TEXTBOOK STUDY GUIDE FOR INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BIOLOGY
for:
Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, Michael D. Johnson, Pearson Benjamin
Cummings, 3rd Edition, 2006.
Intro Human Biology (HUB 102)
Professor: James C. Marker, Ph.D.
NATURE OF SCIENCE
Chapter 1 – Human Biology, Science, and Society – all
Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-3 (4, 5);
Try_It_Yourself: What 3 criteria does your author recommend be used to evaluate a scientific
claim?
Cur_Iss: What are two major factors that the FDA tests for when a new drug is being developed?
Conpt_Rev:1,2,3,4; Match: all; Fil_Blnk: all; TF: all; Ap_Know: 1;
Terms:
criteria for defining biological life
experimental research
sources of biological knowledge
correlative research
nature of science
descriptive research
scientific method
basic research
hypothesis
applied research
role of statistics
scientific vs. anecdotal evidence
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Chapter 2 – The Chemistry of Living Things – all
Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-4;
Hlth_Watch: What are free radicals? How do antioxidants protect us against free radicals?
Dir_in_Sci: Protein folding is a process that is important to a protein having its proper shape.
What is the consequence of a protein not being folded into its appropriate shape?
Concpt_Rev:1-8; Match: all; Fil_Blnk: all; TF: all; Ap_Know: 1-2;
Terms:
atom (components)
acid
cellulose
molecule
base
amino acid
element
pH
protein
compound
strength of an acid
enzyme
isotope
buffer
lipid
ion
organic
fat
electrolyte
inorganic
lipoprotein
covalent bonds
carbohydrate
steroid
ionic bonds
monosaccharide
nucleotide
hydrogen bonds
disaccharide
DNA
water
polymer
RNA
polysaccharide
ATP
glycogen
2
THE CELL & CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
Chapter 3 - Structure and Function of Cells – through section 3.6 (p. 65)
Pre_Ch_Q's: (1),2,(3),4
Try_It_Yourself: What process is responsible for our fingers getting “wrinkly” when they are in
water for a while?
Dir_in_Sci: Why was the development of tissue/cell cultures important to finding cure for Polio?
Concpt_Rev: 4,5,7; Match: 1-5; Fil_Blnk: 9,10; TF: 21-24; Ap_Know: 1
Chapter 17 – Cell reproduction and Differentiation – pp. 389, 395-397, 400-405;
Pre_Ch_Q's: (1), 2, 3
Concpt_Rev: 4,7,9; Match: none; Fil_Blnk: 7,8,10-12; TF: 13-15;
Terms:
cell theory
fluid mosaic model
mitochondria
osmosis
unicellular
plasma membrane
endoplasmic reticulum
chromatin
multicellular
receptor sites
Golgi complex
chromosome
prokaryotic
intercellular connection filamentous structures
chromotid
eukaryotic
nucleus
selective permeability
cell cycle
cell size
nuclear envelope
diffusion - passive,
interphase
cyto
lysosomes
diffusion – facilitated
mitosis - phases
cytoplasm
vacuoles
active transport
karyokinesis
endocytosis
cytokinesis
cytoskeleton
exocytosis
TISSUES, ORGANS and SYSTEMS & skINTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Chapter 4 – From Cells to Organ Systems including Integumentary System – all
Pre_Ch_Q's: (1),2-5
Cur_Iss: What characteristics do stem cells have that make them useful to study disease?
Hlth_Watch: What specific types of cells are damaged by sunlight?
Hlth_Watch: How are skin proteins “damaged” by sunlight?
Concpt_Rev: 2,5-7; Match: 1,4-6; Fil_Blnk: all; TF: all; Ap_Know: 1,2;
Terms:
epithelial tissue
integument
melanocytes
connective tissue
epidermis
sebaceous glands
muscle tissue
dermis
sweat glands
nerve tissue
keratin
homeostasis
interstitial fluid
hair and nails
tissue, organ, system
3
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Chapter 5 – The Skeletal System – all
Pre_Ch_Q's: 1 -5
Hlth_Watch: What three “treatments” are recommended for reducing bone loss associated with
having osteoporosis?
Hlth_Watch: What is the order (first, last) of heat vs. cold application for treatment of a sprained
joint?
Concpt_Rev: 1-3,5,8,10; Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5; Match: 1-5; Fil_Blnk: 7-8; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: 1-2
Terms:
composition of bone (tissue)
axial skeleton
Haversian systems
appendicular skeleton
compact vs. spongy bone
non-movable joints, e.g., sutures
red marrow
synovial joints
osteo-cytes
bursa
-blasts
cartilage
-clasts
ligament
pattern of bone growth
sprain
growth(epiphyseal) plate
arthritis
osteoporosis
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Chapter 6 – The Muscular System – all
Pre_Ch_Q's:1-4
Cur_Iss: Does research support the hypothesis that taking anabolic steroids enhances strength?
Cur_Iss: What is the main problem is determining with certainty the positive (or negative) effects
of anabolic steroids?
Hlth_Watch: This piece suggests that delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is caused by
damage to muscle. In lecture, it was pointed out that the most likely cause of
DOMS is damage to ________________________.
Concpt_Rev: 1-3,9; Match: 4-6; Fil_Blnk: 7-10; TF: all; Ap_Know: none;
Terms:
characteristics of skeletal
overall contractile process
voluntary
sliding filament theory
involuntary
sarcomere
the “calcium connection”
myogenic
sarcoplasm
motor unit
multi-unit smooth muscle
sarcolemma
neuro-muscular strength
single-unit smooth muscle
sarcoplasmic reticulum
neuromuscular junction
cardiac muscle
T-tubules
fast twitch fiber
(refractory period)
actin and myosin
slow twitch fiber
muscle
4
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Chapter 7– Blood: - pp. 138-145, 151,152
Pre_Ch_Q's: 1,2,3,4;
Hlth_Watch: How would you rank the risks associated with giving/donating blood compared to
receiving blood (e.g., receiving a blood transfusion)?
Concpt_Rev: 1; Match: 1,2,4; Fil_Blnk: none; TF: none; Ap_Know: 1,2
Terms:
plasma
anemia
formed elements
hemophilia
red blood cell - erythrocyte
leukemia
hemoglobin
carbon monoxide poisoning
hematocrit
arteriosclerosis
white blood cells
platelets
Chapter 8– Heart and Blood Vessels – all
Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5;
Table 8.2: What is the number one risk factor for high blood pressure (hypertension)?
Concpt_Rev: 1,3-8; Match: 1-4; Label_Diag: 8-16; Fil_Blnk: 17,19,20;
Ap_Know: Question # 1 is misleading as blood pressure does increase with exercise, why do
you think blood pressure would increase with exercise, that is, what would cause it to
increase?
Terms:
heart anatomy
artery
cardiac output
heart valves
arteriole
EKG
heart sounds (lub dub, murmurs) capillary
cardiac cycle
blood flow through heart
vein
SA and AV node
pulmonary circuit
varicose veins
arrhythmias
systemic circuit
lymphatic system
systolic blood pressure
coronary arteries
lymph vessels
diastolic blood pressure
angina
lymph nodes
hypertension
myocardial infarct
stroke
5
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Chapter 9– The Immune System & Mechanisms of Defense: - pp. 180-204
Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5;
Hlth_Watch: How does breast feeding contribute to infant’s ability to defend against disease?
Hlth_Watch: Why is it important to take ALL of the antibiotics given in your prescription in terms of
bacterial resistance, i.e., what can happen if you don’t?
Concpt_Rev: 2-10; Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 7-10; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: 1-2
Chapter 7– Blood: - pp. 143-145, 145-147
Pre_Ch_Q's: 4;
Concpt_Rev: 3,4,6,7; Match: 3,4,6; Fil_Blnk: 9,10,12; TF: 13,14;
Terms:
bacteria, (fungi), (protozoa)
lymphatic system
humoral mediated immunity
virus
lymphocytes (B & T)
- B cells
parasites
antigen
- plasma cells
antibiotics
antibody
cell mediated immunity
antibiotic (drug) resistance
active immunity
- helper T cells
leukocytes
passive immunity
- killer T cells
eosinophils
vaccination
ABO blood type
neutrophils
non-specific immune
Rh factor
monocytes
inflammation
allergies
macrophages
lymphokines, e.g.
autoimmune disorders
histamine
AIDS
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Chapter 10 – The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases– 215-232
Pre_Ch_Q's: 1,2,(3)
Hlth_Watch: What is the name of the procedure used to force food out of a person’s respiratory
passage when they are choking?
Dir_Sci: What is the advantage of administering a drug via the respiratory passages?
Concpt_Rev: 5-8; Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 8,10,12; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: none
Terms:
trachea
mechanics of breathing
bronchi
regulation of ventilation
larynx
carbon monoxide poisoning
alveoli
lung volume vs. function
diaphragm
asthma
ventilation (vs. respiration)
emphysema
diffusion
bronchitis
partial pressure of gasses
pneumonia
6
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Chapter 11– The Nervous System: Integration and Control– pp. 236-252
Pre_Ch_Q's: (1-3)
Hlth_Watch: In what ways to our (own) bodies contribute to spinal cord injury?
Concpt_Rev: 3,4; Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 8-11; TF:13;
Terms:
glial cells
myelin (and speed of conduction)
neuron structure
motor (efferent)
body
sensory (afferent)
axon
reflex
dendrite
CNS (central nervous system)
nerve (vs. neuron)
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
cranial nerves
somatic nervous system
spinal nerves
autonomic nervous system
action potential (aka conduction)
sympathetic nervous system
synapse
parasympathetic nervous system
neurotransmitter, e.g., acetylcholine
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Chapter 13– The Endocrine System: - pp. 290-3008 (know basic function of endocrine glands)
Pre_Ch_Q's: (1),2,3,(5)
Hlth_Watch: What is the main distinction (problem) between Type I and Type II diabetes?
Concpt_Rev: 2-5,8-10; Match: none; Fil_Blnk: 7-12; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: 1,(2)
Terms:
endocrine glands and/or tissue
neurohormones
hormone
hypothalamus
mechanism of hormone action
pituitary (master) gland
secretion of hormone
primary endocrine glands and roles
target tissue
endocrine disorders and treatment
receptors
diabetes
feedback loop (positive and negative)
hormones-like substances, e.g., prostaglandins,
half life
nitric oxide (NO), histamine
7
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Chapter 14– The Digestive System and Nutrition – all
Pre_Ch_Q's: 1,2,(3,4)
Dir_Sci: Why is it that antibiotics are an effective treatment for stomach ulcers?
Hlth_Watch: Low carb diets have come and gone over the last few years. What does research
suggest about the short term and long term results of such diets?
Concpt_Rev: 1,4-10 Match: 4,10; Fil_Blnk: 7,9-12; TF: 13-15; Ap_Know: 1-2
Terms:
digestive tract (general
bile
carbohydrates - function
structure)
digestive enzymes, e.g., protease
fat - function
mouth - function
digestive hormones, e.g., secretin
protein - function
esophagus - function
villi and microvilli
vitamins - function
stomach - function
regulation of digestion
minerals - function
gastric juice
disorders; e.g., ulcer, hepatitis
water – function
chyme
trace elements
small intestine -function
nutrients roles
glycogen
large intestine –function
"essential"
triglyceride
gall bladder - function
know your kcals!
saturated fats
pancreas – function
basic kcaloric requirements (%)
unsaturated fats
liver - functions
food pyramid
INTRODUCTION to ENERGY
Chapter 3 – Structure & Function of Cells – section 3.7 (p 65-73)
Concpt_Rev: 9,10; Match: 6; Fil_Blnk: 11.12; TF: 13-14; Ap_Know: none
Terms:
energy
ATP producing pathways
aerobic
work
- glycolysis
anaerobic pathway
CHEMNL
- Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle
lactic acid production
transformation of energy
- Electron transport chair
lactic acid removal
biological cycle
Lecture - Human Energy Expenditure
Try_It_Yourslf: (p. 333) What is the BMI (Body Mass Index) of a person that weighs 128 lbs and is 5
ft. 3 in. tall? According to Figure 14.18, what is their weight (health) status?
Terms:
energy balance
ideal body weight
daily energy expenditure
body mass index
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
% body fat
energy capacity of humans
relative mortality
obesity
weakness of weight indices
8
URINARY SYSTEM
Chapter 15– The Urinary System – all.
Pre_Ch_Q's: 1,(2),3,(4,5)
Dir_Sci: It has been proposed that donating a kidney will result in health problems later in life. Is
this idea supported by the most recent data related to the long-term health of kidney
donors?
Cur_Iss: How do the number of organs available compare to the number of organs needed over
the last decade?
Table 15.3 (p 347): According to the table, how much glucose is filtered per day? How much is
reabsorbed? Should there normally be glucose in urine?
Concpt_Rev: 1,2,7; Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 9; TF: none; Ap_Know: 3
Terms:
anatomy of urinary system
processes in urine formation
kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
diffusion, filtration, osmosis, active transport,
anatomy of kidney
cortex, medulla, nephron
anatomy of nephron
permeability, reabsorption, tubular secretion
filtrate
control of urine volume - ADH hormone
glomerulus
dialysis
Bowman's capsule
urinalysis
special tubules
other roles of kidney
role of blood vessels/circulation
kidney stones
HEREDITY
Chapter 17– Cell Reproduction and Differentiation: - pp. 397-399
Pre_Ch_Q's: 3,5
Cur_Iss: What is the basic process involved in the cloning technique called somatic cell nuclear
transfer?
Concpt_Rev: 1,5; Match: 3,4; Fil_Blnk: none; TF: 13,14; Ap_Know: none
Terms:
chromosome
gametes (sperm or egg )
chromatid
gonads (testis or ovary)
karyotype
spermatogenesis [Ch 16; p. 364-366]
diploid
oogenesis [Ch 16; p. 370-371]
haploid
polar body
meiosis
zygote
tetrads
crossover
9
HEREDITY (continued)
Chapter 19– Genetics and Inheritance: - all
Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5
Hlth_Watch: Cystic Fibrosis is the result of a recessive gene. What is the primary characteristic of
this disorder as is relates to the lungs?
Cur_Iss: What is the role of genetic testing in determining disease?
Cur_Iss: What is the downside of genetic testing, i.e., potential harm that may be caused?
Match: 1-6; Fil_Blnk: 7-12; TF: 13-15; Concpt_Rev: 1-10; Ap_Know: 1-2
Terms:
Mendelian principles
phenotypic ratio
seX-linked inheritance
gene
genotypic ratio
- chromosome “inheritance” –
locus
Punnett Square
deletion, duplication and
allele
autosomal
translocation
dominant
sex chromosome
o Klinefelter's syndrome
recessive
polygenic inheritance
o Turner's syndrome
homozygous
incomplete dominance
o Down's syndrome (trisomy)
heterozygous
codominance
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
(protein synthesis)
Chapter 17– Cell Reproduction and Differentiation: - pp. 393-395
Concpt_Rev: 2,3,6,8,9,10; Match: 1,2,5,6; Fil_Blnk: 8; TF: none; Ap_Know: 2,3
Terms:
DNA – detailed structure
tRNA
mutagen
RNA – detailed structure
rRNA
mutations
semi conservative replication
mRNA
- chromosomal
transcription
protein synthesis
-
translation
exon
o germinal
codon
operon
o somatic
anticodon
induction
genetic
genetic disease, e.g., PKU
10
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Chapter 20– DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering: - all (and lecture notes)
Pre_Ch_Q's: 1-5;
Dir_Sci:
What is the basis of DNA fingerprinting, i.e., what do the restriction enzymes do, and
how is it that they provide a “fingerprint”?
Cur_Iss: What are the major points related to genetically modified food?
Concpt_Rev: 5,7,8; Match: 1-5; Fil_Blnk: 11-20; TF: 6,9-12; Ap_Know: (1,2)
Terms:
genetic engineering – applications
recombinant DNA technique
plasmids
ethical aspects of genetic engineering