1
Style guide
English Department, PH Heidelberg
The English Department of the PH Heidelberg requires students'
papers to be presented in APA-style.
This guide explains how to use APA-style to format papers.
Please consult the English Department's Writing Center for
additional assistance (writingcenter310@googlemail.com).
Font
Use plain type in 12-point size, for example, Courier New or
Times New Roman.
Layout
All margins (left, top, right, and bottom) should be 2.5cm. If
you intend to bind your document, you may set the left margin
to 4cm.
Each of your pages must have a header (Kopfzeile) consisting
of the following:

short version of the title

page number
The short title and the page number are on the same line;
leave five spaces between the two (see sample paper). This
format must appear on every page of your document.
Headings (Überschriften) are the section titles in your
document. Various heading levels are possible [subheadings
2
(Zwischenüberschriften)]. Every heading level must contain at
least two listings. All headings should be bold. Level 1
headings must be centered and in CAPITAL LETTERS. Level 2
headings must be centered, and only the first letters of each
word are capitalized. Level 3 headings are centered and in
italics. Level 4 headings begin at the left margin and are
italicized, and level 5 headings are italicized and indented
five spaces.
Example of five heading levels:
TYPES OF CELL PHONES AND PAGERS USED AT TWO LARGE COMPANIES
(title)
1. TYPES OF CELL PHONES AND PAGERS AT COMPANY A
(level 1 heading)
Cell Phones
(level 2 heading)
Company-owned
(level 3 heading)
Sprint
AT&T
(level 4 headings)
Employee-owned
Sprint
AT&T
Other brands
Nokia.
Emerson.
(level 5 headings)
2. TYPES OF CELL PHONES AND PAGERS AT COMPANY B
(level 1 heading)
Cell Phones
(level 2 heading)
Company-owned
(level 3 heading)
Sprint
AT&T
(level 4 headings)
3
Body
Type your text double-spaced (1.5).
Use a ragged right margin for your pages. A ragged right
margin has lines of differing length.
Indent the first line of each paragraph five spaces.
Do not add extra spaces between paragraphs.
Your text should
be double-spaced throughout.
Number all the pages of your document chronologically starting
with the table of contents.
Formatting a title page
All papers need a title page. This contains the following
elements:
title of paper, author's name, university name,
course title, instructor's name, course semester, submission
date, contact information (e-mail, telephone).
Center your title page text, leaving lots of white space on
either side. Note that all elements are double-spaced.
Attitudes Toward Telecommuting
Among Managers and Employees at ABC Computer Co.
John Student
4
California State University
Business Management, winter semester 2008/2009
Dr. Alan Green
February 21, 2009
john.student@gmx.de, 06221-587624
Formatting a table of contents
All papers need a table of contents. The table of contents
should contain all the headings in the body, worded exactly as
they appear therein; therefore, the table of contents should
not contain any headings that are not in the document and vice
versa.
You should finish the table of contents after your document is
done because page numbers must be included.
Be sure to include all the appendices in the table of
contents. Note that you do not repeat "Table of Contents" as
the first item in your list.
The words "Table of Contents" should be in the same style as
the first level heading of your document.
Reorganization Plan
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
....................................1
2. Accounting Department
Management
Employees
....................................3
.....................................4
3. IT Department
Management
...........................1
...................................5
....................................6
3
5
Employees
4. Conclusion
....................................7
.....................................8
References
........................................9
Appendix A
........................................10
Appendix B
........................................12
Formatting the appendices
If you have only one appendix, call it "Appendix." If you have
two or more appendices, however, call them "Appendix A,"
"Appendix B," and so on. APA guidelines require that you place
the appendix letter and title on the first page of the
material in the appendix.
Reorganization Factors
Appendix B
Reorganization Chart
for ABC Company
35
6
Placing graphics
Figures include diagrams, pictures, photos, line drawings, bar
and line graphs, pie charts, etc. Tables compare large amounts
of data in columns. Do not include figures or tables in your
paper unless they are necessary to support your argument (e.g.
to show the ethnic distribution of the population in a
cultural studies paper/pictures in a teaching unit). If you
include a figure or a table, add a caption containing the
figure/table number and a title (Fig. 1:
Model 300 ergonomic
desk). Refer to the figure by number in your text: Figure 1
shows the Model 300 ergonomic desk. Or The Model 300 ergonomic
desk is available in three styles (see Figure 1). If you
include a table, refer to it by number in your text:
Table 4
shows the comparisons for the ten test groups. Or The
comparisons for the ten test groups vary substantially (see
Table 4).
Some instructors wish that figures be placed on separate pages
at the back of the paper; others allow them to be merged into
the document.
If figures are to be merged into the document, place them as
closely as possible to where you reference them; this means on
the same page if there is room or on the next page.
Your figure can be narrower than the required margins of the
paper, but it cannot be wider.
Use a sans serif font like Helvetica, Ariel, Futura, Univers,
Geneva, and Optima for any text in the figure itself (not in
the caption).
Number figures separately from tables; i.e., Figure 1, Figure
2, Figure 3, and Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 – NOT Figure 1,
Table 2, Figure 3. Place the caption below the graphic. The
7
word "Figure" and the figure number are italicized, but the
caption itself is in plain type. A period follows the figure
number. The figure caption immediately follows the figure
number, and when the caption goes onto a second line, it is
double-spaced.
Documenting sources in the text
Any time you use material from books, magazine articles, and
other publications or interviews in your document, you must
credit the source.
8
You must first cite the source in the text, where the borrowed
material appears, then again in the list of references that
follows the last page. APA-style does not use footnotes for
citations. Instead, sources are credited by using
"parenthetical citations."
Citing paraphrased material without naming the author in the
sentence
With some paraphrased material, you may state the concept
without directly quoting from a book or stating a name in the
text of the sentence itself. The correct way to credit the
source of this information is to type the author's last name,
a space, then the year of publication, followed by a colon,
space, and page number, so the reader will know what to look
up in the reference list. Cite a magazine article the same
way.
As society continues to undergo rapid technological change,
people suffer from what we now call "future shock" (Jones,
1993, p.24).
When citing a range of pages, note that you must give the
exact range.
By the year 2000, 95% of all offices will use PCs (Jones,
1993, pp. 24-30).
Paraphrasing Material and Naming the Author in the Sentence
You may paraphrase material and include the author's name as
part of your sentence, but you must still let the reader know
from which publication the information came.
The parenthetical citation includes the year and page number
and is next to the author's name, not at the end of the
sentence.
9
According to Jones (1993, p. 24), as society continues to
undergo rapid technological change, people will suffer from
what we now call "future shock."
Citing Quotes
Direct quotes that are up to 40 words of manuscript text are
cited as part of the regular double-spaced text (see sample).
Place the material in quotation marks to indicate that it is
indeed a quote, rather than a paraphrase. Note that the
citation is part of the sentence – the period is placed at the
end of the entire sentence, not after the quotation.
In his book Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Peter Drucker
(1985, p. 20) defines innovation as "the specific tool of
entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an
opportunity for a different business or a different service."
When a quote takes up 40 words or more of manuscript text,
indent it five spaces and double-space it. Note that the form
and placement of the citation depends on whether the author's
name is used in the sentence.
Try to keep quotations to no more than 10 lines – figure out a
way to paraphrase the material rather than lifting several
pages from the original document.
Drucker (1985, p. 20) states that:
Innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the
means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a
different business or a different service. Entrepreneurs
need to search purposefully for the sources of innovation,
the changes and their symptoms that indicate opportunities
for successful innovation.
10
Citing a publication with two authors
When the authors' names appear in the parenthetical citation,
use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" between the
authors' names. Use the word "and" only when the authors'
names appear as part of the actual text of the sentence.
Smith and Jones (1993, p. 137) stated that "by the year 2000,
95% of offices will use PCs."
OR
"By the year 2000, 95% of offices will use PCs" (Smith &
Jones, 1993, p. 137).
Citing a publication with three or more authors
If the work has three, four, or five authors, list all the
authors the first time you cite the reference. Thereafter,
cite it with the first author's name, followed by the Latin
abbreviation "et al." This means "and others."
The United States will be completely out of the recession by
1997 (Everett, Jones & Sanders, 1993).
If the work has six or more authors, cite it with the first
author's name, followed by the Latin abbreviation "et al."
This means "and others."
The United States entered another recession in the middle of
2001 (Everett et al., 2000).
Citing multiple works
When citing several studies or works that all refer to what
you wrote because they have the same common thread,
philosophy, concepts, or conclusions, list the authors in
11
alphabetical order, using a semicolon between each of the
citations.
Several studies (Chan & Jefferson, 1985; Gomez, 1976;
Thompson, 1992) show that...
Citing an author with more than one publication in the same
year
If an author has more than one publication in the same year,
the reader must be able to tell which listing in the list of
references matches that particular citation. Add a lower-case
letter extension to each of the citations. Cite the first one
as "a" and the succeeding references "b," "c," etc., in the
order of their citation in the text.
In PCs Today, Johnson (1998a) states that....
Citing a textbook
When citing a textbook, type the title and number of the
textbook in italics, include the year of publication and the
page number(s). Use abbreviations to indicate different
textbook components (e.g. WB=workbook, TM=teacher's manual).
In IKURU 2 TM (2002, pp. 110-129), the topic is.....
Citing an unpublished work
When citing a text that has not (yet) been published, type the
author's last name and "in press" or "unpublished" in place of
the year of publication.
We should note, however, Duff's (in press) warning that
equating ethnography with qualitative.....
OR
12
Ethnography has also been utilized for the contextualized
analysis of classroom discourse and school learning (Duff,
2002; Rampton, 1995; Toohey, in press).
Citing electronic media
When citing electronic media (Web sites, online publications,
emails, etc.), the same basic principles as for print media
apply. Give the author's last name, publication date, and if
there are no page numbers, give paragraph number and use ¶
symbol or "para." If there are no paragraph numbers, give
heading and number of ¶ following it. If the retrieval element
is an Internet address, note that the date of retrieval and
the complete URL must be included in the reference list (see
sample).
Hoppin and Taveras (2004) pointed out that several other
medications were classified by the Drug Enforcement
Administration as having the "potential for abuse" (WeightLoss Drugs section, para. 6).
Citing a personal communication
You may interview an expert or other relevant person face-toface or by telephone during the course of your research, or
you may receive a fax, letter, or e-mail from that person. If
you use any portion of these communications, you must cite
them in the text. Give both the initials and the last name of
the person involved. Use the words "personal communication"
for all of these types of communications. These sources are
cited in the text but not included in the reference list
because they do not provide recoverable data.
According to J. D. Smith (personal communication, November 15,
1995), management style...
OR
13
...with personnel problems (J. D. Smith, personal
communication, November 15, 1995).
Citing court cases
All court cases are cited in the same manner. Be sure to
underline the case title. Note that "v." is used, not the word
"versus" or the abbreviation "vs.," and that the "v" is lower
case.
The case of Smith v. Jones (1992) set a major legal precedent
regarding sexual harassment in the workplace.
OR
Apple Computer Company charged Microsoft Corporation with
patent infringement, saying that Microsoft appropriated the
code for its graphic interface and used it to develop its
Windows program (Apple Computer v. Microsoft, 1993).
Citing a statute
When you cite a statute in the text, you must give the name of
the act and the year it was passed. Be sure to use initial
capital letters on each word of the statute.
To prevent people with disabilities from being discriminated
against in the workplace and in society at large, the U.S.
Congress passed the Americans With Disabilities Act (1990).
OR
To prevent people with disabilities from being discriminated
against in the workplace and in society at large, the U.S.
Congress passed the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990.
Creating a reference list
In APA, a reference list includes references not only from
books, but also from other sources, such as:
journal
articles, magazine articles, newsletter articles, newspaper
14
articles, company brochures, personal interviews and
correspondence, encyclopedias or dictionaries, government
publications, academic material, raw data, book/movie/video
reviews, audio-visual media, legal materials, electronic
media, including the Internet.
Include in your reference list only the sources you actually
used to research your report. Place the word "References" at
the top of the list. Create the list in alphabetical order by
the author's last name (see sample).
For information about referencing various sources, please see
the following sample or request assistance at the English
Department's Writing Center, refer to an APA-style guide, or
try the Ohio State University library's Web site:
http://library.osu.edu/sites/guides/apagd.php.
15
Sample paper with reference list
Effects of Meditation Training Sessions on Students Showing
Signs of Stress Related Behavioral Disorders and Impaired
Mental Focus
Bethany R. Davis
University of Wittenburg
Psychology III, summer semester 2007
Prof. Dr. Ellen Joyce
August 14, 2007
bethany.davis@web.de, 06221-598359
16
Effects of Meditation
Table of Contents
1. Effects of Meditation Training on Students
2. Method
........2
............................................2
Participants
....................................2
High Risk Group
Low Risk Group
Instructors
............................2
.............................2
.....................................3
Approaches to Meditation Training
Belinski Meditation
........................3
Turner-Bachman Meditation
Altameter Meditation
Design and Procedure
Testing
...............3
..................3
.......................3
............................4
.........................................4
Tests conducted prior to med. training
Tests conducted following med. training
3. Results
....4
...........................................4
High Risk Group
Low Risk Group
4. Discussion
References
.....4
.................................4
..................................4
........................................4
...........................................5
1
17
Effects of Meditation
1. Effects of Meditation Training on Students
Meditation, as a strategy for patient care, is being used
with increasing frequency as a strategy for non-invasive
treatment of stress related behavioral disorders, with
remarkable success levels in a wide range of population
(Miller, 2005). Meditation, as a treatment, relies on a wide
variety of MTM (Meditation Training Methods), some of which
have been developed recently, in conjunction with holistic
medical practices, and some of which have been used for,
literally, centuries, in one form or another (Berk & Wise,
2005). Studies researching the effectiveness of meditation
training (e.g., Morris, Langley & Hall, 2005; Wastrom,
2004)have tended to gather statistics from participants who
had been exposed to meditation prior to testing, and who were
not screened for similarity in disposition with regard for
their risk level for responding unfavorably or favorably to
stress levels. Our study hopes to introduce a level of
consistency in the participants' backgrounds and likelihood of
response levels to the training. (section continues)
2. Method
Participants
Sixty upper level university students were selected for
participation in this study, thirty of whom were, as a result
of family history, at high risk for developing signs of...
(section continues)
High Risk Group.
Students were identified as high risk if they reported a
familial history of any in a series of stress related
behavioral disorders, including... (section continues)
Low Risk Group.
Students were identified as low risk....
continues)
(section
2
18
Effects of Meditation
3
Instructors
Three qualified instructors, with experience in meditation
training were employed to lead the sessions, using a variety
of meditation training techniques. All instructors were asked
to present a 40 page article, "Meditation Training, to each of
the participants at the beginning of the first session. This
document offers a general context for the meditation training,
as well as a few passages that set an appropriate level of
connection to the ancient origins of meditation:
A monk goes into the forest or to the foot of a tree or to
an uninhabited place and sits with his legs crossed, and
with his body erect he generates mindfulness and being
mindful he breathes in and being mindful he breathes out.
As he breathes in a long breath he recognizes that he is
breathing in a long breath; as he breathes out a long
breath, he recognizes that he is breathing out a long
breath (Sangupta, 1923, p. 42).
The primary focus of the booklet, however, is to provide a
concise introduction to the various methods that will be used
in their training.
(section continues)
Approaches to Meditation Training
Belinski Meditation.
This method relies on seven steps of regulating breathing
and concentration.
(section continues)
Turner-Bachman Meditation.
The Turner-Bachman method emphasizes "skills that enhance
the ability to focus, encouraging a high level of mental
concentration (Turner, 2005, p. 20).
(section continues)
Altameter Meditation.
Altameter meditation method uses a combination of...
(section continues)
19
Effects of Meditation
4
Design and Procedure
Each participant attended three meditation sessions a week
for six months. Testing for stress levels... (section
continues)
Testing
Tests conducted prior to meditation training.
A series of tests to determine the level of stress related
behavioral signs in each of the participants were conducted
prior to the first meditation training session.
(section
continues)
Test conducted following training.
A series of tests measuring signs of stress related
behavior disorders were conducted at monthly intervals
during... (section continues)
3. Results
All participants above showed significant improvement in
managing stress after six months of meditation training, with
some slight variations in the level of improvement in the high
and low risk groups.
(section continues)
High Risk Group
Participants with a high risk factor for stress related
disorders improved, on the average, 10%.... (section
continues)
Low Risk Group
Participants with a low risk factor for stress related
disorders improved, on the average, 10% .....
(section
continues)
4. Discussion
The data collected in this study suggests that student
centers would do well to offer meditation training to all
students.
Following the study....
(section continues)
20
Effects of Meditation
5
References
Berk, A.R., & Wise, P.S. (2005). A history of meditation. New
York: Weston Falls.
Miller, F. (2005). Meditation training: An overview of recent
programs in the US and Canada. In J.B. Martins (Ed),
Health and society: A collection of recent healthcare
studies (pp. 224-263). New York: Preston-Gimms Press.
Morris, P.R., Langley, M.B., & Hill, J.T. (2005, April)
Meditation training benefits: Results of a 2 year program.
Modern Health Magazine, 2, 123-141.
National Nurses Coalition. 2005. Meditation guide. In New
approaches to ancient practices: Meditation as an
alternative to medication. Retrieved September 22, 2005,
from National Nurses Coalition:
http://nnc.org/news/medguide.asp.
Palmer, E.R. & Wilson, J.B. (2005). Tense and down is up:
tracking the recent rise in stress related disorders.
Healthwatch Journal, 8(2), 156-184.
Sangupta, I.L. (1923). Meditation. (F. Fernea. Trans.)(2nd
ed.). London: Bloom Brothers.
Turner, B.M. (2005). Meditation Medication: New approaches to
old problems. Journal of Medicine and Society, 15, 15311582.
Wastrom, E.M. (2004). Leaving the little blue pills behind.
Treating low level depression with meditation training. In
Psychology Weekly Online Bulletin. Retrieved September 21,
2005, from http://pwob.org/2004/wastrom-001.htm.
Amato, C.J. (2002). The World's Easiest Guide to Using the APA. (3rd ed.). Corona, CA:
Stargazer Publishing Company
Dr. Paper. http://thewritedirection.net/drpaper/help/05-07-apasamplepapers.htm