MHZ.
Evolutions:
57 new microprocessor instructions have been added.
Programs can use MMX instructions without changing to a new mode
2x 16KB L1-Cache (32 KB).
It has 4.5 million transistor
New 64-bit integer data type (Quad word).
Superscalar architecture (2 pipe-lined integer units + 1 pipe-lined FPU).
FPU performance enhancements.
Power management features.
3.3V input/output level and 2.8V core.
MMX is a SIMD instruction set designed by Intel to enhance multi-media
applications, enhancing graphics and sound functions. According to Intel, a PC
with an MMX microprocessor runs a multimedia application up to 60% faster than
one with a microprocessor having the same clock speed but without MMX.
Intel Pentium Pro:
 General Information:
The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation x86 architecture
microprocessor produced by Intel in 1995. Intel was
originally intended to replace the original Pentium in a
full range of applications, but later, was reduced to be
as a server and high performance desktop chip. It was
the first generation of the P6 architecture which would
carry Intel well into the next decade. The CPU speeds
are from 150 MHz to 200 MHz and FSB speeds are
60 MHz to 66 MHZ.

Evolutions:
- Includes a built-in 256K Level 2 cache in addition to the earlier processor's 16K
Level 1 cache.
- The Pentium Pro was capable of both dual- and quad-processor
configurations.
- It increased the pipelining stages from 5 to 14, with three pipelines. So, it gives
greater speed of execution.
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper
-
The size of the transistors is reduced to manage the heat.
Intel Pentium II:
 General Information:
- The Pentium II processor which was released in
1998 is high performance desktop processor,
integrates the best attributes of the P6
microprocessors. Pentium II processors are
targeted for professionals. In addition, they are
targeted for mainstream home and business
users, or the Performance desktop PC market. It
is fully compatible with existing Intel Architecture-based software.

Properties:
- Available in speeds from 233 MHz up to 450 MHZ.
- CPU speeds: 233 MHz to 450 MHZ.
- FSB speeds: 66 MHz to 100 MHZ.
- Manufacture Process: 0.35 µm to 0.25 µm.
- Includes MMX media enhancement technology.

Evolution:
 Packaged in a slot-based form rather than a socket.
 Replaced the Pentium Pro's Level 2 cache with a larger, 512K cache with its
own bus running at only half the speed of the Pentium II.
 It has headroom for applications that take advantage of Intel MMX
technology.
 Single Edge Contact (SEC) cartridge packaging technology delivers highperformance processing and bus technology to mainstream systems.
 Dual Independent Bus (DIB) architecture which increases bandwidth and
performance over single-bus processors.
Intel Celeron:
 General Information:
The Celeron processor was introduced in April
1998 And they have complemented Intel's higher
performance CPUs branded as Pentium, Core and Core 2.
The first Celeron was introduced in April 1998 and based
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper
on the Pentium II. Later versions are based on the Pentium III and Pentium 4
designs. The Celeron was used in many low end machines and, in some ways,
became the standard for non gaming computers. It considered as Intel’s
“economic" processor.

Features:
- more expensive but higher-performance Pentium CPUs
- The Celeron processors can run all computer programs,
but their performance is limited.
- L1 Cache: 32 Kbyte
- L2 Cache: 128 Kbyte
L2 Cache: 256 Kbyte with Intel Celeron-A 1100MHz FCPGA2 (Tualatin).
- CPU speeds: 266 MHz to 3.60 GHz
- FSB speeds: 66 MHz to 800 MT/s
- MOSFET channel length: 0.25 µm to 0.065 µm
- Sockets: Slot 1, Socket 370, Socket 478, LGA 775, Socket M.
- The types of Celeron processors (P6):
1. The Covington.
2. The Mendocino.
3. Coppermine-128.
4. Tualatin-256.
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper
Pentium III:
 General Information:
Pentium III is produced from early 199 to
2003 by Intel, the range of frequency 450 MHZ to
1.4 GHZ. The FSB speed from 100 MHZ to
133 MHZ. it has .25 um to .13 um MOSFET
channel length and total of 9.5 million
transistor. As the earlier processor, Pentium
III has a different single core such as Katmai,
Coppermine, Coppermine-T and Tualatin.

Evolutions
The most notable evolution was the
addition of SSE Instruction Set (to accelerate media processing and 3Ds graphics),
and the introduction of a controversial serial number embedded in the chip during
the manufacturing process.

SSE : Streaming SIMD Extension
The fully expanded abbreviation stands for "Streaming Single Instruction,
Multiple Data Extensions”.
* SIMD is single instruction multiple data processing.
Pentium 4:
 General Information:
The 7th
generation
microarchitecture
Pentium 4 processor
introduced in 2000 and
it will be until 2008.
The frequency range is
1.3 GHZ to 3.8 GHZ. FSB (Front Side Bus) speed is from 400 MT/s (Mega Transfer
/s) to 1066 MT/s. Pentium 4 is .18 um to .065 um MOSFET channel length. There
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper
are different core names for the processor such Willamette, Northwood, Prescott
and Cedar Mill.

Evolutions:
Pentium 4 introduces the SSE2 and
SSE3 Instruction Set to accelerate
calculations, transactions, media
processing, 3D graphics, and games. They
also integrated Hyper-Trading (HT), a
feature to make one physical CPU working
as two logical and virtual CPUs, and more
other features. The Intel Pentium 4 also came in a low-end version branded
Celeron (often referred to as Celeron 4), and a high-end derivative branded Xeon
intended for Multiprocessor servers and work station.
Pentium M:
 General Information:
Produced From 2003 to 2007 by Intel with CPU speeds 900 MHz to 2.26
GHz .FSB speeds 400 MT/s to 533 MT/s. MOSFET channel length 0.13 um to 0.09
um. Pentium M Core names: Banias and Dothan.

Evolution:
The Pentium M coupled the execution core of the Pentium III with a
Pentium 4 compatible bus interface, an improved instruction
decoding/issuing front end, improved branch prediction, SSE2 support, and
a much larger cache. The usually power-hungry secondary cache uses an
access method to avoid switching on any parts of it which are not being
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper
accessed. Other power saving methods include dynamically variable clock
frequency and core voltage, allowing the Pentium M to throttle clock
speed when the system is idle in order to conserve energy, using the Speed
Step 3 technology (which has more sleep stages than previous versions of
Speed Step). With this technology, a 1.6 GHz
Pentium M can effectively throttle to clock
speeds of 600 MHz, 800 MHz, 1000 MHz,
1200 MHz, 1400 MHz and 1600 MHz; these
intermediate clock states allow the CPU to better
throttle clock speed to suit conditions. The power
requirements of the Pentium M vary from 5 watts
when idle to 27 watts at full load. This is useful to
notebook manufacturers as it allows them to include the Pentium M into
smaller notebooks.
Intel Xeon:
 General Information:
Intel Xeon processor is introduced in 1999 with speeds range from 1.6 GHZ
to 3.6 GHZ. It is an x86 processor with different
architecture such microarchitecture, Intel core and
NetBurst. The processor has 1, 2 or 4 cores.

Evolution :
The Xeon brand refers to many families of Intel’s
x88 multiprocessing CPU’s – for dual-processor (DP) and
multi-processor (MP) configuration on a single
motherboard targeted at non-consumer markets of server and workstation
computers, and also at blade servers and embedded systems.
Intel Core Duo:
 General Information:
Core Duo processor is not as previous Intel production which is single core
processor, it has tow cores in the chip. This processor is introduced in 2006. It has
speeds range from 1.06 GHZ to 2.33 GHZ. Moreover, the FSB increased to be from
533 MT/s which was a maximum in Pentium M to 667 MT/s. this processor still
uses x86 architecture.
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper

Evolution:
The Duo version of Intel Core includes two computational cores, providing
performance per watt almost as good as any previous single core Intel processors.
In battery-operated devices such as notebook computers, this translates to getting
as much total work done per battery charge as with older computers, although the
same total work may be done faster. When parallel computations and
multiprocessing are able to utilize both cores, the Intel Core Duo delivers much
higher peak speed compared to the single-core chips previously available for
mobile devices.
Intel Core 2 Duo:
 General Information:
The Core 2 brand refers to a range
of Intel's consumer 64-bit dual-core and
MCM (Multi chip Model) quad-core CPU
with the x86-64 instruction set, and based
on the Intel core microarchitecture, which
derived from the 32-bit dual-core processor. It is produced in 2006 with speeds
from 1.06 GHZ to 3 GHZ and FSB from 553 MT/s to 1333 MT/s.

Evolution:
The core microarchitecture returned to lower clock speeds and improved
processors' usage of both available clock cycles and power compared with
preceding NetBurst of the Pentium 4brande CPU’s. It translated into more
efficient decoding stages, execution units, caches, and buses, etc, reducing the
power consumption of Core 2 branded CPU’s, while enhancing their processing
capacity.
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007
 COE 305 Term Paper
References
1. Wikipedia, free encyclopedia.
2. Encarta, Microsoft encyclopedia.
3. www.Intel.com.
4. The 80x 86 Family, 3rd edition.
Overview of performance evolution of Intel processors: 1977-2007