STRUKTUR PERANCAH ; PENGGUNAAN DAN PERTIMBANGAN
ASPEK-ASPEK KESELAMATANNYA DI TAPAK BINA
ZHARINAH EDWARD MIYUN
Laporan projek ini dikemukakan sebagai sebahagian daripada syarat penganugerahan
Ijazah Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Awam
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Mac 2004
“Saya akui karya ini adalah hasil kerja saya sendiri kecuali nukilan dan ringkasan yang
tiap-tiap satunya telah saya jelaskan sumbernya”
Tandatangan
:
…………………………
Nama Penulis
:
Zharinah Edward Miyun
Tarikh
:
8 Mac 2004
“Saya akui bahawa saya telah membaca karya ini dan pada pandangan saya karya ini
adalah memadai dari segi skop dan kualiti untuk tujuan penganugerahan
Ijazah Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Awam”
Tandatangan
:
........................................………….
Nama Penyelia
:
Tuan Haji Othaman Bin Salleh
Tarikh
:
8 Mac 2004
DEDIKASI
Buat ayah dan bonda tercinta…
Encik Miyun B. Gualah & Puan Sipah Bte. Lamin…
Jasa dan pengorbananmu tak mungkin kuterbalas hingga ke akhir hayatku…
Buat adik-adik akak yang tersayang dan sentiasa memahami…
Faizal, Ferilidaus, Shailey dan Norsaila…
Kerana kalianlah akak berjuang untuk kejayaan ini…
Buat Mazlie B. Mohamad…
Terima kasih kerana banyak mengajar erti kehidupan buat umi…
Terima kasih kerana dugaan bersamamu telah banyak mematangkan diri ini…
Budimu akan kubawa mati…
Buat Hairol Nizam…
Thanks kerana sentiasa mendengar masalah saya yang tak pernah habis…
Dan sentiasa memahami…diri dan pendirianku tidak akan sekuat dan segagah sekarang
tanpa nasihat dari anda…
Buat rakan-rakan seperjuangan…
Ziela, Ckin, Cmin, Mast, Aleng, Farah, Yanie, Cik Why, Emi, Mc-You, Nisa Fakurazi,..
Dan yg tak tersebut namanya…
Kenangan bersama kalian tidak mungkin kulupakan…
Akhir sekali, Buat Tuan Haji Othaman b. Salleh…
Terima kasih kerana sentiasa memberi panduan pada saya…
Maafkan segala salah dan silap saya…
Dan buat semua yang terlibat secara langsung atau tidak sepanjang pengajian di bumi
UTM yang indah permai ini…
PENGHARGAAN
Alhamdulillah berkat dan rahmat dari Nya, Projek Sarjana Muda ini dapat saya
siapkan walaupun menghadapi banyak kesukaran dan rintangan. Di sini saya ingin
mengambil kesempatan untuk mengucapkan setinggi penghargaan kepada Encik
Othaman Bin Salleh yang telah banyak membantu dan memberi tunjuk ajar kepada saya
tanpa jemu. Tidak lupa juga buat rakan-rakan seperjuangan yang sentiasa bersama dalam
suka duka. Segala jasa yang kalian taburkan akan dikenang sepanjang hayat.
Buat keluarga tercinta, terima kasih kerana sentiasa memahami situasi dan
masalah serta sentiasa memberi semangat dan dorongan untuk terus berjuang bagi
mencapai kejayaan di bumi UTM ini. Tanpa anda semua, tidak mungkin kejayaan ini
menjadi milik saya.
ABSTRAK
Kerja sementara memainkan peranan yang penting dalam proses pembinaan
struktur kekal. Salah satu daripada kerja sementara adalah struktur perancah. Ia
digunakan sebagai penyediaan kepada laluan sementara, penyokong kepada acuan
konkrit dan bertindak sebagai pelantar untuk pekerja bekerja. Struktur perancah yang
baik adalah yang direkabentuk dan dibina berdasarkan peraturan dan kod amalan yang
telah ditetapkan. Pada masa kini, kebanyakan struktur perancah adalah dari jenis pasang
siap/ sistem. Perancah jenis ini lebih praktikal, selamat, kukuh serta menjimatkan masa
dan kos.
Penyelidikan dalam pembangunan struktur kerja sementara adalah penting
dijalankan di Malaysia. Struktur perancah yang baik mestilah disediakan dengan faktor
keselamatan yang tinggi untuk menjamin keselamatan pekerja yang terbabit dengan
penggunaan struktur ini. Struktur perancah memainkan peranan dalam perjalanan proses
sesuatu projek pembinaan. Dalam menghasilkan struktur perancah yang lebih efektif,
lebih banyak penyelidikan dan teknologi terkini perlu diaplikasi dalam industri
pembinaan di negara kita.
ABSTRACT
Temporary work plays an important role in completing permanent structures in
construction industry. One of the elements of temporary work is scaffolding. It plays its
role by providing passageway, support to structures and as workers platform. Good
scaffolding must meet the standard and regulation and including design. In today
practices, mainly is pre-fabricated system. The system is adopted due its effectiveness in
terms of fabrication and installation time, cost and strength.
The research work is concerned about the development of temporary work in that
currently used in Malaysia. A good scaffolding system must be provided with a high
provision to the safety of construction workers. Scaffolding system will always determine
the progress of the construction. In order to create an effective scaffolding system, more
research and the new and revolution technology on scaffold system should be applied to
the construction industry in our country
SCAFFOLDING ; USE AND CONSIDERATION OF THE SAFETY ASPECTS IN
CONSTRUCTION SITE.
Zharinah Edward Miyun, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Supervisor : Tuan Haji Othaman Bin Salleh
Abstract: Temporary work plays an important role in completing permanent structures in construction
industry. One of the elements of temporary work is scaffolding. It plays its role by providing
passageway, support to structures and as workers platform. Good scaffolding must meet the standard
and regulation and including design. In today practices, mainly is pre-fabricated system. The system is
adopted due its effectiveness in terms of fabrication and installation time, cost and strength. The
research work is concerned about the development of temporary work in that currently used in
Malaysia. A good scaffolding system must be provided with a high provision to the safety of
construction workers. Scaffolding system will always determine the progress of the construction. In
order to create an effective scaffolding system, more research and the new and revolution technology
on scaffold system should be applied to the construction industry in our country.
1.
INTRODUCTION
Scaffolding is an important element in every construction process especially in
constructing of structure of building. Ordinarily, scaffolding was involved from the
beginning of a construction process until the end of it. In this project, the review actually
will be concerned about the application of scaffolding and also the safety aspect around
the construction site. Some of the review objective as below:
i)
To observe the type of scaffolding and also it correspondence uses.
ii)
To observe the design and the scaffolding construction Principe at the
construction site.
iii)
To examine the right method of installation of the scaffolding to fulfill
the code of practice.
iv)
To observe the root factor that caused the scaffolding failure at the
construction site.
v)
To observe the safety procedure in using scaffolding which have been
assign in the rule and the code of practice.
Scope of this observation is focus on the interrogate research that have been perform to
the contractor. Otherwise, it also concern to the observation at the construction site
during in plant practical.
2.
LITERITURE REVIEW
Ordinarily, construction of scaffolding can be divided to four main category
regarding to the material like bamboo, wood, steel and aluminium. Every of those
material will develop a different scaffolding according to the load that can be supported.
There are few type scaffolding can be found in market which corresponding to each uses
like example:
a) Unsupported tied scaffolding
b) Putlog scaffolding
c) Bird nest scaffolding
d) Tower scaffolding
e) System scaffolding
f) “Trestle & Ladder “
g) Tube cylinder steel scaffolding
h) Tube frame steel scaffolding
i) Modular system
To qualify the construction technologies in the construction industries, the scaffolding are
also not withdraw from it. There are few type of scaffolding that have been designed and
constructed to be adopted in this present construction system. As an example, tube steel
scaffolding which suitable for use on uneven ground surface, tube cylinder steel
scaffolding which suitable to use for any working situation especially at narrow place and
system modular which construct to be used in the form of cylinder or circle like
petrochemical plant (refer picture 1 and 2). The scaffolding design principe is according
to several factor as loading system, safety factor, economy, foundation, capability to be
constructed and also safety. The construction process at construction site has to consider
after designing process. Have a several factor that need to be considered as the uses of
material, drawing and design specification, workers, soleplate/ base plate, parallelism and
surface, stability, investigation and qualification. Figure 1 shows the scaffold procedure
design.
Picture 1 : Tube cylinder steel scaffolding
3.
Picture 2 : Tube steel scaffolding
ANALYSIS AND RESULT
This observation have been recognized the failure purpose of a scaffold as below:
i)
Deform of the material
- This kind of failure caused by re-using a broken scaffold in term to reduce
the project cost. The deform material is like rusty and crooked scaffold.
ii)
Insufficient of component
- It usually caused by the workers careless during construction. It also
caused by the leakage of element in a scaffold. Leakage of coupler is
among of the failure that always happens during construction of tube
cylinder steel scaffolding.
iii)
Over load
- The workers attitude that using the platform as storage to keep tools and
material that cause the scaffold to bear overload.
-
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
Unqualified renovation
- Modification without permission of a qualify engineer during using stage.
This will cause the structure become unstable due to the change of the
formation and function.
Colliding with a machine or logy
- caused by uneven arrangement of the construction site and also there is no
suitable path.
Weather
Soil condition
- it is about the soil bearing capacity.
Insufficient of wall ties and sharing.
To overcome and reduce the failure of scaffolding, the safety procedure need to be
considered start from the beginning until it can be used. The construction procedures
need to be fulfil during the installation process of scaffolding. The installation of a
scaffolding is almost similar for each type and it is an important to fulfill the specification
and follow the rule and also the code of practice that have been assign. Several item of
the regulation and the code of practice that been used in our country as below:
i. BS 1139, Part 2 : 1982
ii. BS 1139, Section 1.1 : 1990
iii. BS 1139, Section 1.2 : 1990
iv. B.S 1139, Section 2.1 : 1991
v. Peraturan Kilang dan Mesin (Operasi Bangunan dan Kerja Kejuruteraan
Pembinaan),Bahagian X, 1986
vi. MS 10.1, 1975
The regulation and the code of practice is including all thing that involve to the
scaffolding as public rules, material specification, construction, safety investigation,
organizing and also the examination of material.
Method of permanent work construction
Basic loads
Choose scaffold and layout
Direct vertical loads
Direct horizontal loads
Induced vertical loads
Check verticals
Diagonal bracing
Check stability
Improved layout
Foundation
Jacks
Special details
Figure 1 : Scaffold procedure design
Setting out
4.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CONCLUSION
The conclusions that be drawn from this study are as follows;
There are several type of scaffolding have been made which match it uses in
the construction industries likes tube steel scaffolding, tube cylinder steel
scaffolding and the modular system.
From the analysis, it is analysis shown that the tube steel scaffolding always
used in the construction site. This is due to due to possibility to get it, high
factor of safety, thrifty cost and can be used for many times.
Most of contractors not followed the regulation and the code of practice of the
scaffolding and only used it based on experience and knowledge.
The failure of scaffolding is almost cause of human inattentive, it also when
we do not follow the regulation and the code of practice.
It is importance to fulfill the specification and follow the safety procedure that
been firmed in the safety procedure and code of practice. This is because the
regulation and code of practice cover all aspect consist of the public rules,
material specification, construction, safety investigation, arrangement and the
examination of material.
REFERENCES
Badrie, A., safety At Work., A handbook to the occupational safety and health
Act 1994, first edition, 1995.
Murray Grant,BSc (Eng) Hons, C Eng, MICE, Scaffold Falsework Design to BS
5975.
Doughty, R., Scaffolding, Longman Scientific and Technical, 1986.
Fadhil Othman (1998), “Principle Guide for Scaffolding Erection.”, National
Seminar on Temporary Structures Design and construction for Safety, pp 1-6.
A. Yabe, E.Y. Chuah, Ir. W.L. Yap (2000), “Scaffolding Quality Systems for The
Construction of Main terminal Building,KLIA.”JURUTERA, pp. 52-28.
KANDUNGAN
BAB
BAB I
BAB II
PERKARA
MUKA SURAT
DEDIKASI
ii
PENGHARGAAN
iii
ABSTRAK
iv
ABSTRACT
v
KANDUNGAN
vi
SENARAI RAJAH
xii
SENARAI JADUAL
xvi
PENGENALAN
1.1 Pengenalan
1
1.2 Objektif kajian
2
1.3 Skop kajian
3
REKABENTUK DAN PEMBINAAN STRUKTUR
PERANCAH DITAPAK BINA
2.1 Pengenalan
4
2.2 Binaan struktur perancah
4
2.2.1 Buluh
5
2.2.2 Kayu
6
2.2.3 Keluli
6
2.2.4 Aluminium
7
2.3 Fungsi struktur perancah
7
2.3.1 Pelantar tempat bekerja
8
2.3.2 Pelantar untuk menempatkan bahan atau loji
8
2.3.3 Pelantar dan tangga laluan
8
2.3.4 Pelantar kerja sementara
9
2.4 Komponen utama struktur perancah
11
2.4.1 Tiub perancah
11
2.4.2 Papan perancah
11
2.5 Unsur-unsur utama perancah
12
2.6 Prinsip rekabentuk
15
2.6.1 Sistem pembebanan
17
2.6.1.1 Beban mati
18
2.6.1.2 Beban hidup
18
2.6.1.3 Beban alam sekitar/ beban angin
19
2.6.2 Keboleh pemasangan
19
2.6.3 Faktor keselamatan
20
2.6.4 Penapak
20
2.6.4.1 Rekabentuk saiz papan dan luas pengalas
20
tapak
BAB III
2.6.5 Ekonomi
22
2.6.6 Keselamatan
22
2.7 Prinsip pembinaan
23
2.7.1 Penggunaan bahan
23
2.7.2 Pekerja
24
2.7.3 Lukisan dan spesifikasi rekabentuk
24
2.7.4 Tapak
25
2.7.5 Keselarian aras
27
2.7.6 Kestabilan
27
2.7.7 Pengagihan beban
28
2.7.8 Pemeriksaan keselamatan dan kelulusan
28
TEKNOLOGI TERKINI DALAM PENGGUNAAN
STRUKTUR PERANCAH DITAPAK BINA
3.1 Pengenalan
29
3.2 Kualiti bahan
29
3.3 Jenis-jenis perancah
30
3.3.1 Perancah terikat tak bersandar
30
3.3.2 Perancah Putlog
32
3.3.3 Perancah sarang burung capaian
34
3.3.4 Perancah menara
35
3.3 5 Perancah sistem
37
3.3.6 “Trestle & ladder”
38
3.3.7 Perancah tiub keluli bulat
40
3.3.8 Perancah sistem modular
40
3.4 Teknologi terkini dalam penggunaan struktur
41
perancah
3.4.1 Perancah rangka tiub keluli
3.4.1.1 Perbandingan
41
3.4.1.2 Komponen utama
43
3.4.2 Perancah tiub keluli bulat
BAB IV
41
47
3.4.2.1 Perbandingan
47
3.4.2.2 Komponen utama
48
3.4.3 Perancah modular
54
3.4.3.1 Perbandingan
54
3.4.3.2 Komponen utama
55
ANALISIS DAN KEPUTUSAN
4.1 Pengenalan
59
4.2 Analisis dan keputusan
59
4.2.1 Perancah yang sering digunakan
59
4.2.2.1 Kegunaan
60
4.2.2.2 Kos dan keselamatan
60
4.2.2 Faktor-faktor kegagalan struktur perancah
63
4.2.2.1 Kecacatan bahan
63
4.2.2.2 Kekurangan komponen
63
4.2.2.3 Beban berlebihan
64
4.2.2.4 Pengubahsuaian tanpa kelulusan
64
4.2.2.5 Perlanggaran dengan mesin atau loji
64
4.2.2.6 Cuaca
65
4.2.2.7 Keadaan tanah
65
4.2.2.8 Kekurangan pengikat dinding dan perembat
67
4.3 Keselamatan struktur perancah di tapak bina
67
4.3.1 Pemasangan perancah
4.3.1.1 Bidang kuasa kerja pengendali perancah
4.3.2 Prosedur pemasangan perancah
BAB V
67
68
68
4.3.2.1 Perancah sistem rangka keluli
69
4.3.2.2 Keselamatan dalam pemasangan kerangka
69
4.3.3 Pembahagian dan pengiraan beban
70
4.3.4 Pemasangan jaring keselamatan
71
4.3.4.1 Peraturan memasang jaring
71
4.3.4.2 Spesifikasi jaring keselamatan
73
4.4 Peraturan dan kod amalan
74
4.4.1 Peraturan umum bagi struktur perancah
77
4.4.2 Penyenggaraan struktur perancah
79
4.4.3 Kelulusan rekabentuk dan lukisan perincian
79
4.4.4 Pengawasan kerja dan pemeriksaan bahan
80
4.4.5 Pemeriksaan struktur perancah
80
KESIMPULAN DAN CADANGAN
5.1 Kesimpulan
82
5.2 Cadangan
83
RUJUKAN
85
LAMPIRAN
SENARAI RAJAH
No. Rajah
2.1
Tajuk
Unsur-unsur dalam binaan
Muka surat
13
perancah
2.2
Prosedur dalam merekabentuk
16
perancah
2.2 (a)
Tapak asas yang betul untuk
26
tanah rata
2.2 (b)
Tapak asas yang betul untuk
27
tanah bercerun
3.1
Perancah terikat tak bersandar
31
3.2 (a)
Perancah Putlog
33
3.2 (b)
Pemasangan putlog pada dinding
33
3.3
Perancah sarang burung capaian
35
3.4
Perancah menara
36
3.5
Penggunaan baji dalam perancah
38
sistem
3.6 (a)
“Trestle&ladder”
39
3.6 (b)
Trestle
39
3.6 (c )
Ladder
40
3.7
Binaan asas perancah rangka tiub
44
keluli dan komponen pemasangan
3.8 (a)
Plat tapak tetap
45
3.8 (b)
Plat tapak boleh ubah
45
3.9
Pengikat dinding
47
3.10
Right angle coupler
51
3.11
Swivel coupler
52
3.12
End to end coupler
52
3.13
Parallel coupler
53
3.14
Perancah modular
54
3.15
Tiang
56
3.16
Anggota melintang
56
3.17
Anggota condong
58
4.1
Perancah rangka tiub keluli
61
4.2
Perancah tiub keluli bulat
61
4.3
Penggunaan perancah tiub keluli
62
bulat di tempat yang sempit
4.4
Pemasangan jaring keselamatan
72
4.5
Contoh kiraan ukuran jaring
74
SENARAI JADUAL
No. Jadual
2.1
Tajuk
Spesifikasi minimum untuk
Muka surat
6
perancah
2.2
Kategori kerja dalam struktur
10
perancah dan bilangan pelantar
yang diperlukan
2.3
Jenis, kegunaan dan had beban
18
maksimum
3.1
Spesifikasi tiub keluli saiz 2 inci
49
dan 3 inci dan itub aluminium
saiz 2 inci
3.2
Spesifikasi tiang perancah
55
modular
3.3
Spesifikasi anggota melintang
57
perancah modular
3.4
Spesifikasi anggota condong
58
perancah modular
4.1
Kegunaan had beban bagi
64
struktur perancah
4.2
Keupayaan galas tanah
67
4.3
Faktor kerja yang mampu
77
menghindarkan kemalangan