Attachment A
Full Results of Survey Questions
Air Traffic Controllers (ATC) Questionnaire Responses
ATC Licensing System
2. Please identify the government department (or other, such as service provider) that is responsible
for the issuing of ATC licences in your economy.
Australia
 (1) Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA)
Canada
 The Civil Aviation Directorate of the Canadian Department of Transport
Chinese Taipei
 Flight Standards Division, CAA
Hong Kong (China)  Civil Aviation Department
Indonesia
 Directorate General of Air Communication
Directorate of Aviation Safety
Japan
 Civil Aviation Bureau
Mexico
 Director General of Civil Aviation (DGAC), in charge of air transport in
Ministry of Communications and Transportation (SCT)
New Zealand
 Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand
Peru
 General Civil Aviation Administration (DGAC of the Ministry of
Transportation, Communication, Housing and Construction
Singapore
 The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore
Thailand
 Department of Aviation, Ministry of Transport
USA
 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is authority responsible for issuance
of air traffic control-tower and RADAR operation certificates. FAA ATC
certifications issued on facility-specific basis only.
3.
Please provide the name of the civil aviation regulations and the parts or sections that provide for
ATC licensing, including medical certification.
Australia
 (1) CARs derive head of power from Civil Aviation Act 1988. Medical issues
dealt with in Part 6 of CARs, ATC licensing issues dealt with in Part IXB of
CARs within regulations 99AA to 118 (incl.).
Canada
 Part IV Personnel Licensing and Training of the Canadian Aviation
Regulations (CARS) - Subpart 2 Air Traffic Controller Licenses and Ratings
Chinese Taipei
 Article 25, Civil Aviation Law
 Ch. 7, Regulation Governing Airman Certification and Rating
 Ch. 3, Standards for Airman Medical Assessment
Hong Kong (China)  Article 62, 65, 66 and 68 in Air Navigation (Hong Kong) Order 1995 (CAP.
448 sub. leg. C)
Indonesia
 Annex 1
 CASR Parts 29 and 31
 Skep. Dirjen. No. 172/VII/97
Japan
 The Licensing Regulations for Air Traffic Controller provides regulations
relating to ATC licensing and also medical Certification
 ATC licensing, including medical certification is provided by Training and
Examination Section, ATC Division, ATS Department, Civil Aviation Bureau
Mexico
 Statutes for Civil Aviation Act
 Rules for Delivery of Licences to Technical-Aeronautical Personnel
 Addendum of Rules for Delivery of Licences to Technical-Aeronautical
Personnel regarding skills and expertise in flight
New Zealand
 Civil Aviation Rule Parts 65 and 67
Peru
 Peruvian Aviation Regulations (RAP)
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 1
Singapore
Thailand
USA
– RAP 65 Subpart B (65.31 – 65.50) Licences
– RAP 67 Subpart E (67.401 – 67.415) Medical certificates
 Air Navigation Order
 Regulations of the Civil Aviation Board
 Communication and Air Traffic Control Division
 Air Safety Division
 Institute of Aviation Medicine, Directorate of Medical Services
 Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR 65.1; 14 CFR 65.31; 14 CFR 65.33; 14
CFR 65.35; 14 CFR 65.37; 14 CFR 65.39; 14 CFR 65.41; 14 CFR 65.43; 14
CFR 65.45; 14 CFR 65.46; 14 CFR 65.46A; 14 CFR 65.46B; 14 CFR 65.47;
14 CFR 65.49; 14 CFR 65.50; 14 CFR 67 Subpart C (Second-Class Airman
Medical Certificate)
 FAA Order 3120.4J Air Traffic Technical Training
 FAA Order 7220.1A Certification and Rating Procedures
4.
Please provide the statutory authority for licensing of ATC in your economy (eg name of Civil
Aviation Act and/or cite the appropriate code or statute).
Australia
 (1) Refer to Q.3
Canada
 Paragraph 4.9(a) of the Aeronautics Act
Chinese Taipei
 Article 2, CAA Organisation Acts
 Article 3, Civil Aviation Law
Hong Kong (China)  The Chief Executive of Hong Kong SAR as specified in Article 65 in the Air
Navigation (Hong Kong) Order 1995 (CAP 448 sub. leg. C)
Indonesia
 Annex 1
 CASR Parts 29 and 31
 Skep. Dirjen. No. 172/VII/97
Japan
 The Licensing Regulations for Air Traffic Controller provides regulations
relating to ATC licensing and also medical Certification
 ATC licensing, including medical certification is provided by Training and
Examination Section, ATC Division, ATS Department, Civil Aviation Bureau
Mexico
 Civil Aviation Act
New Zealand
 Civil Aviation Act 1990
Peru
 Law No. 24882 until May 9th 2000
 Law No. 27261 from May 10th 2000
Singapore
 Air Navigation Order
Thailand
 Ministerial Regulations
 Air Navigation Act
USA
 FAA Act of 1958 as amended
5. What general requirements does a person have to meet to obtain an ATC licence?
Australia
 (1) Yes
 Yes to Class 3 as defined in CARs
 Yes
 Yes, 21
 Yes; two phases to written exams – first in Training College – minimum
standard of 70% required – second in field component of training – minimum
of 100% required – 80% accepted as initial result, however, candidate must
bridge gap to reach 100% by oral exam.
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 2
Canada
Chinese Taipei
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
Air Traffic Controller
 ICAO Annex 1 SARPs but include technology-specific objectives as well.
 Competency-based performance assessment regime supporting competencies
identified above.
 Pass in English, Mathematics & Physics at tertiary entrance level or
equivalent.
 Previous aviation experience is highly regarded, not essential.
 Where appropriate – Recognition of Prior Learning is made.
 Personality and aptitude testing also carried out to identify candidates most
likely to succeed.
 Citizenship must be determined prior to issue of licence
 Category 1 or 2 Medical Certificate valid for an ATC licence
 Sufficient competence in use of language(s) to engage in two-way radio
communication involving exchange of safety and control messages
 At least 19 years of age
 Completion of ATC training and written exams
 require citizenship
 Class 2 medical certificate
 Speaking, listening and writing English – good
 Read and write relevant documents; communicate with others
 Current and valid medical certificate
 Fluent in both spoken and written English (no specified level)
 At least 18 years for Student ATC; 20 for ATC
 Written exams – essay and multiple choice questions; passing mark 70%; tests
general understanding and application of material being taught
 Oral exams –check examinee fully conversant with book knowledge and
assess application by giving hypothetical scenarios; Examiner must be
satisfied with overall performance
 Performance assessments – assessed by Standards Officer; test examinee on
handling technique in simulation exercises and actual working positions
 Minimum qualifications for all licenses – University entrance level (2
Advanced-level and 3 Ordinary Level passes with English, Maths and
Geography or Physics at Grade C or above.)
 Indonesian residency or citizenship
 Current and valid medical certificate – Class 1 (1 year) 100k CASR p39
 English proficiency – intermediate minimum
 Minimum age 18 years (CASR p31)
 Performance assessment – identify skill of local procedure
 Qualifications – Junior ATC / Senior ATC
 Employment experience – 3 months on the job training
 Current and valid medical certificate needed when exercising privileges of
license
 English proficiency is examined at entrance examination
 Minimum age – 20 years
 Written and oral exams to examine knowledge of characteristics of airports,
airspace and air traffic flow under jurisdiction; flight procedures; ATC
procedures; coordination procedures; equipment; and others. Understanding
of Civil Aeronautics Law examined. Required standard 70%
 Performance assessments conducted to examine handling of ATC procedures,
ATC 3
Mexico
New Zealand
Air Traffic Controller
ATC equipment, coordination procedures etc. Time to examine and necessary
scores are the same as that of written exams
 Qualifications divided into following categories
- Tower Control
- Approach Control (Terminal)
- Terminal Radar Control
- En-Route Control
- Approach Control (En-Route)
- En-Route Radar Control; Flow Management
 Current and valid medical certificate, Class B
 English proficiency certificate from known teaching center; 80% required in
written/oral skills
 Minimum age – 18
 Written examination – supervised by instructor; objective to verify knowledge
on aeronautical subjects contained in instruction program
 Oral examination – required standard 70%; examination process, in English,
in order to verify acquisition of general and technical knowledge
 Performance assessments – required standard 70%; supervised by instructors
on each subject and proper objectives
 Qualifications – Air Traffic Controller, Licence Class I, II or III, trained for
Using on Radar Approach, Radar Route and Aeronautical Radio Operator
Restricted
 Medical certificate – Class 3
 sufficient ability in reading, writing, speaking, and understanding English to
enable applicant to carry out responsibilities as holder of licence or rating
 Minimum age – 21 for the issue of an air traffic controller licence
 Written exams – refer to Rule Part 65 and associated draft advisory circulars
 Oral Exams – refer to Rule Part 65 and associated draft advisory circulars
 Performance Assessments – refer Rule Part 65 and associated draft advisory
circulars. Generally every 12 months, except after initial rating where
performance check conducted six months after rating
 Qualifications – the following licences and ratings issued under Part 65
(1) Air traffic trainee licence
(2) Air traffic controller licence
(3) Flight service trainee licence
(4) Flight service operator licence
(5) Flight radiotelephone operator rating
(6) Air traffic controller ratings
Aerodrome control rating; Approach control rating; Approach
control radar
rating; Area control rating; Area control radar rating;
Area control automatic
dependant surveillance rating
(7) Flight service operator ratings
Oceanic air-ground rating; Aerodrome flight information rating;
Area flight
information rating
(8) Air traffic service instructor rating
(9) Air traffic service examiner rating
 Employment Experience – depends on the licence or rating
 Other – all based on ICAO Annex 1 requirements
ATC 4
Peru
Singapore
Thailand
USA
Air Traffic Controller
 citizenship or residency
 Class 3 medical certificate – two year duration
 Advanced (spoken and written) English
 Minimum age – 18 years
 Written exams –flight regulations; airport traffic control procedures; en route
traffic control procedures; communication operating procedures; flight
assistance services; air navigation and aids to air navigation; aviation weather
(passing mark 80%)
 Practical test on skill requirements
– air traffic facility equipment and use
– weather reporting procedures and use of reports
– procedures applicable to operating position at facility at which rating sought
 One or two of following ratings issued with licence – Aerodrome Control;
Approach Control and Area Control; Approach radar; Approach radar of
precision and radar of area control; ATC Instructor; OJT Instructor; ATC
Supervisor
 At least 6 months supervised practices by OJT Instructor
 Credit given for military experience only with graduation certificate and 6
months experience; DGAC verifies with theoretical and practical test
 Residency/Citizenship - N/A
 Current and valid medical certificate
 English proficiency required
 Minimum age – 21 years
 Written examinations & performance assessments – according to the curricula
of ATC course(s)
 Oral examinations – N/A
 Qualifications – based on specific ATC rating awarded
 Employment experience – N/A
 Credit for military experience – No
 Requirement for permanent residency or citizenship
 Current and valid medical certificate (including level of certificate)
 English proficiency
(state level)
 Minimum age
 Written examinations (please specify learning objectives summary,
examination process and required standard)
 Oral examinations
 (please specify learning objectives summary, examination process and
required standard)
 Performance assessments (please specify learning objectives summary,
examination process and required standard)
 Credit given for military experience
 United States Citizenship
 Current and valid medical certificate
 English proficiency (14 CFR 65.33)
 Minimum age – 18 years (14 CFR 65.33)
 training program based on applicant’s ability to pass written, oral and
performance based exams; complexity and objectives of exams correspond
ATC 5
to practical application of US air traffic rules, regulations and procedures
Performance Assessments (14 CFR 65 Part B/ FAA Order 3120.4J/ FAA
Order 7220.1A)
Qualifications (14 CFR 65 Part B/ FAA Order 3120.4J/ FAA Order 7220.1A)

6.
Do your licences/medical certificates have a fixed expiry date? If so, what are the dates for each
licence, including the medical certificate.
Australia
 (1) Yes – Medical Cert – max period 2 years for a Class 3 Medical based on
risk profile of individual expiry date is shorter, as low as month to month.
Licences – max period 12 months. About to be varied to “Lifetime” of the
holder and conditions i.e. valid medical, rating or endorsement will apply for
a holder to be able to exercise the authority of the licence.
Canada
 License valid until withdrawn or suspended
 Medical certificate – 24 months if under 40 years; 12 months if over 40 years
Chinese Taipei
 1 year
Hong Kong (China)  ATC license valid for 90 days
 Medical license valid for 2 years for Controller’s age below 40; valid for 1
year for Controller’s age at or above 40
Indonesia
 2 years from the date of issuance
Japan
 Our medical certificates have a fixed expiry date, the term of validity for
which is one year. But our licenses do not have a fixed expiry date
Mexico
 2 years until 39 years old; 1 year after 40 years old
New Zealand
 Lifetime, but validation/currency requirements.
Peru
 licence expires with Class 3 medical certificate at end of last day of 24th
month after exam date on certificate
Singapore
 12 months for those 40 years and above
 24 months for those below 40 years
Thailand
 1 – License
1.1 Age below 40 = 2 years
1.2 Age above 40 = 1 year
 2. Medical
2.2 Age Below 40 = once a year
2.3 Age above 40 = twice a year
USA
 ATCS Certificate/CTO does not have an expiration date, however, the
certificates are site-specific only.
7. What are the requirements to keep the licence current and valid?
Australia
 (1) maintain valid Class 3 medical cert; and
 annual written exam for the rating; and
 annual written exam for each endorsement; and
 six monthly practical performance assessment; and
 holder must be “recent” in the position to which the endorsement to be
exercised relates i.e. 7 hours with in the preceding 14 days (may be extended
to 21 days) – this is likely to be amended to 5 hours within the preceding 35
days (no extension permissible).
Canada
 must hold licence endorsed with rating appropriate to privileges being
exercised and with appropriate operational location
 Valid category 1 or 2 medical certificate
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 6
Chinese Taipei
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
Mexico
New Zealand
Peru
Singapore
Thailand
USA
 Complete proficiency check within preceding 12 months
 be familiar with operations and pass annual check
 Maintenance of Expertise –minimum of 6 hours per month for particular
rating to be current. A rating remains valid for 90 days from date controller
last provided ATC service appropriate to that rating
 Medical check
 Maximum age is 60 years
 Maintain rating
 N/A
 Medical certificate updated
 Responsiveness letter provided by SENEAM
 Refer to the CAA website for specific information
 hold valid class 3 medical certificate
 complete recurrent course (theory and practice)
 show recency of experience in exercise of license’s privileges
 Licence is renewed upon approp. certification of medical fitness. Provision of
air traffic services dependent on valid approp. ATC rating.
 Working in ATC Operation
 Must remain current on position(s) certified in facility assigned
8. Is the licence linked to proficiency at a specific facility or airspace?
Australia
 (1) Yes
Canada
 ATC licence – no; Endorsements - yes
Chinese Taipei
 Yes
Hong Kong (China)  Yes
Indonesia
 Yes
Japan
 Yes
Mexico
 No response
New Zealand
 No, but the validation is linked to a specific facility/airspace
Peru
 Yes
Singapore
 Yes
Thailand
 Yes
USA
 Yes – facility/sector
9.
What are the compliance and enforcement responsibilities of the civil aviation authority to ensure
that the requirements of the licence are being met after issue? Please provide regulatory reference.
Australia
 (1) Regulator relies on Memorandum of Understanding. In future, regulated
by new CASRs. CASA conducts process audits at service provider’s
premises. CASA issues Requests for Corrective Action (RCAs) when
deficiencies identified. In future, CASA will also be able to suspend or cancel
an Operating Certificate.
Canada
 holder of licence shall not exercise privileges of licence at air traffic control
unit unless holder completed proficiency check within preceding 12 months
Chinese Taipei
 regular technical checking
 internal regulations
Hong Kong (China)  The requirements are stated in the Manual of Air Traffic Control Part 10
Chapter 1
Indonesia
 Skep. Ditjen. No. 172/VII/97
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 7
Japan
Mexico
New Zealand
Peru
Singapore
Thailand
USA
 N/A
 They verify good performance on the job and make periodical evaluations
 Part 65
 RAP 65.41 Recent experience
 RAP 65.43 Function exercise
 RAP 65.47 Maximum hours
 RAP 65.49 General operation rules
 Air Navigation Order
 Air Traffic Services Manual
 Air Navigation Act
 Ministerial Act
 FAA Order 7210.3R
 FAA Order 3120.4J
 FAA Order 7210.56A, Air Traffic Quality Assurance
 FAA Order 7010.1L, Air Traffic Evaluations
10. What recency and currency requirements must a licence holder comply with?
Recency
Currency
Australia
 (1) presently - at least 7 hours within  (1) for each Rating maintained last 14 days (extendable to 21 days)
100% pass in written exam within
preceding 12 months; and
 future – probably 5 hours within the  for each Endorsement maintained last 35 days
100% pass in written exam; and
a “competent” practical assessment
within preceding 6 months
 both now & later – for each
 for both rating and endorsement
endorsement that the holder
written exams – initial pass mark
maintains and exercises.
may be 80–99% and must be
supplemented with an oral exam to
attain 100%.
Canada
 applicable knowledge verification
 See Recency
test for operational position
– once preceding 12 months
– more frequently if deemed
necessary by unit management
– if returning to duties following
absence for extended period
Chinese Taipei
 1 year
 every 3 months for performance
assessment
Hong Kong (China)  rating remains valid for 90 days
 A minimum of 6 hours practice per
from date holder of license last
rating per month
provided service appropriate to that
rating
Indonesia
 Work on 40 hours during 6 months
 2 years
(non radar)
 Work on 40 hours during 3 months
(radar)
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 8
Japan
Mexico
New Zealand
Peru
Singapore
Thailand
USA
 If controller away from operational
positions rated for six months or
more, take necessary training for
getting back to those positions
 License is recognised unless
suspended or cancelled
 N/A
 Periodical exams applied and
elaborated in response to evaluation
necessities
 Current operating is 28 days
 Lifetime in theory but retested orally
 Validation is 6 months
if significant time elapsed since
written exam
 can exercise privileges until
 complete recurrent course each 2
expiration date on medical certificate
years to perform duties in position
 credit to DGAC requirements for
qualified for
validation
 ATC rating will be invalidated if the  No limit – unless the rating is
corresponding air traffic service is
withdrawn
NOT provided for a period of 6 mths
or more
 N/A
 N/A
 FAA Order 7210.3R, Facility
 FAA Order 3120.4J
Operation and Administration
 FAA Order 7220.1A
Air Traffic Controller Qualification Requirements
11. Does your Authority/Agency certify individuals to provide flight training (eg theoretical
knowledge training, practical/skills training)?
12. If ‘yes’, please provide regulatory reference for certification requirements.
Australia
 (1) Yes, CASA certifies such activities for flying and will shortly also be
doing so for ATC training (theory and practical)
Canada
 No – not for Air Traffic Controllers
Chinese Taipei
 No
Hong Kong (China)  No
Indonesia
 Annex 1 / CASR p31
Japan
 No
Mexico
 No response
New Zealand
 Yes – Rule Part 61
Peru
 Yes – RAP 65.37 ATC Instructor
– RAP 65.38 OJT Instructor
Singapore
 No response
Thailand
 No
USA
 Yes – FAA Order 7220.1A Certification and Rating Procedures
FAA Order 3120.4J Air Traffic Technical Training
13. Does your Authority/Agency certify training organisations to provide flight training?
14. If ‘yes’ please provide regulatory reference for certification requirements. Does the CAA approve
the training program for instruction?
Australia
 (1) CARs Part 6 for flying training; for ATC training, the new CASRs Part
143 and the associated Manual of Operating Standards will specify
requirements, elements of the new CASR Part 172 also applicable; for ATCs,
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 9
Brunei Darussalam
Chinese Taipei
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
Mexico
New Zealand
Peru
Singapore
Thailand
USA
the MOS will only specify the learning objectives and competencies that must
be attained. Curriculum, Syllabus and lesson plan material produced by
Training Provider. Registered status is monitored by ANTA providing quality
assurance to process.
 No
 No
 No
 Yes (does not approve training program for instruction)
 No
 No response
 Yes – Part 141 (or Part 172 in the case of a certified ATS organisation)
 Yes – RAP 142 Training Centers
 The DGAC approved training program in certification process
 No response
 No
 No
15. What are the basic training requirements for issuing ATC licences? Please provide details and also
source documentation references where appropriate. Do not include attachments.
Australia
 (1) Airservices Australia and the Australian Dept of Defence – the latter
autonomously whilst Airservices does so under regulator CASA. In future all
training organisations will be required to be registered in accordance with
ANTA requirements. Training Providers will also need to have a TP Cert
issued under the new CASRs.
 Course lengths vary depending on stream (Tower, Approach or Area control).
Presently, Tower - 9 months, Approach – 12 months and Area – 15 months.
Follows ICAO Annex 1 requirements for 3 months of final field training
unless candidate already holds rating. Move toward competency-based
training will see less emphasis on training course length.
 RPL is undertaken, refer above.
 Candidates required to pass “College” theory component covering learning
objectives and ICAO Annex 1 SARPs requirements – also includes practical
(simulator) component. Following “College” component candidates required
to complete a final field training component.
 100% pass required for all written exams for each Rating and Endorsement.
Refer to previous answers.
Canada
 complete ATC training and basic theoretical training and written exams
 length of basic training – varies from 6 to 9 months
 length of airport control rating
– theory varies with complexity of unit (up to 2 months)
– practical not less than 3 months for initial issue; not less than 1 month for
initial issue of airport rating to holder with terminal or area rating; period of
time necessary to demonstrate competence for endorsement of additional
location to licence holder with existing Airport Control Rating
 length of Terminal, Area Control and Oceanic Control Ratings
– theory varies depending on complexity of unit (between 4 to 6 months)
– practical minimum 3 months for initial issue; minimum 1 month for
Terminal rating for holder of ACC rating, for ACC rating for holder of
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 10
Chinese Taipei
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
Mexico
Air Traffic Controller
Airport or Terminal rating
 training based on Task Analysis for each unit and individual specialties
developed into unit qualification training programs
 No experience necessary prior to enrollment for basic training program
 Based on Military experience equivalency examination may be offered –
however full unit theoretical and practical programs provided to obtain
specific rating
 Theory and practical training approximately 50% for each component
 Written exams on number of mandatory items listed in CAR 422.03 and
successful completion of simulation evaluations
 organisations – Aeronautical Training Center, CAA
 1 year training
 training manual based on FAA/ICAO related programs
 high school graduation required
 organisations – Training unit of Air Traffic Management Division
 training – lectures vary 1 to 3 months; practical training varies depending on
individual progress
 Summary of training – syllabus (local procedures, ICAO recommendations);
practical training (ensure required standards attained); assessment by Standard
Officer (confirm competent to provide ATC service)
 Practical components – work minimum hours of training and recommended
by supervisor of having reached required standard for validation check
 Test process and requirements – pass in live traffic control assessment by
Standards Officer, written and oral examination
 CATC together with Directorate General of Aviation Communication
conducts training
 Length of training – 3 years (40 theory and 60 practical)
 Training based on ICAO standard as mentioned in Annex 1
 Minimum 3 months on the job training
 Practical components – Air traffic control
 Aeronautical Safety College provides basic ATC training. Advanced training
including On-the-job training provided at field facilities
 Aeronautical Safety College provides two-year course or six-month one for
basic ATC training. Length of training at field facilities varies, depending
upon types of rating and with/without previous air traffic control experiences
 The aim of training is to obtain necessary knowledge and competency that are
prescribed in the Licensing Regulations for Air Traffic Controller. Training is
made up of subjects and on-the-job training. If trainer evaluates that trainee
achieved satisfactory level of performance after designated period of training
or more, trainee can take an examination for a certificate.
 Testing process and requirements – if trainer judges trainee finished all
necessary training for specific rating satisfactorily, trainee can move on to
examination for certification
 Types of organisations – public/private training centers supervised and
recognised by DGAC (Direction General of Civil Aviation)
 Length of training – 15 months
 Summary of training – lists valuation on theories and practice matters
ATC 11
New Zealand
Peru
Singapore
Thailand
USA
Air Traffic Controller
 Practical components – airdrome, approach and area simulators, real practices
(OJT), required standard of 70% for approval
 Testing process and requirements – process validated through theoretical and
practical exams
 Types of organisations – Only ATS Provider (Airways Corporation of NZ
Ltd) at this stage certified to Part 172
 minimum training times for practical element specified in Rule Part 65
 Brief summary of training – elements of competency and performance criteria
 Practical components – Practical testing conducted by rated examiners
 Testing process and requirements –combination of practical, oral and written
exams (contained within a service providers exposition)
 CORPAC Training Center only authorised school (certified by Directional
Resolution No. 080-96-MTC after crediting legal, technique and economic
capacities)
 Program duration 1 year including 6 months practical experience in simulator
 Training course includes – Aeronautical communications; Aerodrome
features; Aeronautical regulations; Navaids; Aeronautical weather; Air
regulations; Aerodynamics; Aeronautical information service; Aeronautical
phraseology; Air navigation; Air traffic services; Aerodrome control service;
Approach control service; area control service; Radar service; Aerodrome
simulator
 Advanced English level and University studies required prior to enrolment
 Organisations – School of Air Traffic Services, Singapore Aviation Academy
 Training – Based on syllabus for each course
 Training Summary – Lectures on relevant aviation subjects; simulator
training; written and practical assessments
 Work Experience – NIL
 Practical Components – Trainee required to pass ALL written exams and
practical assessments
 Types of Organisations – Civil Aviation Training Centre
 Length of Training – 1 ½ years
 Summary of Training – Aerodrome control Services; Approach control
Services; Area Control Services
 Work Experience – Aerodrome Control Rating: not less than 90 hours or one
month; Approach, Approach Radar, Area, Area Radar Control Rating: not less
than 180 hours or 3 months
 Testing – Paper and practical examination
 Types of organisations – FAA Academy; The College Training Program; US
Department of Defense
 Length of Training – Air Traffic Basics 25 days; Initial en route training 60
days; Initial terminal training 65 days; after initial training students assigned
to field training at individual facilities for 5 part training upgrade program that
can last up to 3 years depending on size and complexity of facility
 Summary of Training – Based on FAA National Air Traffic Training program
as defined in FAA Order 3120.4
 Work Experience – no experience required, however successful completion of
screening aptitude test required; US veterans receive 5 or 10 point preference
based on active service record
ATC 12
 Practical Components – successful completion of performance evaluations in
dynamically simulated, as well as live, environment
 Written knowledge tests and performance evaluations are required
Recognition of Foreign Licences
16. Does your economy recognise foreign ATC licences as a basis for the granting of your own
licence?
17. Does your economy recognise foreign ATC qualifications as a basis for the granting of your own
licence?
18. Does your economy recognise foreign ATC experience as a basis for the granting of your own
licence?
Licences
Qualifications
Experience
Australia
 (1) Yes – subject to
 (1) Yes
 (1) Yes
meeting Australian
minimum requirements
– RPL is undertaken.
Canada
 No
 No
 No
Chinese Taipei
 No
 No
 No
Hong Kong (China)  No
 No
 No
Indonesia
 No
 No
 No
Japan
 No
 No
 No
Mexico
 No
 No
 No
New Zealand
 Yes – provided certain  Yes – provided certain  Yes – provided certain
exams passed (credit
exams passed (credit is
exams passed (credit
given for ICAO
given for ICAO
given for ICAO
qualification)
qualification)
qualification)
Peru
 No
 No
 No
Singapore
 No
 No
 No
Thailand
 No
 No
 No
USA
 No
 No
 No
19. If ‘yes’ to any or all of the above three questions, please describe the procedures your economy
follows when recognising foreign licences and qualifications?
Australia
 (1) In applying RPL, undertake “Gap” analysis to determine if any gaps in
knowledge and/or skill exist or are likely to exist. Insist on this training being
undertaken – candidate then submit to normal assessment regime.
 All claims made by individual for RPL subject to referral back to candidate’s
foreign licence administrators. This veracity test must be completed to meet
Australian “Due Diligence” requirements.
Canada
 N/A – however Transport Canada approved Comprehensive Basic Training
Equivalency test successful completion is 80%. In case of failure NAV
Canada determine extent of training required by applicant
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 N/A
Mexico
 N/A
New Zealand
 Documentary evidence – generally, sight licence
 Verifying authenticity of foreign licence– if in doubt follow up with the
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 13
Peru
Singapore
Thailand
USA
issuing Authority and/or previous employers
 Verifying authenticity of qualifications – the final test is demonstration of
practical skills and knowledge to an examiner
 Training needed – generally case by case
 Type of testing conducted – practical, written and oral
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
Recognition Arrangements or Agreements
20. Have any mutual recognition or bilateral agreements been made by your economy with one or
more APEC (or other) economies, for the recognition of Air Traffic Controller licences?
21. If ‘yes’, please describe the key features of the arrangement/agreements, including conditions for
issuing a licence under it.
Australia
 (1) Yes, the Mutual Recognition Act of 1992 & the Trans-Tasman Mutual
Recognition Arrangement (TTMRA).
Canada
 No
Chinese Taipei
 No
Hong Kong (China)  No
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 No
Mexico
 No
New Zealand
 Yes – although not covered specifically, the Trans Tasman Mutual
Recognition Agreement is applicable between New Zealand and Australia
Peru
 No
Singapore
 No
Tahiland
 No
USA
 No
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 14
22. Why was the arrangement or agreement entered into?
Australia
 (1) The TTMRA is to remove barriers to trans-Tasman trade – basic concept
with regard to aviation is that each country recognises the other country’s
qualifications with regard to equivalent licensed occupations.
Canada
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 N/A
Mexico
 N/A
New Zealand
 Mutual recognition, closer economic relations
Peru
 N/A
Singapore
 N/A
Thailand
 N/A
USA
 N/A
23. Between whom was the arrangement or agreement negotiated? (that is, industry groups, licensing
authority, other government bodies)
Australia
 (1) Between the Australian State, Federal and New Zealand Governments.
Canada
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 N/A
Mexico
 N/A
New Zealand
 Government Minister level
Peru
 N/A
Singapore
 N/A
Thailand
 N/A
USA
 N/A
24. In your opinion has the arrangement/agreement benefited your industry/economy? Would you like
to see it expanded (eg to other economies). Please comment.
Australia
 (1) No particular benefits have been identified as far as Air Traffic Controllers
are concerned. See difficulties in expanding to other economies because our
processes are aimed at identifying and recognising prior knowledge and/or
skills applicable to the Australian situation.
Canada
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
Hong Kong (China)  No – the mutual recognition of ATC license would not immediately solve the
problem of controller shortage. Foreign controllers would still have to go
through the training process, although shorter, applicable to local controllers.
Indonesia
 Open mind and to promote and strengthen the cooperation between economies
Japan
 N/A
Mexico
 N/A
New Zealand
 Limited application as not many controllers have crossed the Tasman
Peru
 beneficial if arrangement made with mutual instruction and training objectives
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 15
Singapore
Thailand
USA
 our national economy obligates us to protect the work of the Peruvians
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
25. Can you suggest a further contact who could give us more information about any existing
arrangements/agreements?
Australia
 (1) Mike Frazer, Dept of Transport & Regional Services, PO Box 594,
Canberra ACT 2601. Email address: mike.frazer@dotrs.gov.au
Canada
 Mr. Michael Yetts
National Director Technical Training
NAV Canada
77 Metcalfe St. Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1P5L6
Chinese Taipei
 No
Hong Kong (China)  Manuel Sum
Air Traffic Management Division, HKCAD
Email: atmdsto@cad.gcn.gov.hk
Indonesia
 Head of Directorate of Aviation Safety
Directorate of Aviation Safety
Japan
 N/A
Mexico
 Ing. Jesus Moreno Bautista
Direction General De of Civil Aviation (DGAC)
Telephone: (525) 5571-2392
New Zealand
 N/A
Peru
 Eduardo Flores
DGAC
Phone: (511) 433-1610; Fax: (511) 433-2388
Email: eflores@mtc.gob.pe
Singapore
 Sydney Maniam, Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (5412456)
Thailand
 Mr Chairat Chookiattiyot
Communications and Air Traffic Control Division
Department of Aviation
Air Traffic Control Branch
USA
 N/A
26. What benefits are there (if any) to having mutual recognition arrangements of ATC licences?
Please list the benefits.
Australia
 (1) No particular benefits as candidates required to undergo “final field”
training component to satisfy minimum ICAO requirements.
Canada
 Reduced basic training requirements
 Ability to staff operational positions more rapidly
 Controller exchange program when other economies in staffing deficits
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
Hong Kong (China)  may help establish and standardize rules for issuance of ATC license.
 ultimately, help improve performance of ATC in region
Indonesia
 to increase the harmonization
 to interchange experiences
Japan
 Mutual recognition enable us to employ necessary personnel more easily, and
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 16
Mexico
New Zealand
Peru
Singapore
Thailand
USA
reduce cost for training
 government not required to invest on ATC personnel training. ATC available
personnel for contingency situations in the country.
 A transportable qualification for the individual
 Reduction in licensing costs
 beneficial if arrangement made with mutual instruction and training objectives
 our national economy obligates us to protect the work of the Peruvians
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
27. From the point of view of your economy and/or industry, what barriers are there to such
arrangements occurring? (eg standards not high enough, difficulty of verifying other economies’
licences, training etc)
Australia
 (1) Standards not same across economies. Difficulties in verifying foreign
qualifications will exist – even in an RPL regime. But this is not a reason for
condemning such an arrangement.
Canada
 must ensure other economies’ standards are as high
 almost impossible to verify other economies’ licenses, training etc
Chinese Taipei
 difficulty of verifying other economies’ licences, training etc
Hong Kong (China)  Difficult to assess the standards of other states
 ATC procedures and training are unique to individual state
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 Requirement for applicants for air traffic controller to have Japanese
nationality
Mexico
 Absence operational requirements and proficiency, contained in agreements
about personnel
 Domestic Legislation
New Zealand
 Standards will vary over any world population, but this should not be a barrier
Peru
 need to get more contact with APEC Economies
Singapore
 the provision of air traffic services is regulated by international standards. In
addition, each country has its own unique requirements, with regard to
training, operations and procedures
Thailand
 Air Law
 Insurance Policy
 Language Difficulties
USA
 N/A
28. How might these barriers be overcome? Please comment.
Australia
 (1) More proscription from ICAO and ICAO State audits to confirm
standardisation.
Canada
 through adoption of global basic ATC training standard and syllabus
 those states recognised and using ICAO specification already have good
foundation to work from, however ICAO specification quite limited and
would have to be expanded to be acceptable from one economy to another
Chinese Taipei
 No comment
Hong Kong (China)  introduction of governing rules for assessment of standards of different state
 unique ATC procedures and training not possible to overcome.
Indonesia
 N/A
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 17
Japan
Mexico
New Zealand
Peru
Singapore
Thailand
USA
 standardized requirements for licensing, medical certification, procedures,
equipment used etc
 Reforms to current legislation
 Validation of licence by qualified examiners; examiners check knowledge and
skill of individual controllers prior to exercising privileges of licence
 technical arrangements
 No comment
 No comment
 N/A
29. Are there any restrictions to the employment of foreign air traffic controllers in your economy?
Please comment.
Australia
 (1) Permanent Residency Status is required.
Canada
 at least 19 years of age
 provide proof of citizenship
Chinese Taipei
 require citizenship
Hong Kong (China)  shortage of Air Traffic Controllers that can’t be supplied by local training
Indonesia
 Yes they have to have working permit and Kartu Ihin Menetap Sementara
from the Republic Indonesia
Japan
 ATCs are government officials; difficult to employ foreign ATCs because
Japanese nationality is prerequisite in becoming government official
Mexico
 Yes - required to obtain the Mexican nationality
New Zealand
 No – meet requirements of Rule Part 65 with regard to foreign licences
Peru
 licence only issued to citizens; regulation doesn’t allow issue to foreigners
Singapore
 No comment
Thailand
 No comment
USA
 Yes – United States Citizenship
30. What factors/conditions would persuade your economy/industry to consider negotiating mutual
recognition arrangements for air traffic controllers?
Australia
 (1) Such factors/conditions with regard to Air Traffic Controllers have not
been evaluated. Consideration could be given to looking at this question
within the context of Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreements with other
countries.
Canada
 another economy adopt similar training and qualification program
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
Hong Kong (China)  If foreseeable that there will be a large shortage of supply of local controllers
and the provision of ATC will be jeopardised and also if the arrangement will
improve the general safety standard in the region.
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 Mutual recognition might be possible if body of air traffic controllers were
privatized in Japan
Mexico
 Reciprocity’s principle needs to be real and effective among countries
New Zealand
 Economic benefits
Peru
 case by case basis
Singapore
 No response
Thailand
 No Comment
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 18
USA
 None at this time. Sufficient applicants meeting existing legal qualifications
readily available in US; no reason to consider amending laws to permit hiring
of foreign ATC certificate holders.
31. Are there any other specific economies with which it would be beneficial to consider mutual
recognition?
32. If ‘yes’, please specify which economies.
Australia
 (1) No - Air Traffic Controllers
Canada
 Yes – USA, Britain, Australia, France etc (no specific restriction)
Chinese Taipei
 No
Hong Kong (China)  No
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 No
Mexico
 Yes - maybe with US because we are neighbours
New Zealand
 Yes - many
Peru
 No
Singapore
 No response
Thailand
 No
USA
 N/A
Air Traffic Controller
ATC 19
Flight Crew (FC) Questionnaire Responses
Flight Crew Licencing System
2. Please identify the government department or other authority that is responsible for the issuing of
flight crew licences in your economy.
Australia
 (1) Civil Aviation Safety Authority, Operational & Flight Crew Licensing
Standards Branch
Brunei Darussalam
 Department of Civil Aviation (DCA)
Canada
 The Civil Aviation Directorate of the Canadian Department of Transport
Hong Kong (China)  Personnel Licensing Office of the Flight Standards and Airworthiness
Division, Civil Aviation Department
Indonesia
 Department of Communications
Directorate General of Air Communication
Japan
 Minister for Transport
Peru
 General Civil Aviation Administration (DGAC) of Ministry of Transport,
Communications, Housing and Construction
Singapore
 Airworthiness/Flight Operations Division
 Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore
Thailand
 Department of Aviation
 Ministry of Transport and Communications
Chinese Taipei
 Flight Standards Division, CAA
3.
Please provide the name of the civil aviation regulations and the parts or sections that provide for
flight crew licensing, including medical certification.
Australia
 (1) Part 5 Civil Aviation Regulations for flight crew licensing standards &
Part 6 Civil Aviation Regulations for medical standards
Brunei Darussalam
 Laws of Brunei Darussalam, Chapter 113, Air Navigation, Articles 17, 18,
19, 20
 Air Navigation (Overseas Territories) Order 1989 (AN(OT) O 1989)
Articles 18, 19, 20
Canada
 Part IV Personnel Licensing and Training of the Canadian Aviation
Regulations (CARs)
- Subpart 1 Flight Crew Permits Licenses and Ratings
- Subpart 4 Medical Requirements
- Subpart 5 Flight Training
- Subpart 6 Flight Training Units
Hong Kong (China)  Articles 18-24 and Schedule 9 of the Air Navigation (Hong Kong) Order
1995
Indonesia
 Civil Aviation Safety Regulation
– Part 61 (Licencing)
– Part 67 (Medical Certification)
Japan
 Civil Aeronautics Regulations, Chapter IV Airmen
Peru
 Peruvian Aviation Regulations (RAP)
– RAP 61 Pilots and Flight Instructor License
– RAP 63 Flight Crewmembers Other Than Pilots
– RAP 67 Medical Certificate
Singapore
 Singapore Air Navigation Order, para 20, particularly, 8th and 14th schedules
Thailand
 Civil Aviation Board Regulation No. 11
Flight Crew
FC 1
Chinese Taipei
 Article 25, Civil Aviation Law
 Ch2, Ch3 – Regulation Governing Airmen Certification and Rating
 Ch2, Ch3 – Standards for Airmen Medical Assessment
4.
Please provide the statutory authority for licensing of flight crew in your economy (eg name of
Civil Aviation Act and/or cite the appropriate code or statute).
Australia
 (1) The Civil Aviation Act & the Civil Aviation Regulations
Brunei Darussalam
 Laws of Brunei Darussalam, Chapter 113, Air Navigation, Articles 17, 18,
19, 20
 AN(OT) O 1989 Articles 18, 19, 20
Canada
 Paragraph 4.9(a) of the Aeronautics Act
Hong Kong (China)  Air Navigation (Hong Kong) Order 1995 is enacted in pursuant to Laws of
Hong Kong CAP 448 – Civil Aviation Ordinance
Indonesia
 Undang-undang No. 15 tahun 1992 tentang Penerbangan
Japan
 Civil Aeronautics Law
Peru
 Law No. 24882 until May 9th 2000
 Law No. 27261 from May 10th 2000
Singapore
 Singapore Air Navigation Order, para 20, particularly, 8th and 14th schedules
Thailand
 Air Navigation Act B.E. 2497
Chinese Taipei
 Article 2, CAA Organisation Acts
 Article 3, Civil Aviation Law
5.
Please indicate if designees of the government are used to issue licences. If so, please indicate the
appropriate reference to the economy’s civil aviation regulations for issuance of designee
requirements.
Australia
 (1) People issuing licences on behalf of Authority called delegates. All
levels of flight crew licences issued by CASA licensing staff holding Civil
Aviation Regulations 5.09 delegation. Selected CASA industry delegates
who hold delegation under Civil Aviation Regulations 5.09 also issue flight
crew licences but restricted to issue student pilot licences and flight
radiotelephone operators licences only.
Brunei Darussalam
 The Air Navigation Act provides for Subsidiary Legislation by way of
Schedule. The Schedule nominates certain people, the Minister of
Communications, the Director of the DCA to perform certain functions
identified in schedule including issuing PPL licences
Canada
 No
Hong Kong (China)  Persons delegated, under Article 98(12) of the Air Navigation (Hong Kong)
Order 1995, by the Director of Civil Aviation to exercise or perform on his
behalf any of his powers or duties under Article 20 and 21
Indonesia
 Sub Directorate Flight Operation
 Directorate Of Airworthiness Certification
Japan
 Designees are not used
Peru
 No – the DGAC is the only license issuing organisation
Singapore
 No
Thailand
 Air craft Mainteenance Engineer Lincense Type II
Chinese Taipei
 No
Flight Crew
FC 2
6.
What types of flight crew licences does your economy issue? (eg commercial pilot, private pilot,
student flight engineer etc). For each type of licence, please indicate any category or class ratings
that may be issued. Please indicate the privileges that accompany each licence.
Licence Type
Category or Class
Privileges
Rating
Australia
 (1) Student Pilot  (1) Helicopter or
 (1) solo in airplanes,
Airplane (single or
helicopters, gyroplanes,
multi-engine) – Nil
airships after obtaining
instructor’s authorisation for
each flight, while acting as
 Student Flight
 Airplane – Nil
pilot in command under
Engineer
visual flight rules.
 perform flight engineer
duties under supervision of
 Private Pilot
 Airplane (singles or
check flight engineer or
(airplane)
multi-engine) – Can
training engineer in aircraft
obtain night VFR
during flight.
rating (NVFR),
 airplane on which pilot
private instrument
endorsed pilot in command
rating (PIFR) or
or co-pilot in private VFR
 Commercial
command instrument
operations unless rated for
Pilot (airplane)
rating (CIR)
NVMC, PIFR or CIR.
 Airplanes (singles or
multi-engine) – Can
obtain a NVFR, PIRF  single pilot airplanes on
or CIR.
which pilot endorsed pilot in
command in VFR unless IFR
rated; multi-pilot airplanes on
which pilot endorsed pilot in
 Air Transport
command in private or aerial
Pilot (airplane)
work operations in VFR
unless IFR rated; airplane on
 Airplanes (singles or
which pilot endorsed as comulti-engine) – has
pilot in VFR unless IFR
held Australian
rated.
 Private Pilot
command multi airplane on which pilot is
(helicopter)
engine airplane
endorsed in any operation as
instrument rating
pilot in command or co-pilot.
 Commercial
Pilot
(helicopter)
 Helicopters (singles
or multi-engine) –
Can obtain a NVFR,
PIFR or CIR.
 Helicopters (singles
or multi-engine
aircraft) – Can obtain
a NVFR, PIFR or
Flight Crew
 helicopters on which pilot
endorsed pilot in command
or co-pilot in private
operations and pilot in
command of an aerial work
aircraft as part of pilot’s
flying training.
 single pilot helicopters on
FC 3
CIR.
 Air Transport
Pilot
(helicopter)
 Helicopter (singles or
multi-engine aircraft)
– Nil
Brunei Darussalam
 Private pilot
licence
Canada
 student pilot
permits
 Pilot permits
 Pilot Licences
 Private Pilot
Licences
 Commercial
Pilot Licenses
 Airline
Transport Pilot
licences
Flight Crew
 Group A – all single
engines aircraft
maximum total
weight authorised
does not exceed
5700kg
 category
 Night rating
 Flight Instructor
Rating
 Airplane Class Rating
 Aircraft Type Rating
 Night Rating
 Flight Instructor
Rating
 Airplane Class Rating
 Aircraft Type Rating
 Night Rating
 VFR over the top
rating
 Instrument Rating
 Airplane Class Rating
 Aircraft Type Rating
 Instrument Rating
 Second-officer rating
 Flight Instructor
Rating
 VFR over the top
rating
 Airplane Class Rating
 Aircraft Type Rating
 Instrument Rating
 Second-officer rating
 Flight Instructor
Rating
which pilot endorsed pilot in
command VFR unless IFR
rated; multi-pilot helicopters
on which pilot endorsed pilot
in command in private or
aerial work operations in
VFR unless IFR rated; any
helicopter on which pilot
endorsed in VFR unless IFR
rated as co-pilot.
 helicopter on which pilot
endorsed any operation as
pilot in command or co-pilot.
 Private
 CAR 401.19
 CAR 401.20
 CAR 401.21
 CAR 401.22
 CAR 401.24
 CAR 401.25
 CAR 401.26
 CAR 401.27
 CAR 401.30
 CAR 401.31
 CAR 401.34
 CAR 401.35
FC 4
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
Peru
Flight Crew
 Flight Engineer
licences
 Private Pilot’s
Licence (PPL)
 Commercial
Pilot’s Licence
(CPL)
 Air Transport
Pilot’s Licence
(ATPL)
 Flight
Engineer’s
Licence (FEL)
 ATPL
 CPL
 PPL
 FE
 FA
 FOO
 Sport Pilot
 Student Pilot
 SPP
 Airline
Transport Pilot
(ATPL)
 Commercial
Pilot (CPL)
 Private Pilot
(PPL)
 Night Rating
 VFR over the top
rating
 Aircraft Type Rating
 Airplane (A)
 Helicopter (H)
 CAR 401.37
 Equivalent to ICAO Annex 1
 As mentioned in
CASR part 61.31 (b)
 Airplane
- land/sea;
single/multi engine
 Rotorcraft
- land/sea;
single/multi engine;
piston/turbine
 Glider
- Motor-Glider; Highclass Glider
 Airship
 Pilot Student
 Private Pilot
 None
 Airplane; Helicopter;
Glider; Free Balloon
 Single-engine aircraft
up to 5700kg
 Instrument
 Commercial
Pilot
 Airplane; Helicopter
 Single and multiengine land or sea up
 ATPL - duties as commercial
pilot; pilot-in-command of
aircraft requiring two persons
for pilotage
 CPL – duties as private pilot;
paid pilotage; pilot other than
pilot-in-command in aircraft
requiring two persons for
pilotage; pilot-in-command
in aircraft requiring one
person for pilotage
 PPL – pilotage for which
pilot not paid; aircraft
operated for no remuneration
 Instruction Flights
 May not act as second-incommand for hire or
compensation
 May not carry passengers or
properties for hire or
compensation
 Act as pilot for hire or
compensation, including
carriage of persons or
FC 5
to 5700kg
 Instrument
 Type rating as copilot
for multipilot aircraft
Singapore
Thailand
Chinese Taipei
Flight Crew
 ATP Pilot
 Airplane; Helicopter
 Single and multiengine land or sea
 Type rating pilot or
co-pilot
 Flight Instructor
 Aircraft or helicopter
 Single and multiengine land or sea
 Instrument
 Flight Engineer
 Type Rating
 Student Pilot
 Private Pilot
 Commercial
Pilot
 Airline
Transport Pilot
 Flight Engineer
 Flt
Radiotelephony
Op

 Student Pilot
(SPL)
 Private Pilot
(PPL)
 Commercial
Pilot (CPL)
 Class II
 Class II
 Class I
properties in single-pilot
certified aircraft
 Act as co-pilot in air
commercial transportation
services
 Privileges of commercial
pilot with an instrument
rating
 Act as pilot or co-pilot in air
commercial transportation
services
 Authorised to give training
and endorsement that are
required for
- pilot license (student,
private, commercial,
flight instructor)
– aircraft category or class
rating
– flight review or recency
of experience
- practical or knowledge
test
 Act as flight engineer in type
of aircraft qualified
 ANO 8th sch Part A para 1
 ANO 8th sch Part A para 2
 ANO 8th sch Part A para 2
 Class I
 ANO 8th sch Part A para 2
 Class I
 Nil
 ANO 8th sch Part A para 6
 ANO 8th sch Part A para 6

 No

 Only instruction flight
 Airplane / Helicopter
 Airline
Transport Pilot
(ATPL)
 Flight Instructor
(FI)
 Flight Engineer
 Type Rating
 Permit engaged in nonrevenue flights
 Same as PPL
 PIC of aircraft <5700kg
 FO of aircraft >5700kg
 PIC of aircraft as type rating
 Type Rating
 Type Rating
 Type Rating
 Flight instructor of pilot
training school
 FE of aircraft as type rating
FC 6
(FE)
7.
For each type of licence mentioned in Q6 above, please provide details of the requirements for
initial receipt of the licence.
Licence Type
Requirements
Australia
 (1) No response
 (1) No response
Brunei Darussalam
 Private pilot licences
 Valid medical certificate
 Flight test
 Written exams
 Oral exam (R/T)
 Credit for military experience
 Age 17 years old and above
Canada
 Student pilot permits
 CAR 421.19
 Pilot Permits
 CAR 421.20; CAR 421.21; CAR 421.22
 Pilot Licences
 CAR 421.24; 421.25
 Private Pilot Licences
 CAR 421.26; CAR 421.27
 Commercial Pilot Licences  CAR 421.30; CAR 421.31
 Airline Transport Pilot
 CAR 421.34; CAR 421.35
Licences
 Flight Engineer Licences
 CAR 421.37
Hong Kong (China)  All
 In accordance with the standards of ICAO
Annex 1
Indonesia
 ATPL; CPL; PPL; FE; FA;  Flight test
FOO; Sport Pilot; Student
 Valid medical certificate
Pilot; SPP
 Written and oral exam
 Employment experience
 Medex, English Proficiency
Japan
 All
 Age and flight experience requirements
specified in the Civil Aeronautics
Regulations (in line with ICAO Annex 1)
 Pass written and practical (including oral)
examinations
Peru
 Student Pilot
 Basic aeronautical knowledge
 17 years of age (or 14 years for operation of
glider or free balloon)
 current Class 2 medical certificate
 Private Pilot
 At least 17 years of age
 Current Class 2 medical certificate
 Credit aeronautical knowledge and skill
 20 hours of flight training from instructor
and 20 hours of solo flight training
 experience for glider and free balloon
similar to ICAO requirement
 Commercial Pilot
 Pass required knowledge and practical test
 Between 18 and 65 years of age
 read, speak, understand Spanish and English
 Approved Commercial Pilot course
 Credit Aeronautical skill
Flight Crew
FC 7
 ATP Pilot
 Flight Instructor
 Flight Engineer
Thailand
Singapore

 Student Pilot
 Private Pilot
 Commercial Pilot
 Airline Transport Pilot
 Flight Engineer
Chinese Taipei
 Flight Radiotelephony
Operator
 SPL
 PPL
 CPL
 ATPL
Flight Crew
 Aeronautical experience
 Pass required knowledge and practical test
 Between 18 and 65 years of age
 read, speak, understand Spanish and English
 Complete high school studies
 Credit aeronautical knowledge and skill
 Aeronautical experience
 Pass required knowledge and practical test
 At least 21 years of age
 valid commercial or airline transport pilot
license
 Hold instrument rating if appropriate
 course of instruction as required by RAP 61
 flight instruction from a certified instructor
 400 hours flight time as pilot in command in
category and class rating applying for
 Between 18 and 65 years of age
 Current Class 1 Medical Certificate
 Pass knowledge test about matter required
in RAP 63.65
 Approved training program in type of
aircraft applying for
 Aeronautical experience
 Complete skill requirement RAP 63.39

 Pass medical, 16-60 years
 Pass medical, all written & oral exams,
flight tests, 17 – 60 years
 Pass medical, all written & oral exams,
flight tests, 18 – 60 years
 Pass medical, all written & oral exams,
flight tests, 21 – 60 years
 Pass medical, all written & oral exams,
flight tests, at least 21 years
 Pass medical, all written & oral exams,
flight tests, at least 17 years
 Class 2 medical certificate
 Class 2 medical certificate
 Flight test
 Written and oral exams
 Credit for military experience
 English proficiency
 Class 1 medical certificate
 Flight test
 Written and oral exams
 Credit for military experience
 English proficiency
 Class 1 medical certificate
 Flight test
FC 8
 FI
 FE
 Written and oral exams
 Employment experience
 Credit for military experience
 English proficiency
 As for CPL or ATPL
 Class 2 medical certificate
 Flight test
 Written and oral exams
8.
Do your licences/medical certificates have a fixed expiry date? If so, what are the dates for each
licence, including the medical certificate?
Australia
 (1) Licences are perpetual. Medical certificates have a finite period of
validity and are required to be current before a person can exercise the
privileges of their licence(s). For CPL/ATPL and FEL a person requires a
Class 1 medical certificate which is valid for 12 months. Over 60 years,
medical certificate valid for 6 months. For PPL, a Class 2 medical
certificate is required and is valid for 4 years, under 40 and 2 years over 40.
Class 3 medical certificate – valid 2 years.
Brunei Darussalam
 Below 40 years – valid for 24 months
 Above 40 years – valid for 12 months
Canada
 Unless surrendered, suspended or cancelled licence remains valid until date
indicated on licence
 Validity of Medical certificates for various Flight Crew permits are
contained in CAR 424.04
Hong Kong (China)  Private Pilot’s Licence – Lifetime; All others – 10 years
 Class 1 medical certificate – under age 40-1 year; above age 40-6 months
 Class 2 medical certificate – under age 40-2 years; between age 40 and 701 year; above age 70-6 months
Indonesia
 Medical certification
– ATPL and CPL 6 months
– others 1 year
 Licences – no expiry
Japan
 Flight Crew Licences – No
 Aviation Medical Certificate – ATPL valid for 6 months; others valid for 1
year
Peru
 Class 1 medical certificate (ATP, CP, FE) valid for 1 year if pilot under 40;
valid 6 months if pilot over 40
 Class 2 medical certificate (PP, SP) valid 12 months
Singapore
 Student Pilot - > = 40 years – 1 year, < 40 years – 2 years
 Private Pilot – as above
 Commercial Pilot - > = 40 years – 6 months, < 40 years – 1 year
 Airline Transport – 6 months regardless of age
 Flight Engineer – 1 year regardless of age
 Flight Radiotelephony Operator – No expiry date
Chinese Taipei
 Licences – 1 year
 Medical certificates – 6 months for CPL and ATPL; 1 year for FE, SPL, PPL
9.
What are the requirements to keep the licence current and valid?
Flight Crew
FC 9
Australia
Brunei Darussalam
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
 (1) Australian flight crew licences are perpetually valid. For currency and
recency requirements see Q.11.
 5 hours experience as pilot in command of an aircraft of the same class as
that which the pilot wishes to fly within 13 month period
 medical has to be valid
 must hold valid and appropriate medical certificate (CAR 401.03)
 meet recency requirements (CAR 401.05)
 Valid medical certificate
 Appropriate and valid aircraft rating
 Valid instrument rating (if applicable)
 Medical Check
 Recurrent
 Proficiency Check
 Recency requirements
 Valid medical certificate
 Register recent flight experience within previous 90 days acceptable by
Authority
 Valid Proficiency Check or Recurrent Training acceptable by Authority
 Medical examination, periodical tests and recency requirement
 Flight test, Article 6 of Regulation Governing Airmen Certification and
Rating
10. What are the compliance and enforcement responsibilities of the civil aviation authority to ensure
that the requirements of the licence are being met after issue? Please provide regulatory reference.
Australia
 (1) For private licences – other than medical exam in accordance with part 6
of CAR, there is no surveillance system in place to ensure that a person
complies with all regulations and orders if that person owns and flies their
personal aircraft. A PPL holder must exercise duty of care and due diligence
in accordance with the relevant regulations and orders to remain current.
Commercial organisations, such as a flying training organisation, charter,
regional, national or international airline are approved and surveilled by the
Authority under the CAA subdivision D & E.
Brunei Darussalam
 As per question 9
Canada
 CAR 401.03 and CAR 401.05
Hong Kong (China)  Articles 20(4)(a), 20(5) and 20(7)(a) of Air Navigation (Hong Kong) Order
1995 require licence holders fulfil medical, test and experience requirements
detailed in Part C of Schedule 9 before exercising licence privileges
Indonesia
 No response
Japan
 Minister for Transport may request licence holder submit records or conduct
on-the-spot-inspection if necessary to secure enforcement of laws and
regulations
Peru
 RAP 61.19 Duration of licences and ratings
 RAP 61.21 Aeronautical inactivity period
 RAP 63.44 Privileges and conditions of validity – Flight Engineer
Singapore
 When pilots’ licences are renewed, the medical, periodical tests and recency
compliance are checked as part of the licencing system under the Singapore
ANO
Chinese Taipei
 Article 111 of Civil Aviation Law
Flight Crew
FC 10
11. What recency and currency requirement must the licence holder meet? Please give details.
Recency
Currency
Australia
 (1) CAR 5.82(a)
 (1) No response
 CAR 5.82(b)
 CAR 5.109(a) and 5.170 (a)
 CAR 5.109(b)
 CAR 5.81, 5.108 and 5.169
Brunei Darussalam
 As per question 9
 Once examinations passed, all
requirements by way of valid
medical certificates and minimum
hours flown as described in
question 9 are met
Canada
 CAR 401.05 / 421.05
 CAR 400.03
Hong Kong (China)  meet requirements specified in Part  meet requirements specified in Part
C Schedule 9 to the Air Navigation
C Schedule 9 to the Air Navigation
(Hong Kong) Order 1995
(Hong Kong) Order 1995
Indonesia
 No response
 No response
Japan
 engaged in commercial air transport  None
– 3 takeoff/landings within 90 days
 6 hrs instrument flight within 180
days
 10 hrs flight training within 1 year
Peru
 Similar to question 8
 Proficiency check/recurrent
training (theory and practical) if
crewmember realised air
commercial operation
 Recurrent only for private
crewmembers
Singapore
 Private Pilot – 2 hours dual or 5
 Shelf life of a written exam:hours solo 13 months prior to
Private Pilot – 2 years
licence expiry
 Commercial Pilot –
 Commercial Pilot – 5 years
For Public Transport
1. 3 take-offs and landings 90 days
prior to licence expiry
2. 2 flight tests within previous 6
mths from licence expiry,
provided each test is separated
by period of not less than 4 mths
For Aerial Work
5 hours pilot in command within the
previous 6 months
 Airline Transport Pilot – same as
 Airline Transport Pilot – 5 years
Commercial Pilot
 Flight Engineer – every 6 months
 Flight Engineer – 5 years
 Flight Test – 13 months
Chinese Taipei
 Section 9.4 Qualification of Ch9.
 Performance check / year
Flight Crew
FC 11
Airplane Flight Crew of Annex 6 –
Operation of Aircraft, ICAO
12. Has your economy registered any differences under Article 38 to the Convention from the ICAO
licensing standard specified in Annex 1?
13. If ‘yes’, what are the differences?
Australia
 (1) Yes – 52 differences have been filed with ICAO, most of which relate to
various classes of medical licencing. In many cases these differences relate
to a higher Australian standard than that required by ICAO.
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Canada
 Yes – refer to supplement to ICAO Annex 1 Personnel Licensing for details
Hong Kong (China)  See Appendix 1 attached to response
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 Annex 1, 2.6.1.5.1 and 2.10.1.5.1 –no such requirements
 Annex 1, 2.13 – do not issue free balloon pilot licence
Peru
 1.3 Note 2: The RAP includes the following licences additionally
– Student Pilot and Flight Instructor
 1.2.5.2 Medical Certificate Validity
– 12 months for Private Pilot License (airplane and helicopter)
– 12 months for Glider Pilot License
– 12 months for Free Balloon Pilot License
 2.1.10 The RAP only considers restriction of 60 years for pilot in command
in commercial operation, either domestic or international air transportation,
for compensation or hire. Pass 60 years, PICs only permitted to act as
copilots until 65 years. Flight engineers permitted to operate until 65 years
 2.5.1.3 Aeronautical experience for ATP Pilot Licence – Airplane
1500hrs total time as pilot in airplane, including 250 hrs as pilot in command
or 150 hrs as PIC. Additional time required for copilots, performing duties
and functions of PIC under supervision of PIC. 500hrs cross country flight
time; 75hrs instrument flight including 25hrs simulated instrument time;
100hrs night flight as pilot or copilot
 2.9.1.3 Aeronautical experience for an ATP Pilot License – Helicopter
1200hrs total time as pilot, including 250hrs as pilot in command or at least
100hrs as PIC. Additional time required for copilots, performing duties and
functions of PIC under supervision of PIC. 500hrs cross country flight time;
75hrs instrument flight including 25hrs simulated instrument time; 100hrs
night flight as pilot or copilot, including 15hrs helicopter,
 2.13.1.3.3 Experience of night flight not required for Free Balloon License
Singapore
 No
Chinese Taipei
 No
Flight Crew Licence Qualification Requirements
14. Does your CAA certify individuals to provide flight training (eg theoretical knowledge training,
practical/skills training)
15. If ‘yes’, please provide regulatory reference for certification requirements.
Australia
 (1) Yes – CAO 40.1.7 and CAO 40.3.7
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Flight Crew
FC 12
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
 Yes – CAR 405 / 425
 Yes as for Flight Instructor – Article 20(2) of the Air Navigation (Hong
Kong) Order 1995
 Yes - CASR Part 4 - Section 6
 No
 RAP 61 Subpart G Flight Instructor
 RAP 143 Ground Instructor
 Yes, ANO 8th schedule
 No
16. Does your CAA certify training organisations to provide flight training?
17. If ‘yes’, please provide regulatory reference for certification requirements. Does the CAA approve
the training program for instruction?
Australia
 (1) Yes – commercial organisation such as a flying training organisation,
charter, regional, national or international airline are approved and surveilled
by the Authority under the Civil Aviation Act subdivision D & E.
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Canada
 Yes – CAR 406 / 426
Hong Kong (China)  Yes – Article 20(11) of the Air Navigation (Hong Kong) Order 1995
Indonesia
 Yes
Japan
 Minister of Transport approves training organisations if it meets
requirements concerning provider, administrator, ground instructor, flight
instructor, designated checkers, training facilities, subjects and length of
period for training. Training program approved when training organisations
approved
Peru
 RAP 141 Pilot School
 RAP 142 Training Centers
 The DGAC approved the training program in the certification process
Singapore
 Yes, approval of Flying Training Organisation Guidelines issued by CAAS
Chinese Taipei
 No
18. What are the basic training requirements for issuing flight crew licences? There is a need to
reference to a syllabus; length of time (by subject); information on theory and hours.
Australia
 (1) Organisations approved by CAA only. An AOC issued to such
organisation which details type and levels of training.
 Private Pilot – approx. 55-60 hours (2 mths full-time/12 mths part-time)
Commercial Pilot – 150 hours (12 mths full-time)
 Day VFR syllabus describes National Competency Standards for pilots of
fixed wing airplanes operating under VFR; skills to be demonstrated by
pilots in order to obtain PPL & CPL qualifications; standards provide basis
for uniform measurement and evaluation of pilot performance; achieved by
restating implied standards of VFR Syllabus and relevant CAR/CASRs in
competency based language and thereby meeting requirements of ANTA.
 Not required to hold formal educational qualifications. Education level
required to pass Private Pilot’s licence exams well within scope of average
person. If undertaking Commercial or higher Flight Crew Licence requires
strong background knowledge of Physics, Mathematics and English.
Absence of background can be overcome by undertaking theory training at
Flight Crew
FC 13
Brunei Darussalam
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Flight Crew
reputable theory training centre or theory provider. Airlines generally
require High School Certificate level Physics and Mathematics, may vary
between companies. Various diplomas and degrees on offer from number of
universities. Military flight crew not permitted to fly civilian operations
unless hold appropriate civilian licence. When applying usually request
exemptions from requirement for training, examinations, flight tests and
aeronautical experience, citing military qualifications and flying hours.
Policy is to exempt Australian military flight crew from requirements if
military qualifications and aeronautical experience equivalent to those of
civilian operators.
 Prior to recommending applicant for flight test for purposes of issuing
private or commercial pilot licence, applicant’s identity must be confirmed
and he/she has:
 Satisfied the requirements of CAR 5.09;
 Possesses the required aeronautical experience;
 Met syllabus requirements relevant to licence or meet standard set out in
syllabus;
 For a PPL is at least 17 years of age; for a CPL is at least 18 years of age;
 Has passed the required theory exam;
 Holds or is qualified to hold a flight radiotelephone operator licence; and
 Be recommended for the flight test by the Chief Flying Instructor.
 Conduct training – Flying Club
 Length of training depends on individual and training courses undertaken
 ICAO based standards
 Military experience taken into account by flying hours for credit purposes
 Practical requirements
– not less than 10 hours PIC; not less than 20 hours dual training with
flying instructor
 Testing processes and requirements
– Navigation Flight Test (NFT); General Flight Test (GFT) completed
within 28 days. A candidate who fails any part may be required to
undertake further flying training before being accepted for re-test
 Approved Flight Training Units and Freelance Instructors conduct training
 Recreational Pilot Permit –25 hours flight training
 Private Pilot Licence – 40 hours groundschool; 45 hours flight training
 Commercial Pilot Licence – 80 hours groundschool; 65 hours flight training
 Airline Transport Pilot Licence – 2 written exams; 1500 hours flight time
 Training based on Flight Training Manual, Instrument Procedures Manual,
Flight Instructor Guide and appropriate Flight Test Standards for licence or
permit sought
 Written examinations conducted by Transport Canada personnel
 Flight tests conducted by Transport Canada Safety Inspectors and
Designated Flight Test Examiners
 training organisation offering integrated course of training for Hong Kong
CPL/IR(A)
 Ground training – 625 hours of instruction; Flight training – 200 hours
 Based on syllabus to the standard of ICAO CPL / IR(A) requirements
 Practical requirements equivalent to the ICAO Annex 1 requirements
FC 14
Indonesia
Japan
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
 Required to pass relevant ground examinations, general flight test, aircraft
rating test and instrument rating test as per ICAO Annex 1 requirements
 Organisations conducting the training – as mentioned in CASR
 Length of training – as mentioned in CASR Part 41
 Training based on ICAO standard
 Practical requirements
 Testing processes and requirements
 PPL course – 180 hours theory and 35 hours practical
 CPL course – 650 hours theory and 145 hours practical
 Theory training includes aviation law, ATS and AIP, radio law and
communications, radio engineering, aviation weather, navigation, aviation
instruments, flight planning, aerodynamics, aircraft structures, aircraft
system, powerplant, maintenance procedures, weight and balance, aircraft
operation, aircraft handling, aviation medical and rescue procedures
 Practical training includes airport base operation, takeoffs, landings and goaround, basic instrument flight, ground reference maneuvers, cross country
flight, night flight, emergency operations
 Training based on ICAO standards
 Method of competence evaluations must be described in the training manual
and designated checkers have ability for competence evaluation
 Ground School Course (Private Pilot) – 160 hours; 6 months
 Ground School Course (Commercial Pilot) – 154 hours; 6 months
 Ground School Course (Flight Engineer) – 295 hours
 The flight course has duration of at least 50 hours of instruction in airplane
specified in RAP 63.37
 Organisation – Singapore Flying College
 Training – Approx. 14 months for Commercial Pilot Licence
 Training based on ICAO standards and syllabus. For issue of Commercial
Pilot Licence with Instrument Rating, must have minimum of 200hrs flying
experience.
 Practical Requirements – Minimum 200hrs flying for Commercial Pilot
Licence and 1500hrs for Airlines Transport Pilot Licence. General Flight
Test, Aircraft Rating Flight Test and Instrument Rating Flight Test. For
Flight Engineers –General Flight Test and Aircraft Rating Flight Test
 No response
Conversion, Validation and Recognition of Foreign Licences
19. Does your economy recognise foreign flight crew licences as a basis for the granting of your own
licence?
20. Does your economy recognise foreign flight crew qualifications as a basis for the granting of your
own licence?
21. Does your economy recognise foreign flight crew experience as a basis for the granting of your
own licence?
Licences
Qualifications
Experience
Australia
 (1) Yes
 (1) Yes
 (1) Yes
Brunei Darussalam
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes
Canada
 yes for private;
 Yes for type rating
 Yes
 CPL/ATPL relevant
 No for IFR and multi
Flight Crew
FC 15
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
experience;
knowledge/skills tests
 Yes for licence
conversion
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes (pilot, co-pilot &
flight engineer)
 No
 Yes for licence
conversion
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes for licence
conversion
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes
 No
 No
22. If ‘yes’ to any or all of the above three questions, please describe the procedures your economy
follows when recognising foreign licences and qualifications?
Australia
 (1) See answers to Q.18.
Brunei Darussalam
 completion of form detailing required evidence of experience from Flying
Log Book and Licence
 If in doubt of validity of Licence and Log Book verify with foreign issuing
authority
 Training by operator in applicable aircraft type simulator
 interviews carried out to verify documentation of the person
Canada
 Evidence of experience – logbook and licences held
 Examine foreign licence
 Sometimes contact issuing authority to verify qualifications
 CPL foreign and ground training recognised; ATPL none required; F/E
foreign training recognised
 Testing as for any applicant
Hong Kong (China)  documentary evidence of experience claims
 processes for verifying authenticity of foreign licences and qualifications
 pass written examination and flight test for licence conversion purposes
Indonesia
 Documentary evidence of experience claims – pilots log book
 Processes for verifying authenticity of foreign licence and qualifications –
all pilot’s documentations
 Ground and flight examinations
 Other requirements as mentioned in CASR Part 61 and 63 (F/E)
Japan
 Document of aeronautical experience and copy of logbook certifying
applicant has required experience submitted
 Present valid foreign licence and qualification certificate – confirmation of
validity with foreign authority
 Written examination in respect to aviation law and part of practical
examination conducted for CPL and ATPL
Peru
 certified copy of valid foreign license and medical certificate
 logbook records as evidence of recent experience
 last valid Proficiency Check / Recurrent Training certified by Foreign civil
authority
 pass written knowledge test on Air Peruvian rules and legislation (RAP)
Singapore
 flying log book stamped “Certified hours correct” from previous employer/
Aviation authority
 liaise with flight crew licencing office of foreign country for confirmation on
Flight Crew
FC 16
authentication of foreign licence
 to undergo flight training with minimum flying hours for each category of
licence
 flight test, written test (e.g. Air Law, etc) and oral test
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
Recognition Arrangements and Agreements
23. Have any mutual recognition, bi-lateral agreements been made with one or more APEC (or other)
economies, for the recognition of flight crew licences?
24. If ‘yes’, please describe the key features of the arrangement/agreements, including conditions for
issuing a licence under it.
Australia
 (1) Yes. Under the Trans Tasman Mutual Recognition Agreement between
Australia and New Zealand, each nation will recognise, and provide
registration for, professional qualifications of other nation. Some conditions
apply in relation to applicability of various licences but in practice these
have little effect on mutual recognition. Each nation reserves right to have
applicant attend specific ‘air law’ exam before issuing licence.
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Canada
 No
Hong Kong (China)  No
Indonesia
 Yes – no specific agreement with other APEC economy concerning licences
validation but the APEC economy licence can be validated
Japan
 No
Peru
 No
Singapore
 No
Chinese Taipei
 No
25. Why was the arrangement or agreement entered into?
Australia
 (1) To sponsor the free movement of qualified personnel between the two
nations.
Brunei Darussalam
 N/A
Canada
 N/A
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 N/A – see previous statement
Japan
 N/A
Peru
 N/A
Singapore
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
26. Between whom was the arrangement or agreement negotiated (that is government bodies, industry
groups, licensing authority, company etc)?
Australia
 (1) Negotiated on a government to government basis.
Brunei Darussalam
 N/A
Canada
 N/A
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 N/A
Peru
 N/A
Singapore
 N/A
Flight Crew
FC 17
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
27. In your opinion has the arrangement/agreement benefited your industry/economy? Would you like
to see it expanded (eg to other economies)? Please comment.
Australia
 (1) The agreement has benefited both countries. There would be benefit in
expanding it to other countries on a bi-lateral, rather than multi-lateral basis.
Brunei Darussalam
 N/A
Canada
 N/A
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 N/A
Peru
 N/A
Singapore
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
28. Can you suggest a further contact who could give us more information about any existing
arrangements/agreements?
Australia
 (1) No response
Brunei Darussalam
 N/A
Canada
 N/A
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 N/A
Peru
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
29. What benefits are there (if any) to having mutual recognition arrangements of flight crew licences?
Please list the benefits.
Australia
 (1) provides greater opportunity for individuals to pursue flying careers in a
foreign country.
Brunei Darussalam
 N/A
Canada
 N/A
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 Not required to the subject of training from initial
Japan
 N/A
Peru
 N/A
Singapore
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
30. From the point of view of your economy and/or industry, what barriers are there to such
arrangements occurring? (eg standards not high enough, difficulty of verifying other economies’
licences, training etc)
Australia
 (1) artificial trade and industrial barriers
 lack of knowledge of national standards
 lack of knowledge of rigour within implementation of national standards
 over-riding safety requirement
Brunei Darussalam
 administrative as each foreign license holder applying for validation treated
Flight Crew
FC 18
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
on case by case basis
 Standards, if from known background such as UK and New Zealand usually
don’t pose problem but those who come from less well structured (from a
regulatory standpoint) country may pose problems
 No response
 No comment
 N/A
 Difficulty verifying other economies’ level of knowledge and skill
 No response
 availability of internationally recognised common standards used for mutual
recognition arrangement
 difficulty of verifying foreign licences and training
 difficulty verifying other economies’ licenses, training etc
31. How might these barriers be overcome? Please comment.
Australia
 (1) Greater exchange of knowledge on national standards. Bilateral
arrangements between States.
Brunei Darussalam
 Harmonisation of requirements with regulatory authorities pressing their
governments to adopt common requirement – for Brunei that would be the
Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR’s) of Europe (FCL1 and FCL 2)
Canada
 No response
Hong Kong (China)  No comment
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 Mutual understanding of each economy's standards and practices
Peru
 No response
Singapore
 Developing or agreeing on internationally recognised common standards
that can be used for discussions on bilateral arrangement for mutual
recognition
Chinese Taipei
 No comment
32. Are there any restrictions to the employment of foreign flight crew in your economy? Please
comment.
Australia
 (1) Yes, an Australian flight crew licence or Certificate of Validation is
required for operating VH registered aircraft. Immigration rules require that
a visa that permits work must be obtained. This visa is only available if
there is no appropriately qualified aircrew from within Australia.
Brunei Darussalam
 normal requirement is to obtain a work permit after an offer of employment
or a contract of employment has been signed
Canada
 No response
Hong Kong (China)  from licencing point of view, restriction minimal provided person involved
can secure employment with an operator and can complete all licensing
requirements for issue of licence
Indonesia
 Yes – they have to have working permit and Kartu Ijin Menetap Sementara
from the Republic of Indonesia
Japan
 restrictions concerning flight experience (2500 hours or above) under the
law relating to immigration to employment of foreign flight crew
Peru
 licences only issued to Peruvian citizens or residents
 an authorisation issued to foreign citizens when needed for the operation of
Peruvian civil aircraft and for training peruvian personnel
Flight Crew
FC 19
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
 the authorisation issued for 6 months and are renewable if DGAC considers
it convenient
 None, providing they meet the applicable flight crew licensing requirements
 Hiring of foreign pilots needs to be given specific permission by Ministry of
Transportation and Communications
33. What factors/conditions would persuade your economy/industry to consider negotiating mutual
recognition arrangements for flight crew licensing?
Australia
 (1) A willingness for other States to enter into these discussions.
Brunei Darussalam
 A common standard, based on regulatory authority approval and monitoring
of training school/examinations and subsequent issue of FCL1/FCL2 license
Canada
 No response
Hong Kong (China)  No comment
Indonesia
 None
Japan
 None
Peru
 No response
Singapore
 Similar training and examination standards
Chinese Taipei
 None
34. Are there any other specific economies with which it would be beneficial to consider mutual
recognition?
35. If ‘yes’, please specify which economies.
Australia
 (1) Yes – USA, JAA countries, Canada
Brunei Darussalam
 Yes – The Joint Aviation Authorities of Europe
Canada
 No response
Hong Kong (China)  No comment
Indonesia
 No response
Japan
 No
Peru
 No response
Singapore
 Open to consideration
Chinese Taipei
 No
Flight Crew
FC 20
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers (LAME) Questionnaire Responses
AME Licensing System
2. Please identify the government department or other authority that is responsible for the issuing of
AME licences in your economy.
Australia
 Civil Aviation Safety Authority
Brunei Darussalam
 Department of Civil Aviation (DCA)
Canada
 The Civil Aviation Directorate of the Canadian Department of Transport
Hong Kong (China)  Personnel Licensing Office of the Flight Standards and Airworthiness
Division, Civil Aviation Department
Indonesia
 Directorate General of Air Communication
Department of Communications
Japan
 Minister for Transport
New Zealand
 Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
 Department of Transport and Civil Aviation
Peru
 General Civil Aviation Administration (DGAC) of Ministry of
Transportation, Communication, Housing and Construction
Singapore
 Airworthiness/Flight Operations Division
 Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore
Chinese Taipei
 Flight Standards Division, CAA
3.
Please provide the name of the civil aviation regulations and the parts or sections that provide for
AME licensing.
Australia
 Civil Aviation Act
 Civil Aviation Regulation 31
 Civil Aviation Orders 100.90, 100.91, 100.92, 100.93, 100.94 and 100.95
Brunei Darussalam
 Laws of Brunei Darussalam, Chapter 113, Air Navigation, Article 11
 Air Navigation (Overseas Territories) Order 1989, (AN(OT)O 1989), Article
12
Canada
 Part IV Personnel Licensing and Training of the Canadian Aviation
Regulations
– Subpart 3 Aircraft Maintenance Engineer Licences and Ratings
Hong Kong (China)  Article 12 of Air Navigation (Hong Kong) Order 1995
 Hong Kong Aviation Requirements Document of “HKAR-AMEL:
Licensing-Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
 Hong Kong Airworthiness Notices No. 3, 4, 8 and 10
Indonesia
 Civil Aviation Safety Regulations Part 65
Japan
 Civil Aeronautics Regulations, Chapter IV Airmen
New Zealand
 New Zealand Civil Aviation Rules Part 66
Papua New Guinea
 Civil Aviation Regulations 26, 27, 28
 Civil Aviation Orders 100.90, 100.91, 100.92, 100.93, 100.94, 100.95
Peru
 No response
Singapore
 Singapore Air Navigation Order, Paragraph 11
Chinese Taipei
 Article 25, Civil Aviation Law
 Ch2, Ch3 – Regulating Governing Airman Certification and Rating
 Ch2, Ch3 – Standards for Airman Medical Assessment
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 1
4.
Please provide the statutory authority for licensing of AMEs in your economy (eg name of Civil
Aviation Act and/or cite the appropriate code or statute).
Australia
 Civil Aviation Act
Brunei Darussalam
 Laws of Brunei Darussalam, Chapter 113, Air Navigation, Article 11
 AN(OT)O 1989, Article 12
Canada
 Paragraph 4.9 of the Aeronautics Act
Hong Kong (China)  Air Navigation (Hong Kong) Order 1995 is enacted in pursuant to the Laws
of Hong Kong CAP 448 – Civil Aviation Ordinance
Indonesia
 Undang Undang No 15 tahun 1992 tentang Penerbangan
Japan
 Civil Aeronautics Law
New Zealand
 The Civil Aviation Act 1990
Papua New Guinea
 Civil Aviation Regulation (CAR) 26
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
 Peruvian Aviation Regulations (RAP)
– RAP 65 Subpart D Aviation Maintenance Mechanic
– RAP 65 Subpart G Aviation Maintenance Inspector
– RAP 65 Subpart F Aviation Repairmen
 Singapore Air Navigation Order, Paragraph 11
 Article 2, CAA Organisation Acts
 Article 3, Civil Aviation Law
5. What are the types of maintenance licences issued by your civil aviation authority (CAA)?
Australia
 Aircraft Maintenance Engineer Licenses are issued in the following 5
categories
– Airframe; Engines; Radio; Instruments; Electrical
Brunei Darussalam
 License Without Type Rating (LWTR) and License Type Rating (LTR) as
described in accordance with ICAO Annex 1 Chapter 4.2, as Type II
licenses
Canada
 M1 – non-turbojet aircraft built to equivalent standards
 M2 – all aircraft not included in M1 (excluding balloons)
 E – Aircraft electronic systems
 S – Aircraft structures
 Balloons
Hong Kong (China)  two parts to each category
a) Licence Without Type Rating (LWTR)
b) Type ratings
Indonesia
 Group Rating
 Workshop Engineer
Japan
 Class 1, 2 and 3 Aircraft Maintenance Technician (AMT)
 Aircraft Overhaul Technician (AOT)
New Zealand
 single Part 66 AMEL licence that encompasses both minor and major
maintenance
Papua New Guinea
 five classes, referred to as categories
– Airframe; Engines; Electrical; Instruments; Radio
Peru
 Aviation Maintenance Mechanic
 Aviation Maintenance Inspector
 Aviation Repairman
Singapore
 Type rated maintenance licences
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 2
Chinese Taipei
 Mechanic
6.
Please indicate if designees of the government are used to issue licences. If so, please indicate the
appropriate reference to the economy’s civil aviation regulations for issuance of designee
requirements.
Australia
 Issue of licences approved by persons within Civil Aviation Safety
Authority who hold appropriate delegations
 delegations issued under regulation 7 of Civil Aviation Regulations 1998
 No external designees are approved for issue of AME licences
Brunei Darussalam
 Air Navigation Act provides for Subsidiary Legislation by way of Schedule.
The Schedule nominates certain people, the Minister of Communications,
the Director of the DCA and members of the UK CAA to perform certain
functions identified in the Schedule, of which the issue of AME’s is one
Canada
 Licenses issued by Civil Aviation Authority – CAR 566.03
Hong Kong (China)  Persons who are delegated, under Article 98(12) of the Air Navigation
(Hong Kong) Order 1995, by the Director of Civil Aviation to exercise or
perform on his behalf any of his powers or duties under Article 12
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 Designees are not used
New Zealand
 Licences only issued by the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
 No
Peru
 No – the DGAC is the only license issuing organisation
Singapore
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 No
7.
Has your economy registered any differences under Article 38 to the Convention from the ICAO
licensing standard specified in Annex 1?
8. If ‘yes’, what are the differences?
Australia
 Total of 52 differences have been filed with ICAO, most relating to various
classes of medical licensing
 In many cases these differences relate to Flight Crew Licensing but some are
also applicable to AME Licensing
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Canada
 4.2.11 Chapter 4 Aircraft maintenance of Annex 1
– A license recipient shall have attained the age of 21 years
– Licence does not indicate citizenship
– Date of birth is not shown on the licence
– Numbering on the headings has been removed due to space constraints
Hong Kong (China)  No
Indonesia
 Yes – Eligibility Requirements for granting licences
Annex 18 years; CASR 21 years
Japan
 4.2.1.2: The knowledge requirements do not include human performance and
limitations
 4.2.1.3: 3 years maintenance experience is required for first class
maintenance engineer licence while 4 years experience is required for the
issue of a licence with privileges for the aircraft in its entirety
New Zealand
 Minimum age for licence is 21 years
 Practical experience requirements for applicants not undertaking an
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 3
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
integrated or formal course of training is extended to 5 years
 No
 No
 No
 No
9.
For each type of licence mentioned in Q5 above, please provide details of the requirements for
initial receipt of the licence.
Licence
Requirements
Australia
 AME
 At least 21 years of age
 Be able to read, write and understand English
 Not suffer any disability likely to affect technical skills and
judgement
 4yrs experience in Aviation industry in aircraft
maintenance capacity
 2yrs aircraft maintenance experience in category
 Provide documented category experience usually recorded
in Schedule of Experience book produced by CASA
 passed all necessary written AME examinations set by
CASA
Brunei Darussalam
 all
 Refer British Civil Airworthiness Requirements (BCAR),
CAP 468 Section L
Canada
 All
 Requirements contained in Airworthiness Manual Chapter
566 Aircraft Maintenance Engineer Licensing and
Training Standards
Hong Kong (China)  all
 refer to Table 1 and Section L2 attached to response
Indonesia
 Type rating
 Eligibility as mentioned in CASR 65 Section 9
 Group type
– basic knowledge CASR 65 Section 35
rating
– experience requirement CASR 65 Section 40
 Workshop
engineer
Japan
 AOT
 age 21 and above
 experience of not less than 3 years of maintenance and
alteration
 pass written and practical (including oral) examination
 1st AMT
 age 21 and above
 experience of not less than 3 years of maintenance
 pass written and practical (including oral) examination
 2nd AMT
 age 20 and above
 experience of not less than 3 years of maintenance
 pass written and practical (including oral) examination
rd
 3 AMT
 age 18 and above
 experience of not less than 1 year of maintenance
 pass written and practical (including oral) examination
New Zealand
 All
 English proficiency
 Fit and proper person test
 Issue is not contrary to the interest of aviation safety
 Complete written examinations and oral Air Law
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 4
examination
 Provide evidence of appropriate practical experience
i) 5 years if no formal theory training or apprenticeship
complete
ii) 4 years if traineeship/apprenticeship has been completed
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Singapore
iii) 3 years if fully integrated course of training has been
completed
iv) 3 years if a qualification is held in an allied engineering
trade
 All
 Per CAO 100.90 Part 4
 PNG citizen
 Attained the age of 21
 Passed examination and met experience requirements in
CAO sections 100.91 to 100.96
 Passed Airworthiness Administration exam
 Not suffering from any disability likely to affect technical
skill or judgement
 Aviation
 At least 18 years of age
Maintenance  Basic written and spoken English
Mechanic
 Appropriate graduation certificate from certified aviation
maintenance technician school
 At least 3 years practical experience as mechanic assistant
 Knowledge of procedures and equipment used in aviation
maintenance
 Pass written knowledge and practical tests
 Maintenance  At least 21 years of age
Inspector
 Advanced written and spoken English
 Maintenance mechanic license for at least 5 years
 Courses corresponding to appropriate rating
 Experience as maintenance mechanic in past 12 months
 Participated in major repairs, alteration or repair of aircraft
 Pass written knowledge and practical tests
 Aviation
 At least 18 years of age
Repair
 Qualified to perform maintenance on aircraft or
Mechanic
components appropriate to job employed in
 Employed for specific job by commercial operator or
repair station
 Recommended for this license by employer
 At least 3 years practical experience in rating required
 Read and understand technical publications in English
 Pass oral and practical test
 Category A –  At least 21 years
Aircraft
 Category C –  Proficiency in English – read, write and converse
Engine
 Category E –  Employed by an organisation which operates or services
Electrical
Singapore aircraft
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 5
 Category I Instrument
 Category R –
Radio
Chinese Taipei
 Mechanic
 Total of 4 years aeronautical engineering experience
comprising at least 2 years specific trade experience and at
least 1 year maintenance experience
 Completed all required examinations
 Written and oral exams; practical testing
 Employment experience; credit for military experience
 Class 3 medical assessment
10. Do the AME licences have a fixed expiry date? If so, what are the dates for each licence?
Australia
 AME Licences issued for a period not exceeding 2 years
 Coincides with ICAO 6 months every 2 years exercise privileges
requirements (see below)
Brunei Darussalam
 2 year period
Canada
 Upon issue or renewal the expiry date will be set at six years calculated after
the applicant’s last birthday
Hong Kong (China)  2 year period
Indonesia
 2 years after date of issuance
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 No
Papua New Guinea
 2 years
Peru
 2 year period
Singapore
 2 year period
Chinese Taipei
 3 year period
11. What are the requirements to keep the licence current and valid?
Australia
 Exercise privileges of licence on Australian registered aircraft for periods
totaling not less than 6 months in preceding 24 months, or
 Engaged in work considered comparable to duties and privileges of AME
licence (ICAO Annex 1 requirements)
Brunei Darussalam
 been involved with aircraft maintenance over preceding two year period,
with experience confirmed by supervisors
Canada
 within preceding 24 months successfully complied with requirements for
license issue; or
 for at least 6 months performed aircraft maintenance; supervised
performance of maintenance, either directly or in an executive capacity; or
provided aviation maintenance instruction within ATO, or approved training
program in AMO or directly supervised the delivery of such instruction
Hong Kong (China)  For renewal of licence must have performed at least 6 months aircraft
maintenance within the previous 12 months
Indonesia
 Stated on CASR Part 65 Section 13
Japan
 None
New Zealand
 six months practical experience of aircraft maintenance, aircraft maintenance
management or instruction, within the previous 24 months
Papua New Guinea
 have exercised the privileges of their licence on PNG registered aircraft for
periods totaling not less than 6 months in the last 24 months
Peru
 exercise functions during previous 12 months
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 6
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
 register recurrent course on ratings and aeronautical material given by repair
station or commercial operator during validity period of license
 relevant maintenance experience
 employed by an organisation that operates or services Singapore aircraft
 file an application for renewal and fee payment
 Certificate of Employment and working experience
12. Is licence linked to proficiency at specific facility or airspace? Please comment on your response.
Australia
 No – the licence is transportable from company to company. It is not a
LWTR licence
Brunei Darussalam
 Linked to experience required and confirmed by supervisors of employee
Canada
 CAR 573.05 – (1) pursuant CAR 573.05, AMO issue authorisation to
individuals who will sign maintenance release in respect of work performed
on aircraft
 AME licence does not automatically qualify individual to sign maintenance
release under AMO authority; authority to sign release within AMO’s
jurisdiction separately granted by AMO in accordance with CAR 573.07,
following training in regards to AMO procedures and other regulatory
training
Hong Kong (China)  linked to authorisation of licence holder to make certification in aircraft
maintenance
Indonesia
 Licence holder has the privileges to perform and release to service
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 No – CAA recognises practical experience on aircraft and/or components
performed within New Zealand or other state as long as experience validated
Papua New Guinea
 A schedule of experience on PNG aircraft is required before a licence is
granted
Peru
 No response
Singapore
 No
Chinese Taipei
 No
13. What are the compliance and enforcement responsibilities of the CAA to ensure that the
requirements of the licence are being met after issue? Please provide regulatory reference.
Australia
 Maintenance activities covered by the licence are audited at intervals
specified in the CASA audit plans. Refer CAR 30 (4), CAR 33
Brunei Darussalam
 Auditing of approved organisations Quality Assurance system, which
includes personnel authorisation system as required by JAR-145.359b).
 organisations criteria for issue of authorisation linked to validity of a LWTR
Canada
 No response
Hong Kong (China)  Article 62 in Part III of AN(HK)O 1995 – if holder considered unfit, licence
may be provisionally suspended or varied pending consideration of case.
licence will be revoked, suspended or varied when sufficient ground shown
after inquiry
Indonesia
 Stated on CASR Part 65 Section 13
Japan
 Minister for Transport may request license holder submit reports or conduct
on-the-spot-inspection if necessary to secure enforcement of laws and
regulations
New Zealand
 Section 15 of Civil Aviation Act 1990 permits Director to conduct safety
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 7
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
inspections/audits. LAME performance monitored by auditing certified
organisations such as maintenance organisations and air transport operators
 Section 17, 18 and 19 of Civil Aviation Act provides Director with power to
revoke, suspend or impose conditions upon AME licence. These sections
also provide redress for the licence holder
 Car 68 – The Authority may test the holder of a licence or inspect an aircraft
or component to ascertain the competence and diligence of the holder
 Car 311 – offences in relation to licences and certificates
 RAP 65.71; 765.141; 65.101 Renewal of license
 RAP 65.81; 65.15 y 65.101 Privilege and limitation
 When LAME licences renewed, check carried out to verify licence holder
possesses relevant maintenance experience and gainfully employed by
approved organisation as part of our licencing system
 Article 111, Civil Aviation Law
AME Licence Qualification Requirements
14. Does your CAA certify individuals to provide AME training (eg theoretical knowledge training,
practical/skills training)?
15. If ‘yes’, please provide regulatory reference for certification requirements.
Australia
 Yes – only required for aircraft classified as specific type (transport category
etc) Refer CAR 30. New regulations introduce formal training provisions to
meet ICAO Annex 1
Brunei Darussalam
 Certification not term used under BCAR system. ‘Approval’ of Training
Instructors to conduct certain training courses carried out by DCA
Canada
 No
Hong Kong (China)  No
Indonesia
 Yes – CASR Part 147
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 Part 141 provides for individuals to be certified to provide one-off or minor
training courses under restricted certificate. CAA monitor/attend training
 Part 141 provides for certification of organisations that conduct AMEL
training
Papua New Guinea
 Yes – CAO 100.26
Peru
 RAP 143 Aviation Maintenance Instructor (Airframe, Powerplant or
Avionics)
Singapore
 No
Chinese Taipei
 Regulation for the establishment of Airman Training Facilities (Institute)
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 8
16. Does your CAA certify training organisations to provide AME training?
17. If ‘yes’, please provide regulatory reference for certification requirements. Does the CAA approve
the training program for instruction?
Australia
 Yes – currently only required for aircraft classified as specific type
(transport category etc) Refer CAR 30. New regulations covers all
maintenance personnel
Brunei Darussalam
 No – but worthwhile to note Training School of the Royal Brunei Airlines
approved under the general umbrella of organisations approval. Individual
courses assessed for content and approved by DCA accordingly.
 future may involve approval of Training School in it’s own right as a JAR147 Approved Training School
Canada
 CAR 566.12 Curriculum
– in addition to requirements on STD 566.10, applicant must submit
curriculum to TC that meets standards outlined in this subdivision
– the curriculum shall contain elements that ensure graduating students are
knowledgeable in all aspects of aircraft maintenance, inspection and
regulatory subject matter
Hong Kong (China)  HKAR-AMAL Section L6, and Appendix No. 3 of Airworthiness Notice
No. 14
Indonesia
 Yes – CASR Part 147
Japan
 Minister of Transport approves training organisations if they meet
requirements concerning provider, administrator, ground instructor, flight
instructor, designated examiners, training facilities, subject, length of time
for training.
 Program approved when training organisations approved
New Zealand
 Part 141 standard certificates provide for the certification of training
organisations. The training program is approved as part of the certification
process and is contained in the organisations exposition
Papua New Guinea
 Yes – CAO 104.0
Peru
 RAP 147 Aviation Maintenance Technician School
 The DGAC approved the training program in the certification process
Singapore
 Singapore Airworthiness Requirement Section 6 Chapter 6.7
Chinese Taipei
 Regulation for Evaluation of Mechanic Training School
18. What are the basic training requirements for issuing AME licences? Please provide details of the
following and source documentation references where appropriate.
Australia
 Organisations conducting training – airlines, technical colleges, private
training organisations
 Training provided to meet syllabus as set by CASA. Syllabus available on
CASA website
 No prerequisite work experience required
 Aircraft maintenance experience recorded in Schedule of Experience (SOE)
produced by CASA and minimum hourly requirements set out in each SOE
 Basic examinations set by CASA. CASA approved specific type training
course conducted by approved organisations
Brunei Darussalam
 Approved Training Schools granted authorisation to Exam approval in UK
and for ab-initio training for LWTR (refer to BCAR Section L Chapter L6)
 Length of training dependent upon individual and training courses
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 9
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Singapore
undertaken
 Refer to BCAR Section L for work experience; practical requirements;
testing processes and requirements and other issues
 Basic training CAR 566 Division II, Appendix C; Type or Specialty training
CAR 566 Division II, Appendix C
 Approved basic training courses designed to meet performance based
standards, not present hourly minimums
 Training based on Transport Canada curriculum requirements
 No experience required prior to enrolment for basic training
 Practical requirements – CAR 566 Division 1, Appendix B Part 1 – aircraft
maintenance experience sample tasks
 examination methods evaluate students achievement of learning objectives
of training provided
 Examination methods may include written, oral, practical or electronic
 Other issues – 566.10 Policy Manual (PM)
 Basic training is not compulsory
 Minimum 4 years aviation maintenance engineering experience
 Aircraft maintenance training organisation
 Length of training – CASR 147
 Syllabus is in CASR Part 65, Appendix C
 Experience is acceptable but additional experience required as determined
by DGAC
 Practical requirements as mentioned in CASR Part 65 Section 40 A
 1st AMT course – 550 hours theory and 1620 hours practical
 2nd AMT course – 550 hours theory and 1560 hours practical
 3rd AMT course – 420 hours theory and 1070 hours practical
 Theory training includes aviation law, aerodynamics, airframe, powerplant,
aircraft components
 Practical training includes basic engineering, airframe, aircraft system, cabin
system, powerplant, electrical and instrument system, communication and
navigation system, aircraft handling
 Training based on ICAO standards
 Method of competence evaluations described in training manual and
designated examiners recognized to have ability for competence evaluation
 AirNiogini is the only approved organisation to conduct training
 Training based on Australian CASA Requirements
 SOE (refer question 12)
 Australian CASA Exams
 Aviation maintenance technician school conducts training
 Length of training 3 years including practical experience in last 2 terms
 The course contains matters on knowledge required in RAP 65 and practical
experience with procedure, practice, materials, tools, machine tools and
equipment generally in use in constructing, maintaining or altering aircraft
 Organisations – approved training organisation
 Training – at least 4 years including 2 years practical
 Summary training – based on Singapore Airworthiness Requirement Section
7/ICAO standards
 Work experience – not required prior to enrolment
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 10
Chinese Taipei
 Practical – as part of the 4 years training course, 2 years must include
practical training
 Testing – written tests
 Airframe or Engine – 400 hours theory; 750 hours practice
 Airframe and Engine – 400 hours theory; 1500 hours practice
 Summary of Training – FAR-147
 Written test
Conversion, Validation and Recognition of Foreign Licences
19. Does your economy convert or validate foreign AME licences?
Australia
 No
Brunei Darussalam
 Yes but on a case by case basis
Canada
 No
Hong Kong (China)  Yes for licence conversion
Indonesia
 Yes
Japan
 Yes only for 1st, 2nd and 3rd AMT
New Zealand
 No except that Australian licence holders may have their licences registered
under the Trans Tasman Mutual Recognition Agreement
Papua New Guinea
 Yes – Australia only
Peru
 Yes
Singapore
 No
Chinese Taipei
 No
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 11
20. Does your economy recognise foreign AME licences as a basis for the granting of your own
licence?
21. Does your economy recognise foreign AME qualifications as a basis for granting of your own
licence?
22. Does your economy recognise foreign AME experience as a basis for the granting of your own
licence?
Licences
Qualifications
Experience
Australia
 Yes
 No
 Yes if applicant holds
current foreign licence
Brunei Darussalam
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes
Canada
 No
 No
 No
Hong Kong (China)  Yes
 Yes
 Yes
Indonesia
 No
 No
 No
Japan
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes
New Zealand
 Yes
 No
 Yes
Papua New Guinea
 Yes – Australia only
 Yes – Australia only  Yes
Peru
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes
Singapore
 No
 No
 No
Chinese Taipei
 No
 No
 No
23. If ‘yes’ to any or all of the above five questions, please describe the procedures your economy
follows when recognising foreign licences and qualifications.
Australia
 Foreign licence holders required to apply for recognition under CASA’s
Category Technical Competency (CTC) system. Applicants required to
produce original or certified true copy of current foreign licence
 Foreign civil aviation authorities may be contacted to verify licence
 CASA not carried out assessment of other NAA’s licencing system for
number of years. This will need to be done once new regulations covering
training introduced next year
 Any further training or experience requirements are assessed during CTC
application process
 Foreign licence holders required to undertake Category Technical
Competency (CTC) and Airworthiness Administration (AA) examinations
prior to issue of Australian licence
Brunei Darussalam
 completion of form detailing required evidence of experience – foreign
license forms part of that evidence
 verification carried out with foreign issuing authority if in doubt
 training on regulations and requirements as described in Module 1,
Regulations of BCAR Section L
 written (multi choice and essay) and oral examination on the Regulations
(except for UK license holders)
 the purpose of the oral examination is to verify the candidate can read, write,
understand questions posed in English and to verify technical competence
Canada
 N/A
Hong Kong (China)  evidence of experience claims certified by employer in application
 request foreign aviation authority to verify authenticity of licence
 evidence of qualifications certified by employer in application
 Certain specified type ratings require satisfactory completion of type courses
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 12
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
recognised by Directory of Civil Aviation (otherwise training not required)
 Necessary to examine foreign licence holders on areas of HKAR-AMEL
syllabus not covered
 Where applicant is not resident of Hong Kong, application only accepted if
Director of Civil Aviation satisfied that there is a need for such licence to
maintain Hong Kong Registered aircraft
 No response
 document of maintenance experience certifying applicant has required
experience must be submitted
 applicant must present valid foreign licence/qualification certificate –
confirm validity by asking foreign authority
 written examination in respect to aviation law and part of practical
examination are conducted
 Valid practical experience logbooks are acceptable evidence
 Contact is made with foreign issuing authority to verify authenticity of
licence
 Sight Australian licence and check with CASA
 Check with CASA for verification of licence
 Verifying authenticity of qualifications carried out by CASA
 Applicant to supply own training
 CASA CTC exams
 valid foreign license or certificate issued by the Civil Aviation Authority
 documented evidence of recent experience
 must be introduced by Peruvian commercial operator
 Issued for 6 months (can be renewed by DGAC if necessary)
 Oral and practical test only when authorisation exceeds a year
 N/A
 N/A
24. Does your economy require that repairs to your registered aircraft, conducted in another economy,
be done by AMEs licensed by your government?
Australia
 No
Brunei Darussalam
 No - but organisation that carries out repairs would fall under approval of
Brunei maintenance organisation as subcontractor and be approved to JAR145 requirements
Canada
 No
Hong Kong (China)  No
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 Yes – Japanese registered aircraft returned to service by AME licensed by
Japan or maintenance organisation approved by Japan
New Zealand
 No
Papua New Guinea
 Yes
Peru
 Yes
Singapore
 Yes
Chinese Taipei
 No
Recognition Arrangements or Agreements
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 13
25. Have any mutual recognition or bilateral agreements been made with one or more APEC (or other)
economies, for the recognition of aircraft maintenance engineer licences?
26. If ‘yes’, please describe the key features of the arrangement/agreements, including conditions for
issuing a licence under it.
Australia
 Yes – under Trans Tasman Mutual Recognition Agreement (TTMRA)
between Australia and New Zealand, each nation will recognise professional
qualifications of other nation. Some conditions apply in relation to
applicability of various licences but in practice these have little effect on
mutual recognition. Each nation reserves right to have application attend
specific ‘air law’ examination before issuing a licence
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Canada
 Yes – CAR 571.11(1)(1) Maintenance performed in state that is party to
agreement with Canada shall be certified by either the holder of Canadian
AME license, a person authorised under laws of that State, or person whose
knowledge is determined to be equivalent to holder of an AME licence
pursuant to Subpart 403 of CARs as described in subsection (2). Where
work is performed by foreign maintenance organisation, the maintenance
release must be signed by persons qualified pursuant to local regulations and
authorised by foreign maintenance organisation
Hong Kong (China)  No
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 Trans Tasman Mutual Recognition Agreement – permits New Zealand and
Australian AMEL holders to have their licences recognised in each other’s
country. The agreement requires that a registration process is undertaken
Papua New Guinea
 Yes – we use the Australian system for licensing in and adapt all their exams
etc
Peru
 No
Singapore
 No
Chinese Taipei
 No
27. Why was the arrangement or agreement entered into?
Australia
 To sponsor free movement of qualified personnel between the two nations
Brunei Darussalam
 N/A
Canada
 To provide operational flexibility while receiving continuous local
regulatory oversight
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 N/A
New Zealand
 As part of the two Government’s policies of Trans Tasman Closer Economic
Relations (CER)
Papua New Guinea
 Lack of funds and expertise
Peru
 N/A
Singapore
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
28. Between whom was the arrangement or agreement negotiated? (that is, government bodies,
industry groups, licensing authority, company etc)
Australia
 Government to Government
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 14
Brunei Darussalam
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
 Respective CAAs
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 Government
 Government bodies
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
29. In your opinion has the arrangement/agreement benefited your industry/economy? Would you like
to see it expanded (eg to other economies). Please comment.
Australia
 Yes – but only after standards have been verified
Brunei Darussalam
 N/A
Canada
 Yes – supported the economies for all client bases involved; supported the
CAAs approval and oversight objectives and enhanced travel availability for
travelling public
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 N/A
New Zealand
 Yes –harmonisation of AMEL qualifications between ICAO contracting
states priority in respect of AMEL licences. ICAO provides standard for
licensing purposes, that contracting states are being audited against. States
should be able to have confidence in accepting licensing process of other
states, particularly once ICAO audit results are published
Papua New Guinea
 Has benefited industry/economy
 Would not like to see it expanded (refer question 27)
Peru
 N/A
Singapore
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
30. Can you suggest a further contact who could give us more information about any existing
arrangements/agreements?
Australia
 Mike Frazer
Department of Transport and Regional Services
PO Box 594
Canberra ACT 2601
ph – 6274 7964 fax – 6274 7463
email – mike.frazer@dotrs.gov.au
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Canada
 Brian Whitehead
Chief, Policy Department
Aircraft Maintenance and Manufacturing
Telephone: 613 941-8371
Email: whitehb@tc.gc.ca
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 15
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 No
 R Standford
Office of Civil Aviation
Phone: (675) 3244422
 Eduardo Flores
DGAC
Telephone: (511) 433-1610
Fax: (511) 433-2388
 N/A
 N/A
31. What benefits are there (if any) to having mutual recognition arrangements of AMEs licences?
Please list the benefits.
Australia
 To sponsor the free movement of qualified personnel between nations
Brunei Darussalam
 N/A
Canada
 Economic and convenience advantage for private and commercial operators
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 N/A
New Zealand
 Mutual recognition prevents the multiple examining/testing of previously
qualified persons, many of whom have many years experience
 Provides states and engineers with a global workplace that is of benefit to all
Papua New Guinea
 Nil – Australia supports our system in examination and administration
therefore there is no requirement for funding
Peru
 Facilitate repairs recognition
Singapore
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 None
32. From the point of view of your economy and/or industry, what barriers are there to such
arrangements occurring? (eg standards not high enough, difficulty of verifying other economies’
licences, training etc).
Australia
 Artificial trade barriers
 Lack of uniformity of qualification standards implemented to meet ICAO
Annex 1
 Variation in licencing systems used by other countries
 Lack of knowledge of national standards
 Lack of knowledge of rigour within implementation of national standards
 Over-riding safety equipment
Brunei Darussalam
 the barriers are administrative as each foreign license holder who applies for
a Brunei DCA license is treated on a case by case basis
 To then verify the syllabus content is a further administrative task, and so far
this has not posed a problem
 Standards, if from a known background such as Australia, New Zealand
usually do not pose a problem
 Those that may come from less well structured (from a regulatory
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 16
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
standpoint) country may pose problems
 Safety for Canadian travelling public would be threatened if certification
standards are reduced through lower regulatory or operator control standards
 Unfair economic advantage to foreign operators with less stringent
regulatory requirements
 Some instances where foreign regulatory requirements are not to the same
standard
 Difficulty when determining validity and substantiation of other economies’
licences as training and skill requirements vary
 standards of other economy’s LAME are not known to us
 None
 Variety of AME licence of each country
 CAA believes contracting ICAO states required to provide standards
acceptable for inclusion as contracting state. As they are being audited by
ICAO, other states should now have confidence in accepting their licences
subject to acceptable ICAO audit results
 Some contracting states difficult to contact regarding licence verification
 CAA does not recognize non ICAO state licences or certificates issued by
ICAO states that do not comply with ICAO licence standards (USA for
example)
 Because we use the Australian system in total and others do not have the
same high standards, the question is transparency. If we have a system that
Australia do not accept than we will have to fund a new system
 Need to get more contact with APEC economies
 The availability of internationally recognised common standards that can be
used for mutual recognition arrangement
 Difficulties of verifying foreign licences and training
 difficulty verifying other economies’ licences, training etc
33. How might these barriers be overcome? Please comment.
Australia
 International Harmonisation of standards
 ICAO standards implemented globally to same standard (removal of
provision for countries to lodge differences to standards)
 Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreements / Executive Agreements between
countries
 Technical Agreements between the Regulatory Authorities with standards
 Greater knowledge and confidence in each others systems
Brunei Darussalam
 Harmonisation of requirements with regulatory authorities pressing their
governments to adopt a common requirement – and in the case of Brunei
that would be the Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR’s) of Europe
Canada
 identify delta of differences and bring minimum requirements up to an
industry acceptable standard that deals with all aspects of certification
privileges associated with the licence
 Unilateral description of the licence model minimum requirements would be
essential in recognising equivalency between models
Hong Kong (China)  More channels of communication among economies and industries needed
 aviation authorities of economies have to promote their licencing systems
and standards to each other, enhancing mutual understanding
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 17
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
 AME licence of each country must be harmonized
 If the state is an ICAO contracting state there are no barriers
 No response
 with technical arrangements
 Developing or agreeing on internationally recognised common standards to
use for discussions on bilateral arrangement for mutual recognition. The
FAA/JAA harmonisation effort and ICAO Annex 1 can be used as the basis
for such development
 No comments
34. Are there any restrictions to the employment of foreign AMEs in your economy? Please comment.
Australia
 Not foreign AMEs. There is a Worldwide shortage
 Market forces must now compete in World market place for AMEs (eg
salaries in General Aviation below counterparts in other mechanical trades)
Brunei Darussalam
 No the normal requirement is to obtain a work permit after an offer of
employment or a contract of employment has been signed
Canada
 Foreign licence not required to perform maintenance on aircraft in Canada
 Foreign licence holders can work as maintenance technicians in the interim
period required to meet Canadian requirements
Hong Kong (China)  from licencing point of view, the restriction is minimal provided that the
person involved can secure employment with a maintenance organisation
and can fulfil all licensing requirements for issue of our AME licence
Indonesia
 No (from the technical regulation requirement)
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 None apart from normal immigration requirements
Papua New Guinea
 Yes – As Australian licences are the only overseas licence we have mutual
recognition arrangements with, all other foreign AME’s must complete CTC
exams on TTMR
Peru
 licenses issued only to Peruvian citizens or residents
 an authorisation issued to foreign citizens when needed for the operation or
continued airworthiness of Peruvian registered civil aircraft. During this
time, the air operator must train Peruvian personnel in that type of aircraft
Singapore
 None, providing they meet the applicable licensing requirements
Chinese Taipei
 foreign AME licences
 permitted by Ministry of Transportation and Communications
35. What factors/conditions would persuade your economy/industry to consider negotiating mutual
recognition arrangements for AME licensing?
Australia
 Shortage of maintenance personnel currently being felt by industry
 Industry is expanding at a rate above the normal training capability
Brunei Darussalam
 A common standard, based upon regulatory authority approval and
monitoring of training schools/examinations and subsequent issue of ICAO
type II recognised licenses
Canada
 Participation on international panel designed to establish high safety
orientated standards; members come with authority to speak on behalf of
economy; consensus agreement on international standards
Hong Kong (China)  commitment and support from senior management in government important
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 18
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Singapore
Chinese Taipei
for negotiating mutual recognition arrangement for AME licensing
 None
 No response
 Further harmonisation with ICAO contracting states
 No response
 On case by case basis
 Similar training, experience level and examination standards
 None
36. Are there any other specific economies with which it would be beneficial to consider mutual
recognition?
37. If ‘yes’, please specify which economies.
Australia
 Possibly Canadian and some European countries that have full ICAO Annex
1 licences for the technical training aspects of the licence. Would need close
assessment by CASA prior to acceptance
Brunei Darussalam
 The Joint Aviation Authorities of Europe
Canada
 Hong Kong; Korea; Japan; Thailand
Hong Kong (China)  No
Indonesia
 No response
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 Singapore; United Kingdom; European JAA states
Papua New Guinea
 No – As we use the Australian system in total it would only be beneficial to
recognise those that Australia has already recognised
Peru
 No
Singapore
 Open to consideration
Chinese Taipei
 No
Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers
LAME 19
Professional Railway Engineers (PRE) Questionnaire Responses
General Information from Professional Railway Engineer Institutions
2. Please state the names, contact details and functions/roles of any professional institution/s
specifically for railway engineers.
Contact Details
Functions/Roles
Australia
 (1) Rail Track Association of Australia 
Permanent Way Institute
Canada
 No response

Indonesia
 Indonesian Engineer Association
 Represent professional interests
 Ministry of Communications
 Provide professional development
Jl Merdeka Barat No. 8
 Develop standards for the
Jakarta Pusat
profession
 Indonesian Railway Company
 Represent industrial interests
Japan
 Railway Technical Research Institute

(RTRI)
International Affairs Planning Division
New Zealand
 None

Singapore
 Registrar, Professional Engineers Board  Keeps and maintains register of
Singapore
professional engineers, register of
 1st Story, Tower Block
practitioners and register of
 MND Complex
licensees.
 5 Maxwell Road
 Regulates qualifications and
 Singapore 069110
conduct of professional engineers.
 Regulates corporations which
supply professional engineering
services in Singapore.
Vietnam
 Transport University
 Provide all professional
Lang Thuong Dong Da – Manoi
development for railway
Vietnam
engineers
Phone: 834 2413
 Develop standards for profession
 Represent professional interests
Membership System
3. Are membership requirements for joining an Engineering Institution different for a professional
railway engineer from those for other engineering disciplines?
4. If ‘yes’, please state the additional or different requirements.
Australia
 (1) No
Canada
 No
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 No
Singapore
 No
Vietnam
 No
Registration
5. Is there a national body for the registration of railway engineers?
Professional Railway Engineers
PRE 1
6.
7.
Is registration required before gaining employment as a railway engineer?
If ‘no’, under what circumstances is registration required
National body
Registration required for employment
for registration
Circumstances registration required
Australia
 (1) No
 (1) Some railway organisations may require membership
of the National Professional Engineer’s Register.
Professional engineers must meet certain standards in
qualifications, experience, ethics and continued
professional development to belong to this register.
Theoretically, membership of this register allows an
engineer to place a cap on his/her professional liability.
Canada
 No
 N/A
Indonesia
 No
 No


Japan
 No
 To take position of design supervisor of railway facilities
or railway vehicles in railway operating companies need to
be Registered Professional Engineers specialising in
relevant fields
 Registration as Professional Engineer granted by Science
and Technology Agency of Japan; examination subjects
include field of railway technology therefore officially
registered professional engineers specialising in railway
technologies
New Zealand
 No
 Registration with Engineers Registration Board after
qualification in one or more of the main engineering
disciplines – Civil, Mechanical, Electrical
Singapore
 Yes
 No
8.
Are registration requirements for a professional railway engineer different in any way from those
of other engineering disciplines?
9. If ‘yes’, please state any additional or different requirements.
Australia
 (1) No
Canada
 N/A
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 No
Singapore
 No
Vietnam
 No
Railway Engineer Standards
10. Does your economy have written national or international standards or benchmarks for the
designation railway engineer?
11. If ‘yes’, for what purposes are they used?
Australia
 (1) No
Canada
 N/A
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 No
Professional Railway Engineers
PRE 2
Singapore
Vietnam
 No
 No
12. Please name the document containing these standards or benchmarks.
13. If ‘no’, are standards being developed? Please give details of any proposals.
Australia
 (1) Railway Engineering Education Sub-Committee of RTSA has, in recent
past, published two booklets, entitled “Railway Engineering Competency
Profiles” and “Railway Professional Formation & Development”. The prime
purpose for booklets was not to develop standards for registration, but to use
as basis for this.
Canada
 N/A
Indonesia
 Don’t know
Japan
 (RTRI) now administering Examination of Railway Design Engineer as only
organisation in charge of registration of professional railway design engineer.
Has not been national or governmental registration so far. RTRI currently
having discussion with Ministry of Transport of Japan to upgrade registration
to nationally certified qualification for railway engineers which is almost
equivalent to Professional Engineer in railway field
Papua New Guinea
 No standards being developed
Singapore
 No, facility within Professional Engineers Act to include such requirements, if
necessary
Vietnam
 No standards being developed
Railway Engineer Qualifications
14. What are the minimum entry level requirements to work as a railway engineer? Please give 3
examples of possible pathways.
Australia
 (1) No response
Canada
 No response
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 Undergraduate degree
– NZ Engineers Registration Board
– Approx. 3 years formal training under professional supervision
– satisfy interview panel at Professional Interview
 A “sub-professional” qualification such as New Zealand Certificate of
Engineering (NZCE) from non university technical training institute
(Polytech) may be converted to full registration after several years experience
– “grandfather” clause and Professional Interview
Singapore
 Bachelor Degree in Engineering
 Preferably minimum 5 years of relevant railway related experience
 Chartered Engineer of UK Institutions IEE, IMECHE, IRSE, ICE &
ISTRUCTE
Vietnam
 University degree – Transport University – 5 years
 University degree – Transport University – 3 and a half years
 University degree – Mining and Geology University – 5 years
15. Please outline the main railway engineering specialisations and how competence in each area may
be achieved.
Professional Railway Engineers
PRE 3
Australia
Canada
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Singapore
Vietnam
Professional Railway Engineers
 (1) No response
 No response
 No response
 No response
 Civil and Infrastructure
– training program: Civil Engineering
 Signaling
– training program: Electrical Engineering
 Rolling Stock
– training program: Mechanical Engineering
 Electric Traction
– training program: Electrical Engineering
 All require 3 to 5 years work experience prior to registration
 Duration of training for all is 3 years post graduate
 Civil Engineering Structures for Railway
 work experience: Design and supervision of construction of structures
undertaken by professional engineer registered with the Professional
Engineers Board
 training program: Engineering Degree & at least 2 years work experience
 duration of training
 Rolling Stock Engineer
– work experience: 2 years prior to registration
– training program: Master of Rolling Stock (Transport University)
– duration of training: 2 years
– level of training: Master degree
 Tracks and Structure Engineer
– work experience: 2 years prior to registration
– training program: Master (Transport University)
– duration of training: 2 years
– level of training: Master degree
 Signaling and Communications Engineer
– work experience: 2 years prior to registration
– training program: Master (Transport University)
– duration of training: 2 years
– level of training: Master degree
 Transport Engineer
– work experience: 5 years prior to registration
– training program: Doctor (Transport University)
– duration of training: 5 years
– level of training: Doctor degree
PRE 4
Recognition of Qualifications from other Countries and/or APEC Economies
16. Is there a process for granting recognition of foreign qualifications that is particular to railway
engineers?
17. If ‘yes’, please outline the process for railway engineers from other economies seeking recognition
of their qualifications and experience.
Australia
 (1) No
Canada
 No
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 No – unless qualified in major discipline
Singapore
 No
Vietnam
 No
Recognition Arrangements and Agreements
18. If you are aware of the APEC Substantial Equivalence Framework for professional engineers, do
you think the criteria set out in the Framework are acceptable and achievable for the railway
engineering profession in your economy?
Australia
 (1) No response
Canada
 No response
Indonesia
 Yes, I think. The criteria should include grade-certificate, assessment on their
jurisdiction, practical experience etc
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 No response
Singapore
 The Professional Engineers Board has not evaluated this
Vietnam
 Yes
19. Have any other mutual recognition agreements been made by your economy with one or more
APEC (or other) economies, for the recognition of railway engineer qualifications?
20. If ‘yes’, please describe the key features of the arrangement/agreements.
Australia
 (1) No
Canada
 No
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 No
Singapore
 No
Vietnam
 No
21. Why was the arrangement or agreement entered into?
Australia
 (1) N/A
Canada
 N/A
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 N/A
New Zealand
 N/A
Singapore
 N/A
Vietnam
 N/A
22. Between whom was the arrangement or agreement negotiated?
Professional Railway Engineers
PRE 5
Australia
Canada
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Singapore
Vietnam
 (1) N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
 N/A
23. In your opinion has the arrangement/agreement benefited your profession, industry or economy?
Were there disadvantages? Would you like to see it expanded?
Australia
 (1) N/A
Canada
 N/A
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 N/A
New Zealand
 N/A
Singapore
 N/A
Vietnam
 N/A
24. Can you suggest a further contact who could give us more information about any existing
arrangements/agreements?
Australia
 (1) N/A
Canada
 N/A
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 N/A
New Zealand
 N/A
Singapore
 N/A
Vietnam
 N/A
25. What benefits and costs are there (if any) to having mutual recognition arrangements for railway
engineers?
Australia
 (1) No response
Canada
 No opinion
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 N/A
New Zealand
 N/A
Singapore
 N/A
Vietnam
 N/A
26. From the point of view of your economy and/or profession, what barriers are there to such
arrangements occurring?
Australia
 (1) None
Canada
 No response
Indonesia
 No standards to compare, no nationally accredited qualifications, difficulty
verifying other economies’ qualifications, too much diversity within
profession
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 qualification of “railway engineer” is not recognised in New Zealand
Professional Railway Engineers
PRE 6
Singapore
Vietnam
 None for railway engineers (not involved in design of structures), however
facilities must be available to differentiate the requirements of LRT, Mass
Rapid Transit system with that of long distance or suburban systems
 Difficulty of verifying other economies’ qualifications, registration
27. How might these barriers be overcome? Please comment.
Australia
 (1) N/A
Canada
 No response
Indonesia
 Mutual recognition on all jobs related to intermodal transport system; setting
the qualifications and conditions including pre-requisites, standard training
program and work experience on intermodal transport
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 Recognised university undergraduate course followed by formal recognition
of qualification by Engineers’ Registration Board
Vietnam
 No response
28. Are there any restrictions to the employment of foreign railway engineers in your economy?
Please comment.
Australia
 (1) No
Canada
 No response
Indonesia
 No - just need work permit from the Ministry of Manpower
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 None – if qualifications in main engineering disciplines
Singapore
 No, subject to local labour laws
Vietnam
 No response
29. What factors/conditions would persuade your economy/profession to consider negotiating mutual
recognition arrangements?
Australia
 (1) No response
Canada
 No response
Indonesia
 Job opportunity, national economy, railways development
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 proposal for mutual recognition would require study of detail of content and
mastery requirements of tertiary training undertaken
Singapore
 ability to verify other economies’ qualifications to ensure that a minimum
standard is met
 familiarity with local regulations and requirements
Vietnam
 Sending our engineers to other economies and receive foreign railway
engineers to instruct our engineers in specific areas
30. Are there specific countries/economies with whom it would be beneficial to consider mutual
recognition?
31. If ‘yes’, please specify which economies.
Australia
 (1) No
Canada
 No response
Indonesia
 No response
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 Australia, UK, Canada, Europe
Professional Railway Engineers
PRE 7
Singapore
Vietnam
NOTES
Peru
 No
 No
 Railway Services Operators have not been developed because services
recently privatised. Respective rules expected to be elaborated within the
next few months. Once finished will be sent.
Brunei Darussalam
 Questionnaire on railway engineer not completed as no railway transport in
Brunei Darussalam
Australia (NT)
 No profession on register maintained by Institution of Engineers Australia
called a Railway Engineer (i.e. a person with tertiary qualification aimed at
railways).
 Engineers working for railways are mostly mechanical, civil, electrical or
electronic engineers by their background and their railway oriented
experience is gained through practical experience
 A few universities in Australia run post-graduate courses in railway
engineering
Papua New Guinea
 No railway transport in PNG
Professional Railway Engineers
PRE 8
Commercial Vehicle Operators (CVO) Questionnaire Responses
CVO Organisations and Licensing Bodies
2. Is there a national body which has been set up to determine and specify all the requirements for
gaining a commercial vehicle operator licence?
3. If ‘yes’, please state name, address, phone, fax, email and contact details for the CVO licensing
organisation responsible for determining CVO licence standards and requirements for each class of
licence (if different from contact details in question 1).
Australia (C’wealth)  No – State/Territory responsibility; attempt to achieve national uniformity in
relation to driver licensing through national driver licensing policy
Australia (ACT)
 No
Australia (QLD)
 National Road Transport Commission (NRTC)
PO Box 131105 Law Courts Victoria
Telephone: 9321 8444
Fax: 9326 8964
Australia (TAS)
 No, however NRTC involved in setting medical standards for Passenger
Vehicle Certificates and other licence applicants
Australia (VIC)
 Although not specifically set up for CVOs the NRTC is a review body to
progress issues at national level
 The Austroads Registration and licensing Group is also a vehicle to progress
issues such as CVO licencing at the government licensing agency level
Brunei Darussalam
 Headquarters Land Transport Department
Ministry of Communication
KG Beribi Jalan Gadong, BE 1110,
Negara Brunei Daraussalam
Canada
 National Safety Code Standards for Commercial Vehicles
Sylvain Tremblay
CCMTA
Phone: (613) 736-1003; Fax: (613) 1395
Website: www.ccmta.ca
Hong Kong (China)  Transport Department
Indonesia
 Government of Republic of Indonesia
Ministry of Communications
Cq Directorate General of Land Transportation
Jl. Medan Merdeka Barat No. 8 Jakarta
Phone: 3506122
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 Land Transport Safety Authority
Papua New Guinea
 Office of Transport
Land Transport Division
PO Box 1489, Port Moresby
Telephone: 325 4277; Fax: 325 4091
Peru
 General Directory of Land Transport of the Ministry of Transport,
Communication, Housing and Construction
av. 28 de Julio No 800 – Lima 1 – Peru
Phone: (511) 433-9544; Fax: (511) 433-5698
Contact: Carlos Ibañez Manchego
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 1
4.
5.
6.
Is there a national system for the testing and registration of commercial vehicle operators?
Is there a national body which conducts tests for CVO licences?
If ‘yes’, is this different from the organisation set up to specify requirements (qu2)?
Commercial Vehicle
Tests for CVO
 Different from
Operators
Licences
organisation in Qu
2
Australia (C’wealth)  No
 No
 N/A
Australia (ACT)
 No
 No
 N/A
Australia (QLD)
 No
 No
 N/A
Australia (TAS)
 No
 No
 N/A
Australia (VIC)
 No
 No
 N/A
Brunei Darussalam
 Yes
 Yes
 No
Canada
 No
 No
 N/A
Hong Kong (China)  Yes
 Yes
 No
Indonesia
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes
Japan
 No
 No
 N/A
New Zealand
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes
Papua New Guinea
 No
 No
 N/A
Peru
 Yes
 Yes
 Yes
7.
8.
Can local organisations conduct tests for CVO licences?
If ‘yes’, what types of organisations administer tests for CVO licences at the local level (eg
Regional transport organisations, local government organisations, private companies etc). Please
describe.
Australia (C’wealth)  State and territory government organisations have this responsibility; use of
private companies would be decisions for those governments
Australia (ACT)
 local private provider conducts heavy vehicle driving assessments for all
classes for the ACT Government
Australia (QLD)
 Government driver licensing authorities and accredited and/or approved
external service providers
Australia (TAS)
 Road Transport Training provide training for clients who wish to jump 2 or
more classes of vehicles (eg Class C to HC). Otherwise heavy vehicle testing
is conducted by departmental Testing Officers
Australia (VIC)
 VicRoads and authorised accredited training and testing providers under
contract to VicRoads
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Canada
 Testing and licensing is responsibility of each provincial/territorial
government. Some jurisdictions have signing authorities who have authority
to test drivers and report results to province or territory
 Signing authorities tend to be designated persons working for organisation
with large fleet or community college instructor
Hong Kong (China)  No
Indonesia
 Yes – Local Police Office (Government Organisation)
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 Yes (restricted to theory testing or special approved courses) – Private
companies contracted to LTSA conduct theory and practical testing
 Approved Course Providers –individuals, private training establishments or
Crown owned (government) tertiary training providers
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 2
Papua New Guinea
Peru
 Yes – Department of Transport and established private road freighting
companies
 Private organisations administer tests for CVO licenses
9. What is the relationship between local organisations and the national testing/licensing body?
Australia (C’wealth)  N/A
Australia (ACT)
 N/A – no national testing/licencing body
Australia (QLD)
 No national testing body exists
Australia (TAS)
 All Australian jurisdictions meet regularly with the NRTC
Australia (VIC)
 N/A
Brunei Darussalam
 National testing/licensing body is government authority under Land Transport
Department Ministry of Communication
Canada
 Signing authorities report directly to government of province/territory
 All provinces/territories and federal government departments of transportation
belong to national group (CCMTA) which provides forum for discussion and
encourage harmonisation
Hong Kong (China)  No response
Indonesia
 In the current practice, the Local Police Office is the local branch of the
national / Central Police Office
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 Practical driving tests – 2 private contracted to LTSA provide tests nationwide
 Theory testing/paperwork – 4 private companies act as licensing agents
 Licence card issue – 1 private company contracted to produce cards
 Approved course providers – individuals, or companies approved and audited
by LTSA regional office staff
Papua New Guinea
 police do testing for Commercial vehicle drivers and Department of Transport
licences drivers
Peru
 relationship between local organisations and national testing body is
regulatory - technician
Licensing Requirements
10. Is there a list of performance requirements (or criteria, or standards) clearly identified at a national
level for measuring skills, knowledge or experience for each class of CVO licence?
Australia (C’wealth)  (NRTC) facilitated development of these documents through agreement with
States and Territories, the Commonwealth, industry and community groups
 Policy set January 1998; Administrative guidelines set January 2000
 Available to general public
Australia (ACT)
 No requirements set at a national level
 Some preliminary work on national standards for driver licence testing
commenced about 6 months ago
Australia (QLD)
 Set by NRTC in conjunction with all driver licensing jurisdictions
 Staged implementation of various aspects of licensing since 1991
 Available to the general public through legislation on the internet
Australia (TAS)
 Individual jurisdictions set requirements for medical standards, driving
competencies etc
 Traffic (miscellaneous) Regulations 1968. However amendments made to
initial regulations.
 Available to the general public
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 3
Australia (VIC)
Brunei Darussalam
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
 Under constant review. New national regulations implemented in near future
 Only for the multi combination (MC) class
 Set by Austroads in consultation with licensing jurisdiction in 1999
 available through Austroads or individual licensing jurisdiction
 For classes other than MC general agreement on assessment criteria. NSW,
SA and VIC operate in close consultation. All outsourced assessment
function to some degree under QA arrangements and will mutually recognise
assessments conducted by each jurisdiction
 Set by Land Transport Department in 1954
 Available to the general public
 National Safety Code sets standards which governments can use as guidelines
and chose what is appropriate for their jurisdiction
 National Safety Code created in 1987
 Can be purchased by general public at a price
 CCMTA has project looking at feasibility of developing national standard to
improve harmonisation across jurisdictions; may involve probationary period
but not likely to involve graduated commercial driver’s licence
recommendation
 Set by Transport Department in the 1950s
 Available to the general public
 Set by Ministry of Communications and the Central Police
 New standard set up in 1993 by Government Regulation No. 44/1993
 Available to general public
 No response
 Set by LTSA using government legislation
 Latest requirements put in place 3 May 1999
 Available to the general public
 Operators proposed development but Department yet to effect it
 Set by General Direction of Land Transport in 1994
 Available to general public
11. Are there any variations in licence requirements between different areas within your country?
Australia (C’wealth)  minimal and reducing in number as national uniformity being implemented
 The National Driver Licensing Scheme does not apply to ‘novice’ licenses or
some offences such as drink driving
Australia (ACT)
 No – national licence classes
Australia (QLD)
 No
Australia (TAS)
 Yes
Australia (VIC)
 Minimal in terms of the assessment criteria (mainly in the way the assessment
is conducted, CBT&A, end test, skills tests)
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Canada
 Yes
Hong Kong (China)  No
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 No
Papua New Guinea
 No
Peru
 No
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 4
12. Please describe each of the CVO classes or classifications in your economy’s system in the table
below
Licence Class Description of vehicle
Licence Requirements
Australia (C’wealth) C – Car
 GVM < 4.5 tonnes
 age
 No more than 12 adults,  examinations
including driver
 other State or Territory
 3 wheeled vehicle with
requirements
body type known as, or
similar to sedan, station
wagon, coupe, roadster,
convertible or utility,
tray top or van
 excludes motor bike and
motor trike
LR – light
 GVM >4.5 tonnes but <8  age
rigid vehicle
tonnes
 examinations
 Seats more than 12
 other State or Territory
adults, including driver
requirements
and has GVM < 8 tonnes  Class C license minimum 12
months
MR – medium  2 axles
 age
rigid vehicle
 GVM > 8 tonnes
 examinations
 other State or Territory
requirements
 Class C license minimum 12
months
HR – heavy
 3 or more axles
 age
rigid vehicle
 GVM > 8 tonnes
 examinations
 Includes articulated bus
 other State or Territory
but no other articulated
requirements
vehicles
 Class C license minimum 24
months
HC – heavy
 Prime mover with single  age
combination
semi trailer attached plus  examinations
vehicle
any unladen converter
 other State or Territory
dolly
requirements
 Rigid vehicle with trailer  Class C license minimum 24
that has GVM > 9 tonnes
months and MR/HR licence
plus any unladen
for minimum 12 months
converter dolly
MC – multi
 Any motor vehicle or
 Class HR/HC licence
combination
combination of vehicles
minimum 12 months
vehicle
excluding motor bike or
motor trike
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 5
Australia (ACT)
Australia (QLD)
R – motorcycle  Motor bike or motor
licence
trike
 Excludes 3 wheeled
vehicle with body type
known as, or similar to
sedan, station wagon,
coupe, roadster,
convertible or utility,
tray top or van
C
 Car licence
LR
 Light Rigid Vehicle
MR
 Medium Rigid Vehicle
HR
 Heavy Rigid Vehicle
HC
 Heavy Combination
Vehicle
MC
 Multi Combination
Vehicle
Light Rigid
 >4.5t, <8t gvm
 plus trailer <9t gvm
 no axle limit
 >8t gvm
 plus trailer <9t gvm
 max 2 axles
 As for MR vehicle but
no axle limit
Medium Rigid
Heavy Rigid
Heavy
Combination
Multi
combination
Australia (TAS)
Australia (VIC)
Commercial Vehicle Operators
 As for HR vehicle but
trailer >9t gvm
 Prime mover + 2 trailers
(B-double or Road train)
As per national driver licence classes
Light Rigid
 >4.5t, <8t gvm
 theory test and practical
assessment
 Minimum age 17
 theory test and practical
assessment
 minimum 1 year experience on
‘C’ licence
 theory test and practical
assessment
 minimum 1 year experience on
‘C’ licence
 Theory test and practical
assessment
 minimum 2 year experience on
‘C’ licence
 Theory test and practical
assessment
 Minimum 1 year experience
on ‘MR’ or ‘HR’ licence
 Theory test and practical
assessment
 Minimum 1 year experience
on ‘HR’ or ‘HC’ licence
 licence for vehicle <4.5t for 1
year
 Practical driving test
 either car or LR licence for 1
year
 practical driving test
 car licence for 1 year or
LR/MR licence for 2 years
 practical driving test
 MR or HR licence for 1 year
 practical driving test
 training course or fulfilling
recognition of prior experience
requirements
 licence for 12 months
CVO 6
Medium Rigid
Heavy Rigid
Heavy
Combination
Brunei Darussalam
Multi
combination
4
Canada
7
 2 axles
 >4.5t, <8t gvm
 3 axles
 >8t gvm
 Prime mover with a
single semi trailer >9t
 Rigid vehicle plus trailer
>9t
 Prime mover with one or
more semi trailer
 not exceeding 6720
pounds
6
5
4
3
2
1
Hong Kong (China)
Commercial Vehicle Operators
Light Goods
Medium
Goods
 2 axle single vehicle
 towed vehicles up to
4600kg
 recreational vehicles
 ambulance, bus, taxi
without passengers
 Bus < 24 passengers
 Taxi, ambulance
 3 or more axles
 class 5 vehicles
 towed vehicle up to
4600kg
 Class 4 or 5 vehicle
 Bus
 Tractor, semi trailer,
truck trailer combo
 Class 5, 4, 3, 2
 Not exceeding 5.5t
 Between 5.5 tonnes and
24 tonnes
 licence for 12 months
 licence for 24 months
 licence for 24 months inc. a
MR or HR licence for 12
months
 HR/HC licence for 12 months
and complete approved course
 Experience Class 3
 Age over 21
 provisional licence for 3
months
 Complete 10 hours driving
experience from driving school
 Pass highway code test
 Competence and medical test
 Probationary licence
 Must be accompanied by fully
licensed driver of that class
 Minimum age 16
 Motorcycle or Motor scooter
 Minimum age 16
 Minimum age 16
 Minimum age 18
 minimum age 16
 Minimum age 18
 Minimum age 18
 Age 18 or above
 Age 21 and above
 car or LVG licence for past 3
years
 Not convicted of causing death
by reckless driving or driving
under influence in past 5 years
CVO 7
Heavy Goods
Taxi
Public Light
Bus
Private Light
Bus
Public Bus
Private Bus
Franchised
Public Bus
Commercial Vehicle Operators
 Between 24 tonnes and
38 tonnes
 Age 21 and above
 car or LVG licence for past 3
years
 Not convicted of causing death
by reckless driving or driving
under influence in past 5 years
 Vehicle registered as a
 Age 21 and above
taxi under the Road
 car or LVG licence for past 3
Traffic Ordinance,
years
Chapter 374, Laws of
 Not convicted of causing death
Hong Kong
by reckless driving or driving
under the influence in past 5
years
 Light bus for use for hire  Age 21 and above
or reward
 car or LVG licence for past 3
 Not exceeding 4 tonnes
years
 Seating capacity not
 Not convicted of causing death
exceeding 16
by reckless driving or driving
under influence in past 5 years
 Light bus used other than  Age 21 and above
for hire or reward
 car or LVG licence for past 3
 Carriage of
years
students/teachers or
 Not convicted of causing death
disabled persons
by reckless driving or driving
 Not exceeding 4 tonnes
under influence in past 5 years
 Seating capacity not
exceeding 16
 Bus for use for hire or
 Age 21 and above
reward
 car or LVG licence for past 3
 Not exceeding 24 tonnes
years
 Not convicted of causing death
by reckless driving or driving
under influence in past 5 years
 bus used other than for
 Age 21 and above
hire or reward
 car or LVG licence for past 3
 Carriage of
years
students/teachers or
 Not convicted of causing death
disabled persons
by reckless driving or driving
 Not exceeding 24 tonnes
under influence in past 5 years
 Bus for use in
 Age 21 and above
connection with a
 car or LVG licence for past 3
franchise
years
 Not exceeding 24 tonnes  Not convicted of causing death
by reckless driving or driving
under influence in past 5 years
CVO 8
Indonesia
Japan
Commercial Vehicle Operators
Articulated
Vehicle
 Motor vehicle trailer
attached so that part of
trailer superimposed
upon motor vehicle
A I Public
 Max 3.5 tonnes
B I Public
 More than 3.5 tonnes
B II Public
 Tractor
 Articulated truck
 Trailer which carry more
than 1 tonne
 Age 21 and above
 car or LVG licence for past 3
years
 Not convicted of causing death
by reckless driving or driving
under influence in past 5 years
 Age min 17 years old
 Have an “A” licence
 experience to drive vehicle
according to group licence at
least 12 months
 Knowledge of public transport
service, road network and
class, vehicle inspection and
procedure handling passengers
and freight transport
 Age min 17 years old
 “A public” licence or “B I”
licence
 experience to drive vehicle
according to group licence at
least 12 months
 Knowledge of public transport
service, road network and
class, vehicle inspection and
procedure handling passengers
and freight transport
 Age min 17 years old
 “B I public” licence or “B II”
licence
 experience to drive vehicle
according to group licence at
least 12 months
 Knowledge of public transport
service, road network and
class, vehicle inspection and
procedure handling passengers
and freight transport
No response
CVO 9
New Zealand
Two
Three
Four
Commercial Vehicle Operators
 Rigid vehicle gross laden  full car licence for 6 months
weight (GLW) between
(16½ years)
4501kg and 15000kg
 A class 2 learner (2L) licence
 Combination vehicle
obtained by theory test, paying
gross combined weight
fee, producing medical
(GCW) not exceeding
certificate
12000kg
 After 6 months full class 2
licence obtained by paying fee,
practical test
 alternatively approved course
any time after obtaining 2L
licence, pay fee and produce
medical certificate
 Vehicle covered by class  Full class 2 licence for 6
2 licence
months
 Combination vehicle
 Pay fee, theory test, produce
with a GCW of 12000 to
medical certificate to obtain
25000kg
class 3L licence
 After 6 months full class 3
licence obtained by paying fee,
practical test
 alternatively complete
approved course any time after
obtaining 3L licence, pay fee,
produce medical certificate (if
produced more than 5 years
prior)
 Vehicle covered by class  Full class 3 licence for 6
2 licence
months
 Rigid vehicle with GLW  Pay fee, theory test, produce
of 15001kg
medical certificate to obtain
class 4L licence
 After 6 months full class 4
licence obtained by paying fee,
practical test
 alternatively complete an
approved course any time after
obtaining 4L licence, pay fee
and produce medical
certificate (if produced more
than 5 years prior)
CVO 10
Five
 Vehicle covered by class
3 or 4 licence
 Combination vehicle
with GCW exceeding
25000kg
Papua New Guinea
Class 4
 4 tonnes and above
 2 to 3 axles + 7 tandem
Peru
Professional
AII
Professional
AIII
 passenger transport
within urban and
interurban area
 More than 12 seats
including driver
 Load vehicles 1 or more
rear axle
 Passenger transport in
interprovincial and
international area
 One or more rear axle
 Ability to carry 750kg
trailer
 Full class 4 licence for 6
months
 Pay fee, theory test, produce
medical certificate to obtain
class 5L licence
 After 6 months full class 5
licence obtained by paying fee,
practical test
 alternatively approved course
any time after obtaining 5L
licence, pay fee and produce
medical certificate (if
produced more than 5 years
prior)
 Class 3 licence
 25 years of age
 6 years driving experience
 no exam, police driver test on
road
 Minimum age 21
 Minimum age 23
13. What are the general requirements for gaining a licence as a commercial vehicle operator? Please
give details for all that apply.
Australia (C’wealth)  Hold lower licence – refer question 12
 Some jurisdictions may require completion of training course
 Knowledge and practical tests
 Medical examination per national guideline – Medical Examinations of CVOs
Australia (ACT)
 Hold lower licence – refer question 12
 Written knowledge test (vision test for car licence)
 On-road test with vehicle 60% loaded
 Demonstrate ability to tie down load with chains, straps and ropes
Australia (QLD)
 Hold lower licence – refer question 12
 Complete training course – only at MC class
 Written knowledge test for vehicle type if not done in previous 5 years
 Practical driving test on road – semi loaded
Australia (TAS)
 Must hold class C licence for 12 months and meet minimum age requirements
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 11
Australia (VIC)
Brunei Darussalam
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
 Complete training course if required to jump 2 or more classes of vehicle
 Computer based knowledge test; Vision test and Commercial Drivers Health
Assessment
 Practical test - on road; half laden
 Hold lower licence – refer question 12
 Complete training course – only at the MC class
 Computer knowledge test
 On road driving assessment plus off road skill test
 MC class requires vehicles loaded to 75% of GCM
 Class 3 licence for 3 years
 Local driving school training course
 Oral test relevant to road highway code; test traffic regulation; test driving and
handling carried goods
 Practical conference driving on road, driving skill, traffic sign and regulation
 Medical check certificate
 Training course for dangerous goods transportation
 Written and vision test
 Road test – but no load or day/night requirement
 jurisdictions may require special endorsements for air brakes on some classes
 Holding lower licence – other than light goods vehicle (refer question 12)
 Written test for LG vehicle if applicant not holder of car or motor cycle
driving licence; written test for taxi; vision for all except taxi
 Practical test – road test for all except taxi; loaded vehicle for goods vehicles
 Hold lower licence for at least 12 months
 Training course scheme is being proposed
 Written test (public freight transport services, road network and class, vehicle
inspection, procedure of handling/inhandling, the knowledge of important
places in the region) and vision test
 Practical test (loading/unloading passenger/freight; procedure of
handling/inhandling; filling freight/passenger document/for (manifest);
highway code and driving behaviour)
 Psychology test
 No response
 Hold lower licence (refer question 12)
 training course, including driving assessment or practical test
 Written knowledge test (multi-choice answer)
 Medical certificate produced at each licence renewal (eyesight also checked)
 Class 3 for 5 years
 No written examinations; oral test; medical examinations
 Practical test on the road by police
 Hold ‘lower’ licence for a period of time
 Written knowledge test; vision test
 Practical On/off road test
14. Is there a probationary period after gaining a commercial vehicle licence?
15. If ‘yes’, how long is the period and what conditions are attached to the licence?
Australia (C’wealth)  State/Territory responsibility
Australia (ACT)
 No
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 12
Australia (QLD)
Australia (TAS)
Australia (VIC)
Brunei Darussalam
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
 Yes – Balance of 3 years from date of first licence issue
 Zero blood alcohol limit; accumulation of 4 demerit points in 1 year will
cancel licence for (3 months first offence, 6 months thereafter
 No
 No
 No
 No – but under discussion at CCMTA
 No
 No
 No response
 probationary period varies (refer question 12)
 learner (L) can’t drive unless accompanied by supervisor (fully licensed driver
with appropriate licence for 2 years)
 one year period
 no traffic law violation, no accidents, good safety record
 No
16. Do you have to be a permanent resident of your country/economy to receive a CVO licence?
17. If ‘no’, under what circumstances are you eligible for a licence?
Australia (C’wealth)  No – subject to State/Territory recognising international licence
Australia (ACT)
 Yes
Australia (QLD)
 No – Must hold current visa issued by the Department of Immigration and
Multi Cultural Affairs and be able to prove residency of state
Australia (TAS)
 Yes
Australia (VIC)
 No –no legal requirement to take out Australian licence if not permanent
resident; temporary resident can, if wish to obtain licence; must however meet
eligibility requirements. Overseas experience (time licence held) credited
Brunei Darussalam
 Yes
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
 No but can only hold one licence from one jurisdiction
 Complete requirements and don’t hold any other licences
 No – any person who holds valid identity document, attains prescribed age
requirement and passes relevant driving test can apply for full licence
 No – licence holder from other countries should apply to International Driving
Licence Body / Indonesian Motor Association
 No response
 No –full NZ car licence for 6 months; will recognise licence from specified
countries provided driver held licence at least 2 years and is current, or not
expired more than 12 mths
 In above instance, driver need only pass theory test and pay fee to have
licence converted to equivalent NZ licence (other than passenger service
vehicle drivers, Driving Instructors, Testing officers, or special licence
endorsements – eg forklifts, wheels, tracks and rollers)
 No – satisfactory completion of practical and oral tests; pass medical
examination; have held class 3 licence for over 5 years
 Yes
Verification of Licences
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 13
18. Is there a national computer database for holders of driver licences?
Australia (C’wealth)  Individual States/Territories maintain own (computerised) licensing databases
 A national database under development; almost all able to exchange
information about driver offences
Australia (ACT)
 No
Australia (QLD)
 No
Australia (TAS)
 No
Australia (VIC)
 Yes
Brunei Darussalam
 Yes
Canada
 No – all jurisdictions are linked through Interprovincial Record Exchange
system operated by CCMTA. This shares driver’s records across jurisdictions
Hong Kong (China)  Yes
Indonesia
 Don’t think so
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 Yes
Papua New Guinea
 No
Peru
 Yes
19. Please describe the format of the CVO licences.
Australia (C’wealth)  Laminated plastic
 Includes photograph of driver, name, address, date of birth, expiry date, class
or classes of licence held, driver’s signature and code of any condition to
which licence is subject
Australia (ACT)
 Laminated plastic
 Credit card sized photographic licence (no bar code)
 included name, address, date of birth
Australia (QLD)
 Laminated plastic
Australia (TAS)
 Laminated plastic
 included name, address, date of birth
Australia (VIC)
 included name, address, date of birth
 Credit card with photo
Brunei Darussalam
 Paper
 included name, address, date of birth
Canada
 Laminated plastic
 Includes bar-code, photograph of driver included name, address, date of birth
 Smart card
Hong Kong (China)  security paper which is plastic laminated
Indonesia
 paper
 laminated plastic
 includes bar-code, eg similar to credit card, photograph of driver
 includes name, address, date of birth etc
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 Laminated plastic
 Includes bar-code, photograph of driver, name, address, date of birth, digitised
signature
Papua New Guinea
 Laminated plastic
 included name, address, date of birth
Peru
 Laminated plastic
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 14
 Includes bar-code, photograph of driver, name, address, date of birth
 Smart card
20. What proof of identity is required when applying for a CVO licence?
Australia (C’wealth)  National guideline (Administrative Guidelines – Proof of Identity
Requirements) outlines requirements. This is up to jurisdictions to enforce
Australia (ACT)
 Current photographic car licence (or higher class licence) issued in Australia
 Other options – birth certificate; current overseas passport
 Proof of residence in ACT
Australia (QLD)
 1 primary (existence of person – birth certificate, passport)
 1 secondary (proof of who is in front of you – signature ID, bankcard)
Australia (TAS)
 Birth certificate or current passport
 Evidence of address
Australia (VIC)
 Primary proof – passport, consular photo identity, naturalisation papers or
immigration papers issued by the Dept of Immigration or the Passport Office
 Secondary proof – State or Fed. Govt. employee photo card, medicare card,
pensioner concession card, student card, credit card
Brunei Darussalam
 applicant national identity card
 employers approval
Canada
 proof of age
 proof of medical for commercial licences
Hong Kong (China)  a valid identity document, learner driving licence, the record of driving test
result and medical report for applicant at the age of 70 or over
Indonesia
 Identity card
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 primary identification (passport, birth certificate or previous driver licence)
 secondary identification (such as electricity account or bank statement)
showing name and address and not more than 6 months old.
Papua New Guinea
 police testing report, employers identification, class 3 licence (identification
photograph)
Peru
 National Identity card; immigration card
21. Please give details on any proposed changes to the format of the licence (see preceding question)
and/or changes to monitoring and verification procedures to protect the integrity of the licence.
Australia (C’wealth)  N/A
Australia (ACT)
 No proposed changes
Australia (QLD)
 No uniform format
 All licensing jurisdictions issue different format licences
 Some states looking at biometrics and stored photo images
Australia (TAS)
 None
Australia (VIC)
 None
Brunei Darussalam
 Proposal of using Smart Card
 Demerit points system
Canada
 No response
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 Don’t know
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 None at this stage
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 15
Papua New Guinea
Peru
 Driver licensed to drive specific vehicle type (i.e. class 4 M.C. for multicombination vehicle)
 Licence to drive vehicle carrying dangerous goods (i.e. class 4 D.G. 3.1, 3.2, 1
etc)
 None
Licence Renewal and Retesting
22. How often is the CVO licence renewable?
Australia (C’wealth)  State/Territory responsibility
Australia (ACT)
 Every 5 years
Australia (QLD)
 Between 1 and 5 years
Australia (TAS)
 Passenger Vehicle Certificates are issued to people who wish to drive taxis
and buses. The certificate is renewed annually
Australia (VIC)
 3 or 10 years
Brunei Darussalam
 For every 1 year and 3 years
Canada
 Different across jurisdictions – starting at 1 year
Hong Kong (China)  Under the age of 60 –10 years
 Between the age of 60 and 70 – from the date of issue up to the day before
applicant turns 70; or 3 years, whichever is the longer
 Over the age of 70 – a period of 1 to 3 years can be opted by applicant
Indonesia

Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 issued until driver’s mid-decade birthday (i.e. 25, 35 etc); licence then issued
in 10 year periods up until 75th birthday; licence then issued for 5 years until
80th birthday; thereafter bi-annually (82nd, 84th etc)
Papua New Guinea
 Every 3 years
Peru
 Every 3 years
23. When is retesting required?
Australia (C’wealth)  Following licence disqualification
 State/Territory responsibility
Australia (ACT)
 Never
Australia (QLD)
 Only if licence expires for greater than 5 years
Australia (TAS)
 When certificate holder turns 65 - required to provide annual medical
 Next text is at 70 and is annual from then on
Australia (VIC)
 Retest to assess fitness (medical)
Brunei Darussalam
 when licence suspended or revoked
Canada
 vision test on renewal of licence
 identified as risk by demerit point or carrier rating system, downgrade due to
medical
Hong Kong (China)  Never
Indonesia

Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 if the licence is revoked (possibly due to medical grounds)
 if licence expired more than 12 months
 if licence disqualified by Court for continuous period of more than 12 months
 In the case of revocation, the driver will re-commence as new driver, and
work their way up the licence classes
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 16
Papua New Guinea
Peru
 In the case of allowing a licence to be expired for more than 12 months, or
Court disqualification, driver need only requalify at highest licence class held
 on renewal of licence
 driver at fault
 renewal of licence
24. If CVO licences can be obtained from each region or province, is there automatic recognition
given of the licence if a person moves to another region or province and applies for an equivalent
licence?
25. If ‘no’, how does a person get a licence from the new region or province? Please describe process.
Australia (C’wealth)  Yes
Australia (ACT)
 Yes
Australia (QLD)
 Yes
Australia (TAS)
 Yes
Australia (VIC)
 Yes
Brunei Darussalam
 Yes –depends on licencing officer either to endorse or retest
Canada
 Yes – have reciprocal agreements between provinces as long as requirements
in new jurisdiction not higher than old jurisdiction (i.e. age restriction of 21 in
new jurisdiction and 18 in old jurisdiction – reciprocity does not apply)
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia

Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 N/A
Papua New Guinea
 Yes
Peru
 Yes
Qualifications
26. Are there any training programs for drivers of commercial vehicle operators?
27. If ‘yes’, is it compulsory to successfully complete the training to obtain the licence
28. Briefly describe the general approach of the program/s
Australia (C’wealth)  Training programs exist – state/territory responsibility
Australia (ACT)
 No training programs
Australia (QLD)
 Training programs exist but are not compulsory to obtain licence
Australia (TAS)
 Training programs for taxi driver applicants and applicants who wish to jump
2 or more vehicle classes
 Successful completion compulsory
 Prerequisites – satisfactory medical and satisfactory conviction record
 Duration of program – 1 day
 Based on Road Transport Training benchmarks
 Assessment requirements by training organisation
Australia (VIC)
 Training programs for specific CVO eg hazardous areas (snow)
 Successful completion compulsory
 Prerequisites – appropriate class licence
 Duration of program – 2 days
 Based on class room and in vehicle – end assessment
 Assessment requirements – 80% pass mark
Brunei Darussalam
 yes; training compulsory
 10 hours experience with driving school
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 17
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
 competency standard
 highway code test
 No response
 No

 No response
 Yes; training not compulsory
 Prerequisites to entry vary depending on individual program provider;
generally only requires current licence
 Duration of program – varies; dependent on training provider
 Based under national qualifications framework (NZ Qualifications Authority)
 Assessment requirements determined by NZQA
 No training programs
 No training programs
Professional/Industry Association
29. Is there a national professional or industry association of commercial trucking?
30. If ‘yes’, what is its role in relation to determining standards and licensing requirements?
Australia (C’wealth)  Yes – industry organisations and unions (most prominent are ATA –
Australian Trucking Association and TWU – Transport Workers Union)
 No role other than stakeholder consultations
Australia (ACT)
 Yes – the Australian Trucking Association which is part of consultation
process of National Road Transport Commission
Australia (QLD)
 No
Australia (TAS)
 No
Australia (VIC)
 Yes – Consultation with industry training bodies and licensing jurisdictions
Brunei Darussalam
 Yes – Undergo driving test
Canada
 Yes – Canadian Trucking Alliance along with various provincial associations
 Active non-governmental of CCMTA
 lobbying governments
 advocates of industry concerns and needs
Hong Kong (China)  No response
Indonesia
 Yes – but as a division of Road Transport Operator Association (Organda)
 As a partnership of Governmental Agency (Partnership)
Japan
 No
New Zealand
 Yes – Lobby Group
Papua New Guinea
 No
Peru
 Yes – no role in determining standards and licencing requirement
Recognition of Foreign Licences
31. What are the standard procedures required for someone from another country seeking an
equivalent licence from your economy/region/province?
Australia (C’wealth)  produce drivers licence – if language other than English translation required
 if unable to produce licence, a letter from overseas driver licence issuing
authority or consulate giving details of licence is acceptable
 International driving permits alone not acceptable for conversion to Australian
driver licence
 Eyesight, knowledge and driving tests – drivers from New Zealand exempt
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 18
Australia (ACT)
Australia (QLD)
Australia (TAS)
Australia (VIC)
Brunei Darussalam
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Commercial Vehicle Operators
from driving test
 Licence from home country
 Minimum age and experience requirements for class applying for
 If licence not in English, letter from home country’s Embassy verifying
authenticity of licence and class held
 Theory test and practical assessment for vehicle class held (or lower class)
 If applicant fails driving assessment, overseas licence invalid and need to take
out learner licence until assessment passed
 Upon passing assessment applicant issued full ACT licence (provided held
full licence in foreign country)
 Official translation if licence in a language other than English
 Written road rules knowledge test and practical driving skills test
 For carriage of passengers or dangerous goods
– driving traffic offence history
– duration licence held continuously
– criminal history check (through Police Service)
 Must hold class C licence for 12 months and meet minimum age requirements
 English translation of licence from country of origin
 Knowledge and practical tests
 Previous driving experience – holds equivalent licence class
 Process for verifying licence authenticity – an accurate translation
 Required training for MC class
 Knowledge test and practical driving assessment
 Previous driving experience
 Processes for verifying licence authenticity
 Types of testing conducted – as local requirement
 Employers grantor
 Labours approval show applicant work as driver
 Test fee
 Driver must produce licence records – may be available electronically through
Interprovincial Record Exchange (IPRE) or Association of American Motor
Vehicle Administrators electronic NET (AAMVANET)
 If from jurisdiction with reciprocal arrangement otherwise must apply as new
driver
 Previous driving experience required
 Processes for verifying licence authenticity
 Foreign driving licence must be obtained through testing
 No recognition on commercial vehicles (except the light goods vehicle)
 At least 12 months driving experience for vehicle group they are applying for
 Licence authenticity verified through International Licence Body
 Do not need to attend special training
 Tests include theoretical, practical, psychological and knowledge of important
places in region
 No response
 At least 6 months on full car driver licence
 From recognised country – must produce current driver licence (or not
expired for more than 12 months) and not subject to current court sanction;
CVO 19
Papua New Guinea
Peru
comply with primary and secondary ID requirements
 Non-recognised country – must comply with primary and secondary ID
requirements for entering onto NZ licensing system
 Required training – if licence issues by ‘recognised country’ only required to
complete appropriate theory test; if licence issued by non-recognised country,
then must complete practical test for highest licence class sought
 Valid drivers licence of same class or above with 6 years driving experience
 Verification from recognised Traffic Registry
 Appropriate training, testing and experience is verified
 Practical testing by Traffic Police
 Medical examination
 Processes for verifying license authenticity
 Psychosomatic and regulation tests
Recognition of Arrangements or Agreements
32. Have any other mutual recognition agreements been made by your economy with one or more
APEC economies, (or other countries or regions) for the recognition of commercial truck driver
licences?
33. If ‘yes’ please describe the key features of the arrangements/agreements, including conditions for
issuing a licence.
Australia (C’wealth)  No
Australia (ACT)
 No
Australia (QLD)
 None known to this section
Australia (TAS)
 Not specifically for heavy vehicles but generally for whole range
Australia (VIC)
 Yes – Currently NZ only; full recognition
Brunei Darussalam
 Yes
Canada
 Yes – USA and Mexico
 Reciprocal agreements so driver with valid licence in one jurisdiction can
operate in other but must follow all rules of jurisdiction they are driving in
Hong Kong (China)  No
Indonesia
 Not sure – think Indonesia has mutual recognition, mutual condition of
driving licence with ASEAN countries and Australia (i.e. driving licence
issued by Indonesia is applied in those countries
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 Yes – TTMRA – Development of recognition of any Australian State’s CVO.
Convert to equivalent NZ licence after theory test and payment of fee. No
requirement for any other form of approval (eg work permit) necessary
Papua New Guinea
 No
Peru
 Yes – decision 398 and 399 of the Andean Community recognise CVO
professional licence issued by country of driver
–Land International Transportation Agreement (ATIT)
34. Why was the arrangement or agreement entered into?
Australia (C’wealth)  N/A
Australia (ACT)
 N/A
Australia (QLD)
 N/A
Australia (TAS)
 Request from Indonesia
Australia (VIC)
 Part of a Trans Tasman Recognition agreement
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 20
Brunei Darussalam
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
 No response
 Trade, commercial reasons
 N/A
 Cooperation between ASEAN countries and Australia is the basic of mutual
benefiting
 No response
 Recognition of close relation between Australia and NZ
 Mutually beneficial for both countries’ workers/employers
 N/A
 Facilitate Road International Transport
35. Between whom was the arrangement or agreement negotiated? (government bodies, industry
groups or companies)
Australia (C’wealth)  N/A
Australia (ACT)
 N/A
Australia (Qld)
 N/A
Australia (Tas)
 Government bodies
Australia (Vic)
 Govt. bodies
Brunei Darussalam
 Government bodies
Canada
 Federal Governments
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 Government bodies
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 Governments
Papua New Guinea
 N/A
Peru
 Government bodies; Land Transport National Authority
36. In your opinion has the arrangement/agreement benefited your industry/economy? Would you like
to see it expanded (eg to other countries). Please comment.
Australia (C’wealth)  N/A
Australia (ACT)
 N/A
Australia (Qld)
 N/A
Australia (Tas)
 Still not finalised
Australia (Vic)
 under review - Arrangements may change – NZ drivers may be required to
undergo all tests
Brunei Darussalam
 Benefit of the economy where operator scheme recognition for region
countries description for the vehicle garage are identified within balance
smoother flow of vehicle
Canada
 Benefited Canadian drivers as much of commercial traffic moves north/south
across US/ Canadian border
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 Yes – it would be better if expanded to all APEC economies
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 Yes
Papua New Guinea
 N/A
Peru
 Yes – International Commerce and Tourism benefited
– would like to see agreement expanded to facilitate operations of Road
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 21
International Transport
37. Can you suggest a further contact who could give us more information about any existing
arrangements/agreements?
Australia (C’wealth)  N/A
Australia (ACT)
 N/A
Australia (Qld)
 N/A
Australia (Tas)
 None given
Australia (Vic)
 None given
Brunei Darussalam
 Hj Baidi Bin Jh Awg Damit
Land Transport Department
Contact: 451 979
Canada
 Sylvain Tremblay
CCMTA
Website: www.ccmta.ca
Phone: (613) 736-1003; Fax: (613) 736-1395
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 Mr. Susmono Susilo
Directorate General of Land Transportation (MoC)
Jl Merdeka Barat No. 8 Jakarta Pusat
Phone: 021 3502171
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 Eammon O’Shaughnessy – Australian Desk Officer
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Email: aus@mft.govt.nz
Papua New Guinea
 N/A
Peru
 Jesus Tapia Tarrillo
The General Direction of Vehicular Traffic of the Ministry of Transport,
Communication, Housing and Construction
38. What benefits are there (if any) to having mutual recognition arrangements of commercial vehicle
operator licences with other economies. Please list the benefits.
Australia (C’wealth)  Unknown
Australia (ACT)
 Easier for CVOs who move to transfer licence to economy when they move to
other country
Australia (Qld)
 Assurance of driving ability and standards reached to obtain licence
 Reduction of impact on licence testing staff and test waiting periods
Australia (Tas)
 Unknown as no data yet available
 Anticipated improved relations
Australia (Vic)
 Reduce the workload of govt. licensing agencies
 More common business practices
 Could in the long term achieve uniform business rules
 Promote closer links and a better understanding between countries
Brunei Darussalam
 Time consumption
 Qualified, environment for commercial driver, this safe for road user
Canada
 Business for Canadian drivers
 Enhance trade routes
Hong Kong (China)  No response
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 22
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
 National Economy Development
 Job opportunities
 No response
 From driver’s perspective – lower costs, easier transition to new economy
 We have not carried out any study at a national level as to any benefits
 Uniformity in practice
 Appreciation of achievement by drivers
 Recognition of profession
 Enhancement of safety
 Facilitate Interational Transportation by Road
39. From the point of view of your economy and/or industry, what barriers are there to mutual
recognition arrangements occurring? (eg standards not high enough, difficulty of verifying other
economies’ licences)
Australia (C’wealth)  Different classifications, testing procedures
 Difficulty verifying other economies’ licences
Australia (ACT)
 Variety of testing standards in different countries
 Difficulty in becoming aware of standards in each country and how they
change over time
Australia (Qld)
 Difficulty in verifying other economies’ licences
 No understanding of licensing processes
 No understanding of testing standards
Australia (Tas)
 A difficulty with proof of identification as this has potential for fraud
 Concern that standards are not consistent
Australia (Vic)
 Licensing standards in overseas countries
 Driving standards in overseas countries
 Difficulty in verifying standards and licences
 Difficulty in translating licence classes
 The integrity of overseas licensing systems
Brunei Darussalam
 None
Canada
 Disparity of standards, testing and training across international boundaries
Hong Kong (China)  It is our existing policy not to have direct issue without test for driving licence
of commercial vehicles (except light goods vehicle)
Indonesia
 Standards not high enough
 Difficulty verifying other economies’ licences
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 We have few barriers other than those required by safety
 Key issue would be work status of non-Australians; need to be addressed with
NZ Immigration Service
Papua New Guinea
 Accuracy in verifying licences
 Enforcement of standards maintenance
 Language for road use
Peru
 Difficulty determining authenticity of licenses
40. Please suggest ways in which these barriers could be overcome within your country and for other
APEC economies?
Australia (C’wealth)  Standardisation of licences and licensing classes
Australia (ACT)
 No response
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 23
Australia (Qld)
Australia (Tas)
Australia (Vic)
Brunei Darussalam
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
 Exchange of documents outlining licencing processes and testing standards
 Database of information service (perhaps available on WWW)
 Direct contact made between economies and exchange of information.
Eventually having agreements drawn up and signed off
 Further discussions with organisations such as APEC and individual countries
 Consultation
 Employment recommendation and a test for those asked to do so
 Better harmonisation of standards, testing and training requirements
 No response
 Setting equivalent standard or benchmark for each class of driving licence for
all APEC economies and applies mutual recognition on driving licence
 No response
 Unable to comment. Best addressed with the NZ Immigration Service
 Standard examination and testing papers
 Licensing of recognised training institutions to train CVOs
 Exchange of prompt information among countries through electronic means
41. Are there any restrictions to the employment of foreign CVOs in your economy? Please comment.
Australia (C’wealth)  No – as long as driver licensing requirements met (administered by
States/Territories
Australia (ACT)
 Must be ACT resident
Australia (Qld)
 To drive vehicles carrying passengers or dangerous goods the person must
obtain a licence issued in the Australian state in which they want employment
as well as meeting other specified requirements (these requirements also apply
to Australian citizens)
Australia (Tas)
 Not if they pass all criteria and obtain a Tas licence
Australia (Vic)
 The need to obtain a logbook (must hold an Australian licence). Log book
required when driving commercial vehicles more than 100km from the place
of business.
Brunei Darussalam
 Business opportunity and strengthen the economy
Canada
 Usual requirements to cross an international border
 CABOTAGE – driver from one country can not perform point to point
delivery in another country (i.e. Canadian driver cannot pick up and deliver
within US)
Hong Kong (China)  If foreign CVOs wish to be employed for driving in Hong Kong, must pass
driving test conducted by Transport Department so they can obtain full Hong
Kong driving licence
Indonesia
 Yes there are
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 Yes. Any Non-Australian driver must be a resident or have an appropriate
work permit issued by the NZ Government
Papua New Guinea
 Yes. This trade is only for Nationals. However foreign CVOs can be
employed as trainers
Peru
 No – provided license is exchanged by a national one
42. What factors/conditions would persuade your economy/industry to consider negotiating mutual
recognition arrangements?
Australia (C’wealth)  No response
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 24
Australia (ACT)
Australia (Qld)
Australia (Tas)
Australia (Vic)
Brunei Darussalam
Canada
Hong Kong (China)
Indonesia
Japan
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
 No response
 Development of clear understanding of licensing processes, regulatory
measures and testing standards
 Unknown
 Mutual recognition would have to be negotiated on national basis as part of
National Driver Licensing Scheme
 Transportation industry
 No response
 N/A
 Job opportunities
 Lower cost in freight transport
 Delivering process in efficient and effective way
 No response
 That is for the NZ Government to determine
 Acquisition of skills and technology
 Efficiency and safety
 Countries have signed agreements in South America
43. Are there specific economies with whom it would be beneficial to consider mutual recognition?
44. If ‘yes’, please specify which economies?
Australia (C’wealth)  No response
Australia (ACT)
 No
Australia (Qld)
 Unsure at this time
Australia (Tas)
 No
Australia (Vic)
 A need for more discussion
Brunei Darussalam
 No response
Canada
 No – have them already
Hong Kong (China)  N/A
Indonesia
 ASEAN Countries; Middle East Countries; Australia and others
Japan
 No response
New Zealand
 N/A
Papua New Guinea
 Australia, Singapore, Japan, New Zealand
Peru
 No
Commercial Vehicle Operators
CVO 25
Intermodal/Logistics Systems Managers (IM/LM) Questionnaire Responses
2.
What job titles are included in the occupation of intermodal/logistics systems management in
your economy?
Australia
 (1) tend to be industry and employer specific; terms: Logistics Manager,
Dispatch Manager, Operations Manager used in area to describe functions
listed under this survey.
 (2) Director – Logistics Unit, Senior Logistics Officer, Project Co-ordinator
 (3) Warehouse and Distribution Manager
 (4) (a)Distribution Manager, (b)Warehouse Manager, (c)Purchasing/Resource
Manager, (d)Logistics Manager, (e)Transport Manager
 (5) Distribution Managers, Warehouse Managers, State and Federal
Government Department Directors, Coordinators, Project Officers etc.
Brunei Darussalam
 None yet
Canada
 Intermodal Business Planner; Intermodal Facilities Planner; Intermodal
Operations Planner; Travel Agent; Supply Chain Manager; Vice-President
Logistics; E-Logistics Officer; Intermodal Manager
Chinese Taipei
 Logistics: Logistics Integration Engineer
 Intermodal: Operation Department Manager
Indonesia
 Not sure I think they are: Logistics Manager; Transport Management
Specialist; freight transport expert
Japan
 Logistics Division; International Enterprises Division; Overseas Operations
Division; International Sales Administration Division
Thailand
 (a)Logistic Manager, (b)Distribution Manager, (c)Traffic Manager,
(d)Logistic Planning Manager, (e)Supply Chain Manager
Vietnam
 To be developed
3. Please give general descriptions of the kind of work carried out within these job titles.
Australia
 (1) Freight administration, distribution, management of loads and trucks in
general road freight operation.
 (2) All 3 positions work as a team to deliver NT Govt.’s blueprint for Darwin
to become the supply, service and distribution centre for region. Logistics
Unit provides policy advice and conducts strategic research to ensure NT’s
freight networks serve increasing needs of customers for timely and efficient
delivery into 21st century.
 (3) Generally, internal management systems focussing on efficient movement
of product within company system.
 (4) (a) Responsible for Companies outwards goods dispatch and warehousing.
(b) Responsible for warehouse and local carriage.
(c) Purchasing services and contract administration.
(d) Responsible for inwards and outwards movement control and warehousing
of product and acquisition of services.
(e) Responsible for management of transport task.
(5) End to End delivery solutions, that deliver cost efficient, timely and risk
controlled outcomes to their respective market consumers.
Brunei Darussalam
 N/A
Intermodal/Logistics Systems Managers
IM/LM 1
Canada
Chinese Taipei
Indonesia
Japan
Thailand
Vietnam
 Identify total system requirements
 Planning of transportation network
 Undertake systems planning and forecasting
 System integration
 Analyse intermodal processes and operations
 Communicate and negotiate with related entities, such as contractors and
shippers/airlines
 Analyse trade environment
 Forge business alliances
 Plan and monitor schedules
 Maintain and operate e-log database
 Logistics Integration Engineer – dealing with information flow, product flow,
cash flow problems of logistics companies
 Operation Department Manager – dealing with whole intermodal
transportation process planning and arrangement
 N/A
 No response
 (a) overall planning, processing and monitoring of all logistics aspects
concerning material management, storage and physical distribution
(b) supervision on overall outbound finished goods procedures.
(c) controlling overall transportation modes and customs clearance procedure.
(d) planning of all logistics aspects.
(e) ordering material and physical distribution.
 N/A
4. Are there entry requirements to work in any of the above-mentioned positions?
5. If ‘yes’, please give details of the entry requirements.
Australia
 (1) No formal entry requirements exist.
 (2) No mandatory requirements except for the normal eligibility criteria to
work in the NT Public Service. Academic qualifications are desirable.
 (3) No
 (4) Yes, all positions either 5-10 years experience plus track record or
increasingly Diploma or Degree course from university/TAFE.
 (5) No
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Canada
 No
Chinese Taipei
 Logistics Integration Engineer – must participate in training course held by
Taiwan Association of Logistics Management and pass license examination
 Operation Department Manager - none
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 No
Thailand
 Yes (a) over 10 years experience in field (b) over 3 years (c) over 3 years
(d) over 5 years (e) over 5 years
Vietnam
 N/A
Professional Bodies
Intermodal/Logistics Systems Managers
IM/ML
2
6.
What are the major national and/or regional organisations in your economy which represent
the interests of intermodal/logistics managers? What are the functions/roles of the
organisation?
Australia
 (1) Australian Trucking Association - represents the road transport industry
 (2) Chartered Institute of Transport (NT Section) - professional body that
promotes the role of transport and logistics in society
 (3) None in WA
 (4) Logistic Association of Australia
 (5) Chartered Institute of Transport, South Australian Land Freight Transport
Council Inc., Logistics Association of Australia, Douglas Mawson Institute of
TAFE (SA), Institute of Applied Logistics, ICHCA, Road Transport Forum,
Dept. of Industry, Science & Resources, SAFCSC, SAAFEC, Transport SA,
Commonwealth Dept. of Transport & Trade, Employment National, Institute
of Transport Studies, Rail 2000.
Brunei Darussalam
 Brunei Shell Petroleum Company
Canada
 Canadian Association of Logistics Management (CALM)
 promotes logistics-related education - sponsors seminars and short courses
 promotes transportation educational programs of institutions
 Canadian Professional Logistics Institute (CPLI)
 mandate includes “Develop comprehensive training in logistics”
 Canadian Institute of Traffic and Transportation (CITT)
 leading provider of professional development and certification in
transportation, logistics and distribution management
Chinese Taipei
 Taiwan Association of Logistics Management - Integrated logistics companies
and related organisation to improve logistics development in Taiwan area
 China Productivity Center
 Positioned itself in role of New Paradigm Pioneer
 Provide Logistics consultant services and related training program design
Indonesia
 Trucking Company – private sector as operator of freight transport
 Export-Import Company – private sector
 Port Authority – Port operator
 Freight Forwarder – Transhipment Operator
 MTI – Professional Association
Japan
 No response
Thailand
 Thai Shipowners Association
 Thai International Freight Forwarders Association
 Bangkok Shipowners and Agents Association
 Thai Airfreight Forwarders Association
Vietnam
 Ministry of Transport (MOT)
 Vietnam Maritime Bureau – in charge of maritime transport
 Legal and Transport Department – oversees legal and transport issues
 Vietnam Freight Forwarders Association
 Vietnam Road Administration – in charge of road transport
 Vietnam Inland Waterway Bureau – in charge of IWT
Intermodal/Logistics Systems Managers
IM/ML
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7
Are there any registration requirements before someone works as an intermodal/logistics
manager?
8
If ‘yes’, please name the body with whom the registration occurs and outline the
registration process.
Australia
 (1) No registration requirements apply in the ACT.
 (2) No
 (3) N/A
 (4) No
 (5) No
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Canada
 No
Chinese Taipei
 No
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 No
Thailand
 No
Vietnam
 Not developed yet
9 Have national standards been developed to describe the work of logistics managers?
10 If ‘yes’, who has developed these standards?
Australia
 (1) ACT is not directly involved if such descriptors have been developed.
 (2) No
 (3) No
 (4) No
 (5) No, each logistics solution different to last, typically there are similar KPIs
that need to be actioned and addressed in delivery of end to end solutions
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Canada
 No
Chinese Taipei
 No
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 No
Thailand
 No
Vietnam
 Not yet developed as concept quite new to us
11 Please give a brief description of the levels (of occupation) the standards cover and the kinds
of work/jobs they describe.
Australia
 (1) N/A
 (2) N/A
 (3) N/A
 (4) N/A
 (5) N/A
Canada
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
Indonesia
 N/A
Japan
 N/A
Thailand
 N/A
USA

Intermodal/Logistics Systems Managers
IM/ML
4
Vietnam
 N/A
Qualifications and Training
12 Are there any structured training programs in place specifically for entry into an occupation in
intermodal/logistics systems management?
13 If ‘no’, please describe any plans for development of such training? In what sector/s might
the training by given?
14 If ‘yes’, please provide details of qualification, institution providing qualification, duration,
and brief details about the course.
Australia
 (1) Not aware of any; Recommend contacting Commonwealth Govt. – Dept
of Transport & Regional Services, Integrated Logistics Network section.
 (2) currently being developed - NT University – 1-2 years;
Transport Industry Training Advisory Board – offer various modules covering
a range of practical competencies.
 (3) Unaware of any plans in WA.
 (4) Yes - Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology – various;
Diploma/Degree
 (5) Yes - Douglas Institute of TAFE (SA), Employment National & Institute
of Applied Logistics – Warehouse & Logistics Management 1, 2, 3 & 4
Diploma & Advance Diploma – 18 months each
Institute of Applied Logistics - Degree MBA
Brunei Darussalam
 No such training program planned in near future as demand is low
Canada
 Level 1: skills training (CITT) - 2 x 30hr courses
 current technical information on all modes of transportation, intermodalism
and transportation intermediaries
 second course explores physical distribution and logistics including
contracts, dangerous goods and transportation regulatory environment
 Level 2: general business (CITT)
 Any five of Administration; Business Strategy; Commercial Law; Finance;
Introductory Economics; Marketing; Organisational Behaviour; Risk
Management Process; Writing for Business
 Level 3: Professional Development (CITT)
 Physical Distribution/Logistics
 Any two of Logistics Decision Modeling; Transportation Economics;
Transportation Law
 CITT designation granted after completion of all levels
Chinese Taipei
 Logistics Integration Engineer – half year
– covers all kinds of logistics techniques and knowledge
Indonesia
 No – imperative to develop such training programs. The suitable institution
will be the Land Transportation Education and Training Centre (public
sector), or Trisakti University / Higher Education on Transport Management
(private sector)
Japan
 Corporate Juridical Party – Japan Institute of Logistics Systems
– for anyone engaged in international logistics business for more than 2 years
– anyone wanting to be specialist of international logistics
Intermodal/Logistics Systems Managers
IM/ML
5
Thailand
Vietnam
 Yes - ITBS – 480 hours (240 theory/240 practical); Certificate recognised by
Ministry of Education and TIFFA.
 MMI of Chulalongkorn University – 30 hours (27 theory/3 study tour);
Certificate from MMI recognised by Chulalongkorn University.
 No – the MOT and Vietnam Freight Forwarders Association are approaching
ESCAP for assistance in training programs and materials
15. In your opinion, what areas of specific training are necessary for the work involved in
intermodal/logistics systems management? Please comment particularly in relation to future
skill needs of the occupation and industry.
Australia
 (1) The ACT is unlikely to set standards in this area in our own right.
 (2) IT skills, e-commerce, supply chain management.
 (3) Skills need to be more externally focussed than is the case now, with
emphasis on complete demand – supply chain management in a vertically
integrated company and/or alliance with chain partner.
 (4) Diploma and Degree courses, which must be coupled to practical
experience.
 (5) Warehouse & logistics management levels 1, 2, 3 & 4 Diploma. As a
basis of the logistics relationships within Industry as a whole, for senior
management, suggest & recommend commitment to Advanced Diploma,
Degree, Logistics related MBA.
Brunei Darussalam
 transport management
 logistics management
 just-in-time management
Canada
 systems analysis
 supply chain management
 knowledge of different modes
 e-commerce
 logistics
 environmental analysis
 computer applications
 communications (external)
Chinese Taipei
 Logistics – skill and knowledge of integration of Information Flow, Product
Flow, Cash Flow
 Intermodal – cost-benefit concepts of intermodal transportation and
integration techniques of Intermodal transportation
Indonesia
 Supply chain (transhipment)
 Warehousing
 Packaging
 Information technology
 Logistics
 Export-import administration
 Transport management specialist
Japan
 No response
Thailand
 lack well-qualified personnel with expertise in overall logistics/intermodal
management. Advanced Training Program (ATP) on overall
Intermodal/Logistics Systems Managers
IM/ML
6
Vietnam
logistics/intermodal management deemed necessary as it will act as core of
development in field. Concept of ATP should be raised for exchange of views
and experiences among APEC economies, taking into consideration new
trends of logistics and technologies.
 common understanding of concept of Intermodal/Logistics Systems Managers
 multimodel transport
 trade and transport linkages
 total distribution and logistics management
 legal aspects and risk management
 logistics supply chain management
 current role of Freight Forwarders and MOT
Recognition of Qualifications from other Countries and/or APEC Economies
16
Have any other mutual recognition arrangements been made between economies, for
example, by educational institutions, in relation to intermodal/logistics management training?
17 If ‘yes’, please provide information on the arrangement.
Australia
 (1) No
 (2) No
 (3) No
 (4) Yes, recommend contacting RMIT
 (5) No
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Canada
 No
Chinese Taipei
 No
Indonesia
 No
Japan
 No
Thailand
 No
Vietnam
 No
18. What factors would be important in recognising a person’s foreign experience in logistics
management or a related field, for purposes of employment?
Australia
 (1) N/A
 (2) N/A
 (3) N/A
 (4) Past practical experience, then qualifications.
 (5) N/A
Brunei Darussalam
 size of logistics companies he/she has been working with
 companies must be dealing with international market
Canada
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
Indonesia
 Training certificate, work experience, knowledge of national and international
laws and regulations on transhipment, knowledge of national/local transport
infrastructure characteristics etc
Japan
 N/A
Thailand
 N/A
Vietnam
 work efficiency
 sharing experience and profession
Intermodal/Logistics Systems Managers
IM/ML
7
 cost saving
19. What benefits are there (if any) to having mutual recognition arrangements of qualifications
and experience for logistics managers?
Australia
 (1) N/A
 (2) N/A
 (3) N/A
 (4) Ability to exchange people and ideas across economies to improve the
transport chain.
 (5) N/A
Brunei Darussalam
 employ foreign managers with objective of knowledge/technology transfer to
suitable citizen
 exchange/placement of managers between economies
Canada
 N/A
Chinese Taipei
 N/A
Indonesia
 professional standard, national economy, transport industrial performance etc
Japan
 N/A
Thailand
 N/A
Vietnam
 work efficiency
 sharing experience and profession
 cost saving
20. From the point of view of your economy and/or profession, what barriers are there to such
arrangements occurring?
Australia
 (1) Restrictions on competition or entry must meet a public good test. This
public good test includes that the outcome sought can only be achieved by
proposed restrictive approach.
 (2) Too much diversity in logistics systems and across the profession.
 (3) No standards; no nationally accredited qualifications; no appreciation of
logistics in a comprehensive demand-supply chain environment.
 (4) No standards to compare, no nationally accredited qualifications, difficulty
verifying other economies’ qualifications, too much diversity within
profession.
(5) Huge areas of diversity within profession; difficult to verify other
economies’ qualifications. Other economies struggle with linehaul distances
in Australia (single lane). Other economies struggle with Australian OH&S
standards. Difficult for some economies’ EAN compliancy for manufacturing,
wholesaling & retailing. Compliance with Australian road/rail/sea legal
loading/capacity regulations.
Brunei Darussalam
 difficulty verifying other economies’ qualifications
 no standards to compare
Canada
 no national standards and/or accreditation agencies, not only in our economy
but in other APEC economies as well
Chinese Taipei
 no standards to compare
 no nationally accredited qualifications
 difficulty verifying other economies’ qualifications
Intermodal/Logistics Systems Managers
IM/ML
8
Indonesia
Japan
Thailand
Vietnam
 no standards to compare
 no nationally accredited qualifications
 difficulty verifying other economies’ qualifications
 too much diversity within the profession
 no nationally accredited qualifications
 no specific laws and regulations to monitor and regulate intermodal/logistic
business
 no standard of educational qualifications in terms of substantive and
fundamental issues
 no standard of terminologies and codes used in transportation
 no standard of competent national body to accredit the intermodal/logistics
qualifications
 Not yet experienced
21. How might these barriers be overcome? Please comment.
Australia
 (1) See response to Question 20.
 (2) Focus on core competency levels required.
 (3) Change of mindset/culture by domestic companies; intervention of
overseas companies.
 (4) Common training programs and agreed mutual experience credits.
 (5) International traineeships/exchange programs; greater interaction and
sharing of data between like businesses; create international standards that
cater for diversity of our economy
Brunei Darussalam
 studying other economies’ qualifications
 acquire proven standards of advanced economies
Canada
 cooperative efforts and lobbying by institutions and associations already
providing training and education in field
Chinese Taipei
 authority government departments should notice related problems and
establish qualification and regulation rules as soon as possible
Indonesia
 mutual recognition on all jobs related to intermodal transport system
 setting the qualifications and conditions include pre-requisites
 standard training program
 work experience on intermodal transport
Japan
 authorisation of qualification by the nation
Thailand
 going to enact the Multimodal Transport Act B.E. with aim of encouraging
and facilitating multimodal transport operation, regulating and monitoring
multimodal transport operators and protecting users’ interests. Multimodal
transport operators in Thailand can obtain status certificate for Non-Vessel
Operating Common Carrier (NVOCC) and multimodal transport operators
from competent national authority to ensure their users quality of service.
Vietnam
 no comments for time being
22. What factors/conditions would persuade your economy/profession to consider negotiating
mutual recognition arrangements?
Australia
 (1) Mutual recognition within Australia dealt with under Heads of
Government Agreement.
Intermodal/Logistics Systems Managers
IM/ML
9
 (2) Trade – eg. Quality of exports, level of business activity.
 (3) None
 (4) Educational institutions have common courses, agreed mutual experience
credits.
 (5) No response
Brunei Darussalam
 unavailability of qualified and experienced local in particular field
Canada
 implementation by our own economy and one or more other APEC
economies, solutions to barriers identified in question 20
Chinese Taipei
 intense trading relation between two economies
 trading market has strong needs of normal standard and mutual recognition
Indonesia
 job opportunity
 lower cost on intermodal transport system
 enhance export and import in efficient and effective way
Japan
 No response
Thailand
 need to reach common understandings among APEC economies in field of
intermodal/logistics management
 need of intermodal/logistics operators in one economy to expand their
operations into other APEC economies
Vietnam
 work efficiency
 to cope with international professional standards
33. Are there any other specific countries/economies with whom it would be beneficial to
consider mutual recognition?
34. If ‘yes’, please specify which economies.
Australia
 (1) No comment.
 (2) Yes, North Asian economies (Taiwan, China, Hong Kong) particularly for
food exports. Also Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines.
 (3) No.
 (4) Yes, all.
 (5) No response.
Brunei Darussalam
 No
Canada
 No
Chinese Taipei
 No
Indonesia
 Yes – ASEAN Countries; Middle East Countries; North America; Japan;
Australia and others
Japan
 No response
Thailand
 Yes, all
Vietnam
 No
NOTES
Australia (NT)

Intermodal/Logistics Manager would be recruited with view of his/her background (cargo
ship officer, shipping line officer, warehouse/distribution manager, container forwarding
manager etc) preferably with a degree in logistics (RMIT runs course in Transportation
Logistics) or possibly a marine engineering degree (any degree supported with appropriate
experience in logistics – especially if gained in sea ports – would probably be considered
good enough)
Intermodal/Logistics Systems Managers
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