Patterns of fetal and infant growth are related to atopy and wheezing
disorders at age 3 years
Dr Katharine C Pike, Dr Sarah R Crozier , Dr Jane S Lucas, Prof. Hazel M Inskip, Dr Sian
Robinson, the Southampton Women's Survey Study Group, Dr Graham Roberts, Prof. Keith
M Godfrey.
Online Data Supplement
1
Online Table 1. Potential confounders
Child’s Characteristics
Gender
Birth weight
Gestational age
Birth order
Mode of infant feeding
Parental Characteristics
Maternal age
Maternal education (proxy for social position)
Maternal smoking during pregnancy
Maternal smoking when child aged 6 months
Maternal history of asthma
Maternal history of rhinitis
Maternal history of childhood eczema
Maternal atopy
Paternal history of asthma
Paternal history of rhinitis
Paternal history of childhood eczema
Environmental Characteristics
Other smokers in the home when the child was 6 months old
Ownership of a cat or dog during the child’s first year of life
2
Online Table 2. Full set of unadjusted and adjusted relative risks (RR) for the
associations between pre- and postnatal growth and atopy at age 3 years (additional data
to that presented in Table 2).
Unadjusted analyses
RR
(95% CI)
P-value
n
Adjusted* analyses
RR
(95% CI)
P-value
n
Fetal size variable
11 weeks’ gestation
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
1.18
1.11
0.96-1.46
0.86-1.43
0.115
0.418
467
433
1.19
1.14
0.95-1.49
0.87-1.48
0.137
0.339
408
380
19 weeks’ gestation
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
1.17
1.24
0.99-1.38
1.06-1.47
0.072
0.009
719
716
1.14
1.24
0.94-1.37
1.03-1.50
0.187
0.021
631
629
34 weeks’ gestation
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
1.03
0.91
0.87-1.23
0.77-1.08
0.705
0.278
689
719
1.08
0.89
0.86-1.26
0.75-1.06
0.676
0.207
607
634
Birth size variables
Crown-heel length
Weight
1.20
1.10
1.06-1.36
0.97-1.25
0.005
0.137
1149
1171
1.17
1.08
1.01-1.34
0.95-1.24
0.032
0.241
1004
1023
Conditional fetal growth
11-19 weeks
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.93
1.44
0.72-1.18
1.20-1.86
0.534
0.005
464
431
0.80
1.46
0.60-1.06
1.11-1.93
0.123
0.007
405
378
19-34 weeks
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.96
0.80
0.81-1.13
0.69-0.94
0.608
0.006
682
707
0.98
0.80
0.82-1.17
0.68-0.95
0.817
0.011
601
625
Conditional Infant growth
0 – 6 months
Length
Weight
Subscapular skinfolds
0.93
1.09
1.09
0.83-1.05
0.97-1.22
0.97-1.23
0.244
0.131
0.157
1131
1157
1153
0.89
1.06
1.09
0.78-1.02
0.92-1.21
0.96-1.24
0.104
0.416
0.185
991
1013
1011
6 – 12 months
Length
Weight
Subscapular skinfolds
1.08
1.00
1.05
0.93-1.26
0.83-1.19
0.92-1.20
0.326
0.961
0.485
1069
1086
1078
1.02
1.03
1.11
0.86-1.21
0.84-1.26
0.97-1.27
0.843
0.778
0.142
941
956
950
N = 1184
*Adjusted for gender, maternal eczema, maternal atopy, maternal education and birth order
3
Online Table 3. Full set of unadjusted and adjusted relative risks (RR) for the
associations between pre- and postnatal growth and whether the child had ever wheezed
by age 3 years (additional data to that presented in Table 3).
Unadjusted analyses
RR
(95% CI)
P-value
n
Adjusted* analyses
RR
(95% CI)
P-value
n
Fetal size variable
11 weeks’ gestation
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.99
1.00
0.92-1.05
0.93-1.08
0.679
0.956
601
565
0.98
1.00
0.91-1.05
0.93-1.09
0.593
0.914
601
565
19 weeks’ gestation
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.99
0.99
0.94-1.05
0.93-1.05
0.842
0.687
924
920
0.97
0.97
0.91-1.03
0.91-1.04
0.356
0.419
924
920
34 weeks’ gestation
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.99
1.03
0.93-1.04
0.97-1.09
0.642
0.294
887
927
0.97
1.03
0.92-1.03
0.97-1.09
0.370
0.316
887
927
Birth size variables
Crown-heel length
Weight
0.96
0.97
0.92-1.00
0.93-1.01
0.061
0.197
1479
1506
0.96
0.97
0.92-1.01
0.93-1.02
0.088
0.206
1479
1506
Conditional fetal growth
11-19 weeks
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.98
0.98
0.91-1.06
0.89-1.07
0.574
0.611
597
562
0.94
0.95
0.87-1.02
0.87-1.04
0.155
0.285
597
562
19-34 weeks
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.98
1.04
0.93-1.04
0.99-1.10
0.598
0.129
877
911
0.98
1.04
0.93-1.04
0.99-1.10
0.572
0.092
877
911
Conditional Infant growth
0 – 6 months
Length
Weight
Subscapular skinfolds
1.01
1.08
1.06
0.97-1.05
1.03-1.12
1.02-1.10
0.574
0.000
0.003
1450
1485
1480
0.98
1.05
1.05
0.94-1.03
1.01-1.09
1.01-1.10
0.409
0.020
0.017
1450
1485
1480
6 – 12 months
Length
Weight
Subscapular skinfolds
0.97
1.04
1.06
0.93-1.02
0.98-1.09
1.01-1.10
0.307
0.190
0.010
1346
1372
1368
0.98
1.06
1.07
0.93-1.04
1.00-1.12
1.03-1.12
0.579
0.041
0.001
1346
1372
1368
N = 1522
*Adjusted for gender, smoking during pregnancy, age last breastfed, maternal asthma,
maternal rhinitis, paternal asthma, maternal education and birth order.
4
Online Table 4. Full set of unadjusted and adjusted relative risks (RR) for the
associations between pre- and postnatal growth and whether the child had ever wheezed
by age 3 years and was atopic, compared with children who had never wheezed and
were not atopic (additional data to that presented in Table 4).
Unadjusted analyses
RR
(95% CI)
P-value
n
Adjusted* analyses
RR
(95% CI)
P-value
n
Fetal size variable
11 weeks’ gestation
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
1.27
1.25
0.95-1.70
0.90-1.73
0.104
0.178
208
198
1.16
1.16
0.88-1.54
0.84-1.58
0.301
0.366
184
173
19 weeks’ gestation
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
1.28
1.40
1.03-1.60
1.13-1.72
0.025
0.002
326
325
1.16
1.34
0.90-1.49
1.05-1.72
0.257
0.019
290
289
34 weeks’ gestation
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
1.11
0.96
0.89-1.38
0.77-1.20
0.358
0.724
311
326
0.98
0.91
0.75-1.27
0.72-1.15
0.868
0.430
279
293
Birth size variables
Crown-heel length
Weight
1.09
1.06
0.94-1.26
0.91-1.23
0.247
0.461
527
537
1.08
1.02
0.93-1.26
0.87-1.19
0.313
0.810
456
465
Conditional fetal growth
11-19 weeks
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.96
1.42
0.69-1.33
1.05-1.92
0.818
0.024
207
197
0.79
1.32
0.54-1.15
0.94-1.85
0.216
0.114
183
172
19-34 weeks
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.98
0.82
0.80-1.21
0.66-1.01
0.866
0.066
308
321
0.88
0.80
0.69-1.12
0.65-1.00
0.294
0.046
276
288
Conditional Infant growth
0 – 6 months
Length
Weight
Subscapular skinfolds
1.00
1.25
1.22
0.86-1.16
1.09-1.43
1.07-1.40
0.987
0.001
0.004
518
530
533
0.96
1.22
1.27
0.82-1.12
1.03-1.43
1.09-1.49
0.602
0.020
0.002
499
460
463
6 – 12 months
Length
Weight
Subscapular skinfolds
1.02
1.14
1.14
0.85-1.22
0.92-1.41
0.99-1.32
0.829
0.234
0.073
497
504
502
0.98
1.19
1.20
0.80-1.20
0.94-1.31
1.03-1.39
0.842
0.147
0.018
432
438
436
N = 542
*Adjusted for gender, smoking during pregnancy, maternal asthma and maternal rhinitis, maternal atopy,
paternal asthma, maternal education and birth order.
5
Online Table 5. Full set of unadjusted and adjusted relative risks (RR) for the
associations between pre- and postnatal growth and whether the child had ever wheezed
by age 3 years but was not atopic, compared with children who had never wheezed and
were not atopic (additional data to that presented in Table 5).
Unadjusted analyses
RR
(95% CI)
P-value
n
Adjusted* analyses
RR
(95% CI)
P-value
n
Fetal size variable
11 weeks’ gestation
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.95
0.94
0.88-1.04
0.85-1.04
0.252
0.241
386
363
0.96
0.96
0.88-1.05
0.87-1.07
0.375
0.481
375
353
19 weeks’ gestation
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.94
0.94
0.87-1.01
0.87-1.01
0.107
0.093
589
586
0.93
0.94
0.86-1.01
0.87-1.02
0.070
0.116
576
573
34 weeks’ gestation
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.91
1.02
0.85-0.98
0.95-1.09
0.014
0.622
571
595
0.91
1.02
0.84-0.98
0.95-1.09
0.015
0.626
559
583
Birth size variables
Crown-heel length
Weight
0.97
0.98
0.92-1.03
0.93-1.04
0.282
0.486
944
960
0.97
0.97
0.92-1.03
0.92-1.03
0.317
0.356
926
942
Conditional fetal growth
11-19 weeks
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.92
0.98
0.83-1.01
0.88-1.09
0.090
0.744
383
361
0.90
0.97
0.81-1.00
0.87-1.09
0.041
0.637
373
352
19-34 weeks
Head circumference
Abdominal circumference
0.93
1.06
0.87-1.00
0.99-1.13
0.058
0.117
564
584
0.94
1.05
0.88-1.01
0.98-1.13
0.096
0.136
552
572
Conditional Infant growth
0 – 6 months
Length
Weight
Subscapular skinfolds
1.01
1.05
1.07
0.96-1.06
1.00-1.10
1.02-1.12
0.825
0.044
0.009
933
952
950
0.99
1.04
1.06
0.94-1.05
0.99-1.10
1.00-1.11
0.766
0.093
0.024
915
934
932
6 – 12 months
Length
Weight
Subscapular skinfolds
0.97
1.04
1.00
0.91-1.03
0.97-1.11
0.95-1.06
0.320
0.289
0.929
878
891
887
0.98
1.08
1.02
0.92-1.05
1.00-1.15
0.96-1.09
0.636
0.036
0.465
862
876
871
N = 970
*Adjusted for gender, maternal age, smoking during pregnancy, maternal asthma, maternal
rhinitis, paternal asthma, maternal education and birth order.
6
Online Table 6. Stratified analyses of the associations between birth - 6 months adiposity
gain and atopy and atopic wheeze at age 3 years according to thirds of 19-34 week fetal
abdominal circumference growth velocity. Values are RR (p value) for outcome per SD
increase in adiposity gain.
Late pregnancy abdominal growth (thirds)
Outcome
Lowest
Middle
Highest
All
Atopy
1.25 (0.030)
0.87 (0.324)
1.25 (0.055)
1.11 (0.279)
Atopic wheeze
1.50 (<0.001)
1.18 (0.395)
1.16 (0.406)
1.36 (0.002)
7