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MODUL MATA KULIAH
SISTEM PEMIPAAN
( 3 SKS )
By
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
‘11
1
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
----------------------------------------------------------------------MODUL-13 “PIPING MATERIAL SELECTION”
AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) dan SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) telah
mengelompokkan dan menstandarisasi sistem penomoran untuk berbagai klass baja karbon dan
alloy yang dipakai menjadi acuan hingga kini. Untuk baja karbon dan alloy ada 4 (empat) digit,
sedangkan stainless steel ada 3 (tiga) digit sebagaimana tabel dibawah.
Table 1 Karbon dan alloy grade (AISI, SAE, UNS)
______________________________________________________________________
Numerals and digits
UNS
SAE/AISI
Types of identifying elements
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Carbon steels
G10XX0
G11XX0
G12XX0
10XX
Nonresulfurized, manganese 1.00% maximum
11XX Resulfurized
12XX Rephosphorized and resulfurized
G13XX0
G23XX0
G25XX0
G31XX0
G32XX0
G33XX0
G34XX0
G40XX0
G41XX0
G43XX0
G44XX0
G46XX0
G47XX0
G48XX0
G50XX0
G51XX0
G50XX6
G51XX6
G52XX6
G61XX0
G71XX0
G72XX0
G81XX0
G86XX0
G87XX0
G88XX0
‘11
13XX
23XX
25XX
31XX
32XX
33XX
34XX
40XX
41XX
43XX
44XX
46XX
47XX
48XX
50XX
51XX
50XXX
51XXX
52XXX
61XX
71XXX
72XX
81XX
86XX
87XX
88XX
2
Alloy steels
Manganese steels
Nickel steels
Nickel steels
Nickel-chromium steels
Nickel-chromium steels
Nickel-chromium steels
Nickel-chromium steels
Molybdenum steels
Chromium-molybdenum steels
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
Molybdenum steels
Nickel-molybdenum steels
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
Nickel-molybdenum steels
Chromium steels
Chromium steels
Chromium steels
Chromium steels
Chromium steels
Chromium-vanadium steels
Tungsten-chromium steels
Tungsten-chromium steels
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
G92XX0
G93XX0
G94XX0
G97XX0
G98XX0
92XX
93XX
94XX
97XX
98XX
Silicon-manganese steels
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
Carbon and alloy steels
GXXXX1
GXXXX4
XXBXX B denotes boron steels
XXLXX L denotes leaded steels
S2XXXX
S3XXXX
S4XXXX
S5XXXX
302XX Chromium-nickel steels
303XX Chromium-nickel steels
514XX Chromium steels
515XX Chromium steels
Stainless steels
Experimental steels
None Ex. . . SAE Experimental steels
_______________________________________________________________________
Table 2 ASME spec. untuk pemilihan material sistem pemipaan
_______________________________________________________________________________
ASME Specification
Metal or Alloy
Number
Grade
Other comments
MPa
Pipe
ksi*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Carbon steel
SA-53
A
48,000 UTS/30,000YS (330/205)
Carbon steel
SA-106
B
60,000 UTS/35,000YS (415/240)
Carbon steel
SA-106
C
70,000 UTS/40,000YS (485/275)
⁄₂ Cr–1⁄₂ Moly
SA-335
P2
55,000 UTS/30,000YS (380/205)
1 Cr–1⁄₂ Moly
SA-335
P12
60,000 UTS/32,000YS (415/220)
11⁄₄ Cr–1⁄₂ Mo-Si
SA-335
P11
60,000 UTS/30,000YS (415/205)
21⁄₄ Cr–1 Mo
SA-335
P22
60,000 UTS/30,000YS (415/205)
5 Cr–1 Mo
SA-335
P5
60,000 UTS/30,000YS (415/205)
9 Cr–1 Mo
SA-335
P9
60,000 UTS/30,000YS (415/205)
9 Cr–1 Mo-V
SA-335
P9
85,000 UTS/60,000YS (585/415)
304H
SA-376
TP304H
0.04% Min carbon
304H
SA-430
FP304H
Forged and bored pipe
316H
SA-376
TP316H
75,000 UTS/30,000YS (515/205)
Forgings/fittings
Carbon steel
Carbon steel
Carbon steel
Carbon-Moly
⁄₂ Cr–1⁄₂ Moly
1 Cr–1⁄₂ Moly
‘11
3
SA-105
SA-181
SA-266
SA-182
SA-182
SA-182
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
—
C170
C12
F1
F2
F12
Rolled or forged bar
70,000 UTS/36,000YS (485/250)
70,000 UTS/30,000YS (485/205)
0.5% Mo
—
70,000 UTS/40,000YS (485/275)
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
11⁄₄ Cr–1⁄₂ Mo-Si
11⁄₄ Cr–1⁄₂ Mo-Si
21⁄₄ Cr–1 Mo
5 Cr–1 Mo
9 Cr–1 Mo-V
304H
Tubing
Carbon steel
Carbon steel
Carbon-Moly
⁄₂ Cr–1⁄₂ Moly
21⁄₄ Cr–1 Moly
9 Cr–1 Mo-V
304H
*UTS and YS in psi.
SA-182
SA-182
SA-234
SA-336
SA-234
SA-336
F11a
F11b
WP12 Fittings
F5A
WP9 Fittings
F304H
75,000 UTS/45,000YS (515/310)
60,000 UTS/30,000YS (415/205)
SA-178
SA-210
SA-209
SA-213
SA-213
SA-213
SA-213
A Electric resistance welded
A1
60,000 UTS/37,000YS (415/255)
T1a Seamless
T2
60,000 UTS/30,000YS (415/205)
T22
60,000 UTS/30,000YS (415/205)
T91
Normalized and tempered
TP304H
75,000 UTS/30,000YS (515/205)
80,000 UTS/50,000YS (550/345)
1900_F Min anneal
Table 3 Referensi ASME vs UNS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ASME specification (and grade)
UNS number
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------SA-53 (E-A)(S-A)
K02504
SA-53 (E-B)(S-B)
K03005
SA-106 (A)
K02501
SA-106 (B)
K03006
SA-106 (C)
K03501
SA-178 (A)
K01200
SA-178 (C)
K03503
SA-209 (T1)
K11522
SA-209 (T1a)
K12023
SA-209 (T1b)
K11422
SA-210 (A1)
K02707
SA-210 (C)
K03501
SA-213 (T2)
K11547
SA-213 (T3b)
K21509
SA-213 (T5)
K41545
SA-213 (T7)
S50300
SA-213 (T9)
S50400
SA-213 (T11)
K11597
SA-213 (T12)
K11562
SA-213 (T21)
K31545
SA-213 (T22)
K21590
SA-213/SA-312 (304)
S30400
SA-213/SA-312 (304H)
S30409
‘11
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Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SA-213/SA-312 (304L)
S30403
SA-213/SA-312 (304N)
S30451
SA-213/SA-312 (310)
S31000
SA-213/SA-312 (316)
S31600
SA-213/SA-312 (316H)
S31609
SA-213/SA-312 (316L)
S31603
SA-213/SA-312 (316N)
S31651
SA-213/SA-312 (321)
S32100
SA-213/SA-312 (321H)
S31209
SA-213/SA-312 (347)
S34700
SA-213/SA-312 (347H)
S34709
SA-213/SA-312 (348)
S34800
SA-213/SA-312 (348H)
S34809
SA-335 (P1)
K11522
SA-335 (P2)
K11547
SA-335 (P5)
K41545
SA-335 (P7)
S50300
SA-335 (P9)
S50400
SA-335 (P11)
K11597
SA-335 (P12)
K11562
SA-335 (P21)
K31545
SA-335 (P22)
K21590
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Table 4 Nominal composition dari Wrought cooper materials
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Alloy
Composition
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coppers
Electrolytic tough pitch (ETP)
Phosphorized, high residual phosphorus (DHP)
Phosphorized, low residual phosphorus (DLP)
Lake
Silver bearing (10–15)
Silver bearing (25–30)
Oxygenfree (OF) (no residual deoxidants)
Free cutting
Free cutting
Free cutting
Chromium copper (heat treatable) (b)
Cadmium copper (b) 99
Tellurium nickel copper (heat treatable) (b) 98.4
Beryllium copper (heat treatable)
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Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
99.90 Cu–0.04 O
99.90 Cu–0.02 P
99.90 Cu–0.005 P
Cu–8 oz/ton Ag
Cu–10 to 15 oz/ton Ag
Cu–25 to 30 oz/ton Ag
99.92 Cu (min)
99 Cu–1 Pb
99.5 Cu–0.5 Te
99.4 Cu–0.6 Se
Cu _ Cr and Ag or Zn
Cu–1 Cd
Cu–1.1 Ni–0.5 Te
Cu–2 Be–0.25 Co or 0.35 Ni
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
----------------------------------------------------------------------Plain brasses
Gilding, 95% 95
Commercial bronze, 90% 90
Red brass, 85% 85
Low brass, 80% 80
Cartridge brass, 70% 70
Yellow brass, 65% 65
Muntz metal 60
Cu–5 Zn
Cu–10 Zn
Cu–15 Zn
Cu–20 Zn
Cu–30 Zn
Cu–35 Zn
Cu–40 Zn
Leaded commercial bronze (rod) 89
Leaded brass strip (B121-3) 65
Leaded brass strip (B121-5) 65
Leaded brass tube (B135-3) 66
Leaded brass tube (B135-4) 66
Medium-leaded brass rod 64.5
High-leaded brass rod 62.5
Free-cutting brass rod (B16) 61.5
Forging brass 60
Architectural bronze 57
Cu–9.25 Zn–1.75 Pb
Cu–34 Zn–1 Pb
Cu–33 Zn–2 Pb
Cu–33.5 Zn–0.5 Pb
Cu–32.4 Zn–1.6 Pb
Cu–34.5 Zn–1 Pb
Cu–35.75 Zn–1.75 Pb
Cu–35.5 Zn–3 Pb
Cu–38 Zn–2 Pb
Cu–40 Zn–3 Pb
Free-cutting brasses
Miscellaneous brasses
Admiralty (inhibited) 71
Cu–28 Zn–1 Sn
Naval brass 60
Cu–39.25 Zn–0.75 Sn
Leaded naval brass 60
Cu–37.5 Zn–1.75 Pb–0.75 Sn
Aluminum brass (inhibited) 76
Cu–22 Zn–2 Al
Manganese brass 70 Cu–28.7
Zn–1.3 Mn
Manganese bronze rod A (B138) 58.5 Cu–39
Zn–1.4 Fe–1 Sn–0.1 Mn
Manganese bronze rod B (B138) 65.5 Cu–23.3
Zn–4.5 Al–3.7 Mn–3 Fe
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 5 Spesifikasi Cooper dan cooper-based pipe
ASME
specification
UNS grade
number
Characteristics
SB-42/SB-68
SB-42/SB-68
SB-42/SB-68
SB-43
SB-75/SB-111
SB-75/SB-111
SB-75/SB-111
SB-75/SB-111
SB-111
C10200
C12000
C12200
C23000
C10200
C12000
C12200
C14200
C23000
99.95 Cu
99.90 plus low Phos
99.9 plus high Phos
Red Brass
Oxygen Free
—
—
Phosphorized, Arsenical
Red Brass
‘11
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Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SB-111
SB-111
SB-111
SB-111
SB-111
SB-111
SB-111
SB-111
SB-111
SB-111
SB-315
SB-466
SB-466
SB-467
SB-467
SB-161
SB-161
SB-163/SB-407
SB-163/SB-165
SB-163/SB-167
SB-163/SB-167
SB-163/SB-423
01.
C28000
C44300
C44400
C44500
C60800
C68700
C70400
C70600
C71000
C71500
C65500
C70600
C71500
C70600
C71500
N02200
N02201
N08800
N04400
N06600
N06690
N08825
Muntz Metal
Admiralty Metal
Cu-Zn
Cu-Zn
Aluminum Bronze
Aluminum Brass
95-5 Cu-Ni
90-10 Cu-Ni
80-20 Cu-Ni
70-30 Cu-Ni
High-Si Bronze
90-10 Cu-Ni
70-30 Cu-Ni
Welded 90-10
Welded 70-30
Nickel 200; 99% Ni
Low Carbon
Alloy 800 Tubing (Ni-Fe70-30 Ni-Cu Monel
Alloy 600 (Ni-Cr-Fe)
Alloy 690 (60-30-10)
Alloy 825
PIPING MATERIAL SPECIFICATION (SECTION 01) - ASTM
Section 01. Iron and Steel Products
01.01. Steel—Piping, Tubing, Fittings
A53/A53M-02. Standard specification for pipe—steel, black and hotdipped, zinc-coated,
welded, and seamless.
A105/A105M-02. Standard specification for carbon steel forgings for piping applications.
A106-02a. Standard specification for seamless carbon steel pipe for hightemperature
service.
A134-96(2001). Standard specification for pipe—steel, electric-fusion (arc)-welded (sizes
NPS 16 and over).
A135-01. Standard specification for electric-resistance-welded steel pipe.
A139-00. Standard specification for electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel pipe (NPS 4 and
over).
A179/A179M-90a(2001). Standard specification for seamless cold-drawn low-carbon
steel heat-exchanger and condenser tubes.
A181/A181M-01. Standard specification for carbon steel forgings, for general-purpose
piping.
A182/A182M-02. Standard specification for forged or rolled alloy-steel pipe flanges,
forged fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature service.
‘11
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Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
----------------------------------------------------------------------A193/A193M-03. Standard specification for alloy-steel and stainless steel bolting
materials for high-temperature service.
A194/A194M-03b. Standard specification for carbon and alloy steel nuts for bolts for highpressure or high-temperature service or both.
A210/A210M-02. Standard specification for seamless medium-carbon steel boiler and
superheater tubes.
A234/A234M-03. Standard specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and
alloy steel for moderate- and high-temperature service.
A268/A268M-03. Standard specification for seamless and welded ferritic and martensitic
stainless steel tubing for general service.
A269-02a. Standard specification for seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel
tubing for general service.
A312/A312M-03. Standard specification for seamless and welded austenitic stainless
steel pipes.
A320/A320M-03. Standard specification for alloy-steel bolting materials for lowtemperature service.
A333/A333M-99. Standard specification for seamless and welded steel pipe for lowtemperature service.
A334/A334M-99. Standard specification for seamless and welded carbon and alloy-steel
tubes for low-temperature service.
A335/A335M-03. Standard specification for seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe for hightemperature service.
A350/A350M-02b. Standard specification for carbon and low-alloy steel forgings,
requiring notch toughness testing for piping components.
A358/A358M-01. Standard specification for electric-fusion-welded austenitic chromiumnickel alloy steel pipe for high-temperature service.
A369/A369M-02. Standard specification for carbon and ferritic alloy steel forged and
bored pipe for high-temperature service.
A376/A376M-02a. Standard specification for seamless austenitic steel pipe for hightemperature central-station service.
A381-96(2001). Standard specification for metal-arc-welded steel pipe for use with highpressure transmission systems.
A403/A403M-03a. Standard specification for wrought austenitic stainless steel piping
fittings.
A409/A409M-01. Standard specification for welded large-diameter austenitic steel pipe
for corrosive or high-temperature service.
A420/A420M-02. Standard specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and
alloy steel for low-temperature service.
A437/A437M-01a. Standard specification for alloy-steel turbine-type bolting material
specially heat treated for high-temperature service.
A453/A453M-02. Standard specification for high-temperature bolting materials, with
expansion coefficients comparable to austenitic stainless steels.
A524-96(2001). Standard specification for seamless carbon steel pipe for atmospheric
and lower temperatures.
‘11
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Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
----------------------------------------------------------------------A530/A530M-03. Standard specification for general requirements for specialized carbon
and alloy steel pipe.
A587-96(2001). Standard specification for electric-resistance-welded lowcarbon steel
pipe for the chemical industry.
A671-96(2001). Standard specification for electric-fusion-welded steel pipe for
atmospheric and lower temperatures.
A672-96(2001). Standard specification for electric-fusion-welded steel pipe for highpressure service at moderate temperatures.
A691-98(2002). Standard specification for carbon and alloy steel pipe, electric-fusionwelded for high-pressure service at high temperatures.
A789/A789M-02a. Standard specification for seamless and welded ferritic/austenitic
stainless steel tubing for general service.
A790/A790M-03. Standard specification for seamless and welded ferritic/ austenitic
stainless steel pipe.
A815/A815M-01a. Standard specification for wrought ferritic, ferritic/austenitic, and
martensitic stainless steel piping fittings.
01.02 Ferrous Castings, Ferroalloys
A47/A47M-99. Standard specification for ferritic malleable iron castings.
A48/A48M-00. Standard specification for gray iron castings.
A126-95(2001). Standard specification for gray iron castings for valves, flanges, and pipe
fittings.
A216/A216M-93(2003). Standard specification for steel castings, carbon, suitable for
fusion welding, for high-temperature service.
A217/A217M-02. Standard specification for steel castings, martensitic stainless and alloy,
for pressure-containing parts, suitable for hightemperature service.
A278/A278M-01. Standard specification for gray iron castings for pressurecontaining
parts for temperatures up to 6508F (3508C).
A351/A351M-03. Standard specification for castings, austenitic, austeniticferritic (duplex),
for pressure-containing parts.
A352/A352M-03. Standard specification for steel castings, ferritic and martensitic, for
pressure-containing parts, suitable for low-temperature service.
A395/A395M-99. Standard specification for ferritic ductile iron pressureretaining castings
for use at elevated temperatures.
A426/A426M-02. Standard specification for centrifugally cast ferritic alloy steel pipe for
high-temperature service.
A451/A451M-02. Standard specification for centrifugally cast austenitic steel pipe for
high-temperature service.
A487/A487M-93(2003). Standard specification for steel castings suitable for pressure
service.
A494/A494M-03a. Standard specification for castings, nickel and nickel alloy.
A571/A571M-01. Standard specification for austenitic ductile iron castings for pressurecontaining parts suitable for low-temperature service.
01.03 Steel—Plate, Sheet, Strip, Wire; Stainless Steel Bar
A167-99. Standard specification for stainless and heat-resisting chromiumnickel steel
plate, sheet, and strip.
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Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
----------------------------------------------------------------------A240/A240M-03c. Standard specification for chromium and chromiumnickel stainless
steel plate, sheet, and strip for pressure vessels and for general applications.
A263-03. Standard specification for stainless chromium steel-clad plate.
A264-03. Standard specification for stainless chromium-nickel steel-clad plate, sheet, and
strip.
A265-03. Standard specification for nickel and nickel-base alloy-clad steel plate.
A479/A479M-03. Standard specification for stainless steel bars and shapes for use in
boilers and other high-pressure vessels.
01.04 Steel—Structural, Reinforcing, Pressure Vessel, Railway
A20/A20M-02. Standard specification for general requirements for steel plates for
pressure vessels.
A36/A36M-03a. Standard specification for carbon structural steel.
A202/A202M-03. Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, alloy steel, chromiummanganese-silicon.
A203/A203M-97(2003). Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, alloy steel,
nickel.
A204/A204M-03. Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, alloy steel,
molybdenum.
A285/A285M-03. Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, carbon steel, low- and
intermediate-tensile strength.
A299/A299M-03e1. Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, carbon steel,
manganese-silicon.
A302/A302M-03. Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, alloysteel,
manganese-molybdenum and manganese-molybdenum-nickel.
A353/A353M-93(1999). Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, alloy steel, 9%
nickel, double-normalized and tempered.
A387/A387M-03. Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, alloy steel, chromiummolybdenum.
A515/A515M-03. Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, carbon steel, for
intermediate- and higher-temperature service.
A516/A516M-03. Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, carbon steel, for
moderate- and lower-temperature service.
A537/A537M-95(2000). Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, heat-treated,
carbon-manganese-silicon steel.
A553/A553M-95(2000). Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, alloy steel,
quenched and tempered 8% and 9% nickel.
A645/A645M-99a. Standard specification for pressure vessel plates, 5% nickel alloy steel,
specially heat treated.
01.05 Steel—Bars, Forgings, Bearings, Chains, Springs
A508/A508M-03. Standard specification for quenched and tempered vacuum-treated
carbon and alloy steel forgings for pressure vessels.
A675/A675M-90a(2000). Standard specification for steel bars, carbon, hotwrought,
special quality, mechanical properties.
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Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
----------------------------------------------------------------------01.06 Coated Steel Products
A123/A123M-02. Standard specification for zinc (hot-dip galvanized) coatings on iron and
steel products.
A153/A153M-03. Standard specification for zinc coating (hot-dip) on iron and steel
hardware.
01.07 Ships and Marine Technology. This material is not referenced in ASME B31.3.
01.08 Fasteners; Rolling Element Bearings.
A307-03. Standard specification for carbon steel bolts and studs, 60,000 psi tensile
strength.
A325-02. Standard specification for structural bolts, steel, heat-treated, 120/105 ksi
minimum tensile strength.
A325M-03. Standard specification for structural bolts, steel heat-treated 830 MPa
minimum tensile strength (metric).
A354-03a. Standard specification for quenched and tempered alloy steel bolts, studs, and
other externally threaded fasteners.
A563-00. Standard specification for carbon and alloy steel nuts.
02.
PIPING MATERIAL SPECIFICATION (SECTION 02) - ASTM
Section 02. Non-Ferrous Metal Products
02.01 Copper and Copper Alloys
B21/B21M-01e1. Standard specification for naval brass rod, bar, and shapes.
B42-02. Standard specification for seamless copper pipe, standard sizes.
B43-98. Standard specification for seamless red brass pipe, standard sizes.
B61-02. Standard specification for steam or valve bronze castings.
B62-02.Standardspecification forcompositionbronzeorouncemetalcastings.
B68-02. Standard specification for seamless copper tube, bright annealed.
B68M-99. Standard specification for seamless copper tube, bright annealed (metric).
B75M-99. Standard specification for seamless copper tube (metric).
B75-02. Standard specification for seamless copper tube.
B88-02. Standard specification for seamless copper water tube.
B88M-99. Standard specification for seamless copper water tube (metric).
B96/B96M-01. Standard specification for copper-silicon alloy plate, sheet, strip, and rolled
bar for general purposes and pressure vessels.
B98/B98M-03. Standard specification for copper-silicon alloy rod, bar, and shapes.
B148-97(2003). Standard specification for aluminum-bronze sand castings.
B150/B150M-03. Standard specification for aluminum bronze rod, bar, and shapes.
B152/B152M-00. Standard specification for copper sheet, strip, plate, and rolled bar.
B169/B169M-01. Standard specification for aluminum bronze sheet, strip, and rolled bar.
B171/B171M-99e2. Standard specification for copper-alloy plate and sheet for pressure
vessels, condensers, and heat exchangers.
B187/B187M-03. Standard specification for copper, bus bar, rod, and shapes and
general-purpose rod, bar, and shapes.
‘11
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Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
----------------------------------------------------------------------B280-02. Standard specification for seamless copper tube for air conditioning and
refrigeration field service.
B283-99a. Standard specification for copper and copper-alloy die forgings (hot pressed).
B466/B466M-98 Standard specification for seamless copper-nickel pipe and tube.
B467-88(2003) Standard specification for welded copper-nickel pipe.
B584-00 Standard specification for copper alloy sand castings for general applications.
02.02 Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys
B26/B26M-03. Standard specification for aluminum-alloy sand castings.
B209-02a. Standard specification for aluminum and aluminum-alloy sheet and plate.
B209M-03. Standard specification for aluminum and aluminum-alloy sheet and plate
(metric).
B210-02. Standard specification for aluminum and aluminum-alloy drawn seamless tubes.
B210M-02. Standard specification for aluminum and aluminum-alloy drawn seamless
tubes (metric).
B211-02. Standard specification for aluminum and aluminum-alloy bar, rod, and wire.
B211M-02. Standard specification for aluminum and aluminum-alloy bar, rod, and wire
(metric).
B221M-02. Standard specification for aluminum and aluminum-alloy extruded bars, rods,
wire, profiles, and tubes (metric).
B221-02. Standard specification for aluminum and aluminum-alloy extruded bars, rods,
wire, profiles, and tubes.
B241/B241M-02. Standard specification for aluminum and aluminum-alloy seamless pipe
and seamless extruded tube.
B247-02a. Standard specification for aluminum and aluminum-alloy die forgings, hand
forgings, and rolled ring forgings.
B247M-02a. Standard specification for aluminum and aluminum-alloy die forgings, hand
forgings, and rolled ring forgings (metric).
B345/B345M-02. Standard specification for aluminum and aluminum-alloyseamless pipe
and seamless extruded tube for gas and oil transmission and distribution piping
systems.
B361-02. Standard specification for factory-made wrought aluminum and aluminum-alloy
welding fittings.
B491/B491M-00. Standard specification for aluminum and aluminum-alloy extruded round
tubes for general-purpose applications.
02.03 Electrical Conductors. This material is not referenced in ASMEB31.3.
02.04 Nonferrous Metals—Nickel, Cobalt, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmium,Precious,
Reactive, Refractory Metals and Alloys; Materials forThermostats,
Electrical Heating and Resistance Contacts, and Connectors
B127-98. Standard specification for nickel-copper alloy (UNS N04400) plate, sheet, and
strip.
B160-99. Standard specification for nickel rod and bar.
B161-03. Standard specification for nickel seamless pipe and tube.
‘11
12
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
----------------------------------------------------------------------B162-99. Standard specification for nickel plate, sheet, and strip.
B164-03. Standard specification for nickel-copper alloy rod, bar, and wire.
B165-93. Standard specification for nickel-copper alloy (UNS N04400)* seamless pipe
and tube.
B166-01. Standard specification nickel-chromium-iron alloys (UNS N06600,
N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025, and N06045) and nickelchromium-cobaltmolybdenum alloy (UNS N06617) rod, bar, and wire.
B167-01. Standard specification for nickel-chromium-iron alloys (UNSN06600, N06601,
N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025, and N06045) andnickel-chromium-cobaltmolybdenum alloy (UNS N06617) seamless pipe and tube.
B168-01. Standard specification for nickel-chromium-iron alloys (UNS N06600, N06601,
N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025, and N06045) and nickel-chromium-cobaltmolybdenum alloy (UNS N06617) plate, sheet,and strip.
B265-02. Standard specification for titanium and titanium-alloy strip, sheet, and plate.
B333-03. Standard specification for nickel-molybdenum alloy plate, sheet, and strip.
B335-03. Standard specification for nickel-molybdenum alloy rod.
B338-02. Standard specification for seamless and welded titanium and titanium-alloy
tubes for condensers and heat exchangers.
B363-03. Standard specification for seamless and welded unalloyed titanium and
titanium-alloy welding fittings.
B381-02. Standard specification for titanium and titanium-alloy forgings.
B407-01. Standard specification for nickel-iron-chromium alloy seamless pipe and tube.
B409-01. Standard Specification for nickel-iron-chromium alloy plate, sheet, and strip.
B435-03. Standard specification for UNS N06002, UNS N06230, UNS N12160, and UNS
R30556 plate, sheet, and strip.
B443-00e1. Standard specification for nickel-chromium-molybdenumcolumbium alloy
(UNS N06625) and nickel-chromium-molybdenumsilicon alloy (UNS N06219)
plate, sheet, and strip.
B444-03. Standard specification for nickel-chromium-molybdenum-columbium alloys
(UNS N06625) and nickel-chromium-molybdenum-silicon alloy (UNS N06219)
pipe and tube.
B446-03. Standard specification for nickel-chromium-molybdenum-columbium alloy (UNS
N06625), nickel-chromium-molybdenum-silicon alloy (UNS N06219), and
nickel-chromium-molybdenum-tungsten alloy (UNS N06650) rod and bar.
B462-02. Specification for forged or rolled UNS N06030, UNS N06022, UNS N06200,
UNS N08020, UNS N08024, UNS N08026, UNS N08367, UNS N10276, UNS
N10665, UNS N10675, and UNS R20033 alloy pipe flanges, forged fittings and
valves and parts for corrosive hightemperature service.
B463-99. Standard specification for UNS N08020, UNS N08026, and UNS N08024 alloy
plate, sheet, and strip.
B464-99. Standard specification for welded UNS N08020, UNS N08024, and UNS
N08026 alloy pipe.
B493-01(2003). Standard specification for zirconium and zirconium alloy forgings.
B514-95(2002)e1. Standard specification for welded nickel-iron-chromium alloy pipe.
‘11
13
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
----------------------------------------------------------------------B517-03. Standard specification for welded nickel-chromium-ironalloy (UNS N06600,
UNS N06603, UNS N06025, and UNS N06045) pipe.
B523/B523M-02. Standard specification for seamless and welded zirconium and
zirconium alloy tubes.
B550/B550M-02. Standard specification for zirconium and zirconium alloy bar and wire.
B551/B551M-02. Standard specification for zirconium and zirconium alloy strip, sheet,
and plate.
B564-00a. Standard specification for nickel alloy forgings.
B574-99a. Specification for low-carbon nickel-molybdenum-chromium, low-carbon nickelchromium-molybdenum, low-carbon nickel-molybdenum-chromium-tantalum,
low-carbon nickel-chromium-molybdenumcopper,low-carbon nickel-chromiummolybdenum-tungsten alloy rod.
B575-99a. Specification for low-carbon nickel-molydbdenum-chromium, low-carbon
nickel-chromium-molybdenum, low-carbon nickel-chromium- molybdenumcopper, low-carbon nickel-chromium-molybdenumtantalum, low-carbon nickelchromium-molybdenum-tungsten alloy plate, sheet and strip.
B619-00. Standard specification for welded nickel and nickel-cobalt alloy pipe.
B620-03. Standard specification for nickel-iron-chromium-molybdenum alloy (UNS
N08320) plate, sheet, and strip.
B621-02. Standard specification for nickel-iron-chromium-molybdenum alloy (UNS
N08320) rod.
B622-00. Standard specification for seamless nickel and nickel-cobalt alloy pipe and tube.
B625-99. Standard specification for UNS N08904, UNS N08925, UNS N08031, UNS
N08932, UNS N08926, and UNS R20033 plate, sheet, and strip.
B658/B658M-02. Standard specification for seamless and welded zirconium and
zirconium-alloy pipe.
B675-02. Standard specification for UNS N08367 welded pipe.
B688-96. Standard specification for chromium-nickel-molybdenum-iron (UNS N08366 and
UNS N08367) plate, sheet, and strip.
B690-02. Standard specification for iron-nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys (UNS
N08366 and UNS N08367) seamless pipe and tube.
B705-00. Standard specification for nickel-alloy (UNS N06625, UNS N06219 and UNS
N08825) welded pipe.
B725-93. Standard specification for welded nickel (UNS N02200/UNS N02201) and
nickel-copper alloy (UNS N04400) pipe.
B729-00. Standard specification for seamless UNS N08020, UNS N08026, and UNS
N08024 nickel-alloy pipe and tube.
03.
PIPING MATERIAL SPECIFICATION (SECTION 03) - ASTM
Section 03. Metals, Test Methods, and Analytical Procedures
03.01 Metals Mechanical Testing, Elevated and Low-Temperature Tests,
Metallography. E112-96e2. Standard test methods for determining
average grain size.
‘11
14
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
----------------------------------------------------------------------03.02 Wear and Erosion, Metal Corrosion. This situation is not referenced in ASME
B31.3.
03.03 Nondestructive Testing. E114-95. (2001) Standard practice for ultrasonic
pulse-echo straight-beam examination by the contact method.
E125-63(2003). Standard reference photographs for magnetic particle indications on
ferrous castings.
E155-00. Standard reference radiographs for inspection of aluminum and magnesium
castings.
E165-02. Standard test method for liquid penetrant examination.
E186-98. Standard reference radiographs for heavy-walled (2–41⁄2–12 in.; 51–114 mm)
steel castings.
E213-02. Standard practice for ultrasonic examination of metal pipe and tubing.
E272-99. Standard reference radiographs for high-strength copper-base and nickelcopper alloy castings.
E280-98. Standard reference radiographs for heavy-walled (41⁄2 –12 in.; 114–305 mm)
steel castings.
E310-99. Standard reference radiographs for tin bronze castings.
E446-98. Standard reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2 in. (51 mm) thickness.
E709-01. Standard guide for magnetic particle examination.
03.04 Magnetic Properties. Such properties are not referenced in ASME
04.
PLASTIC LINED (KETAHANAN KOROSI)
Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, untuk mendapatkan kemampuan kombinasi
antara kekuatan yang tinggi dengan ketahanan yang tinggi pula tetapi berharga
lebih murah, maka muncullah kombinasi antara baja karbon dengan lining plastik
misalnya.
Berikut sedikit di paparkan permasalahan dari plastic lining pada sistem pemipaan.
Plastik lining material dibagi dalam 2 (dua) kategori, yaitu : (1) Fluorinated Plastic
dan (2) non-fluorinated plastics.
Fluorinated plastic adalah fully fluorinated, seperti polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),
perfluoroalkoxy,
dan
perfluoroethylenepropylene
dalam
kasus
ethyleneetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) dan polyvinylidenefluoride.
Non-fluorinated plastic seperti polypropylene (PP) dan polyvinylidene chloride
(PVDC) yang banyak dipakai dengan ketahanan kimiawi yang tinggi.
JENIS-JENIS LINER

‘11
PTFE (POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE).
Ini jenis lapisan dikembangkan
oleh DuPont tahun 1938, dan mulai dikembangkan untuk pelapis pada sistem
pemipaan tahun 1950an. DuPont dikenal pada market sebagai Teflon untuk
15
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
----------------------------------------------------------------------




produk ini, tapi manufacture lain menggunakan nama seperti Fluon, Hustaflon,
Algoflon dal Polyflon.
FEP (FLUORINATED ETHYLENE PROPYLENE).
FEP di kenalkjan ke
pasaran tahun 1960an dalam bentuk cairan resin yang memiliki ketahanan
kimiawi. Produk ini juga dikembangkan oleh DuPont dan dikenal dengan Teflon
FEP.
Kemampuan pemakaiannya dibawah temperatur PTFE, cakupan
pemakaiannya berkisar antara -20oF (-29 oC) ~ 300oF (149 oC).
PVDF (POLYVINYLIDINE FLUORIDE).
Diperkenalkan di pasaran oleh Elf
Atochem North America dan Ausimont dibawah bendera KYNAR. Pelapis jenis
ini memiliki ketahanan kimiawi yang sangat baik dengan cakupan kerja
temperatur -20oF (-29 oC) ~ 275oF (135 oC).
PP (POLYPROPYLENE).
Secara umum dikenal juga memiliki ketahanan
kimiawai yang bagus dengan cakupan temperatur kerja 0 oF (-18C) ~ 225oF (107
oC).
PP banyak dan umum dipakain sebagai media hantar inorganic acid
seperti hydrochloric dan sulfuric sebaik caustic seperti halnya sodium hydroxide.
PVDC (POLYVINYLIDENE CHLORIDE).
PVDC ini memiliki ketahanan
terendah dalam temperetur kerja berkisar 0oF (-18 oC) ~ 175oF (79 oC), di
pasaran dikenal dengan nama SARAN.
PE (POLYETHYLENE).
PE memiliki ketahanan kimiawi yang cukup baik dan
temperatur kerjanya dibawah 180oF (82 oC).
Dibawah di sajikan list dari pelapis terhadap service yang ditanganinya.
Table 6 Bahan pelapis pada temperatur maksimumnya (oF)
Chemical
Acetic acid (glacial)
Acetone (10%)
Ammonia (dry gas)
Ammonia aqua (30%)
Amyl acetate
Benzene
Bromine liquid
Chlorine liquid
Chlorine gas
Chlorine dioxide (15%)
Chlorosulfonic acid
Cyclohexane
Diethylamine
Ethyl acrylate
Formaldehyde (37%)
Formic acid
Hydrochloric acid (10%)
Hydrochloric acid (20%)
Hydrochloric acid (36%)
‘11
16
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
ETFE
230
150
300
230
250
212
150
212
212
250
75
300
230
212
230
275
300
300
300
PVDF
NR
75
NR
175
125
170
150
200
175
150
NR
275
70
70
120
250
275
275
275
PP
70
120
140
150
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
120
NR
140
140
185
175
150
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
PVDC
125
75
—
—
125
75
NR
NR
75
125
NR
125
NR
—
125
150
175
175
—
----------------------------------------------------------------------Hydrofluoric acid (35%)
Hydrofluoric acid (100%)
Hydrogen peroxide (30%)
Hydrogen peroxide (90%)
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methylene chloride
Nitric acid (10%)
Nitric acid (50%)
Nitric acid (90%)
Phenol
Phosgene (gas or liquid)
Phosphoric acid
Propyl alcohol
Sodium hydroxide (10%)
Sodium hydroxide (50%)
Sodium hypochlorite
Sulfuric acid (30%)
Sulfuric acid (50%)
Sulfuric acid (93%)
Sulfuric acid (98%)
Sulfuric acid—fuming
Toluene
Trisodium phosphate
275
230
250
150
230
212
212
150
NR
212
212
275
212
230
230
300
300
300
300
200
120
250
275
250
212
212
75
NR
70
225
120
NR
120
120
250
120
NR
NR
125
230
230
200
120
NR
170
275
200
70
70
70
70
70
150
70
NR
140
NR
225
140
225
225
150
200
125
NR
NR
NR
NR
150
Table 7 Standar Spesifikasi dari Polymer
‘11
17
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
175
NR
125
125
NR
NR
150
125
NR
75
—
125
150
150
75
125
75
NR
NR
NR
NR
75
150
----------------------------------------------------------------------Table 8 Biaya rasio pemasangan (ref baja karbon = 1.0)
PVC (sch 80)
CPVC (sch 80)
PIPING MATERIAL COST RATIO
Carbon steel (Sch. 40)
304L S.S. (Sch. 10)
Rubber-lined steel (Sch 40)
316L S.S. (Sch. 10)
304L S.S. (Sch. 40)
316L S.S. (Sch. 40)
Hastelloy C-276 (Sch 40)
FRP/vinyl ester
FRP/epoxy
FRP/polyester
Polypropylene lined steel (Sch 40)
Saran lined steel (Sch 40)
PVDF-lined steel (Sch 40)
Alloy 20 (Sch. 10)
Monel (Sch 10)
Glass-lined steel (Sch 40)
PVDF (Sch 80)
PTFE-lined steel (Sch 40)
Titanium (Sch 10)
FEP-lined steel (Sch 40) 2.99
0.56
0.63
1.00
1.13
1.16
1.20
1.31
1.45
4.46
1.78
1.86
1.86
1.90
1.91
2.47
2.60
2.61
2.69
2.71
2.94
2.99
PTFE-lined FRP
Monel (Sch 40)
Alloy 20 (Sch 40)
Nickel (Sch 10)
Hastelloy C-276 (Sch 10)
3.20
3.24
3.32
3.34
3.52
PTFE-lined 304L SS (Sch 10)
Nickel (Sch 40)
Titanium (Sch 10)
4.12
4.27
4.46
Hastelloy B (Sch 40)
Zirconium (Sch 10)
5.71
5.95
Zirconium (Sch 40)
7.04
Figure 1.
CRE, ELBOW DAN TEE yang
di liner
‘11
18
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 2. Working pressure ASME class 150, 300 yang di lapis plastik
05.
CEMENT LINED (KETAHANAN KOROSI)
Sudah lebuh dari 100 tahun, semen mortar ini digunakan sebagai bahan anti koorosi pada
logam besi untuk service air, juga pada kondisi di pendam dalam tanah.
Refference AWWA standard untuk cement mortar lining di berikan pada tabel dibawajh ini.
Table 9 AWWA Standard untuk cement mortar lined
NUMBER
Standard for Cement-Mortar Lining
for Ductile Iron Pipe and Fittings
for Water
ANSI/AWWA C2052
Standard for Cement-Mortar
Protective Lining
and Coating for Steel Water PipeNPS 4 (DN
100) and Larger-Shop Applied
ANSI/AWWA C3003
ANSI/AWWA C3014
‘11
19
TITLE
American National Standards
Institute (ANSI)/American
Water Works Association
(AWWA) C104/A21.41
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Standard for Reinforced Concrete
Pressure Pipe,Steel-Cylinder
Type
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
REMARKS
For factory-applied mortar
linings in ductile iron pipe
For factory-applied mortar
linings in steel pipe
For concrete and mortar
linings in concrete
pressure pipe
For concrete and mortar
linings in concrete
pressure pipe
----------------------------------------------------------------------ANSI/AWWA C3025
ANSI/AWWA C3036
ANSI/AWWA C6027
Standard for Prestressed Concrete
Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder
Type
Standard for Reinforced Concrete
Pressure Pipe,Non-Cylinder Type
For concrete and mortar
linings in concrete
pressure pipe
For mortar linings in concrete pressure pipe For
Standard for Concrete Pressure Pipe,
field-applied mortar
Bar Wrapped, Steel-CylinderType
linings in steel pipe, cast
iron pipe, and ductile iron
Standard for Cement-Mortar Lining of
pipe
Water Pipe lines in Place-NPS 4
(DN 100) and Larger
Fluida yang bisa menggunakan cement mortar lining ini adalah :
 Raw fresh water
 Potable water
 Raw sewage
 Treated sewage
 Seawater
 Power plant cooling water (both seawater and fresh water)
JOINT PROTECTION.
Pada gambar dibawah , ada sedikit
celah/gap antara lining dan joinan
pipanya dari hasil penggabungan
menggunakan concrete nyang pake
spigot joint dilapangan.
Figure 3 Joining dengan mortar
lining di inside
06.
CRYOGENIC MATERIALS
Pertimbangan yang cukup penting dalam pemilihan material untuk sistem pemipaan
kriogenik meliputi kecocokan propertis baik mekanis maupun fisik, sehingga kompatibel
dengan serficenya, mudah difabrikasi, murah dan cocok dengan regulasi standardnya.
Stainless steel (Ferritic maupun austenitic), adalah material Ferrous yang bisa dipergunakan
pada service cryogenik ini, lihat pada tabel di bawah ya….
‘11
20
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
----------------------------------------------------------------------Table 10 Jenis Paduan Besi nyang dipake pada Cryogenic Piping
PADUAN
MIN. TEMP *
C-Mn steel1
21⁄₄% Ni steel1
31⁄₂% Ni steel1
9% Ni steel1
304 Stainless steel2
304L Stainless steel2
316 Stainless steel2
316L Stainless steel2
347 Stainless steel2
-46oC (-50oF)
-73oC (-100oF)
-101oC (-150oF)
-196oC (-320oF)
-254oC (-425oF)
-254oC (-425oF)
-196oC (-320oF)
-196oC (-320oF)
-254oC (-425oF)
ASME Spec.
KOMEN
SA-3333 Grade 1
SA-3333 Grade 7
SA-3333 Grade 3
SA-3333 Grade 8
SA-3123
SA-3123
SA-3123
SA-3123
SA-3123
Aluminum killed, fine grain practice
Aluminum killed, fine grain practice
Aluminum killed, fine grain practice
Aluminum killed, fine grain practice
Catatan : * Design minimum temperature for which material is normally suited without impact testing
other than that required by material specification.
1 Ferritic steels.
2 Austenitic steel.
3 Corresponding ASTM specifications are A333 and A312.
Table 11 Jenis Paduan Besi nyang dipake pada Cryogenic Piping (Mekanik & Physical propertis
nya)
Alloy
C-Mn steel1
21⁄₄% Ni steel2
31⁄₂% Ni steel2
9% Ni steel2
304 stainless
steel
304L stainless
steel
316 stainless
steel
316L stainless
steel
347 stainless
steel
ASME3
spec.
Temper
ature4
(oF)
SA 333
Grade 1
SA 333
Grade 7
SA 333
Grade 3
SA 333
Grade 8
SA 312
TP 304
SA 312
TP 304L
SA 312
TP 316
SA 312
TP 316L
SA 312
TP 347
RT
-50
RT
-100
RT
-150
RT
-320
RT
-425
RT
-425
RT
-325
RT
-325
RT
-425
Ultimate
tensile
strength
(ksi)
0.2%
Offset
Yield
strength
(ksi)
Elongation
in 2 in.
(%)
55
30
21(1)
65
75
100
120
115
170
85
250
80
225
87
197
85
35
40
75
87
90
135
38
70
37
65
38
65
38
18(1)
90
230
65
70
Charpy
impact
strength
(ft-lb.)
Thermal
expansion
(in/in oF x
10-6)
Thermal
conductivity
(BTU(hr ·
ft.oF)
25
27
45
3
45
31
45
56
45
70
50
58
20
96
22
47
25
115
75
60
60
—
—
—
50
38
60
45
6.5
3.0
—
—
5.8
4.8
5.8
4.8
9.0
1.2
EQ. 304
EQ. 304
9.0
7.8
EQ. 316
EQ. 316
8.7
7.2
30
—
—
—
21
—
15.7
7.6
9
0
EQ. 304
EQ. 304
9
0
EQ. 316
EQ. 316
8.5
0
18(1)
* Minimum value as stated in ASME Specification SA-333.
1 Normalized, aluminum killed, fine grain practice.
2 Quenched and tempered.
3 Corresponding ASTM specifications are A333 and A312.
4 RT is room temperature.
‘11
21
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
----------------------------------------------------------------------Material non besi yang bisa digunakan untuk service nyang dingin banget ini adalah
Alumunium, Cooper ataupun kelompok nickel.
Nah, tabel dibawah adalah material besi nyang diperguanakan untuk service kriogenik…
Table 12 Jenis Paduan NON-Besi nyang dipake pada Cryogenic Piping
Alloy
Tempers
1100 Aluminum
3003 Aluminum
5052 Aluminum
5083 Aluminum
5086 Aluminum
6061 Aluminum
Copper (C10200, C12200)
Copper-nickel (70600)
Copper-nickel (C71500)
Monel 400, Al-Cu alloy
Minimum temperature
O, H11
O, H112
O, H32
O, H112
O, H112
T6
Annealed
Annealed
Annealed
Annealed
_254_C (_452_F)
_254_C (_452_F)
_254_C (_452_F)
_254_C (_452_F)
_254_C (_452_F)
_254_C (_452_F)
_198_C (_325_F)
_198_C (_325_F)
_198_C (_325_F)
_198_C (_325_F)
ASME1 spec.
SB 210
SB 210
SB 210
SB 210
SB 210
SB 210
SB 75
SB 467
SB 467
SB 165
* Design minimum temperature for which material is normally suitable without impact testing
other than that required by material specification.
1 Corresponding ASTM specifications are B75, B165, B210 and B467.
Table 13
Jenis Paduan non-Besi nyang dipake pada Cryogenic Piping (Mekanik & Physical propertis
nya)
Alloy
1100 Aluminum
0, H112
3003 Aluminum
0, H112
5052 Aluminum
O, H32
5083 Aluminum
0, H1112
5086 Aluminum
0, H112
6061 Aluminum
T6
Copper (C10200,
C1200)
90/10 Cu-Ni
CDA 706
70/30 Cu-Ni
CDA 715
Monel 400
‘11
22
ASME1
spec.
SB-210
SB-210
SB-210
SB-210
SB-210
SB-210
SB-75
SB-467
SB-467
SB-165
Temper
ature
(oF)
RT
-452
RT
-452
RT
-452
RT
-452
RT
-452
RT
-452
RT
-452
RT
-325
RT
-325
RT
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Ultimate
tensile
strength
(ksi)
0.2%
Offset
Yield
strength
(ksi)
Elongation
in 2 in.
(%)
13S 24H
24S
16S 29H
32S
43S 46H
76S 86H
42S 44H
63S
38S 42H
78S 96H
45
70
33
52
44
5S 152H
8S
6S 186H
9S
37S 290H
47S 379H
21S 193H
23S
17S 117H
20S 179H
40
58
10
14
16
44
85
80
20
31
25
Charpy
impact
strength
(ft-lb.)
Thermal
expansion
(in/in oF x
10-6)
Thermal
conductivity
(BTU(hr ·
ft.oF)
40S 10H
56S
35S 7H
48S
12S 8H
42S 30H
22S 16H
32S
22S 12H
38S 30H
12
25
45
69
42
16S 70H
16S 70H
13
5
12
5
13.2
125
160
92
85
75
7
68
4
73
10
12
56
75
10
2
9.5
5.0
9.5
150
75
26
40
60
42
79
87
56
9
17
7.5
15
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
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13
5
13.2
99
-----------------------------------------------------------------------325
115
50
64
50
2.5
5
* The letters S and H designate soft and hardened conditions respectively.
1 Corresponding ASTM specifications are B75, B165, B210 and B467.
07.
SISTEM PEMIPAAN FIBER GLASS
Fiberglass Reinfoced Plastic (FRP) telah banyak dan sukses di pakai lebih dari lima puluh
tahunan sebagai material pemipaan, karena menjadi kombinasi antara plastik material yang
resistant corrosion dengan kekuatan (karena ada reinforced-nya…).
Penggunaan FRP ini pada temperatur -40o s/d 300 o F (-40o s/d 149 o C)
Resin pada FRP di memiliki ketahanan korosi untuk acid, caustic ataupun solvent. Nah,
kalau medianya abrasif misalnye aja slurry… maka bisa ditambahkan abrasion resistat
material pada inside pipenye.
Nah berikut aplikasi FRP di dindustri secara umum…
INDUSTRY
Chemical
process
Aeration lines
Brine slurry lines
Chemical feed lines
Column piping
Condensate return
Conduit
Cooling water lines
Disposal well systems
Downhole tubing and casing
Effluent drain lines
Fire mains
Guttering and downspouts
Oily water
Scrubber headers
Seawater lines
Slurry lines
Vent lines
Water lines
Waste treatment
Buried gasoline piping1
1. At gasoline service stations.
Food
proces
sing
Marine
&
Offshor
e
Mining
Petroc
hem &
Petrole
um
Pharm
aceutic
al
Power
Plants
Pulps
&
paper
WW
TP
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Table 14 Metode Test nya FRP for P (Pipes) and F (Fittings)
PROPERTY TESTED
‘11
23
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
ASTM Standard
DIN Standard
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
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ISO Standard
----------------------------------------------------------------------Beam bending stress & modulus
Beam deflection, full bore flow
Chemical resistance
Laminates
Molding compounds
Pipe, deflected
Circumferential flexural modulus
Short-term
Long-term creep
Circumferential tensile strength
Compressive stress & modulus
Constituents; % resin, glass, aggregate, filler
Dimensions
Density
Dielectric strength
Electrical resistance, DC
Indentation hardness, barchol impressor
Impact resistance
Joints, pressure & bending as applicable
Cemented socket & spigot
Bolted flanges
Socket & spigot with elastomeric seals
Pipe stiffness
Short-term
Long-term creep
Pressure, external
Pressure, internal
Cyclic
Hydrostatic design basis
Short-time hydraulic failure
Time to failure, constant pressure
Regression analysis
Ring-bending strain
Shear strength
Specific gravity
Stiffness factor
Short-term
Long-term creep
Tensile elongation ultimate
Tensile stress & modulus
Hoop
Laminate
Longitudinal
Thermal conductivity
Thermal expansion, linear coefficient
Between _30_ and 30_C
Other temperatures
‘11
24
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
#
P
F
D 790
modified
D 2925
Yes
No
Yes
No
C 581
D 3615
D 3681
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
53 393
Yes
Yes
D 2412
Yes
No
D 2290
D 695
D 2584
D 3567
D 792
D 149
D 257
D 2583
D 2444
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
53 769-3
EN 761
EN 1393
Yes
Yes
Yes
EN 637
53 479
D 2412
Yes
No
D 2924
Yes
No
D 2143
D 2992
D 1599
D 1598
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
D 2992
D 5365
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
D 792
Yes
Yes
D 2412
Yes
No
D 2105
Yes
No
D 1599
D 638
D 2105
C 177
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
D 696
E 228
Yes
Yes
No
No
#
P
F
#
P
F
ISO 178
Yes
No
No
No
No
10466
7684
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
7510
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
EN 1449
EN 1450
EN 1448
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
53 769EN 761
Yes
Yes
No
No
10466
7684
Yes
Yes
No
No
10928
Yes
Yes
10466
7684
Yes
Yes
No
No
527-4
Yes
Yes
EN 59
53 769-3
53 758
EN 1447
53 768
EN 705
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
53 769-1
No
Yes
53 769-3
EN 761
EN 1393
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
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----------------------------------------------------------------------Table 15 Standard Produk FRP pipe & Fitting
Product Description
Fittings
Contact molded
Dimensions, nominal
Flanges, contact molded
Flanges other than contact molded
Gravity flow
Line pipe, low pressure
Pressure
Jet fuel lines, belowground
Joints
Bell & spigot gasket joints
Marine pipe & fittings
Laminates, contact molded
Pipe
Casing and tubing
Centrifugally cast
Contact molded
Dimensions, nominal
Filament wound
Line pipe, high pressure
Line pipe, low pressure
Machine made classification
Sewer
Water
Industrial wastes & corrosive fluids
Process plant piping
Water supply or sewerage piping
Water systems
Standard
Pipe
Fittings
Size nps (DN)
Pressure psig
(bar)
ASTM D 6041
ISO 7370
ASTM D 5421
ASTM D 4024
ASTM D 3840
API 15LR
ASTM D 5685
ASTM D 5677
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
All
1–144 (25–3600)
1–96 (25–2400)
All
8–144 (200–3600)
1–16 (25–400)
1–16 (25–400)
All
0–150 (0–10)
NA
25–150 (2–10)
50–500 (3–34)
Gravity
up to 1000 (68)
25–1000 (2–68)
up to 150 (10)
ASTM D 4161
ASTM F 1173
ASTM C 582
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
8–144 (200–3600)
1–48 (25–1200)
All
up to 250 (17)
All
All
API 15AR
ASTM D 2997
ASTM C 582
ISO 7370
ASTM D 2996
API 15HR
API 15LR
ASTM D 2310
ASTM D 3262
ASTM D 3517
ASTM D 3754
BS 6464
BS 5480
AWWA C-950
M45 design
manual
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
1–10 (25–250)
All
All
1–144 (10–3600)
1–16 (25–400)
1–8 (25–200)
1–16 (25–400)
NA
8–144 (200–3600)
8–144 (200–3600)
8–144 (200–3600)
1–36 (25–1000)
1–144 (25–3600)
All
All
NA
All
500–1000 (34–68)
up to 1000 (68)
NA
Gravity
up to 250 (17)
up to 250 (17)
up to 940 (64)
50–250 (3–17)
RESIN yang banyak digunakan adalah :
Epoxy Resins  limit temp 250oF (121oC)
Polyester Resins
Vinyl Ester Resins.  limit temp 225oF (107oC); special aplication  limit temp
350oF (177oC)
Bisphenol-A Fumarate Polyester Resins.  limit temp 250oF (121oC)
Chlorendic Polyester Resins.  limit temp 350oF (177oC)
Isophthalic Polyester Resins. .  limit temp 180oF (82oC)
Phenolic Resins  limit temp 300oF (149oC)
SISTEM JOIN
Dalam sistem join di FRP ini dikenal dengan berbagai cara, yaitu :
‘11
25
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
08.
TEKANAN DAN UJI KEBOCORAN
Table 16 Uji dan pengujian tekanan
CODE
JENIS UJI
TEKANAN UJI
MINIMUM
ASME B31.1
Hydrostatic1
1.5 times design
ASME B31.1
Pneumatic
1.2 times design
ASME B31.1
Initial service
Normal operating
pressure
ASME B31.3
Hydrostatic
‘11
26
1.5 times design2
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
TEKANAN UJI
MAKSIMUM
Max allowable test
pressure any component
or 90 percent of yield
1.5 times design or max
allowable test
pressure any component
Normal operating
pressure
TEKANAN UJI
(HOLD TIME)
TEKANAN
PENGUJIAN
10 minutes
Design Pressure
10 minutes
Lower of 100 psig
or design pressure
10 minutes or time
to complete leak
examination
Normal operating
pressure
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1.5 times design
----------------------------------------------------------------------ASME B31.3
Pneumatic
ASME B31.3
Initial service3
ASME I
Hydrostatic
ASME III
Division 1
Subsection
NB
Hydrostatic
Pneumatic
ASME III
Division 1
Subsection
NB
ASME III
Division 1
Subsec tion
NC
1.1 times design
Design pressure
1.5 times max
allowallowable
Workworking
pressure4
1.25 times system
design
pressure5
1.2 times system
design
pressure6
Hydrostatic
1.5 times system
design
pressure
Pneumatic
ASME III
Division 1
Subsection
NC
ASME III
Division 1
Subsection
ND
ASME III
Division 1
Subsection
ND
‘11
27
1.25 times system
design
pressure
Hydrostatic
Pneumatic
1.5 times system
design pressure for
completed components, 1.25 times
system maxidesign
pressure for piping systems
1.25 times system design
pressure
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Not to exceed yield
stress
1.1 times design plus the
lesser of 50 psi or 10
percent of test Pressure
Design pressure
Time to complete
leak exAmination but at
least 10 minutes
10 minutes
Time to complete
leak examination
Not specified,
typically 1 hr
Not to exceed 90 percent
yield stress
10 minutes
Not to exceed stress
limits of design section NB-3226 or maximum
test pressure of any
system component5
Not to exceed stress
limits of design section NB-3226 or maximum
test pressure of any
system component
If minimum test pressure
exceeded by 6
percent establish limit by
the lower of analysis of all
test loadings or maximum
test pressure of any
component
If minimum test pressure
exceeded by 6
percent establish limit by
the lower of analysis of all
test loadings or maximum
test pressure of any
component
If minimum test pressure
exceeded by 6
percent establish limit by
the lower of
analysis of all test
loadings or maxidesign
mum test pressure of any
component
10 minutes
10 minutes or 15
minutes
per inch of design
minimum wall
thickness for
pumps and
valves
10 minutes
10 minutes
Design pressure
Design pressure
Max allowable
working pressure4
Greater of design
pressure or .75 times
test
pressure
Greater of design
pressure or .75times
test
pressure
Greater of design
pressure or .75
times test
pressure
Greater of design
pressure or .75 times
test
pressure
Greater of design
pressure or .75 times
test
pressure
10 minutes
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Greater of design
pressure or .75 times
test
pressure
----------------------------------------------------------------------If minimum test pressure
exceeded by 6
percent establish limit by
the lower of
analysis of all test
loadings or maximum
test pressure of any
component
09.
HAZARDOUS PIPING SYSTEM
ASME CODE B31.3 “PROCESS PIPING” mendefinisikan
hazardous fluid service sbb :
‘‘a fluid service in which the potential for
personnel exposure is judged to be significant and in which a single exposure to a very small
quantity of a toxic fluid, caused by leakage, can produce serious irreversible harm to persons on
breathing or bodily contact, even when prompt restorative measures are taken [emphases
added].’’
Code dan standard yang dipergunakan untuk membantu
dalam identifikasi proses terutama uang berkaitan dengan
hal ini khususnya bagi owner maupun designer adalah :












‘11
28
API 570, ‘‘Piping Inspection Code: Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Rerating of In-service
Piping Systems’’
API RP 574, ‘‘Inspection of Piping, Tubing, Valves, and Fittings’’
API RP 750, ‘‘Management of Process Hazards’’
ASME B31 ‘‘Code for Pressure Piping.’’ The ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping consists
of several sections: B31.1 Power Piping, B31.3 Process Piping,etc. (see Chap. A4). All the
sections, published as separate books, may have useful information relevant to the design
and construction of hazardous piping systems for their particular application. B31.3,
however, is the only section that includes a chapter on hazardous piping systems.
ASME B31G, ‘‘Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipe’’
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2, ‘‘Rules for
Construction of Pressure Vessels’’
NBBPVI, ‘‘National Board Inspection Code’’
NIOSH, ‘‘Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances’’
NFPA 30, ‘‘Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code’’
NFPA 49, ‘‘Hazardous Chemical Data’’
NFPA 325M, ‘‘Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases, and Volatile Solids’’
NFPA 491M, ‘‘Manual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions’’
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
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----------------------------------------------------------------------Table 17 Material yang sangat beracun dan reaktif
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein (2-Propenal)
Acrytyl chloride
Allyl chloride
Allytamine
Alkylaluminums
Ammonia, Anhydrous
Ammonia solutions
Ammonium perchlorate
Ammonium permanganate
Arsenic hydride (also called Arsine)
Arsine (also called Arsenic hydride)
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
Boron trichloride
Boron trifluoride
Bromine
Bromine chloride
Bromine pentafluoride
Bromine trifluoride
3-Bromopropyne (also called
Propargylbromide)
Butyl hydroperoxide (tertiary)
Butyl perbenzoate (tertiary)
Carbonyl chloride (also called
Phosgene)
Carbonyl nitrate
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine pentrafluoride
Chlorine trifluoride
Chlorodiethylaluminum (also called
Dieth- Bromoylaluminum chloride)
1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Chloropicrin
Chloropicrin and Methyl bromide
mixture
Chloropicrin and Methyl chloride
mixture
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cyanogen
Cyanogen chloride
Cyanuric fluoride
Diacetyl peroxide
Diazomethane
Dibenzoyl peroxide
Diborane
Dibutyl peroxide (tertiary)
‘11
29
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Dimethylhydrazine, 1,1Dimethylamine, anhydrous
2, 4-Dinitroaniline
Ethyl methyl ketone peroxide (also
called Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide)
Ethyl nitrite
Ethylamine
Ethylene fluorohydrin
Ethylene oxide
Ethyleneimine
Fluorine
Formaldehyde (Formalin)
Fuming sulfuric acid (also called
Oleum)
Furan
Hexafluoroacetone
Hydrochloric acid, anhydrous
Hydrofluoric acid, anhydrous
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide, anhydrous
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen selenide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydroxylamine
Iron, pentacarbonyl
Isopropylamine
Ketene
Methacrylaldehyde
Methacryloyl chloride
Methacryloyloxyethel isocyanate
Methyl acrylonitrile
Methylamine, anhydrous
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Methyl chloroformate
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (also
called Ethyl methyl ketone peroxide)
Methyl fluoroacetate
Methyl fluorosulfate
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl iodide
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl mercaptan
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Nitromethane
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NO; NO2; N2O4;
N2O3)
Nitrogen peroxide (also called Nitrogen
tetroxide)
Nitrogen tetroxide (also called Nitrogen
peroxide)
Nitrogen trifluoride
Nitrogen trioxide
Oleum (also called Fuming sulfuric
acid)
Osmium tetroxide
Oxygen difluoride (Fluorine monoxide)
Ozone
Pentaborane
Peracetic acid (also called
Peroxyacetic acid)
Perchloric acid
Perchloromethyl mercaptan
Perchloryl fluoride
Peroxyacetic acid (also called
Peracetic acid)
Phophoryl chloride (also called
Phosphorusoxychloride)
Phosgene (also called Carbonyl
chloride)
Phosphine (Hydrogen phosphide)
Phosphorus oxychloride (also called
Phosphoryl chloride)
Phosphorus trichloride
Propargyl bromide (also called 3Bromoylaluminumpropyne)
Propyl nitrate
Sarin
Selenium hexafluoride
Stibine (Antimony hydride)
Sulfur dioxide (liquid)
Sulfur pentafluoride
Sulfur tetrafluoride
Sulfur trioxide (also called Sulfuric
anhydride)
Sulfuric anhydride (also called Sulfur
trioxide)
Tellurium hexafluoride
Tetrafluoroethylene
Tetrafluorohydrazine
----------------------------------------------------------------------Dicloro acetylene
Diclorosilane
Diethylaluminum chloride (also called
Chlorodiethylaluminum)
Diethylzinc
Diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate
Dilaluroyl peroxide
Dimethyldiclorosilane
Methyl vinyl ketone
Methyltrichlorosilane
Tetramethyl lead
Thionyl chloride
Trichloro (Chloromethyl) silane
Trichloro (Dichlorophenyl) silane
Trichlorosilane
Trifluorochloroethylene
Nickel carbonyl (Nickel tetracarbonyl)
Nitric acid
Nitric oxide
Nitroaniline
Trimethyloxysilane
EXAMINATION, INSPECTION DAN TESTING.
Umumnya pada piping kode dibedakan antara
examination dan testing; dimana examination
adalah tanggung jawab manufacturer, fabricator
atau erector sedangkan inspection adalah tanggung
jawabnya owner.
Table 18 Rekomendasi design dan opration untuk Hazardous Piping
“DO”
“DON’T”
Identify and give hazardous piping systems special
consideration.
Evaluate consequence of piping failure (forexample,
quantities released, personnelexposure, harm to
the environment).
Understand operating modes of the system,including
variations in normal and abnormal operating
conditions.
Consider dynamic effects, such as fluid hammering,
vibrations, earthquake.
Perform stress analysis incorporating all the loadings
expected.
Select materials that will not deteriorate in service.
Use ductile materials.
Eliminate or minimize the use of mechanical joints.
Provide smooth transitions at welded joints.
Choose valves to be consistent with hazardous service.
Provide designs to minimize fugitive emissions.
Use appropriate NDE methods to assure quality
fabrication and erection.
Try to provide advice to plant designers regarding piping
layout needs.
Use piping geometry to compensate for thermal
‘11
30
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
View hazardous piping systems as conventional
systems.
Assume piping system cannot fail.
Expect operating conditions to be without
variation.
Overlook potential dynamic effects.
Disregard short-term loadings combined with sustained
loads or the fatigue effects of short-term
loadings.
Choose materials sensitive to corrosion or erosion.
Use low-ductility materials, such as castiron or glass.
Use mechanical joints without considering means to
safeguard them.
Have abrupt changes in joint geometry.
Use stem packing designs that can leak.
Forget to perform a sensitive leak test with an
appropriate sensitivity.
Limit NDE methods to those in codes and standards if
newer methods will give reliable results.
Believe that plant designers will understand hazardous
piping layout needs.
Use expansion joints.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------expansion and contraction.
Provide a collection and disposal system for pressure
relief of hazardous systems.
Segregate hazardous piping systems during fabrication,
erection, and testing to facilitate all requirements
being met.
Design and maintain supports as part of the piping
system.
Provide design details of critical elements to
construction.
Provide mechanism for positive identification of piping
materials of construction.
Provide an in-service monitoring program for early
detection of problems.
Maintain service records throughout life of system.
Periodically examine critical elements.
‘11
31
Sistem Pemipaan
Ir. Teguh Pudji Hertanto, M.Sc, IPM
Vent directly to atmosphere without proper treatment.
Treat hazardous piping like other systems.
Treat piping supports as independent components.
Leave critical fabrication and assembly details to be
provided by field.
Rely on specifying materials with no follow-up.
Wait for a catastrophic event.
Repair piping without documenting it.
Install system and forget about it.
Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Ajar
Universitas Mercu Buana