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Sex differences in aggression 21
Appendix A
Questionnaire Studies Used in the First Series of Meta-analyses, Showing Sample Sizes, Mean Ages, Effect
Sizes (g), for Overall, Physical, Verbal, and Indirect Aggression, and Anger, and Sample Characteristics.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Study
Sample
Mean
gggggSamplea
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal anger indirect
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Hurlock (1927): 1
110/109
13.5
.25
.02
1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1
Hurlock (1927): 2
101/103
13.5
.27
-.01
1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1
Buss & Durkee (1957)
85/74
20*
.33
.75
.30
-.33
1/1/4/4/5/2/1/1
Buss (1961): 1
73/104
20*
.51
.97
.56
-.09
2/1/4/4/5/2/1/1
Buss (1961): 2
70/58
20*
.66
.84
.83
-.24
2/1/4/4/5/2/1/1
Buss (1961): 3
53/114
.09
.36
.22
-.15
2/1/9/9/5/2/1/1
Buss (1961): 4
49/77
.24
.72
.31
0
2/1/9/9/5/2/1/1
Buss (1961): 5
52/73
.21
.55
.28
.13
2/1/9/9/5/2/1/1
Buss (1961): 6
50/85
20*
.76
.50
-.19
2/1/4/4/5/2/1/1
Sarason (1961)
80/68
20*
.33
.93
.70
.22
1/1/4/4/5/2/1/1
Sears (1961)
261/264
12
.77
1/1/2/1/7/2/1/1
Wyer, Weatherley &
45/48
20*
.47
.09
1/1/4/4/7/3/1/1
Terrell (1965)
R.N. Walker (1967)
199/207
10.5
.62
1/1/1/1/5//2/1/1
Leifer & Roberts
39/39
13
.25
2/1/2/1/9/7/2/1
(1972): 1
Leifer & Roberts
17/25
13
.17
2/1/3/1/9/7/2/1
(1972): 2
Collins (1973)
129/88
11
.27
1/1/1/1/9/8/1/1
Edmunds (1977)
62/57
20*
.58
-.16
-.46
1/2/4/4/5/3/1/1
Huesmann et al.
211/215
19
.85b
1/1/4/5/7/6/1/1
(1978): 1
.33
1/1/4/5/6/3/1/1
Huesmann et al.
147/136
15
-.71
1/1/3/2/6/3/1/1
(1978): 2
Deluty (1979)
62/61
9
1.16
1/1/1/1/9/2/1/1
Edmunds & Kendrick
108/111
29
.37
2/2/5/5/5/2/1/1
(1980)
Prasad (1980)
25/25
22
.56
.66
.89
1/4/4/4/5/2/3/2
Doyle & Biaggio
37/53
20*
1.07
.53
.15
1/1/4/4/4/3/2/1
(1981)
.54
1.14b
.34b
.09
1/1/4/4/5/3/2/1
Russell (1981)
101/119
20*
.45
.17
1/3/4/4/3/3/1/1
.52
.92b
.39b
.13
1/3/4/4/5/3/1/1
Sadowski & Wenzel
61/96
20*
.11
1/1/4/4/5/2/1/1
(1982)
Deluty (1983)
110/121
10
.44
1/1/1/1/9/8/1/1
b
Cairns & Cairns (1984)
81/93
10
.11
1/1/1/1/8/2/1/2
(same sample a year
.10
later)
Sex differences in aggression 22
Sample Mean
gggggSamplea
size
age overall physical verbal anger indirect
(M/F)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Krawiec (1984)
40/40
20*
.21
.22
3/1/4/4/8/8/1/1
Tardiff (1984)
307/477
.15
1/1/9/9/3/4/1/1
420/399
.15b
1/1/9/9/3/4/1/1
Deluty (1985)
89/99
9
.86
1/1/1/1/9/2/1/1
Forsstrom-Cohen &
24/20i
20*
-.57
1/1/4/4/5/2/3/1
Rosenbaum (1985): 1
Forsstrom-Cohen &
18/25j
20*
.21
1/1/4/4/5/2/3/1
Rosenbaum (1985): 2
Forsstrom-Cohen &
44/33k
20*
.77
1/1/4/4/5/2/3/1
Rosenbaum (1985): 3
Schill, Ramanaiah, &
88/88
19
.87
1/1/4/4/5/2/1/1
O'Laughlin (1985)
Bland & Orn (1986)
488/711
35
.62
1/3/9/5/3/4/1/1
Ekblad & Olweus
155/135
10
.88
1/10/1/1/2/1/1/1
(1986)
Reinsch & Sanders
89/105
19
.65
-.05
1/1/4/4/9/2/2/2
(1986): 1
Reinsch & Sanders
89/103
19
.81
.06
1/1/4/4/9/2/2/2
(1986): 2
Reinsch & Sanders
90/81
19
1.06
-.12
1/1/4/4/9/2/2/2
(1986): 3
Siegel (1986)
74/124
20*
.28
1/1/4/4/4/3/2/1
Tachibana &
243/279
17
.23
1/7/3/1/7/8/3/1
Hasegawa (1986)
Kazdin, Rodgers,
195/60
10
.42
.25
1/1/1/9/5/8/1/1
Colbus, & Siegel
(1987)
McCann, Woolfolk,
96/110
19
.47
.04
-.24
1/1/4/4/5/2/2/2
Lehrer, & Schwarcz
(1987)
Russell, Vokey, &
196/217
20*
.53b
4/3/4/4/5/2/1/1
Getkate (1987): 1
Russell et al. (1987): 2
217-8/
20*
.62
.27
4/3/4/4/3/2/1/1
289-91
Schill, Thomsen, &
69/57
19
-.15
1/1/4/4/5/2/1/1
Wang (1987)
-.23
1/1/4/4/4/2/1/1
Spielberger (1988): 1a
381/558
24
-.023
5/1/5/5/4/2/11/
Spielberger (1988): 1b
924/308
35
-.19
5/1/6/5/4/2/1/1
Spielberger (1988): 1c
1342/208
50
.043
5/1/7/5/4/2/1/1
Spielberger (1988): 2
1377/1385 20*
-.05
5/1/4/4/4/2/1/1
Spielberger (1988): 3
1264/1205
15
.04
5/1/3/5/4/2/1/1
Spielberger (1988): 4
505/404
-.03
5/1/9/12/4/2/1/1
Study
Sex differences in aggression 23
Sample
Mean
gggggSamplea
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal anger indirect
____________________________________________________________________________________
_____
Spielberger (1988): 5
563/175
.28
5/1/9/6/4/2/1/2
Spielberger (1988): 6
1461/398
.27
5/1/9/8/4/2/1/2
Cairns et al. (1989) w
104/116
10.2
.04
-.005
1/1/1/1/3/2/1/1
11.2
.16
-.06
1/1/2/1/3/2/1/1
12.2
.21
-.22
1/1/2/1/3/2/1/1
13.2
.15
-.05
1/1/2/1/3/2/1/1
14.2
.20
-.02
1/1/3/1/3/2/1/1
15.2
.11
-.11
1/1/3/1/3/2/1/1
13.2
-.92
1/1/2/1/8/5/1/1
Greenglass & Julkunen
88/175
20
-.13
1/3/4/4/4/3/2/2
(1989)
Tucker (1989) l
40/37
11
.87
1.11
.46
3/1/1/1/5/3/2/1
Ujjwala Rani &
25/25
25
.15
.54
.48
-.42
1/4/5/5/5/2/3/2
Ramavani (1989): 1
Ujjwala Rani &
25/25
45
-.26
.40
.27
-.13
1/4/7/5/5/2/3/2
Ramavani (1989): 2
Unverzagt & Schill
71/60
20*
-.09o
1/1/4/4/4/2/1/1
(1989)
-.23o
B.J. Wood (1989)
47/51
18.5
.47
3/1/4/4/5/2/2/1
l
Gergen (1990)
75/75
19
.94
1/1/4/4/2/4/2/1
Schill, Ramanaiah, &
102/101
20*
.86
.73
1/1/4/4/4/2/1/1
Conn (1990)
.79
1/1/4/4/6/2/1/1
Stets (1990)
1461/1909
42
.22
.35
1/1/7/5/3/2/2/1
Gladue (1991a)
517/443
20
.80
.68
1/1/4/4/1/2/1/2
Gladue (1991b)
155/150
20.5
1.01
.93
1/1/4/4/1/2/1/1
Kirschner (1991)
211/312
20
.04
3/1/4/4/5/2/1/2
.19p
3/1/4/4/4/2/1/2
p
-.08
3/1/4/4/4/2/1/2
-.18p
3/1/4/4/4/2/1/2
Muller (1991)
69/107
35
.07
1/8/9/5/4/2/1/2
Sallinen-Kuparinen,
88/144
23
.16
1/5/5/4/7/2/3/1
Thompson, & Klopf
(1991): 1
Sallinen-Kuparinen et
86/59
20
.55
1/1/4/4/7/2/3/1
al. (1991): 2
Scherwitz, Perkins,
389/381
21
.44
1/1/4/5/6/2/1/1
Chesney, & Hughes
(1991): 1
Scherwitz et al. (1991):
223/364
21
.17
1/1/4/5/6/2/1/1
2
Scherwitz et al. (1991):
259/319
27.5
.31
1/1/5/5/6/2/1/1
3
Study
Sex differences in aggression 24
Sample
Mean
gggggSamplea
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal anger indirect
____________________________________________________________________________________
_____
Scherwitz et al. (1991):
280/409
27.5
.29
1/1/5/5/6/2/1/1
4
Scherwitz et al. (1991):
158/174
21
.51
1/1/4/5/6/2/1/1
5
Scherwitz et al. (1991):
276/308
21
.23
1/1/4/5/6/2/1/1
6
Scherwitz et al. (1991):
162/177
27.5
.40
1/1/5/5/6/2/1/1
7
Scherwitz et al. (1991):
570/645
27.5
.22
1/1/5/5/6/2/1/1
8
Buss & Perry (1992)
612/641
19
.89
.44
.05
1/1/4/4/1/2/1/1
f
l
M.B. Harris (1992)
187/229
19
.75
1/1/4/4/2/4/2/2
Huesmann, Guerra,
148/127
9
0
2/1/1/1/2/8/1/2
Zelli, & Miller (1992)
Blackford (1993)
23/27
8.9
.20
.02
3/3/1/1/9/2/2/1
Boulton (1993): 1
24/26
8
.64
1/2/1/1/3/5/1/1
Boulton (1993): 2
44/16
11
.99
1/2/2/1/3/5/1/1
Collier (1993)
92/132
10
.64
3/1/1/1/7/1/1/2
Kopper (1993)
222/407
19
.66
.29
-.25
1/1/4/4/5/2/2/2
.59
1/1/4/4/2/2/2/2
r
Bjorkqvist et al. (1994)
162/176
35
-.28
1/5/5/13/2/7/1/
2
r
.21
Cotton et al. (1994)
222/214
12.5
.15
1/1/2/1/7/2/2/1
.45
1/1/2/1/3/4/2/1
Durant, Pendergrast, &
99/126
14.5
.43
1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1
Cadenhead (1994)
Finkelstein, von Eye, &
43/63
10
.82
.55
1/2/1/1/2/2/1/1
Preece (1994)m
29/48
12
.94 b
.27 b
1/2/2/1/2/2/1/1
30/40
14
.35
-.04
1/2/3/1/2/2/1/1
Hausman, Spivak, &
203/201
16
.27
1/1/3/5/3/4/2/1
Prothrow-Stith (1994)
Hines & Fry (1994)
35/59
20*
.34
.40
-.16
1/20/4/4/2/4/2/
1
Jakubaschk, Wurmle,
25/18
37
.03
1/1/6/10/5/2/3/
& Genner (1994)
1
North, E.M. Smith, &
600/300
33
.57
1/1/6/7/1/2/4/2
Spitznagel (1994)
Osterman et al. (1994)
204/200
8
.34
.11
0
1/22/1/1/2/7/2/
1
Archer, Kilpatrick &
160/160
21
.65qb
.35qb
-.13
1/2/4/4/1/1/1/1
Bramwell (1995)
.54q
.41q
1/2/4/4/1/1/1/1
Study
Sex differences in aggression 25
Sample
Mean
gggggSamplea
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal anger indirect
____________________________________________________________________________________
_____
Baumgartner (1995)
70/66
16
.74
.43
.56
1/12/3/1/2/3/3/1
c
Bushman (1995) : 1
210/210
20*
1.07
1/1/4/4/1/2/1/1
Bushman (1995)c: 2
80/80
20*
.90
1/1/4/4/5/2/1/1
c
Bushman (1995) : 3
330/408
20*
1.10
1/1/4/4/1/2/1/1
Eckhardt, Kassinove,
60/60
19
.22
1/17/4/4/4/3/1/1
Tsytsarev, &
Sukhodolsky (1995)
Gladue & Bailey
82/68
27
.31
.11
1/1/5/5/1/1/1/1
(1995)
Hoglund & Nicholas
107/101
20
.61
1/1/4/4/5/2/2/1
(1995)
.01
1/1/4/4/4/2/2/1
Knight, Ross, Collins,
492/518
-.17
1/18/9/5/4/2/1/1
& Parmenter (1995)
Langhinrichsen337/137
18
.20g
1/1/4/3/3/4/2/1
Rohling & Neidig
(1995)
.41hb
.38e
Muller, Rau, Brody,
53/33
31
-.38
1/8/6/5/4/2/3/1
Elbert, & Heinle (1995)
Stanford, Greve, &
59/155
25
.75
.13
-.28
1/1/5/4/5/2/1/1
Dickens (1995)
Yamauchi & Li (1995):
116/157
20*
.30
1/7/4/4/7/2/3/1
1
Yamauchi & Li (1995):
226/137
20*
.16
1/10/4/4/7/2/3/1
2
Bartz, Blume, & Rose
159/350
20*
.04
1/1/4/4/4/2/1/1
(1996)
Clay, Hagglund,
84/84
11
.18
1/1/2/12/4/2/1/2
Kashani, & Frank
(1996)
Dykeman, Daehlin,
129/151
13.5
.65
1/1/3/1/2/6/2/1
Doyle, & Flamer
(1996)
Felsten (1996)
65/105
25
.41
1/1/5/4/5/2/1/1
L.R. Green, Richardson
52/96
21
.46
.06
1/1/4/4/2/2/2/1
& Lago (1996)
M.B. Harris (1996)d
97/247
28
1.08
1/1/5/4/1/2/2/2
(same sample)
97/254
.73
(same sample)
96/252
.04
J.A. Harris, Rushton,
155/151
22
.74
.24
-.03
1/3/4/4/1/2/2/2
Hampson, & Jackson
(1996)
Study
Sex differences in aggression 26
Sample
Mean
gggggSamplea
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal anger indirect
____________________________________________________________________________________
_____
M.B. Harris & Knight60/46
35
1.38
.04
.11
1/1/6/4/1/2/2/2
Bohnhoff (1996): 1
M.B. Harris & Knight57/18
35
.95
.13
.23
1/1/6/8/1/2/2/2
Bohnhoff (1996): 2
Kopper & Epperson
260/445
19.5
.87
1/1/4/4/5/6/2/2
(1996)
Meesters, Muris,
244/518
21.5
.73
.28
1/6/4/4/1/2/3/1
Bosma, Schouten, &
Beuving (1996)
Williams, Boyd,
124/76
30
.43
.05
.07
1/1/6/6/1/2/2/1
Cascardi, & Poythress
(1996)
Archer & Haigh
100/100
25
.43
.15
-.31
1/2/5/4/1/2/1/1
(1997a)u
Archer & Haigh
62/47
29
.10
.03
-.34
1/2/5/6/1/9/1/2
(1997b)u
Archer et al. (1997)
41/65
20*
.86
.71
.31
1/2/4/4/1/3/1/2
.54
.53s
1/2/4/4/2/3/1/2
s
-.25
Berenbaum & Resnick
18/13
20
.76
1/1/4/11/6/1/2/
(1997): 1
1
Berenbaum & Resnick
11/5
19
.10
1/1/4/11/6/1/2/
(1997): 2
1
Bernstein & Gesn
113/208
20*
.85
.24
.02
1/1/4/4/1/2/2/1
(1997)
Buntaine &
287/270
9.5
.27
-.07
1/1/1/1/9/2/2/2
Costenbader (1997)
Campbell et al. (1997)
55/40
20*
.10
.08t
1/2/4/4/2/6/2/2
-.54t
S. Feshbach, Feshbach,
32/35
9
.18
2/1/1/1/5/3/1/2
& Jaffe (1997): 1
S. Feshbach et al.
80/80
11
.07
2/1/1/1/5/3/1/2
(1997): 2
St. George & Thomas
258/258
13
.22
1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1
(1997)
Grufman & Berg-Kelly 1111/1445
16
.75
1/13/3/1/3/4/3/
(1997)
1
Malik, Sorenson, &
281/426
16
.25
1/1/3/1/7/8/2/1
Aneshensel (1997)
Pastorelli, Barbaranelli,
452/363
12
.68
1/14/2/1/7/2/2/
Cermak, Rozsa, &
1
Caprara (1997): 1
Pastorelli et al. (1997):
148/133
13
.37
1/15/3/1/7/2/2/
2
1
Study
Sex differences in aggression 27
Sample
Mean
gggggSamplea
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal anger indirect
___________________________________________________________________________________
______
Pastorelli et al. (1997):
125/92
13
.56
1/16/3/1/7/2/2/
3
1
Tardiff, Marzuk, Leon,
354/409
42
-.03
1/1/9/9/8/4/1/1
Portera, & Weiner.
(1997)
Bishop & Quah (1998):
68/101
22
0.00
-.68
1/19/4/5/5/3/1/
1
1
Bishop & Quah (1998):
171/427
22
-.28
1/19/4/5/4/3/1/
2
1
Cashdan (1998): 1
28/70
22
.59
1/2/4/4/8/1/2,2
Cashdan (1998): 2
119/111
24.5
.52
.05
1/2/4/4/8/4/2/2
Cornell & Loper (1998) 4116/4116
16
.36
1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1
Craig (1998): 1
135/124
10
.20
.06
-.09
1/3/1/1/2/2/2/1
Craig (1998): 2
119/168
12
.51
.03
-.05
1/3/2/1/2/2/2/1
b
Furlow, Gangestad, &
90/139
20*
.47
1/1/4/4/3/2/1/1
Armijo-Prewitt (1998)
.62
1/1/4/4/3/4/1/1
Kingery et al.
394/394
13
.14
1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1
v
(1998):1
Kingery et al.
405/405
14
.08
1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1
v
(1998):2
Kingery et al.
370/370
15
.10
1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1
v
(1998):3
Kingery et al.
365/365
16
.04
1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1
v
(1998):4
Kingery et al.
332/332
17
.05
1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1
(1998):5v
Kingery et al.
274/274
18
.09
1/1/4/1/3/4/1/1
(1998):6v
Malek, Chang, & Davis
231/257
13.5
.49
1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1
(1998)
Peters (1998)
39/45
14
-.12
3/1/3/9/4/1/2/1
Tashman, Weist,
73/81
15
-.09
1/1/3/1/3/2/2/1
Nabors, & Shafer
(1998)
Baron, Neuman &
250/202
.21
1/1/9/5/2/3/1/1
Geddes (1999)
Bosworth, Espelage &
258/300
12
.36
1/1/2/1/2/2/1/1
Simon (1999)
Brener et al. (1999): 1n 6136/6136
16.5
.32
1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1
n
Brener et al. (1999): 2
8148/8148
16.5
.40
1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1
Brener et al. (1999): 3n 5452/5452
16.5
.32
1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1
n
Brener et al. (1999): 4
8131/8131
16.5
.42
1/1/3/1/3/4/2/1
Study
Sex differences in aggression 28
Ssample
Mean
gggggSamplea
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal anger indirect
____________________________________________________________________________________
_____
Buchanan (1999)
37/67
20*
.65
.45
-.21
1/2/4/4/1/1/1/1
Carlo et al. (1999)
43/46
16
.62
1/1/3/1/7/2/2/2
Felsten & Hill (1999)
14/19
24
1.27
-.24
.22
1/1/4/4/1/2/1/1
b
Musazadeh (1999): 1
110/113
20
.64
.24
3/9/4/4/2/2/2/1
109/113
.26
3/9/4/4/1/2/2/1
b
Musazadeh (1999): 2
120/217
15
.19
-.09
3/9/3/1/2/2/2/1
114/215
-.002
3/9/3/1/1/2/2/1
b
Musazadeh (1999): 3
49/111
20
.43
.07
3/23/4/4/2/2/2/1
52/113
-.41
3/23/4/4/1/2/2/1
b
Musazadeh (1999): 4
172/148
15
.14
.06
3/23/3/1/2/2/2/1
173/148
.02
3/23/3/1/1/2/2/1
Richardson & L.R.
56/57
20*
.61
-.02
1/1/4/4/2/2/2/2
l
Green (1999)
Slobodskaya (1999)
102/152
15
.025
1/17/3/1/7/2/2/1
P. Smith (1999)
61/45
10.9
.65
3/1/1/1/3/2/2/1
Solis (1999)
65/80
14.2
.28
3/1/3/1/2/3/2/1
Delveaux & Daniels
138/135
10
.59
.21
1/3/1/1/9/2/3/1
(2000)
Gofin, Palti, & Mandel
591/591
15
1.16
1/21/3/1/3/4/2/1
(2000)
Hilton et al. (2000)
226/230
16.8
1.03
.68
1/3/3/1/3/4/2/1/
1
Ireland (2000):1
210/196
32.5
-.09
.10
.07
3/2/6/6/10/4/2/1
Ireland (2000):2
285/217
32.7
-.12
-.08
.09
3/2/6/6/10/4/2/1
Meijer, Sinnema,
55/52
10
.55
1/6/1/12/7/2/2/1
Bijstra, Mellenbergh, &
Wolters (2000): 1
Meijer et al. (2000): 2
693/702
8
.56
1/6/1/1/7/2/2/1
Singer & Flannery
1723/1750
10.5
.21
1/1/1/1/3/4/1/1
(2000): 1
Singer & Flannery
1143/1102
11.3
.26
1/1/2/1/3/4/1/1
(2000): 2
Singer & Flannery
1784/1939
16
.17
1/1/3/1/3/4/1/1
(2000): 3
S. Walker et al. (2000)
30/73
75
.47
-.08
1/1/8/5/2/3/2/1
Boulton, Karellou,
126/125
8.5
.38
.33
.39
4/11/1/1/3/4/1/1
Lanitis, Manoussou, &
Lemoni (2001): 1
Boulton et al. (2001): 2
219/194
10.5
.46
.42
.30
4/11/2/1/3/4/1/1
Milovchevich,
151/202
40
.27
1/24/6/5/4/2/1/2
Howells, Drew, & Day
(2001)
Ramirez, Andreu, &
100/100
20.5
.44
.19
-.18
1/7/4/4/1/2/1/2
Fujihara (2001): 1y
Study
Sex differences in aggression 29
Sample
Mean
gggggSamplea
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal anger indirect
____________________________________________________________________________________
_____
Ramirez et al. (2001):
64/136
19
1.11
.56
-.15
1/9/4/4/1/2/1/2
y
2
Sharpe & Desai (2001)
155/79
19.8
.38
.033
-.23
1/1/4/4/1/2/3/1
Thanzami (2003): 1
100/100
16
.31
.03
.06
4/4/3/1/1/2/2/2
Thanzami (2003): 2
100/100
26
.50
-.05
.20
4/4/5/5/1/2/2/2
Broidy et al. (2003): 1
1000/1000
13
.58
4/3/3/1/2/2/2/1
Broidy et al. (2003): 2
635/630
18
.18
4/18/4/5/2/2/2/1
Broidy et al. (2003): 3
539/498
18
.38
4/18/4/5/2/2/2/1
Broidy et al. (2003): 4
212/196x
13
.29
4/1/3/1/2/2/2/1
u
Archer (2004)
82/83
25.7
.67
.12
-.27
4/2/5/4/1/1/1/1
____________________________________________________________________________________
Study
a Sample characteristics: Variable 1: source of data (1 = journal article; 2 = book or book chapter; 3
= dissertation; 4 = other unpublished source); 5 = Questionnaire manual); Variable 2: country (1 =
US; 2 = UK; 3 = Canada; 4 = India; 5 = Finland; 6 = The Netherlands; 7 = Japan; 8 = Germany; 9 =
Spain; 10 = China; 11 = Greece; 12 = Slovenia; 13 = Sweden; 14 = Italy; 15 = Hungary; 16 = the
Czech Republic; 17 = Russia; 18 = New Zealand; 19 = Singapore; 20 = Argentina; 21 = Israel; 22 =
Combined sample from the US, Finland and Poland; 23 = Iran; 24 = Australia); Variable 3: the
approximate age group or mean age in years (1 = wholly or mainly elementary school age [e.g., 6-11
or 5-13]; 2 = mainly mid-childhood/pre-adolescent ages [e.g., 11-13]; 3 = mainly adolescent ages
[e.g., 13-15,17,18,19 or 11-15 or 11-19]; 4 = college ages [18-24]; 5 = young adults extending to
mid to late twenties [e.g., 19-29]; 6 = 30-40; 7 = 41-55; 8 = over 70; 9 = not specified or different
ages); Variable 4: the sample (1 = school; 2 = adolescent delinquents; 3 = young people on a Job
Corps Program; 4 = college students; 5 = community sample; 6 = prisoners; 7 = homeless; 8 = from
military base; 9 = psychiatric patients; 10 = Old Order Amish communities; 11 = relatives of patients
with congenital adrenal hyperplasia; 12 = medical/surgical patients; 13 = university employees);
Variable 5: the questionnaire (1 = Aggression Questionnaire [Buss & Perry, 1992] or similar scale,
such as the Aggression Inventory [Gladue, 1991], or items derived from this combined with another
scale such as Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory [Buss & Durkee, 1957]; 2 = Behaviorally-based
scales, such as those based on the Conflict Tactics Scale [Straus, 1979], including the Richardson
Conflict Response Questionnaire [L.R. Green et al., 1996]), the Interpersonal Behavior Scale
[Mauger, Adkinson, Zoss, Firestone, & Hook, 1980], a measure of workplace aggression [Baron et
al, 1999], the 10-item Physical Aggression scale of Huesmann et al. [1992], the Work Harassment
Scale of Bjorkqvist et al. [1994], the SRAB, Self-Reported Aggressive Behaviour scale [Campbell et
al., 1997] or modified version of this, and the Olweus Multifaceted Aggression Inventory [OMAI:
Olweus, Mattsson, Schalling & Low, 1980]; 3 = single-item measures of verbal or physical
aggression or fights; 4 = Measures from anger scales such as the Physical and Verbal aggression
subscales of the Anger Self Report Scale [Zelin, Adler, & Meyerson, 1972] or the Aggression scale of
Muller Anger Coping Questionnaire [Muller, 1993] or the Multidimensional Anger Inventory
[Siegel, 1986] anger arousal subscale, or the Spielberger Trait Anger Scale [Spielberger, Jacobs,
Russell, & Crane, 1983 or Spielberger, 1988] or the Anger Questionnaire [Muller, 1991], factor 1,
or the Subjective Anger Scale [Knight et al., 1995], or Differential Emotions Scale IV [Izard et al.,
1974, cited in Clay et al., 1996] anger subscale; 5 = Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory [Buss &
Durkee, 1957], for overall aggression acting-out, or overt, or aggressiveness factor, or expressive
Sex differences in aggression 30
hostility, or total, for verbal and physical assault or verbal or indirect subscales, or composites of
BDHI with other scales such as the Interpersonal Behavior Scale [Mauger et al., 1980], or revisions
of it for children [e.g., Bendig, 1962; Kazdin et al., 1987]; 6 = Scales derived from personality
inventories such as the Multidimensional Personality questionnaire [Tellegen, 1982] or the MMPI; 7
= Other questionnaire measures, such as the Saarbruken Aggression Scale, SAS [Kornadt, 1982],
translated from German to Japanese, the Verbal aggressiveness scale of Infante & Wigley [1986],
the Matson Evaluation of the Social Skills of Youngsters Scale [Matson, Rotatori, & Hesel, 1983],
translated into Dutch; 8 = Interview or diary methods; 9 = Measures based on responses to
hypothetical provocations, such as the Leifer-Roberts Response to Provocation Hierarchy or
modifications of this [Leifer & Roberts, 1972; Reinisch, 1981], and the Children’s Action Tendency
Scale [Deluty, 1979]); 10 = Direct and Indirect Prisoner Behaviour checklist, DIPC, designed to
measure bullying behaviour without using this term (the physical scale extends beyond physical
aggression to property damage; Variable 6: statistic used to calculate the g value (1 = g or d value
presented in paper; 2 = means and standard deviations; 3 = t value; 4 = frequencies or proportions;
5 = 2; 6 = point-biserial correlation; 7 = one-way F value; 8 = approximate g from p values or p
values and means; 9 = age-adjusted values, from F values after age was entered as a covariant);
Variable 7: sex of first author (1 = male; 2 = female; 3 = not known); Variable 8: whether the title
contained the terms “sex” or”gender” or “boys and girls” or “men and women” (1 = it did not; 2 = it
did).
b Indicates the values used in the meta-analysis.
c Measures for Studies 1 and 2 were not in the published paper; they were calculated from the means
and standard deviations supplied by the author.
d These data were obtained from the author. They are slightly different from the values given on p.
857 of the published paper.
e Physical aggression towards child strangers (although the age of "child" is not provided).
f The mean frequency of eight specific acts of physical aggression since the respondent was 12 years
of age. It is based on aggressors' reports; the mean d value for victims' reports being .63.
g Physical aggression towards friends.
h Physical aggression towards adult strangers.
i This sample involved participants who had viewed parental violence (which led to much higher
values among women).
j This sample involved participants who had viewed non-violent parental discord.
k This sample involved participants who witnesses little parental discord.
l These studies provided figures for same-sex and opposite-sex opponents. The values for same-sex
opponents are presented here, since the pattern for opposite-sex opponents is very different and more
in line with the pattern found for partner physical aggression (Archer, 2000a,b)
m This study was a longitudinal one taking measures at three times. The measure of verbal aggression
specified aggression towards adults and the measure of physical aggression specified aggression toward
peers. The middle value was used in the meta-analysis.
n Data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1997 (US Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention): the question analyzed involved being in a physical fight. Lowry,
Powell, Kann, Collins, & Kolbe (1998) presented similar data from the 1993 survey, but with a
smaller sample size. Hill (1997) and Kingery et al. (1998) presented figures for 1993, 1995 and 1997,
for the related question involving being in a physical fight at school. This produced similar effect
sizes for years 1993 and 1995 (Hill, 1997), and values of d = .44, .24, .30 and -.004, for grades 15, 16,
17 and 18 analyzed separately, for 1997 (Kingery et al., 1998).
o The first value was derived from the Novaco Anger Scale (Novaco, 1975) and the second from the
Spielberger Trait Anger Scale (Spielberger et al, 1983 or Spielberger, 1988). The mean of the two
values was used for the meta-analysis.
Sex differences in aggression 31
p The first value was derived from the Anger Self Report Scale [Zelin et al., 1972], the second from the
Spielberger Trait Anger Scale [Spielberger et al, 1983, Spielberger, 1988] and the third from the Novaco
Anger Scale [Novaco, 1975]. The mean of the three values was used for the meta-analysis.
q The first value was derived from the Aggression Questionnaire [Buss & Perry, 1992] and the second
from the Aggression Inventory [Gladue, 1991a].
r The first figure is for “social manipulation” and the second is for “rational-appearing aggression”.
The mean of the two figures was used for the meta analysis.
s The first figure is for Factor 2 items, and the second figure is for Factor 3 items, which showed no
apparent conceptual distinction from Factor 2. The mean of the two figures was used for the metaanalysis.
t The first figure is for “instrumental” aggression, and the second one is for “expressive” aggression.
The mean of the two figures was used for the meta-analysis.
u The values in these three studies are controlled for the unequal ages of the male and female
samples. For Archer and Haigh (1997a, 1997b) values were recalculated and are therefore different
from those in the published sources, which were not controlled for age. For Archer and Haigh
(1997a), values were calculated separately for two age groups from means and standard deviations
(23 and below and over 24) and these values pooled. For Archer and Haigh (1997b), values
calculated from the one-way F vales after age had been entered as a covariate. For Archer (in press)
age-adjusted effect sizes are presented in the table.
v The National Crime Victimization Survey School Crime Supplement, NCVS/SCS (US Department
of Justice, 1998).
w A longitudinal study, beginning at age 10.2 yr with five follow-up measures a year apart. All six values
are shown in this table, but only the first age was used in the meta-analysis.
x Sample sizes were taken from Pettit, Laird, Dodge, Bates, & Criss (2001).
y In this paper, the sex differences are presented for the two nationalities combined. Data shown in the
table was obtained from the first author (Ramirez, personal communication), and was originally
presented as a conference paper (Andreu, Fujihara, & Ramirez, 1998).
____________________________________________________________________________________
Sex differences in aggression 32
Appendix B
Observational Studies of Children, Used in the Second Series of Meta-analyses, Showing Sample
Sizes, Mean Ages, Effect Sizes (g) for Overall, Physical, Verbal, and Indirect Aggression, and
Sample Characteristics.
Study
Sample
Mean
g
g
g
g
Sample
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal indirect characteristics
____________________________________________________________________________________
___
Muste & Sharpe (1947)
12/14
4
.54
1/2/7/1/8/2/1
Sears, Whiting, Nowlis,
21/19
4.5
.27
1/2/1/1/5/1/1
& Sears (1953)
McCandless, Bilous, &
28/32
4.5
.40
1/4/1/1/2/1/1
c
Bennett (1961)
Sears, Rau, & Alpert
21/19
4
.90
1.27
1.05
2/2/1/1/5/1/1
(1965)
Feshbach (1969)
44/40
6
-.52b
1/2/9/2/2/2/2
Pedersen & Bell (1970)
30/25
2.5
.54
1/2/1/1/4/1/2
Baumrind (1971)
125/113
5.4
.56d
1/2/1/1/5/2/1
ce
McGrew (1972)
21/9
4
1.29
.53
2/1/1/1/2/1/1
(same sample)
.91
2/1/1/1/7/1/1
Blurton Jones &
10/11
4.5
.90
2/1/1/1/6/1/2
Konner (1973): 1
Blurton Jones &
10/13
4.5
.86
2/3/5/1/6/1/2
Konner (1973): 2
McGuire (1973)
70/62
4
.59
1/2/1/1/5/1/1
Hartup (1974)
56/46
5.5
.52
1/2/1/1/7/1/1
P.K. Smith (1974)
24/24
3.3
.40
2/1/1/1/8/1/1
f
Jacklin & Maccoby
12/12
2.8
.19
1/2/7/1/5/2/2
(1978)
Harden & Jacobs
8/8
5
1.53
1/2/1/1/5/1/1
(1978)
Barrett (1979)
39/40
6.5
1.22
.83
1/2/2/2/5/1/2
g
g
(.90 ) (.38 )
Seegmiller (1980)
245/224
4
.50
1/2/1/1/10/2/2/
1
Hargett (1981)
17/17
3.5
.71
3/2/1/1/9/2/1
Morey (1981)
22/36
4
1.05
1.40
.06
3/2/8/1/4/2/2
Granda (1982)
21/17
4.5
.19
.26
-.38
3/2/1/1/5/2/1
Moore & Mukai (1983):
37/23
7.5
.09
.26
.09
1/2/8/3/5/1/2
1h
Moore & Mukai (1983):
65/41
8
-.03
.32
-.22
1/2/8/3/5/1/2
2h
Moore & Mukai (1983):
35/22
8.1
-.03
.40
.16
1/2/8/3/5/1/2
3h
Gunnar, Senior, &
10/10f
2.0
1.10
1/2/7/1/4/1/1
Hartup (1984)
Attili & Boggi (1985)
6/6
4.7
1.37
2/8/1/1/7/2/2
Sex differences in aggression 33
Study
Sample
Mean
g
g
g
g
Sample
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal indirect characteristics
_________________________________________________________________________________
Fagot & Hagan (1985):
6/6
1.8
.86
.28
1/2/1/1/5/2/2
1
Fagot & Hagan (1985):
10/10
2.3
.38
.15
1/2/1/1/5/2/2
2
Fagot & Hagan (1985):
8/8
2.8
.41
.31
1/2/1/1/5/2/2
3
Fagot et al. (1985)
12/14
1.1
.14
1/2/1/1/5/2/2
(same sample 10
13/16
2.0
.21
1/2/1/1/5/2/2
months later)
P.K. Smith & Lewis
16/10
4.3
.16
1/1/1/1/8/1/1
(1985)
Archer et al. (1988): 1
12/12
6
-.13
-.71
1/1/4/2/3/1/2
Archer et al. (1988): 2
12/12
7
.76
-.31
1/1/4/2/3/1/2
Archer et al. (1988): 3
12/12
8
.25
-.73
1/1/4/2/3/1/2
Archer et al. (1988): 4
12/12
9
-1.03
-.86
1/1/4/2/3/1/2
Archer et al. (1988): 5
12/12
10
1.37
-.49
1/1/4/2/3/1/2
Archer et al. (1988): 6
12/12
11
.96
-.85
1/1/4/5/3/1/2
McCabe & Lipscomb
21/11
4.6
.37
-.05
1/2/1/2/5/2/2
(1988): 1
McCabe & Lipscomb
32/32k
10
-.52m
1/2/4/2/10/2/2
(1988): 2
McCabe & Lipscomb
8/8k
7
.75
1/2/4/2/5/2/2
(1988): 2a
McCabe & Lipscomb
8/8k
8.8
-.33
1/2/4/2/5/2/2
(1988): 2b
McCabe & Lipscomb
8/8k
11.2
1.29
1/2/4/5/5/2/2
(1988): 2c
McCabe & Lipscomb
8/8k
13.2
.56
1/2/4/5/5/2/2
(1988): 2d
Cummings, Iannotti, &
22/21
2/5n
.26
1/2/6/1/5/1/1
Zahn-Waxler (1989)
Koyama & P.K. Smith
12/8
4.4
.13
.61
1/1/1/1/5/2/1
(1991)
Boulton (1993): 1i
22/21
8
.26
1/1/3/2/5/1/1
Boulton (1993): 2i
25/18
11
.12
1/1/3/2/5/1/1
Serbin, Marchessault,
30/30
10
1.05
2/5/3/2/4/2/2
Mcaffer, Peters, &
Schwartzman (1993)
Shaw, Keenan &
55/38
1.5
.49o
1/2/8/4/5/1/1
Vondra (1994)
(same sample)
54/40
2.0
.39o
Farver (1996)
32/32
4
.91
1/2/1/1/5/2/1
McNeilly-Choque,
109/87
5
.41
-1.11
1/2/3/1/5/2/1
Hart, Robinson, Nelson,
& Olsen (1996)
Sex differences in aggression 34
_________________________________________________________________________________
Study
Sample
Mean
g
g
g
g
Sample
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal indirect characteristics
_________________________________________________________________________________
Gunnarson (1997)
32/26
3.8
.56
.77
.31
3/2/1/1/5/1/1
Martin (1998)
39/39
5.3
.39
.53
3/5/8/1/4/2/2
Rubin, Hastings, Chen,
2.1
.42
1/2/6/1/5/1/1
50/50
Stewart & McNichol
(1998)
Tapper & Boulton
9
.49
.33
-.43l
4/1/3/2/5/2/1
35/38
l
(1998)
-.23
Arnold, Homrok, Ortiz,
48/38
4.8
.61
1/2/1/1/9/1/1
& Stowe (1999)
Butovskaya &
13/12
6.5
2.02
.32
1/6/3/2/5/2/1
Kozintsev (1999)
Cooperman (1999)
24/27j
4.5
.56
.20
3/2/8/1/5/2/1
Gifford-Smith (1999): 1
8.4
.23
.55
3/2/2/2/5/2/2
16/16
Gifford-Smith (1999): 2
11.0
.58
.54
3/2/2/4/5/2/2
16/16
Arsenio, Cooperman &
24/27j
4.5
.55
1/2/8/1/5/1/1
Lover (2000)
Hay, Castle & Davies
33/33
2
.64
1/1/8/1/1/2/1
(2000)
Munroe, Hulefeld,
24/24
6
.80
1/12/5/2/5/1/1
Rodgers, Tomeo, &
Yamazaki (2000): 1p
Munroe et al. (2000):
24/24
6
.62
1/9/5/2/5/1/1
2p
Munroe et al. (2000):
24/24
6
.42
1/10/5/2/5/1/1
3p
Munroe et al. (2000):
24/24
6
.35
1/11/5/2/5/1/1
4p
28/20
4.8
.49
1/7/1/1/3/1/2
Sanchez-Martin, et al.
(2000)
Butovskaya (2001)
11/9
6.5
2.06
1.29
2/13/3/2/5/2/1
Note. Sample characteristics: Variable 1: source of data (1 = journal article; 2 = book or book
chapter; 3 = dissertation; 4 = other unpublished source); Variable 2: country or ethnic group (1 =
UK; 2 = US; 3 = !Kung hunter-gatherers; 4 = a mix of Hawaiian children of Caucasian and Oriental
origin; 5 = Canada; 6 = Russia; 7 = Spain; 8 = Italy; 9 = Kenya; 10 = Samoa; 11 = Belize; 12 =
Nepal; 13 = Kalmyk Republic); Variable 3: the situation (1 = nursery school or playgroup or day
care center; 2 = summer camp; 3 = playground or free play; 4 = classroom; 5 = village; 6 = child
interacting with a friend in the presence of mother; 7 = two child structured play session; 8 = home
setting, or experimental situation; 9 = reactions of newcomers to established dyads); Variable 4: age
in years (1 = pre-school ages [1.5-6 yr]; 2 = elementary school ages [6-11 yr]; 3 = pre-school,
elementary and early secondary school ages [2-13 yr]; 4 = elementary and early secondary school
ages [7-13 yr]; 5 = secondary school ages [e.g., 11-14]; Variable 5: the statistic used to calculate the
g values (1 = frequencies or proportions; 2 = 2; 3 = d values in published paper; 4 = t value; 5 =
Sex differences in aggression 35
means and standard deviations; 6 = minimum value, calculated from the report that the differences
were significant [i.e. p = .05]. It is not clear whether this value was derived from 2 values or the
Mann-Whitney U test; 7 = p value; 8 = the data for individual children presented by the authors in
the published papers; 9 = one-way F value; 10 = approximate d value from factorial F value, i.e. an
overestimate since other factor or factors should have been added to the error term); Variable 6: sex
of the first author (1 = male; 2 = female; 3 = not known); Variable 7: whether the title contained the
terms “sex” or”gender” or “boys and girls” or “men and women” (1 = it did not; 2 = it did).
b The measures were of ostracism and rejection.
c In the studies by McCandless et al. (1961), and McGrew (1972) it is not clear whether the 2 were
carried out appropriately (i.e. whether they violated the assumption of independence).
d The measure was hostile-friendly.
e Note that the sample size for this study is not 10 as shown in Table 1 of Maccoby and Jacklin
(1980). For physical aggression, the top figure is for pushing, and the lower figure (used in the metaanalysis) is for hitting movement. For verbal aggression, the measure is for negative expletive.
f Values for these studies were taken from those supplied for male and for female dyads, since no
individual values were presented.
g The figures in brackets (used in the meta-analysis) are corrected for the numbers of social initiations
by boys and girls.
h The top two samples were children referred to clinics for aggressive behavior.
i Values for this study were calculated from the rates of fighting per hour supplied by the author.
j These are likely to be the same sample, but are listed separately since the dissertation provided
separate measures for physical and verbal aggression.
k The measure was obtained from an analysis of recorded verbal protocols for indirect aggression
(referred to as “nonconfrontatory verbal aggression”).
l The upper figure is for indirect verbal aggression and the lower figure is for indirect relational
aggression. The mean of the two values was used for the meta-analysis.
m The first entry (indirect aggression) is for four age groups combined (since only this value was
available) and the next four (verbal aggression) are for the separate ages.
n This was a longitudinal study beginning at 2 yr and following up at 5 yr. The data were for both
years combined, from the means on p. 894, and the pooled standard deviations for both sexes at 2 and
5 yr from Table 10.
o The mean of the two values were used in the meta-analysis.
p Means and standard deviations for the frequency of aggression per child were obtained from the
first author.
Sex differences in aggression 36
Appendix C
Studies Involving Peer Reports, Used in the Third Series of Meta-analyses, Showing Sample Sizes,
Mean Ages, Effect Sizes (g) for Overall, Physical, Verbal, and Indirect Aggression, and Sample
Characteristics.
Study
Sample
Mean
g
g
g
g
Sample
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal indirect characteristics
____________________________________________________________________________________
___
Toigo, Walder, Eron &
266/266
9
.07
1/4/2/4/4/1/1
Lefkowitz (1962)
Semler, Eron,
292/275
9
.70
1/4/2/6/2/2//1
Meyerson, & Williams
(1967)
Semler & Eron (1967)
469/394
9
.53
1/4/2/6/2/2/1
a
Huesmann et al. (1978)
211/215
9
.41
1/4/2/4/3/1/1
(same sample 10 years
19
.74
1/4/5/4/3/1/1
later)
Brodzinsky, Messer, &
58/69
11
.72
1/4/3/6/4/1/2
Tew (1979)
Deluty (1983)
110/121
10
.44
1/4/2/1/6/1/1
Cairns & Cairns (1984)
81/93
10
-.11b
1/4/2/7/2/1/2
b
(same sample 1 yr later)
11
.15
1/4/3/7/2/1/2
Felson & Liska (1984)
209/207
13
.82
1/4/3/5/3/1/2
Huesmann, Lagerspetz,
374/384
9
.36
1/4/2/4/4/1/1
& Eron (1984): 1
Huesmann et al. (1984):
105/115
10
.40
1/1/2/4/4/1/1
2
Lagerspetz et al. (1988)
78/89
11.5
1.14
-.79
1/1/3/1/5/2/2
e
Lancelotta & Vaughn
47/51
11
.73
.42
1/4/3/7/6/1/1
(1989)
Degnan (1990): 1
130/151
11
.83
.88
.47
.36
3/4/3/9/5/2/1
Degnan (1990): 2
77/73
11
.99
1.37
.61
.23
3/4/3/9/5/2/1
Degnan (1990): 3
47/47
11
.63
.26
.32
.43
3/4/3/9/5/2/1
McIntosh (1991)
147/163
8
.58
.91
3/4/2/1/2/2/1
c
Huesmann et al. (1992)
148/127
9
.36
2/4/2/4/6/1/2
Bjorkqvist, Lagerspetz,
40/45
8
1.00
-.36
1/1/2/2/5/1/2
& Kaukiainen (1992): 1
Bjorkqvist, Lagerspetz,
64/63
15
1.65
.23
-.67
1/1/4/2/5/1/2
& Kaukiainen (1992a):
2
Collier (1993)
92/132
10.5
.59
3/4/2/4/3/1/2
Hudley (1993)
479/420
11.5
.60
.71
1/4/3/8/2/2/1
Sex differences in aggression 37
Study
Sample
Mean
g
g
g
g
Sample
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal indirect charcteristics
_________________________________________________________________________________
____
Bjorkqvist, Osterman,
1069/1025
11
1.09
.60
-.22
4/2/3/2/4/1/2
& Lagerspetz (1994)/
Osterman et al. (1997)
Boulton & P.K. Smith
57/74
9
.91
1/6/2/5/9/1/1
(1994)
Dodge, Pettit, & Bates
248/228
6.5
.66
1/4/2/4/2/1/1
(1994): 1
Dodge et al. (1994): 2
52/49
6.5
.58
1/4/2/4/2/1/1
Osterman et al. (1994)
204/200
8
.74
.44
-.05
1/3/2/2/4/2/1
Crick & Grotpeter
256/235
10.5
.75
-.26
1/4/2/4/2/2/2
(1995)
Guerra, Huesmann,
313/326
7
.36d
1/4/2/4/2/2/1
Tolan, van Acker, &
Eron (1995)/Eron,
Guerra, & Huesmann
(1997): 1
Guerra et al.
303/316
9
.69d
1/4/2/4/2/2/1
(1995)/Eron et al.
(1997): 2
Guerra et al.
332/345
11
.59d
1/4/3/4/2/2/1
(1995)/Eron et al.
(1997): 3
Verlaan (1995)
201/205
11
.78
.54
.04
3/8/3/2/2/2/2
McNeilly-Choque et al.
134/107
5
.68
.00
1/4/1/4/2/2/1
(1996)
Owens (1996): 1
55/53
8
1.06
.44
.08
1/5/2/3/2/1/2
Owens (1996): 2
59/52
12
1.91
1.07
-.16
1/5/3/3/2/1/2
Owens (1996): 3
58/46
15
1.37
.12
-.59
1/5/4/3/2/1/2
Owens (1996): 4
48/51
17
1.67
.81
-.96
1/5/4/3/2/1/2
Crick (1997)
578/588
10.5
.78
-.15
1/4/2/4/2/2/2
Crick, Casas, & Mosher
34/31
5
.40
.25
1/4/1/4/1/2/1
(1997)
Khatri (1997)
160/69
10
.38
3/9/2/4/1/2/1
Lemerise (1997)
458/482
8
.78
1/4/2/5/2/2/1
Rys (1997): 1
27/14
10.5
.72
-.10
3/4/2/4/2/2/2
Rys (1997): 2
33/45
10.5
.84
-.15
3/4/2/4/2/2/2
Rys & Bear (1997): 1
61/70
8
.65
.07
1/4/2/4/2/2/2
Rys & Bear (1997): 2
71/64
11
.65
-.13
1/4/3/4/2/2/2
Tomada & Schneider
167/147
9
.97
.27
1/7/2/4/2/2/2
(1997)
Henington, Hughes,
461/443
8.5
.85
.27
1/4/2/4/2/2/2
Cavell, & Thompson
(1998)
Sex differences in aggression 38
Study
Sample
Mean
g
g
g
g
Sample
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal indirect characteristics
_________________________________________________________________________________
____
Hess & Atkins (1998)
239/231
10
.21
1/4/2/5/4/2/1
Pakaslahti &
407/430
14
.52
.31
-.10
1/1/4/4/2/2/1
Keltikangas-Jarvinen
(1998)
Phillipsen, Deptula, &
308/357
10.5
.13
.00
1/4/2/4/2/1/1
Cohen (1999)
Arsenio, Cooperman, &
24/27
4.5
.96
1/4/1/5/2/1/1
Lover (2000)
Salmivalli, Kaukiainen
89/120
15.5
.97
.56
-.87
1/1/4/2/8/2/2
& Lagerspetz (2000)
Sebanc (2000)
52/46
3.9
.52
3/4/1/4/5/2/1
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____
Note. Sample characteristics: Variable 1 = source of data (1 = journal article; 2 = book or book
chapter; 3 = dissertation; 4 = other unpublished source); Variable 2 = country (1 = Finland; 2 = a
combined sample from Finland, Italy, Israel and Poland; 3 = a combined sample from Finland, US,
and Poland; 4 = US; 5 = Australia; 6 = UK; 7 = Italy; 8 = Canada 9 = India); Variable 3 = age group
in years (1 = pre-school age (under 6 years); 2 = elementary school age [6-11]; 3 = mainly preadolescent ages [e.g., 11-13]; 4 = mainly adolescent ages [e.g., 13-15, 17-18]; 5 = young adults [1824]); Variable 4:method of measurement (1 = children asked to rate what each other child in the
class did when he or she became angry, or if someone was bothering them, either in terms of the
frequency of specific items or a choice from aggressive and non-aggressive alternatives; 2 = children
asked to rate what each other child in the class did when he or she became angry or had problems, in
terms of the frequency of specific items, developed by Bjorkqvist, Lagerspetz, & Kaukiainen, 1992; 3
= children asked to rate boys in general and girls in general, in terms of the frequency with which
they employed items of direct aggression; 4 = peer nomination along items involving aggression; 5 =
peer nominations for who fights the most or who starts fights; 6 = respondents asked to rate peers
along scales describing types of aggression; 7 = Nomination of children with whom they had
conflicts; 8 = Nomination of three children who best fit aggressive categories including “starts a
fight”; 9 = Peer Evaluation Inventory of Pekarik, Prinz, Liebert, Weintraub, & Neale (1976); 10 =
Asked what each other child in the class did); Variable 5 = statistic used to calculate the g value (1 =
frequency or proportions; 2 = means and standard deviations; 3 = point-biserial correlation; 4 =
one-way F value; 5 = the means and standard deviations in the histograms [approximate values]; 6 =
p values; 7 = authors’ d value; 8 = t values; 9 = F values from 2 x 2 ANOVA, i.e. an overestimate
since the other factor should have been included in the error term); Variable 6: Sex of first author (1
= male; 2 = female; 3 = not known); Variable 7: whether the title contained the terms “sex” or
“gender” or “boys and girls” or “men and women” (1 = it did not; 2 = it did).
a Value used in the meta-analysis.
b The same sample a year later. The means of the two values were used in the meta-analysis.
c No precise value was given and so the g value is half way between p = .01 and p = .001.
Sex differences in aggression 39
d Calculated from the means for the three ages in the histograms in Figure 1 of Eron et al 1997), and
the overall standard deviation stated in Guerra et al. (1995): the sample sizes for the three ages were
calculated from information in Guerra et al.
e The mean of the g values for provoked and unprovoked physical aggression.
Sex differences in aggression 40
Appendix D
Studies Involving Teacher Reports, Used in the Fourth Series of Meta-analyses, Showing Sample
Sizes, Mean Ages, Effect Sizes (g) for Overall, Physical, Verbal, and Indirect Aggression, and
Sample Characteristics.
sample
Mean
gf
g
gf
g
Sample
size (M/F)
age
overall physical verbal indirect charcteristics
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
Hattwick (1937)
283/296
3.3
.23
1/4/1/5/3/2/2
Sears et al. (1953)
21/19
4.5
-.19
1/4/1/3/2/1/1
110/130
10.5
.27
1/4/2/1/5/1/1
R.N. Walker (1967): 1
R.N. Walker (1967): 2
115/104
11.5
.28
1/4/2/1/5/1/1
Ankeney & Goodman
25/30
3.9
.68
1/4/1/3/6/2/1
(1976).
Levine (1977): 1
233/195
9.2
.58
1/6/2/3/2/3/2
Levine (1977): 2
213/219
8.4
.44
1/6/2/3/2/3/2
a
Cairns & Cairns (1984)
81/93
10
.26
1/4/2/4/2/1/2
11
.61a
1/4/2/4/2/1/2
a
a
Cairns et al.(1989)
104/116
10.2
.14
.11
1/4/2/5/2/1/1
11.2
.42a
.18a
1/4/2/5/2/1/1
a
a
12.2
.24
.07
1/4/3/5/2/1/1
13.2
.05a
.09a
1/4/35/2/1/1
a
a
14.2
.16
.12
1/4/3/5/2/1/1
15.2
-.02a
-.03a
1/4/3/5/2/1/1
Mize & Cox (1990)
16/16
4.7
.70
1/4/1/3/2/1/1
Renken (1990)
106/85
7
.58
3/4/2/2/3/1/1
Slotkin (1991): 1
264/187
11.8
.54
3/4/2/3/6/1/1
e
e
Slotkin (1991): 2
123/88
11.8
.43
3/4/3/3/6/1/1
Huesmann et al. (1992)
148/127
9
.48
2/4/2/3/5/1/2
Adessky (1993)
55/56
5.6
.45
3/3/2/3/2/2/1
Blackford (1993)
23/27
8.9
.40
3/3/2/2/2/2/1
Honig & Park (1993)
53/52
4.4
1.02
1/4/1/3/2/2/2
Hudley (1993)
479/420
11.3
.29
.42
.27
1/4/2/3/2/2/1
f
Dumas, Nesse, Prinz, &
233/245
7
.06
1/4/2/2/1/2/1
Blechman (1996)
McNeilly-Choque et al.
134/107
5
.49
-.24
1/4/1/3/2/2/1
(1996)
Crick et al. (1997)
34/31
5
.83
-.74
1/4/1/6/2/2/2
Rys & Bear (1997): 1
61/70
9
.56
-.19
1/4/2/6/2/2/2
Rys & Bear (1997): 2
71/64
12
.45
-.20
1/4/3/6/2/2/2
Tomada & Schneider
167/147
9
.13
.15
1/7/2/7/2/2/2
(1997)
Hart, Nelson, Robinson, 101/106
5.1
.08
.09
1/1/1/3/2/1/1
Olsen, & McNeillyChoque (1998)
Hess & Atkins (1998)
239/231
10
.32
1/4/2/8/4/2/1
Study
Sex differences in aggression 41
Study
sample
size (M/F)
gf
g
gf
overall physical verbal
g
indirect
sample
charcteristics
mean
age
_________________________________________________________________________________
____
Hudson (1998)
465/424
5
.61
.68
3/8/2/3/2/2/1
Shields & Cicchetti
146/82
8.7
.58
1/4/2/2/2/2/1
(1998)
Tout (1998)
71/58
4.3
.20
3/4/1/3/2/2/1
Cooperman (1999)g
24/27
4.4
.79
3/4/1/3/2/2/1
Deater-Deckard &
69/67
10
.64
1/4/2/2/2/3/1
Plomin (1999): 1
Deater-Deckard &
70/57
10
.35
1/4/2/2/2/3/1
Plomin (1999): 2
Dunbar (1999)
630/629
8.5
.17
3/4/2/3/6/2/2
g
Arsenio et al. (2000)
24/27
4.5
.79
1/4/1/3/2/1/1
Kokko & Pulkkinen
196/173
8
.64
1/2/2/3/1/1/1
(2000)
Sebanc (2000)
52/46
3.9
.70
-.16
3/4/1/3/2/2/1
Money (2001)
123/91
10.5
.46
.25
-.39
3/4/2/7/1/2/1
b Broidy et al. (2003): 1 1000/1000
6
.55b
4/3/2/3/2/2/1
7
.54
4/3/2/3/2/2/1
8
.53b
4/3/2/3/2/2/1
b
9
.68
4/3/2/3/2/2/1
10
.58
4/3/2/3/2/2/1
b
11
.58
4/3/2/3/2/2/1
b
12
.59
4/3/2/3/2/2/1
b Broidy et al. (2003): 2
635/630
7
.40b
4/5/2/3/2/2/1
b
8
.43
4/5/2/3/2/2/1
9
.38b
4/5/2/3/2/2/1
b
10
.42
4/5/2/3/2/2/1
11
.42b
4/5/2/3/2/2/1
b
12
.31
4/5/2/3/2/2/1
13
.39b
4/5/3/3/2/2/1
b Broidy et al. (2003): 3 496/458d
b
7
.18
4/5/2/3/2/2/1
496/459d
9
.35b
4/5/2/3/2/2/1
d
b
481/444
11
.30
4/5/2/3/2/2/1
442/408d
13
.34b
4/5/3/3/2/2/1
b Broidy et al. (2003): 4 302/278c
b
6
.26
4/4/2/3/2/2/1
c
b
286/264
7
.25
4/4/2/3/2/2/1
281/260c
8
.14b
4/4/2/3/2/2/1
c
b
266/246
9
.32
4/4/2/3/2/2/1
259/239c
10
.36b
4/4/2/3/2/2/1
c
b
233/215
11
.38
4/4/2/3/2/2/1
210/193c
12
.12b
4/4/2/3/2/2/1
Sex differences in aggression 42
Note. Sample characteristics: Variable 1:source of data (1 = journal article; 2 = book or book
chapter; 3 = dissertation; 4 = other unpublished source); Variable 2: country (1 = Russia; 2 =
Finland; 3 = Canada; 4 = US; 5 = New Zealand; 6 = UK; 7 = Italy; 8 = China); Variable 3: = age
group in years (1 = preschool age (under 6); 2 = elementary school age [6-12]; 3 = mainly adolescent
ages [e.g., 12-15]); Variable 4: method of measurement (1 ratings along pairs of adjectives
indicating acts of aggression; 2 = teacher report form of Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL:
Edelbrock & Achenbach, 1991]; 3 = ratings along items indicating aggression; 4 = ratings from the
Interpersonal Competence Test [ICT]; 5 = single-item rating scales; 6 = peer report forms modified
for teacher ratings; 7 = teachers nominated pupils who matched items of aggression; 8 = ratings of
adjectives describing temperament); Variable 5: statistic used to calculate the g value (1 = frequency
or proportions; 2 = means and standard deviations or standard errors; 3 = t value; 4 = one-way F
value; 5 = p value; 6 = authors’ d or r value); Variable 6: sex of first author (1 = male; 2 = female;
3 = not known); Variable 7: whether the title contained the terms “sex” or “gender” or “boys and
girls” or “men and women” (1 = it did not; 2 = it did).
a Longitudinal samples. For each study, the mean of the various ages was used in the meta-analysis.
b A series of longitudinal studies carried out in three countries at 4 sites. The values for each age are
shown. For each study, the mean of the various ages was used in the meta-analysis.
c Sample sizes were taken from Pettit et al. (2001) and from values supplied by Richard Tremblay.
d Sample sizes were taken from Silva (1990).
e Referred to as a “clinical” sample: they had received either an educational or psychiatric referral.
f Mean of two values from the same sample taken at the beginning and end of the school year.
g These appear to be the same sample. Only one value was used in the meta-analysis.
Sex differences in aggression 43
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