Contributors http://www.idea-group.com/encyclopedia/details.asp?ID=4455&v=contributors Khosrow-Pour, M. (Ed.). (2005). Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology. Vol. 1-5. Hershey, PA, USA: Idea Group Inc. Amr El Abbadi, University of California, USA El-Sayed Abou-Zeid, Concordia University, Canada Witold Abramowicz, The Poznan University of Economics, Poland Ala Abu-Samaha, Amman University, Jordan Jan Achterbergh, Radboud University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands Frederic Adam, University College Cork, Ireland Divyakant Agrawal, University of California, USA Niki Aifanti, Informatics & Telematics Institute, Greece Henry Aigbedo, Oakland University, USA Peter Aiken, Defense Information Systems Agency, USA Isola Ajiferuke, University of Western Ontario, Canada Pervaiz Alam, Kent State University, USA Juan M. Ale, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Khamis Al-Gharbi, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Majed Z. Al-Hajery, College of Business Studies, Kuwait Irena Ali, DSTO Fernhill, Australia Mohammed Ali, International Vaccine Institute, Korea Cesare Alippi, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Eshaa M. Alkhalifa, University of Bahrain, Bahrain Stephanie Allen, Brigham Young University, USA Heidrun Allert, University of Hannover, Germany Nabeel A. Y. Al-Qirim, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates Chandra S. Amaravadi, Western Illinois University, USA Pombortsis Andreas, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece J.H. Erik Andriessen, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Marios C. Angelides, Brunel University, United Kingdom Valeria De Antonellis, University of Brescia, Italy Grigoris Antoniou, Institute of Computer Science, Greece 1 Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko, University of Tampere, Finland Kurt April, University of Cape Town, South Africa Norm Archer, McMaster University, Kathy Arsenault, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, USA John M. Artz, The George Washington University, USA Ali Arya, Simon Fraser University, Canada Christine Ashley, University of Minnesota, USA Petek Askar, Hacettepe University, Turkey Davood Askarany, University of South Australia, Australia Len Asprey, Practical Information Management Solutions Pty Ltd, Australia Peik Åström, Arcada Polytechnic, Finland Aybüke Aurum, University of New South Australia, Australia Anders Avdic, Örebro University, Sweden Lerina Aversano, University of Sannio, Italy Bosede Aworuwa, Texas A&M University- Texarkana, USA Tamara Babaian, Bentley College, USA Richard P. Bagozzi, Rice University, USA Penny Baillie-de Byl, University of Southern Queensland, Australia Susan A. Baim, Miami University Middletown, USA Valerie Baker, University of Wollongong, Australia Jounghae Bang, University of Rhode Island, USA David A. Banks, University of South Australia, Australia Stuart J. Barnes, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Robert Barone, Buffalo State College, USA Nicholas Beaumont, Monash Univrsity, Australia Shirley Ann Becker, Northern Arizona University, USA Rezaul Begg, Victoria University, Australia Catherine M. Beise, Salisbury University, USA France Bélanger, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA Suzanne T. Bell, University of Guam, Guam Judith Bishop, University of Pretoria, South Africa Bernard Blandin, CESI SAS, France Pieter Blignaut, University of the Free State, South Africa Kirsimarja Blomqvist, Lappeenranta University, Finland 2 Mario Bochicchio, University of Lecce, Italy Gee-Woo (Gilbert) Bock, National University of Singapore, Singapore Piet Boekhoudt, Telematica Instituut, The Netherlands Judith Boettcher, University of Florida, USA Andrew Borchers, Kettering University, USA Aberdeen Leila Borders, University of New Orleans, USA Clint A. Bowers, University of Central Florida, USA Mary Brabston, The University of Manitoba, Canada Joseph Bradley, Central Washington University, USA Antonio P. Braga, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil Daniel Brandon Brandon, Christian Brothers University, USA Jeffrey L. Brewer, Purdue University, USA Clare Brindley, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom Lloyd D. Brooks, The University of Memphis USA, USA David Bryde, Liverpool John Moore University, United Kingdom Daniel J. Buehrer, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, R.O.C. Erik Buelen, Tilburg University, The Netherlands Deborah Bunker, University of New South Wales, Australia Andries Burger, University of the Free State, South Africa Stephen Burgess, Victoria University, Australia Sheryl Burgstahler, University of Washington, USA Lisa A. Burke, Louisianna State University Shreveport, USA Merilyn Burke, University of South Florida, USA Lisa Burnell, Texas Christian University, USA Deborah Bursa, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Coral Calero, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Ann Frances Cameron, Queens University, Canada Katy Campbell, University of Alberta, Canada Gerardo Canfora, University of Sannio, Italy Sven A. Carlsson, Lund University, Sweden Houston Hume Carr, Auburn University, USA John M. Carroll, The Pennsylvania State University, USA Dedric A. Carter, Nova Southeastern University, USA 3 Fergal Carton, University College Cork, Ireland João Álvaro Carvalho, Universidade do Minho, Portugal Edilberto Casado, Gerens Escuela de Gestion y Economia, Peru Cristiano Castelfranchi, National Research Council of Italy, Italy Elena Castro, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain Cathy Cavanaugh, University of Niorth Florida, USA Terence Cavanaugh, University of North Florida, USA Jose Maria Cavero Barca, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain Francisco Cervantes, Mexico Autonomous Institute of Technology, Mexico Claudia Cevenini, University of Bologna, Italy G. Chakraborty, Iwate Prefectural University, Japan D. Chakraborty, Tohoku University, Japan Susy S. Chan, De Paul University, USA Yung-Kuan Chan, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, R.O.C. Hock Chuan Chan, National University of Singapore, Singapore Keith C.C. Chan, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Chi Kin Chan, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Rajesh Chandrashekaran, Fairleigh Dickinson University, USA Yoon S. Chang, HanKuk Aviation University, Korea Chin-Chen Chang, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, R.O.C. Jae-Woo Chang, Research Center for Adavnced LBS Technology, South Korea Chris Chatwin, University of Sussex, United Kingdom Damianos Chatziantoniou, Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece Richard Chbeir, Bourgogne University, France Sherry Y. Chen, Brunel University, United Kingdom Rung Ching Chen, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan Jason C.H. Chen, Gangaza University, USA Ye-Sho Chen, Louisianna State University, USA Yining Chen, Ohio University, USA Zhixiang Chen, University of Texas-Pan American, USA Yangjun Chen, University of Winnipeg, Canada Ai Cheo, Monash University, Australia Greg Chiasson, PRTM, United Kingdom Amita Goyal Chin, Viginia Commonwealth University, USA 4 Tzu-Chuan Chou, University of Bath, United Kingdom Bishwajit Choudhary, Norwegian Banks' Payment & Clearning Center, Norway Vassilis Christophides, Institute of Computer Science, Greece Yen-Ping Chu, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, R.O.C. Ta-Tao Chuang, Gongaza University, USA Geraldine Clarebout, University of Leuven, Belgium Irvine Clarke III, James Madison University, USA Elayne Coakes, University of Westminster, United Kingdom Leopoldo E. Colmenares G., University Simon Bolivar, Venezuela Tim Coltman, University of Wollongong, Australia Andrés Coratella, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Marion Cottingham, The University of Western Australia, Australia Chris Coulston, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, USA Ron Craig, Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada Jakov Crnkovic, University of Albany, USA Martin D. Crossland, Oklahoma State University, USA Dolores Cuadra, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain Haydee M. Cuevas, University of Central Florida, USA Maria Manuela Cunha, Polytechnic University of Cávado and Ave, Portugal Wendy L. Currie, Brunel University, United Kingdom Ajantha Dahanayake, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Darren Dalcher, Middlesex University, United Kingdom Olena Daly, Monash University, Australia Antonios Danalis, University of Delaware, USA Farhad Daneshgar, University of New South Wales, Australia Lei Dang, University of Manchester, United Kingdom Marcela Daniele, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Argentina Paul Darbyshire, Victoria University, Australia Jerômé Darmont, University of Lyon 2, France Subhasish Dasgupta, The George Washington University, USA Luiz A. DaSilva, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA Aristides Dasso, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina Ronald Dattero, Southwest Missouri State University, USA 5 Bill Davey, RMIT University, Australia John Day, Ohio University, USA Marly Monteiro de Carvalho, University of São Paulo, Brazil André de Carvalho, University São Paulo, Brazil Beatriz de la Iglesia, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom Andrea De Lucia, University of Salerno, Italy José Palazzo Moreira de Oliveira, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Marcelo Schneck de Paula Pessôa, University of São Paulo, Brazil Joris P.G. de Rooij, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Cesar Alexandre de Souza, University São Judas Tadeu, Brazil Olga De Troyer, WISE Research Group, Belguim Sagarmay Deb, University of Southern Queensland, Australia Hendrik Decker, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain Fadi P. Deek, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA Ana C. Andrés del Valle, VICOMTech Research Center, Spain I. Navas Delgado, Universidad de Malaga, Spain Folker den Braber, SINTEF ICT, Norway Darleen M. DeRosa, Right Management Consultants, USA Kristine F. Dery, University of Sydney, Australia Sara Dexter, University of Virginia, USA Utpal M. Dholakia, Rice University, USA Nikhilesh Dholakia Dholakia, University of Rhode Island, USA Donaldo de Souza Dias, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Antonio Díaz-Andrade, The University of Aukland, New Zealand Javier Díaz-Carmona, Technology Institute of Celaya, Mexico Francisco-Javier Díaz-Pernas, University of Valladolid, Spain José-Fernando Díez-Higuera, University of Valladolid, Spain Richard Discenza, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, USA Georg Disterer, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Germany Simon Dixon, Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Austria Michael W. Dixon, Murdoch University, Australia Brian Dobing, University of Lethbridge, Canada Philip J. Dobson, Edith Cowan University, Australia Neil F. Doherty, Loughborough University, United Kingdom 6 Dorothy Dologite, City Univrsity of New York, USA Kim E. Dooley, Texas A&M University, USA Jorge H. Doorn, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina George Doukidis, Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece Kovach Dragan, SUPER-KING Inc., Croatia Jon Dron, University of Brighton, United Kingdom Athanasios Drosopulos, National technical University of Athens, Greece Yanqing Duan, University of Luton, United Kingdom Philip Duchastel, Information Design Atelier, Canada John R. Durrett, Texas Tech University, USA Schahram Dustdar, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Charlene A. Dykman, University of St. Thomas, USA Robert G. Dyson, University of Bath, United Kingdom Freek Ebeling, Telematica Instituut, The Netherlands John S. Edwards, Aston University, United Kingdom Arthur R. Edwards, Erasmus University, The Netherlands Chanda Elbert, Texas A&M University, USA G. Eleftherakis, City College, Greece Jan Elen, University of Leuven, Belgium Suzanne M. Embury, University of Manchester, United Kingdom Fazli Erbas, University of Hanover, Germany Frederick Ericsson, Örebro University, Sweden Mauricio Minuto Espil, Universidad Católica Argentina, Argentina José Esteves, Univrsidad Politécnica de Catalunya, Spain Roberto Evaristo, University of Illinoois, USA Rino Falcone, National Research Council of Italy, Italy Xiaowen Fang, De Paul University, USA Waleed E. Farag, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA Liliana Favre Favre, CIC, Argentina Miguel Felder, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Laura Felice, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Beunos Aires, Argentina Walter D. Fernández, Australian National University, Australia Shantha Fernando, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka 7 Edilson Ferneda, Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil Stefano Ferretti, University of Bologna, Italy Sharmila Pixy Ferris, William Patterson University, USA Peter Fettke, Johanne Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany Stephen M. Fiore, University of Central Florida, USA Nicola Fiore Fiore, University of Lecce, Italy Theresa Flaherty Flaherty, James Madison University, USA Guisseppi Forgionne, University of Maryland Baltiore County, USA Giancarlo Fortino, Università della Calabria, Italy Jose M. Framinan, University of Seville, Spain Jonathan Frank, Suffolk University, USA Alex A. Freitas, University of Kent, United Kingdom William H. Friedman, University of Central Arkansas, USA Xin Fu, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA Ana Funes, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina Elizabeth Furtado, Universidade de Fortaleza, Brazil Janos Fustos, Metropolitan State College of Denver, USA Abdulbaset Gaddah, Carleton University, Canada Martin Gaedke, University of Karlsruhe, Germany Alexandra Galatescu, National Institute for R & D in Informatics, Romania Stuart D. Galup, Florida Atlantic University, USA Aryya Gangopadhyay, University of Maryland Baltimore County, USA Yuan Gao, Ramapo College of New Jersey, USA Jane L. Garb, Baystate Medical Center, USA M.M. Roldan Garcia, Universidad de Malaga, Spain Mila Gascó-Hernández, Open University of Catalonia, Spain William R. Gates, Naval Postgraduate School, USA Robert Gay, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore David Gefen, Drexel University, USA S. Geisler, University of Clausthal, Germany Petros A.M. Gelepithis, Kingston University, United Kingdom Ovsei Gelman, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico Susan E. George, University of South Australia, Australia Hamada H. Ghenniwa, University of Western Ontario, Canada 8 M. Gheorghe, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom George M. Giaglis, Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece Rick Gibson, American University, USA Joseph Gilbert, University of Nevada, USA Peter Goldschmidt, The University of Western Australia, Australia Steven Gordon, Babson College, USA D.M. Gorman, Texas A&M University, USA Charles R. Graham, Brigham Young University, USA Kaj Grahn, Arcada Polytechnic, Finland Nikos Grammalidis, Informatics & Telematics Institute, Greece Floriana Grasso, Liverpool University, United Kingdom Sergio Greco, DEIS Universita della Calabria, Italy Gina Green, Baylor University, USA Vicki L. Gregory, University of South Florida, USA James Griffen, Tipperary Institute, Ireland Mark Griffiths, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom Paul Gruenewald, Prevention Research Center, USA Yaolin Gu, Southern Yangtze University, China Matthew W. Guah, Brunel University, United Kingdom Sheng-Uei Guan, National University of Singapore, Singapore Tor Guimaaraes, Tennessee Technological University, USA Babita Gupta, California State University Monteray Bay, USA Jatinder N.D. Gupta, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, USA Jatiner N.D. Gupta, University of Alabama in Huntsville, USA Dennis Guster, St. Cloud State University, USA Ruth A. Guthrie, California State Polytechnic University, USA Ugur Halici, Middle East Technial University, Turkey Terry Halpin, Northface University, USA Lutz Hamel, University of Rhode Island, USA Hanns-Christian Hanebeck, Globeranger Corporation and Univerity of Dallas, USA Till Hänisch, University of Cooperative Education Heidenheim, Germany Ardis Hanson, University of South Florida, USA Donald A. Hantula, Temple University, USA 9 R.A. Haraty, Lebanese American University, Lebanon Richard J. Hartley, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom Stephen Hawk, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Kristiina Häyrinen, University of Kuopio, Finland Paul N.J. Hendricks, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands Richard T. Herschel, St. Joseph's University, USA X. Hervada-Vidal, Public Health Department of Galicia, Spain Alexa Heucke, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Germany William T. Hewitt, University of Manchester, United Kingdom Richard C. Hicks, Texas A&M Internation University, USA Paul Hildreth, K-Now International Ltd., United Kingdom Leo Tan Wee Hin, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Charles C. Hinnant, University of Georgia, USA Karim K. Hirji, AGF Management Ltd., Canada Roberto Hirsh, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Yu-An Ho, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, R.O.C. M. Holcombe, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom J. William Holland, Georgia Bureau of Invetigation, USA William K. Holstein, The College of William and Mary and Graduate School of Business Administration-Zurich, USA/Switzerland Robert W. Holt, Gangaza University, USA Marc Holzer, Rutgers University, USA Pengyu Hong, Harvard University, USA Anne Honkaranta, University of Jyväskyä, Finland Gabor Hosszu, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Caroline Howard, Touro International University, USA John A. Hoxmeier, Colorado State University, USA Chung Hsun Hsieh, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan Wen-Chen Hu, University of North Dakota, USA Thomas S. Huang, Beckman Institute, USA Wayne W. Huang, Ohio University, USA Zhensen Huang, University of Maryland Baltimore County, USA Michael N. Huhns, University of South Carolina, Australia M. Gordon Hunter, University of Lethbridge, Canada 10 Maija-Leena Huotari, University of Helsinki, Finland M. Zahirul Huq, Center for Population and Health Research, Bangladesh Mark I. Hwang, Central Michigan University, USA Ha Sung Hwang, Temple University, USA Maria Eugenia Iacob, Telematica Instituut, The Netherlands Mirja Iivonen, University of Tampere, Finland Albert L. Ingram, Kent State University, USA Supawadee Ingsriswang, BIOTEC and NSTDA, Taiwan, R.O.C. Yukiko Inoue, University of Guam, Guam Spiros Ioannou, National technical University of Athens, Greece J. Ángel Velazquez Iturbide, Universisdad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain Anand Iyer, PRTM, United Kingdom Lakshmi S. Iyer, University of North Carolina, USA Birgit Jaeger, Roskilde University, Denmark Marijn Janssen, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands I.M. Jawahar, Illinois State University, USA Judith Jeffcoate, University of Buckingham, United Kingdom Murray E. Jennex, San Diego State University, USA Morgan Jennings, Metropolitan State College of Denver, USA Audun Jensvoll, EDB Telesciences, Norway Paul Johannesson, Stockholm University and Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Wesley J. Johnston, Georgia State University, USA Kevin Johnston, University of Cape Town, South Africa Luiz Antonio Joia, Getulio Vargas Foundation, Brazil Nory B. Jones, University of Maine Business School, USA Gordana Jovanovic-Dolecek, National Institute of Astrophysics Optics and Electronics, Mexico Lorraine Justice, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Bob Justis, Louisianna State University, USA Judith Kabeli, Ben-Gurion University, Israel Imed Kacem, Université de Technologie de Troyes, France Kate Kaiser, Marquette University, USA Pawel Jan Kalczynski, University of Toledo, USA Sherif Kamel, The American University at Cairo, Egypt O. Kao, University of Paderborn, Germany 11 E. Kapetanios, Plirosoft Ltd., Switzerland Nikos Karacapilidis, University of Patras, Greece Elena Karahanna, University of Georgia, USA Bill Karakostas, City University, United Kingdom Hassan A. Karimi, University of Pittsburg, USA Johan M. Karlsson, Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden Athanasis Karoulis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Kostas Karpouzis, National technical University of Athens, Greece Sue E. Kase, The Pennsylvania State University, USA Dimitrios Katsaros, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Mizue Kayama, Senshu University, Japan P. Kefalas, City College, Greece Mimi Kessler, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Abdulwahed Mohammed Khalfan, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait Mark Kieler, Carnegie Mellon University, USA Vassilios Kikis, Kozani University of Applied Sciences, Greece Garp Choong Kim, Inha University, Korea Young-Gul Kim, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea Dohoon Kim, Kyung Hee University, USA Chong W. Kim, Marshall University, USA Chung S. Kim, Southwest Missouri State University, USA Chris Kimble, University of York, United Kingdom Martin C. Kindmüller, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Malcom King, Loughborough University, United Kingdom Jerzy Kisielnicki, Warsaw University, Poland Ikuo Kitagaki, Hiroshima University, Japan Fred L. Kitchens, Ball State University, USA Christopher Klassen, University of Dallas, USA Jane E. Klobas, Bocconi University and University of Western Australia, Italy David Knight, Brunel University, United Kingdom Linda V. Knight, De Paul University, USA V. P. Kochikar, Infosys Technologies Ltd., India Ned Kock, Texas A&M University, USA 12 Gary F. Kohut, University of North Carolina at Charlette, USA Stefanos Kollias, National technical University of Athens, Greece Joseph A. Konstan, University of Minnesota, USA Herbert Kotzab, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark E.V. Krishnamurthy, Australian National University, Australia John Krogstie, NTNU and SINTEF, Norway Nir Kshetri, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA Vladimir A. Kulyukin, Utah State University, USA Kuldeep Kumar, Bond University, Australia Thomas Kunz, Carleton University, Canada Karl Kurbel, European University Viadrina Frankfurt, Germany Lynette Kvasny, The Pennsylvania State University, USA Sai Ho Kwok, California State University, USA Andrew Laghos, City University, United Kingdom Maosheng Lai, Peking University, China Paul Lajbcygier, Monash University, Australia Johanna Lammintakanen, University of Kuopio, Finland Louise Lane, Laurentian University, Canada Eitel J.M. Lauría, Marist College, USA Fernando José Barbin Laurindo, University of São Paulo, Brazil Wai Law, University of Guam, Guam Alina Lazar, Youngstown State University, USA Chunb-wei Lee, Auburn University, USA Chung-Shing Lee, Pacific Lutheran University, USA Jinyoul Lee, State University of New York at Binghamton, USA In Lee, Western Illinois University, USA Pouwan Lei, University of Sussex, United Kingdom Wilfried Lemahieu, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Mary Jane Lenard, University of North Carolina, USA Paul Leng, Liverpool University, United Kingdom Awie Leonard, University of Pretoria, South Africa Paul M. Leonardi, Stanford University, USA María Carmen Leonardi, UNCPBA, Argentina Hong Va Leong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 13 Cynthia LeRouge, Saint Louis University, USA Chalermsak Lertwongsatien, Ministry of Finance, Taiwan, R.O.C. Sandro Leuchter, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Hareton Leung, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Bruce Lubotsky Levin, University of South Florida, USA Yair Levy, Nova Southeastern University, USA Xue Li, University of Queensland, Australia Xiaotong Li, Universityof Alabama in Huntsville, USA William S. Lightfoot, International University of Monaco, Monaco Moez Limayem, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Chad Lin, Edith Cowan University, Australia James R. Lindner, Texas A&M University, USA Robert Lipton, Prevention Research Center, USA Xiaohui Liu, Brunel University, United Kingdom Shin-Ping Liu, Jarvis Christian College, USA Stanley Loh, Catholic University of Pelotas and Lutheran University of Brazil, Brazil Shawn D. Long, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA Heitor S. Lopes, CEFET-PR, Brazil M.E. López-Vizcaíno, Galician Statistical Institute, Spain A.C. Gomez Lora, Universidad de Malaga, Spain Wei Lou, Northern Illinois University, USA Hao Lou, Ohio Universtiy, USA Glenn Lowry, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates Joost Lowyck, University of Leuven, Belgium Sam Lubbe, University of Kwazulu Natal, South Africa Wendy Lucas, Bentley College, USA Teresa Ludermir, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil Kim Man Lui, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Mass Soldal Lund, SINTEF ICT, Norway Tiehan Lv, Princeton University, USA Virpi Lyytikäinen, University of Jyväskylä, Finland Kambiz Maani, University of Auckland, New Zealand Robert Mac Gregor, University of Wollongong, Australia 14 Kenneth J. MacGregor, University of Cape Town, South Africa Julie Mackey Mackey, Christchurch College of Education, New Zealand Sanjay Madria, University of Missouri-Rolla, USA Pruthikrai Mahatanankoon, Illinois State University, USA A.K. Majumdar, Indian Institute of Technology, India Harris Charalampos Makatsorsis, Orion Logic Ltd., United Kingdom Sotiris Malassiotis, Informatics & Telematics Institute, Greece Anna Malina, e-Society Research, United Kingdom Purnendu Mandal, Lamar University, USA Yannis Manolopoulos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Alexander Markhasin, Siberian Telecommunications University, Russia Kathryn A. Marold, Metropolitan State College of Denver, USA Thomas E. Marshall, Auburn University, USA D.I. Martakos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Liliana Martinez, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina Paloma Martínez, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain Esperanza Marcos Martínez, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain Ben Martz, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, USA Herbert J. Mattord, Kennesaw State University, USA María Virginia Mauco, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Argentina Charles H. Mawhinney, Metropolitan State College of Denver, USA Theo McDonald, University of the Free State, South Africa Tanya J. McGill, Murdoch University, Australia Roger McHaney, Kansas State University, USA John C. McIntosh, Bentley College, USA Denise McManus, Wake Forest University, USA Maggie McPherson, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom Arlyn J. Melcher, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, USA Michael Melliar-Smith, University of California, USA Luiz Augusto Machado Mendes-Filho, FARN, Brazil John Mendonca, Purdue University, USA Xiannong Meng, Bucknell University, USA Kerrie Mengersen, The University of Newcastle, Australia Ali Metwalli, Western Michigan University, USA 15 István Mezgár, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Michael Middleton Middleton, Queensland University of Technology School of Information Systems, Australia Ljiljana D. Milic, University of Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro Ido Millet, Penn State Erie, USA Maureen C. Minielli, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, USA Melanie Misanchuk, University of Guelph, Canada Helen Mitchell, Unitec, New Zealand Andreas Mitrakas, Ubizen, Belgium Robert J. Mockler, St. John's University, USA Vladimír Modrák, Technical University of Košice, Slovakia Mukesh Mohania, IBM India Research Lab, India Erik Molenaar, The Netherlands, Charles Møller, Aarhus School of Business, Denmark German Montejano, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Aregntina J.F. Aldana Montes, Universidad de Malaga, Spain Janette Moody, The Citadel, USA Jo Ellen Moore, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, USA Manuel Mora, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Mexico Steven A. Morris, Middle Tennessee Stare University, USA Donald R. Morris-Jones, SRA, USA Mikolaj Morzy, Poznan University of Techmology, Poland Tadeusz Morzy, Poznan University of Techmology, Poland Louise Moser, University of California, USA Michael J. Mullany, Northland Polytechnic, New Zealand Patrick R. Mullen Mullen, U.S. General Accounting Office, USA Paul Mulligan, Babson College, USA Theresa P. Murghrey, Texas A&M University, Timothy H. Murphy, Texas A&M University, USA Peter Murphy, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand V.K. Murthy, University of New South Wales, Australia Hanni Muukkonen, University of Helsinki, Finland Martha Myers, Kennesaw State University, USA Mariko Nakano-Miyatake, National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico, Mexico 16 Alexandros Nanopoulos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Karen S. Nantz, Eastern Illinois University, USA V.K. Narayanan, Drexel University, USA John B. Nash, Stanford University, USA Rodney Nason Nason, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Andrey Naumenko, Triune Continuum Enterprise, Switzerland Richi Nayak, Queensland University of Technology, Australia P. Nesi, University of Florence, Italy Karen Neville, National University of Ireland, Ireland Scott Nicholson, Syracuse University School of Information Studies, USA John A. Nicholson, Utah State University, USA Christophe Nicolle, Université de Bourgogne, France Fred Niederman, Saint Louis University, USA Jennifer Paige Nightingale, Duquesne University, USA Mark E. Nissen, Naval Postgraduate School, USA John H. Nugent, University of Dallas, USA Leandro Nunes de Castro, Catholic University of Santos, Brazil Martin Nussbaumer, University of Karlsruhe, Germany Herberto J. Ochoa-Morales, University of New Mexico, USA Toshio Okamoto, University of Electro-Communications, Japan Stephan Olariu, Old Dominion University, USA Wole Olatokun, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Jon Oldevik, SINTEF ICT, Norway Andreas L. Opdahl, University of Bergen, Norway Jo Ann Oravec, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, USA Jim O. Otieno, Middlesex University, United Kingdom Robert S. Owen, Texas A&M University- Texarkana, USA Burak Ozer, Verificon Corp., USA Roberto Paiano, University of Leece, Italy George Pallis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Niki Panteli, University of Bath, United Kingdom Eric Pardede, La Trobe University, Australia Cristóbal Pareja-Flores, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain Mihir A. Parikh, University of Central Florida, USA 17 Minaz J. Parmar, Brunel University, United Kingdom Juha Pärnistö, Fujitsu Services, Finland Neeraj Parolia, University of Central Florida, USA Rafael S. Parpinelli, CEFET-PR, Brazil Jeffrey Parsons, Memorial University of New Foundland, Canada Kalpdrum Passi, Laurentian University, Canada Joan Pastor, Universidad Internacional de Catalunya, Spain Jon Patrick, University of Sydney, Australia David J. Pauleen, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Fay Cobb Payton, North Carolina State University, USA Ratchata Peachavanish, University of Pittsburg, USA Joan Pelland, New College of Florida, USA Norman Pendegraft, University of Idaho, USA Claudia Pereira, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina Derrie Perez, University of South Florida, USA Hector Perez-Meana, National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico, Mexico Graham Pervan, Curtin University of Technology, Australia Konrad J. Peszynski, Deakin University, Australia Georg Peters, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Germany Ryan R. Peterson, Instituto de Empresa, Dane Peterson, Southwest Missouri State University, USA David Petie, Petie Ltd, United Kingdom Stacie Petter, Georgia State University, USA Dan S. Petty, North Texas Commission, USA Mario Piattini, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Gaelle Picherit-Duthler, University of North Carolina Charlotte, USA Joaquim Armando Pires Jorge, Technical University if Lisbon, Portugal Valentina Plekhanova, University of Sunderland, United Kingdom Dimitris Plexousakis, Institute of Computer Science, Greece Tony Polgar, Coles Myer Pty. Ltd., Australia Jana Polgar, Monash University, Australia Clare M. Pollock, Curtin University of Technology, Australia Jean-Charles Pomerol, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France 18 Simpson Poon, Charles Strurt University and IVE, Australia/Hong Kong Anet Potgieter, University of Cape Town, South Africa Elaheh Pourabbas, Italian National Research Council, Italy Philip L. Powell, University of Bath, United Kingdom Daniel J. Power, University of Northern Iowa and DSSResources.com, USA Giuseppi Pozzi, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Hércules Antonio do Prado, Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research and Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil Marius Preda, Institut National des Télécommunications, France Françoise Preteux, Institut National des Télécommunications, France John W. Priest, University of Texas at Arlington, USA Göran Pulkkis, Arcada Polytechnic, Finland Goran D. Putnik, University of Minho, Portugal M. Asim Qayyum, University of Toronto, Canada Maurizio Rafanelli, IASI-CNR, Italy J. Wenny Rahayu, La Trobe University, Australia Mahboob ur Rahman, Gasmin Ltd., Bangladesh Arun Rai, Georgia State University, USA R. Kelly Rainer, Auburn University, USA Mahesh S. Raisinghani, University of Dallas, USA Michelle M. Ramim, Nova Southeastern University, USA Anatália Saraiva Martins Ramos, UFRN, Brazil Isabel Ramos, Universidade do Minho, Portugal Amaryllis Raouzaiou, National technical University of Athens, Greece Mohammad A. Rashid, Massey University, New Zealand Venkat Reddy, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, USA Maria Alexandra Rentroia-Bonito, Technical University if Lisbon, Portugal Stefano Renzi, Bocconi University, Italy Howard D. Richards, Orion Logic Ltd, United Kingdom Graeme Richards, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom Christoph Richter, University of Hannover, Germany Catherine M. Ridings, Lehigh University, USA Mirek Riedewald, Cornell University, USA John T. Riedl, University of Minnesota, USA 19 Daniel Riesco, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina Paul Rippon, The University of Newcastle, Australia Sari Rissanen, University of Kuopio, Finland Bob Ritchie, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom Frank E. Ritter, The Pennsylvania State University, USA Peter Rittgen, University College of Borås, Sweden Laura C. Rivero, UNICEN, Argentina Lynne D. 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Samson, University of Melbourne, Australia Adolfo Sanchez de Miguel, Cronos Ibérica, Spain M.I. Santiago-Pérez, Public Health Department of Galicia, Spain Angel D. Sappa, UAB, Spain Kaija Saranto, University of Kuopio, Finland Joseph Sarkis, Clark University, R.P. Sundarraj Anabela Sarmento, University of Minho, Portugal 20 Badrul M. Sarwar, University of Minnesota, USA Steven B. Sawyer, The Pennsylvania State University, USA Shannon Howle Schelin, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA Karen D. Schenk, K.D. Schenk and Associates Consulting, USA Lawrence L. Schkade, University of Texas at Arlington, USA Axel Schmetzke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, USA Norman F. Schneidewind, Naval Postgraduate School, USA Fabio A. Schreiber, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Robert A. Schultz, Woodbury University, USA Daniel Schwabe, PUC-Rio, Brazil Richard Schwester, Rutgers University, USA Anthony Scime', State University of New York College at Brockport, USA Ada Scupola, Roskilde University, Denmark Celeste See-Pui, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan Juergen Seitz, University of Cooperative Education Heidenheim, Germany Vassilis Serafeimidis, Atos KPMG Consulting, United Kingdom Manuel Serrano, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Kristina Setzekorn, University of Evansville, USA Galen Sevcik, Georgia State University, USA Dale H. Shao, Marshall University, USA Sushil K. Sharma, Ball State University, USA Beverly Shattuck, Hinks and Elaine Shimberg Health Sciences Center Library, USA Conrad Shayo, California State University, USA Tamio Shimizu, University of São Paulo, Brazil Seung-Kyoon Shin, University of Rhode Island, USA N. Shiratori, Tohoku University, Japan Peretz Shoval, Ben-Gurion University, Israel Keng L. Siau, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA Chen Way Siew, National University of Singapore, Singapore Edilberto Magalhães Silva, Brazilian Public News Agency, Brazil Judith C. Simon, The University of Memphis, USA Jean-Claude Simon, Université de Bourgogne, France Manoj K. Singh, i2 Technologies, USA 21 Anesh Maniraj Singh, University of Kwazulu Natal, South Africa Janice C. Sipior, Villanova University, USA Subramanian Sivaramakrishnan, University of Manitoba, Canada Robert Joseph Skovira, Robert Morris University, USA Erick Slazinski, Purdue University, USA Peter J. Smith, Athabasca University, Canada Leigh M. Smith, Curtin University of Technology, Australia Elizabeth Smythe, Concordia University College of Alberta, Canada Mark Snyder, Clemson University, USA Arnor Solberg, SINTEF ICT, Norway Diane H. Sonnenwald, Goteborg University, Sweden M. Spinu, EXITECH S.r.L., Italy Robert D. Sprague, University of Wyoming, USA Bala Srinivasan, Monash University, Australia Mark Srite, University of Wisconsin, USA Kirk St. Amant, Texas Tech University, USA Thomas F. Stafford, University of Memphis, USA D.S. Stamoulis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Jeffrey Stanton, Syracuse University School of Information Studies, USA Sandy Staples, Queens University, Canada Theresa A. Steinbach, De Paul University, USA Concetta M. Stewart, Temple University, USA Eberhard Stickel, University of Applied Sciences-Bonn GmbH, Germany Zoran Stojanovic, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Ketil Stølen, SINTEF ICT, Norway Konstantina Stoupa, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Detmar Straub, Georgia State University, USA Peter Kim Streatfield, Center for Population and Health Research, Bangladesh R. Subramaniam, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Ramesh Subramanian, Quinnipiac University, USA Woojong Suh, Inha University, Korea D. Bruce Sun, California State University at Long Beach, USA R.P. Sundarraj, University of Waterloo, USA Reima Suomi, Turku School of Economics and Business Administration, Finland 22 Shamik Sural, Indian Institute of Technology, India J.K. Suresh, Infosys Technologies Ltd., India Jörgen S. Svensson, University of Twente, The Netherlands William J. Switala, Duquesne University, USA Edward Szczerbicki, The University of Newcastle, Australia Edward J. Szewczak, Canisius College, USA Roger Tagg, University of South Australia, Australia Felix B. Tan, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand Clarence N.W. Tan, Bond University, Australia Bernard C.Y. Tan, National University of Singapore, Singapore Wei-Ping Tan, National University of Singapore, Singapore Letizia Tanca, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Zaiyong Tang, Louisianna Tech University, USA David Taniar, Monash University, Australia Monideepa Tarafdar, University of Toledo, USA Andrew S. Targowski, Western Michigan University, USA Ionnis Tarnanas, Kozani University of Applied Sciences, Greece Arthur Tatnall, Victoria University, Australia W. Andrew Taylor, University of Bradford, United Kingdom Robin Teigland, Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden Tiok-Woo Teo, Bond University, Australia Yin-Leng Theng, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Petros Theodorou, Technological Education Institution of Kavala, Greece D. Theotokis, University of Peloponnese, Greece Helen Thompson, University of Ballarat, Australia Pasi Tiitinen, University of Jyväskylä, Finland Leonardo Tinini, CNR-Instituto di Analisi dei Sistemi e Informatica, Rome Petia Todorova, Fraunhofer FOKUS, Germany Janet Toland, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Mark Toleman, University of Southern Queensland, Australia Janse Tolmie, University of the Free State, South Africa Emma Tonkin, University of Karlsruhe, Germany Teresa Torres-Coronas, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain 23 Luca Tosi, Mobility and Environment Agency of the Milano Municipality, Italy Eileen M. Trauth, The Pennsylvania State University, USA Denis Trcek, University of Primorska, Slovenia Dirk Trossen, Nokia Research, USA Ming Yung Tsai, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan Nicolas Tsapatsoulis, National technical University of Athens, Greece Denise Fukumi Tsunoda, CEFET-PR, Brazil Jilin Tu, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Dennis E. Tucker, Yaasuo Consulting Company, USA Rodney Turner, Victoria University of Technology, Australia Murray Turoff, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA Pasi Tyrväinen, University of Jyväskyä, Finland Andrew Urbaczewski, University of Michigan, USA Leon Urbas, Berlin University of Technology, Germany Donna Ure, Brigham Young University, USA Steven Utsi, K.U. Leuven, Belgium Emmanuelle Vaast, Long Island University, USA A. Vadivel, Indian Institute of Technology, India Athena Vakali, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Salvatore Valenti, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Erwin Van den Ende, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium Jef Van den Enden, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium Craig Van Slyke, University of Central Florida, USA Giovanni Vanini, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Bruce Vanstone, Bond University, Australia Ana Tereza Vasconcelos, LNCC, Brazil Kan Hou Vat, University of Macau, China E. Vázquez-Fernández, Public Health Department of Galicia, Spain Jari Veijalainen, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland Mario G. Piattini Velthuis, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Colin C. Venters, University of Manchester, United Kingdom Robert M. Verburg Verburg, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands N. Moreno Vergara, Universidad de Malaga, Spain C.L. Vidal-Rodeiro, University of South Carolina, USA 24 Theresa M. Vitolo, Gannon University, USA Kevin E. Voges, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Fredrik Vraalsen, SINTEF ICT, Norway Lejla Vrazalic, University of Wollongong, Australia Dirk Vriens, Radboud University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands Richard B. Wait, Baystate Medical Center, USA Agustinus Borgy Waluyo, Monash University, Australia Fahui Wang, Northern Illinois University, USA Ye Diana Wang, University of Maryland, , Baltimore County, USA Leoni Warne, DSTO Fernhill, Australia Molly Wasko, Florida State University, USA Rebecca Watson, Deloitte, Australia Harold Webb, The University of Tampa, USA Krzystof Wecel, The Poznan University of Economics, Poland Zhen Wen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Dirk Werth, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Germany Mathias Weske, University of Potsdam, Germany Michael J. West, Carnegie Mellon University, USA Stu Westin, University of Rhode Island, USA Monica T. Whitey, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom Michael E. Whitman, Kennesaw State University, USA Mikael Wiberg, Umea University, Sweden Nilmini Wickramasinghe, Cleveland State University, USA William F. Wieczorek, Buffalo State College- State University of New York, USA Ronald B. Wilkes, The University of Memphis, USA Carla Wilkin, The University of Melbourne, Australia Dianne Willis, Leeds Metropolitan University, United Kingdom Elaine R. Winston, Hofstra University, USA Leandro Krug Wives, Centro Universitário Feevale and Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Marek Wojciechowski, Poznan University of Techmology, Poland Wayne Wolf, Princeton University, USA Ian K. Wong, Queens University, Canada T.T. Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 25 Nitaya Wongpinunwatana, Thammasat University, Taiwan, R.O.C. Earl Woodruff, University of Toronto, Canada Amy B. Woszczynski, Kennesaw State University, USA Gillian H. Wright, Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, United Kingdom Hsien-Chu Wu, National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan Zongqiao Xiao, Georgia College and State University, USA Mark Xu, University of Portsmouth, Zhonghua Yang, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Yanyan Yang, University of California, USA Hung-Jen Yang, University of North Dakota, USA Jenq-Foung Yao, Georgia College and State University, USA Jyh-haw Yeh, Boise State University, USA Vincent Yen, Wright State University, USA Kokou Yétongnon, Université de Bourgogne, France Victoria Youngohc Yoon, University of Maryland, USA Rupert Young, University of Sussex, United Kingdom Holly Yu, California State University, USA Giorgos Zacharia, MIT, USA Maciej Zakrzewicz, Poznan University of Techmology, Poland Panayiotis Zaphiris, City University, United Kingdom Michele Zappavigna-Lee, University of Sydney, Australia Liyang Zhang, Baidu.Com Co., Ltd., China Yue (Jeff) Zhang, California State University at Long Beach, USA Bin Zhang, Louisianna State University, USA G. Peter Zhang, Sgeorgia State University, USA Yu-Jin Zhang, Tsinghua University, China Ruidong Zhang, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, USA Luyin Zhao, Philips Research, USA Fang Zhao, RMIT University, Australia Wenbing Zhao, University of California, USA Ester Zumpano, DEIS Università della Calabria, Italy Ronaldo Zwicker, University São Judas Tadeu, Brazil 26