“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
Rama Instructs Bharata
Summary
Rama gives instruction to Bharata as regards the duties of a king and the polity under an
ideal monarchy under the pretext of enquiring about the welfare of his father and others.
Chapter [Sarga] 100 in Detail
jatilam chiiravasanam praajnjalim patitam bhuvi |
dadarsha raamo durdarsham yugaante bhaaskaram yathaa || 2-100-1
Rama saw Bharata, with matted locks, wearing bark-robes and, with joined palms, lying
on the ground, incapable of being seen as the sun at the time of the dissolution of the world.
katham chidabhivijjnaaya vivarnavadanam krisham |
bhraataram bharatam raamah parijagraaha baahunaa || 2-100-2
Rama recognized with some difficulty his brother Bharata, whose face became pale and
who was emaciated, and took him by the arm.
aaghraaya raamah tam muurdhni parishvajya ca raaghavah |
anke bharatam aaropya paryaprigccat samaahitah || 2-100-3
Smelling the crown of his head, placing him on his lap, Rama who was born in Raghu
dynasty embraced Bharata and with an absorbent mind, enquired of him as follows:
Page 1 of 15
“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
kva nu te abhuut pitaa taata yad aranyam tvam aagatah |
na hi tvam jiivatah tasya vanam aagantum arhasi || 2-100-4
"My darling! Where is our father, that you have come to the forest? He, being alive, you
ought not have to come to the forest."
cirasya bata pashyaami duuraad bharatam aagatam |
dushpratiikam aranye asmin kim taata vanam aagatah || 2-100-5
"I see you after a long time, coming from a far-off distance, wearing a mournful face into
this forest Alas! Why have you come to the forest, my darling?"
kachchiddhaarayae taata raajaa yattvamihaagatah |
kachchinna diinah sahasaa raajaa lokaantaram gatah || 2-100-6
"My dear brother! Is the king alive, that you have come here? I hope the miserable king
has not indeed departed to the other world, all of a sudden."
kachchitsaumya nate raajyam bhrastham baalasya shaashvatam |
kachchichhushruusase taata pitaram satyavikramam || 2-100-7
"O, gentle brother! I hope the eternal kingdom has in a no way suffered from your
youthful experience. My darling! Are you rendering service to our father, who is truly valiant?"
kaccid dasharatho raajaa kushalii satya samgarah |
raaja suuya ashva medhaanaam aahartaa dharma nishcayah || 2-100-8
"I hope that the King Dasaratha is well, he who is true to his promise, he who performs
Rajasuya and Ashwamedha Sacrifices and he who has a righteous resolve."
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“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
sa kaccid braahmano vidvaan dharma nityo mahaa dyutih |
ikshvaakuunaam upaadhyaayo yathaavat taata puujyate || 2-100-9
"My darling! Are you treating respectfully as before that preceptor of the Ikshvaku’s, the
one who knows the sacred scriptures, the one who knows the sacred scriptures, the learned who
constantly keep up the virtues and he who has a great splendor?"
saa taata kaccic ca kausalyaa sumitraa ca prajaavatii |
sukhinii kaccid aaryaa ca devii nandati kaikayii || 2-100-10
"My darling! I hope that Kausalya and Sumitra having good offspring are happy. I hope
the venerable queen Kaikeyi is rejoicing."
kaccid vinaya sampannah kula putro bahu shrutah |
anasuuyur anudrashtaa satkritah te purohitah || 2-100-11
"I hope that the preceptor (Suyajna the son of Vasishta); who is rich in humility, a son of a
noble family, who has a knowledge of many scriptures an un-envious person and who is full of
insight, is duly honored by you."
kaccid agnishu te yukto vidhijno matimaan rijuh |
hutam ca hoshyamaanam ca kaale vedayate sadaa || 2-100-12
"I hope that a Brahmin who is versed in the traditions, who is intelligent and just,
employed in your sacred fires, always informs you in time, about a sacrificial fire having been or
going to be fed with oblations."
kachchiddevaan pitruun bhritvaanguruun pitrisamaanapi |
vriddhaamshcha taata vaidyaamshcha braahmanaamshchaabhimanyase || 2-100-13
"My darling! I hope that you are holding in high esteem the gods, your ancestors,
dependents and teachers of your father's age the doctors and the Brahmins."
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“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
ishu astra vara sampannam artha shaastra vishaaradam |
sudhanvaanam upaadhyaayam kaccit tvam taata manyase || 2-100-14
"O, my darling! I hope that you treat with due respect; Sudhanva, your teacher in archery,
who is furnished with the most excellent arrows and darts and well-versed in political economy."
kaccid aatma samaah shuuraah shrutavanto jita indriyaah |
kuliinaah ca ingitajnaah ca kritaah te taata mantrinah || 2-100-15
"I hope that ministers who are valiant like you, learned, masters of their senses of noble
birth and skilled interpreting internal sentiments by external gesture, are assigned to you."
mantro vijaya muulam hi raajnaam bhavati raaghava |
susamvrito mantra dharair amaatyaih shaastra kovidaih || 2-100-16
"The source of victory for kings indeed comes from a concealed counsel by ministers,
who are well-versed in political sciences and who can hide their thoughts within themselves."
kaccin nidraa vasham na eshi kaccit kaale vibudhyase |
kaccin ca apara raatrishu cintayasy artha naipunam || 2-100-17
"I hope you do not fall a prey to excess of sleep and do wake up at appropriate time. I
hope you contemplate during the later half of the night, about the adroitness of an action."
kaccin mantrayase na ekah kaccin na bahubhih saha |
kaccit te mantrito mantro raashtram na paridhaavati || 2-100-18
"I hope that you do not deliberate alone nor indeed with numerous men. I hope your
decision arrived at by you through such deliberation does not flow to the public (even before it is
carried out)".
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“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
kaccid artham vinishcitya laghu muulam mahaa udayam |
kshipram aarabhase kartum na diirghayasi raaghava || 2-100-19
"O, Bharata! I hope considering your interest fully, you launch an undertaking, which has
maximum benefit with minimum coast and indeed do not delay it further."
kaccit tu sukritaany eva krita ruupaani vaa punah |
viduh te sarva kaaryaani na kartavyaani paarthivaah || 2-100-20
"I hope the other kings know your entire undertakings only after they have been
successfully completed as well as those which have taken a shape, but not your proposed
undertakings."
kaccin na tarkair yuktvaa vaa ye ca apy aparikiirtitaah |
tvayaa vaa tava vaa amaatyair budhyate taata mantritam || 2-100-21
"My darling! I hope that others are not knowing, by their enquiries or strategies or by any
other approaches not mentioned, the details of discussions you make with your ministers."
kaccit sahasraan muurkhaanaam ekam igccasi panditam |
pandito hy artha krigccreshu kuryaan nihshreyasam mahat || 2-100-22
"I hope you solicit for one wise man rather than for a thousand stupid for, a wise man can
be of a great help to you in difficult matters."
sahasraany api muurkhaanaam yady upaaste mahii patih |
atha vaa apy ayutaany eva na asti teshu sahaayataa || 2-100-23
"Even if a king employs thousands or tens of thousands of fools, they will not be helpful
to him."
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“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
eko apy amaatyo medhaavii shuuro daksho vicakshanah |
raajaanam raaja maatram vaa praapayen mahatiim shriyam || 2-100-24
"Even one wise, valiant sagacious and efficient minister alone can cause to secure a
great prosperity to the king or to one who enjoys royal authority."
kaccin mukhyaa mahatsu eva madhyameshu ca madhyamaah |
jaghanyaah ca jaghanyeshu bhrityaah karmasu yojitaah || 2-100-25
"I hope that superior servants are assigned superior works only, mediocre servants in
mediocre works and inferior servants in inferior works."
amaatyaan upadhaa atiitaan pitri paitaamahaan shuciin |
shreshthaan shreshtheshu kaccit tvam niyojayasi karmasu || 2-100-26
"I hope you are appointing those ministers, who are eminent incorruptible, born of the
fathers and for bears of good family and who are full of integrity in matters of great importance."
kaccinnogrena dandena bhrishamudvejitaprajam |
raajyam tavaanujaananti mantrinah kaikayiisuta || 2-100-27
"O, Bharata! I hope your ministers do not watch as mere witnesses, while your subjects in
the kingdom wielding tremble with great fear, under your inflexible wielding of the scepter."
kaccit tvaam na avajaananti yaajakaah patitam yathaa |
ugra pratigrahiitaaram kaamayaanam iva striyah || 2-100-28
"I hope those who perform the sacrifice do not hold you in contempt, as one who accepts
terrible gifts; as one who is fallen, as women hold in contempt of those highly lustful men."
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“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
upaaya kushalam vaidyam bhritya samduushane ratam |
shuuram aishvarya kaamam ca yo na hanti sa vadhyate || 2-100-29
"He, who does not slay a physician skilled in ways and means of aggravating a disease,
a servant intent on bringing disgrace and a valiant warrior seeking kingly power, is *himself) slain
by them."
kaccidd hrishtah ca shuurah ca dhritimaan matimaan shucih |
kuliinah ca anuraktah ca dakshah senaa patih kritah || 2-100-30
"I hope an army-chief, who is cheerful, wise, courageous, valiant, well-behaved, born in a
good family, who is beloved by his subordinates and efficient, is selected by you."
balavantah ca kaccit te mukhyaa yuddha vishaaradaah |
drishta apadaanaa vikraantaah tvayaa satkritya maanitaah || 2-100-31
"I hope those warriors, who are excellent strong, skilled in war-face, whose excellent
actions were seen before and the most courageous ones are duly honored and respected by
you."
kacid balasya bhaktam ca vetanam ca yathaa ucitam |
sampraapta kaalam daatavyam dadaasi na vilambase || 2-100-32
"I hope you are regularly giving your army, the daily provisions and the suitable salary to
them, without any delay."
kaala atikramane hy eva bhakta vetanayor bhritaah |
bhartuh kupyanti dushyanti so anarthah sumahaan smritah || 2-100-33
"When there is delay in giving bread and wages, the servants become incensed against
their master and become corrupt; and that is said to be a great unfortunate occurrence."
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“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
kaccit sarve anuraktaah tvaam kula putraah pradhaanatah |
kaccit praanaamh tava artheshu samtyajanti samaahitaah || 2-100-34
"I hope all the foremost descendents of your race (Kshatriyas) are devoted to you and do
they lay down their lives steadfastly for your sake?"
kaccij jaanapado vidvaan dakshinah pratibhaanavaan |
yathaa ukta vaadii duutah te krito bharata panditah || 2-100-35
"I hope that a knowledgeable man, living in your own country, a wise man a skilled
person endowed with presence of mind and the one who knows how to speak to the point, is
selected as an ambassador by you."
kaccid ashtaadashaany eshu sva pakshe dasha panca ca |
tribhih tribhir avijnaatair vetsi tiirthaani caarakaih || 2-100-36
"Do you get to know through three spies, each unacquainted with each other, about the
eighteen* functionaries of the enemies and the fifteen functionaries of your own side?"
kaccid vyapaastaan ahitaan pratiyaataamh ca sarvadaa |
durbalaan anavajnaaya vartase ripu suudana || 2-100-37
"O, slayer of your Foes! I hope you do not forever think lightly of your foes, who are weak
and having been expelled, return again."
kaccin na lokaayatikaan braahmanaamh taata sevase |
anartha kushalaa hy ete baalaah pandita maaninah || 2-100-38
I hope are not honoring the materialistic Brahmins, My dear brother! These men are
skilled in perverting the mind, ignorant as they are and thinking themselves to be learned."
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“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
dharma shaastreshu mukhyeshu vidyamaaneshu durbudhaah |
buddhimaan viikshikiim praapya nirartham pravadanti te || 2-100-39
"Reaching to their logical acumen, these men of perverted intellect preach meaninglessly,
in the presence of eminent books on righteousness."
viirair adhyushitaam puurvam asmaakam taata puurvakaih |
satya naamaam dridha dvaaraam hasty ashva ratha samkulaam || 2-100-40
braahmanaih kshatriyair vaishyaih sva karma nirataih sadaa |
jita indriyair mahaa utsaahair vrita amaatyaih sahasrashah || 2-100-41
praasaadair vividha aakaarair vritaam vaidya jana aakulaam |
kaccit samuditaam sphiitaam ayodhyaam parirakshasi || 2-100-42
"I hope you preserve the City of Ayodhya, furnished with everything and flourishing, that
was formerly inhabited by our heroic ancestors, O my dear brother, that is worthy of its name,
with its fortified gates, its elephant horses and chariots that fill it, with its Brahmins, warriors and
merchants in thousands, ever engaged in their respective duties, with its noble citizens selfcontrolled and full of energy, with its palaces in various shapes and the learned who abound
there."
kaccic caitya shatair jushtah sunivishta jana aakulah |
deva sthaanaih prapaabhih ca tadaagaih ca upashobhitah || 2-100-43
prahrishta nara naariikah samaaja utsava shobhitah |
sukrishta siimaa pashumaan himsaabhir abhivarjitah || 2-100-44
adeva maatriko ramyah shvaa padaih parivarjitah |
parityakto bhayaih sarvaih khanibhishchopashobhitah 2-100-45
vivarjito naraih paapairmama puurvaih suraksitah |
kaccij jana padah sphiitah sukham vasati raaghava || 2-100-46
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“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
I hope that the kingdom, adorned with peaceful places rich in temples and sheds where
water stored for distribution to passers-by in tanks, with happy men and women, graced by social
festivities, with land well-tilled, abiding in cattle which are totally free from cruelties, the
agricultural land not exclusively fed by rains, which is beautiful and is purged of beasts of prey,
which is completely rid of fears, studded with mines, a destitute of sinful men, and well-protected
by our fore-fathers, is prosperous and an abode of happiness.
kaccit te dayitaah sarve krishi go raksha jiivinah |
vaartaayaam samshritah taata loko hi sukham edhate || 2-100-47
"Are you cherishing all those who live by agriculture and cattle-rearing, O, dear brother!
The people living on agriculture and cattle-rearing indeed prosper well."
teshaam gupti pariihaaraih kaccit te bharanam kritam |
rakshyaa hi raajnaa dharmena sarve vishaya vaasinah || 2-100-48
"I hope their maintenance is being looked after by you, in providing what they need and
eschewing what they fear. All the citizens are indeed to be protected by a king through his
righteousness."
kaccit striyah saantvayasi kaccit taah ca surakshitaah |
kaccin na shraddadhaasya aasaam kaccid guhyam na bhaashase || 2-100-49
"I hope you are pacifying the women well. Are they protected by you? I hope you are not
believing the words of these women and not telling them the secrets."
kaccinnaagavanaM guptaM kaccitte santi dhenukaaH |
kachinna gaNikaashvaanaaM kuJNjaraaNaaM cha tRipyasi || 2-100-50
"Are you supervising the woods inhabited by elephants? I hope female elephants are
there to you in good number. I hope you are not simply satisfied with the existing population of
female elephants, horses and male-elephants."
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“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
kaccid darshayase nityam manushyaanaam vibhuushitam |
utthaaya utthaaya puurva ahne raaja putro mahaa pathe || 2-100-51
"O, Prince! Do you, regally adorned, appear before the people on rising each morning, on
the great high way?"
kaccinna sarve karmaantaah pratyaksaaste.avishakayaa |
sarve vaa punarutsristaa madhyame vaatra kaaranam 2-100-52
"I hope that all your servants, in your presence, do not adopt a disrespectful attitude or on
the other hand all of them do not hasten away on seeing you. Of course, a middle course only in
the principle to be followed in this matter."
kaccit sarvaani durgaani dhana dhaanya aayudha udakaih |
yantraih ca paripuurnaani tathaa shilpi dhanur dharaih || 2-100-53
"I hope all your citadels are quite full of money, grain, weapons, water and mechanical
contrivances as well as artisans and archers."
aayah te vipulah kaccit kaccid alpataro vyayah |
apaatreshu na te kaccit kosho gagccati raaghava || 2-100-54
"I hope your income is abundant and expenditure, minimum. I hope your treasure does
not reach undeserving people, O, Bharata!"
devataa arthe ca pitr arthe braahmana abhyaagateshu ca |
yodheshu mitra vargeshu kaccid gagccati te vyayah || 2-100-55
"I hope that your expenditure goes for the cause of divinity, manes, Brahmins,
unexpected visitors, soldiers and hosts of friends."
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“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
kaccid aaryo vishuddha aatmaa kshaaritah cora karmanaa |
aprishtah shaastra kushalair na lobhaad badhyate shucih || 2-100-56
"If one of noble work, despite his honesty and integrity, is falsely accused of some
offence, I hope he is not killed impatiently, without enquiry by those well-versed in law-books."
grihiitah caiva prishtah ca kaale drishtah sakaaranah |
kaccin na mucyate coro dhana lobhaan nara rishabha || 2-100-57
"O, foremost of men! If a thief is seen and even caught at the time of his act on sufficient
ground and interrogated-I hope, he is not released from greed of wealth."
vyasane kaccid aadhyasya dugatasya ca raaghava |
artham viraagaah pashyanti tava amaatyaa bahu shrutaah || 2-100-58
"O, Bharata! I hope that your well-educated ministers examine a case dispassionately
when a contention occurs between a rich man and a poor man, after studying the situation
carefully."
yaani mithyaa abhishastaanaam patanty asraani raaghava |
taani putra pashuun ghnanti priity artham anushaasatah || 2-100-59
"The tears fallen from those who are the victims of false accusations, O Bharata, destroy
their sons and herds of those who are indifferent to justice, merely for the sake of pleasure."
kaccid vridhaamh ca baalaamh ca vaidya mukhyaamh ca raaghava |
daanena manasaa vaacaa tribhir etair bubhuushase || 2-100-60
"I hope that you seek to conciliate by the following three means, viz. gifts, a loving mind
and polite words- the aged, the children and the foremost physicians."
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“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
kaccid guruumh ca vriddhaamh ca taapasaan devataa atithiin |
caityaamh ca sarvaan siddha arthaan braahmanaamh ca namasyasi || 2-100-61
"I hope you greet your teachers, the elderly, the ascetics, the deities; the unexpected
visitors, the trees standing at cross roads and all the Brahmins of auspicious life and conduct."
kaccid arthena vaa dharmam dharmam dharmena vaa punah |
ubhau vaa priiti lobhena kaamena na vibaadhase || 2-100-62
"I hope you do not abrogate virtue by your excessive devotion to wealth or your
excessive devotion to wealth or your earthly interests by your over-emphasis on religion or both
your religious and secular interests by your self-indulgence in pleasure, greed and gratification of
the senses."
kaccid artham ca dharmam ca kaamam ca jayataam vara |
vibhajya kaale kaalajna sarvaan bharata sevase || 2-100-63
"I hope your pursue wealth, religion and the delights of the sense dividing them all
according to time, O Jewel among the victorious, the one who is conversant with the proper time
and O, the bestower of boons!"
kaccit te braahmanaah sharma sarva shaastra artha kovidah |
aashamsante mahaa praajna paura jaanapadaih saha || 2-100-64
"O, the one who is endowed with great wisdom! I hope that Brahmins versed in the
knowledge of the scriptures, the inhabitants of town and the country pray for your happiness."
naastikyam anritam krodham pramaadam diirgha suutrataam |
adarshanam jnaanavataam aalasyam panca vrittitaam || 2-100-65
eka cintanam arthaanaam anarthajnaih ca mantranam |
nishcitaanaam anaarambham mantrasya aparilakshanam || 2-100-66
mangalasya aprayogam ca pratyutthaanam ca sarvashah |
kaccit tvam varjayasy etaan raaja doshaamh catur dasha || 2-100-67
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“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
Do you eschew the following fourteen for of kings -viz. atheism, falsehood, anger
carelessness, procrastination, disregard of the wise, sloth, bondage to the five senses, himself
alone devoting thought to the affairs of the state (without consulting the ministers); taking counsel
with those of perverted insight; failure to undertake the projects already decided, failure to keep
secrets, failure to utter auspicious words (at the beginning of an undertaking); and rising from
one's seat (indiscriminately) to receive all.
dashapamchachaturvargaan saptavargam cha tattvatah |
astavargam trivargam cha vidyaastisrashcha raaghava 2-100-68
indndriyaanaam jayam buddhyam saadgunyam daivamaanusam |
krityam vimshativargam cha tathaa prakritimandalam || 2-100-69
yaatraadandavidhaanam cha dviyonii samdhivigrahau |
kachchhidetaan mahaapraajjna yathaavadanumanyase 2-100-70
"O, the very wise Bharata! I hope you understand the following and deal them properly
the ten evils (1); the five kinds of fortifications (2); the four expedients (3); the seven limbs of
state(4); the eight evils (born of anger) the three objects of human pursuit (5); the three branches
of learning (6) subjugation of the senses, the six strategic expedients (7); adversity brought about
by divine agencies (8); and by human agencies (9); the twenty types of monarchs (10); and the
entire population of the kingdom, setting about an expedition, drawing up an army in a battlearray and the two bases viz, peace and war.
mantribhistvam yathoddistaishchaturbhistribhireva vaa |
kachchitsamastairvyastaishcha mantram mantrayase mithah || 2-100-71
"I hope that you consult with three or four ministers as mentioned in scriptures any
proposal collectively and singly with each of them in secret."
kachchitte saphalaa vedaah kachchitte saphalaah kriyaah |
kaccitte saphalaa daaraah kachchitte saphalam shrutam || 2-100-72
"Do you find advantages in your study of Vedas? Are your acts, production of fair results?
Do you benefit from the company of your consorts? Has your learning been fruitful?"
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“Om Sri Lakshmi Narashimhan Nahama”
Valmiki Ramayana – Ayodhya Kanda – Chapter 100
kachchidesaiva te buddhiryathoktaa mama raaghaa |
aayusyaa cha yashasyaa cha dharmakaamaarthasamhitaa || 2-100-73
"O, Bharata! I hope that your conviction is the same as mentioned by me in the foregoing
verses, which is conducive to long life, fame, religious merit, enjoyment and wealth."
yaam vrittim vartate raato yaam chanah prapitaamahaah |
taam vrittim vartase kachchidyaacha satpathagaa shubhaa 2-100-74
"Do you follow the common practice, which our fore fathers observed and which is in
accord with the path of the virtuous and which is distinguished in itself."
kachchit svaadu kritam bhojyameko naashnaasi raaghava |
kachchidaashamsamaanebhyo mitrebhyah samprayachchhasi 2-100-75
"I hope you do not eat by yourself nicely made eatable and do you share it with your
friends, who seek it?"
avaapya kritsnaam vasudhaam yathaava |
ditashchhyutah svargamupaiti vidvaan || 2-100-76
"A wise and learned king, having obtained and ruled the entire earth, properly by
righteousness and by administering justice to the people, indeed ascends to heaven when
detached from the mortal body."
ityaarse shriimadraamaayane aadikaavye ayodhyaakaande shatatamah sargah
Thus completes 100th Chapter of Ayodhya Kanda of the glorious Ramayana of Valmiki,
the work of a sage and the oldest epic.
Sriman Moola Rama Vijayate
References
K. M. K. Murthy. (1999). Ayodhya Kanda - Book Of Ayodhya. At http://www.valmikiramayana.net
Merriam-Webster. (2007). At http://www.m-w.com.
Reference.com. (2007). At http://www.reference.com.
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