What the Middle Ages knew
Romanesque
Piero Scaruffi 2004
1
What the Modern Age knew
• Regional art
– The fragmented political nature of Europe is
reflected in regional artistic styles
2
What the Modern Age knew
• Sculpture
– Wiligelmo (1100, Italy)
– Benedetto Antalami (11xx, Italy)
– Nicola Pisano (1212, Italy)
– Arnolfo di Cambio (1231, Italy)
– Giovanni Pisano (1248, Italy)
– Jacopo della Quercia (1367, Italy)
– Donatello (1386, Italy)
3
What the Modern Age knew
Antelami: Ambo of
Parma’s Duomo (1178)
Pisano: Baptistery
Pulpit, Pisa (1260)
Lorenzo Ghiberti: Gates of
Paradise, Battistero, Firenze
Nanni di Banco: Quattro
Santi Incoronati, Or San
Michele, Firenze (1384)
4
What the Middle Ages knew
• Sculpture
Sant’Ambrogio, Milano (9th c)
5
What the Middle Ages knew
• Sculpture
Western portal,
Chartres
6
What the Middle Ages knew
• St Michael’s bronze doors, Hildesheim (1015)
7
What the Middle Ages knew
• Architecture
– Benedetto Antelami (1150, Italy)
– Arnolfo di Cambio (1245, Italy)
– Filippo Brunelleschi (1377, Italy)
8
What the Middle Ages knew
• African Christian architecture
– Lalibela: St George (12th c)
9
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance
• Carolingian emperors want to be heirs to the
Roman emperors, thus build in the Roman
manner
– Imperial chapels a` la Ravenna
» Harmony of square (Earth) and circle
(Heaven) via the octagon
» Same structure used in early
baptisteries
» Same structure of the Holy Sepulchre
10
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance
• Carolingian emperors want to be heirs to the
Roman emperors, thus build in the Roman
manner
– Basilicas
» Vast, plain rectangle
» Rows of blind arcades
» Three parallel aisles
» Light wooden roof
» Large windows for lighting
11
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance
• Feeling that contemporary culture is
barbarian, and perfection can only be found
in the styles of the past
• Artists dream of reproducing the classical
styles of Greece and Rome, not of innovating
• Buildings for relatively small groups of
people
• Roman vaulted architecture as the model
12
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance
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Centula, St Riquier, France (799, destroyed)
Aachen cathedral (805) modeled after St Vitale
Germigny-des-Pres, France (806)
Lorsch (800)
Klosterkirche Niederzell, Reichenau (799)
Klosterkirche Mittelzell, Reichenau (888)
Klosterkirche Oberzell, Reichenau (900)
Corvey, France (880)
Quedlinburg (920)
Gernrode (960)
St Benigne, Dijon, France (1001)
St Philibert, Tournus, France (1009)
St Michael, Hildesheim (1001)
13
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance
• Centula, St Riquier, France (799, destroyed)
14
(from Hariulf's Chronicle)
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Aachen Cappella Palatina (805) modeled after St
Vitale
(Reconstruction by Ken Conant
Pelican History of Art)
15
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance
Lorsch gateway (800)
16
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Carolingian renaissance
St Michael, Hildesheim (1001)
(Reconstruction by Ken Conant
Pelican History of Art)
17
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Byzantine churches: central dome surrounded
by semidomes and other “round” forms
– Monastery churches: modification of the Roman
basilica with
• transept crossing the nave (symbol of the
cross), separating the choir (monks) and the
nave (public)
• altar as the focal point of the building
• subaltars for individual monks in the
transepts and in the apse/ambulatory
• high windows for light
18
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Pilgrimages (Compostela, Crusades)
require buildings to accomodate
thousands of pilgrims: radiating chapels
19
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Imperial cathedrals (Kaiserdome)
• Speyer cathedral (1030-60)
• Mainz cathedral (975-1137)
• Worms cathedral (XI-XIII)
– Germany
• Maria Laach (1093)
• Tournai cathedral, Belgium (1110)
• Limburg (1215)
• Bamberg (1237)
20
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
• Mainz cathedral (975-1137)
• Worms cathedral (XI-XIII)
21
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– France
• Ste Foyes at Conques (1050)
• St Sernin at Toulouse (1080)
• Cluny III (1088-1121, destroyed)
• Pontigny (1114)
• Fontenay (1139)
• Paray-le-Monial (1100)
• Autun (1120-1135)
• Vezelay (1104)
• Orcival
• La Trinite`, Caen (1062)
• St Etienne, Caen (1068)
• Jumieges, Rouen (1052)
22
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– France
• Cluny III (1088-1121, destroyed)
Cramer & Koob
(Reconstruction by Ken Conant
Pelican History of Art)
23
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– France
• Vezelay (1104)
24
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque
architecture
– France
• Fontenay (1139):
Cistercian style
25
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– England 1066-1200
• Winchester cathedral (1079)
• +Durham cathedral (1093)
• Chichester cathedral
• Worcester cathedral
• Old St Paul’s cathedral, London (destroyed)
• Norwich cathedral (1096)
• Rochester cathedral
• Gloucester cathedral (11th c)
• Castle Hedingham, Essex (1140)
26
What the Middle Ages knew
• Old St Paul’s cathedral, London (destroyed)
27
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Spain
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Santiago de Campostela (1078)
Santiago de Penalba (919)
S. Maria de Lebena (924)
Ripoll (1032)
Seo de Urgel (1131)
Tarragona cathedral (1171)
Lerida cathedral (1203)
Jaca cathedral (1054)
St Vicente, Avila (1109)
Zamora cathedral (1150)
Salamanca cathedral (1150)
– Portugal
• Tomar (1162)
28
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque architecture
– Spain
• Santiago de Campostela (1078)
(Reconstruction by Ken Conant
Pelican History of Art)
29
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque art in Italy
– S. Miniato al Monte, Firenze
(1062)
– S. Ambrogio, Milano (1080)
– S. Sigismondi, Rivolta d’Adda
(1089)
– S. Marco, Venezia (1094-XVII)
– Duomo, Modena (1099-1323)
– S. Zeno, Verona (1123-1398)
• Norman Italy
– Campanile, Pomposa
– S. Nicola, Bari (1039-1197)
– Battistero, Firenze (XII)
– Leaning Tower, Pisa (1173-XIV) – Duomo, Cefalu (1131-XV)
– Cappella Palatina, Palermo (1132)
– Duomo, Pisa (1013-1180)
– Duomo, Trani (1150-1250)
– S. Clemente, Roma (1100)
– La Zisa castle, Palermo (1154)
– Antelami: +Battistero, Parma
– Duomo, Monreale (1174-1186)
(1196), transition to gothic
– S. Francesco, Assisi (1228-XIV)
– Duomo, Firenze (1296-1436)
30
– Campanile, Firenze (1334-59)
What the Middle Ages knew
• Romanesque art in Italy
– S. Marco, Venezia (1094-XVII)
31
•
Romanesque art in Italy
– S. Ambrogio, Milano (1080)
– S. Zeno, Verona (1123-1398)
– Battistero, Firenze (XII)
– Leaning Tower, Pisa (1173-XIV)
– Duomo, Pisa (1013-1180)
– S. Francesco, Assisi (1228-XIV)
– Antelami: Battistero, Parma (1196)
Romanesque
in Northern Italy
32
• Romanesque art in Italy
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Duono, Firenze (1296-1436)
Campanile, Firenze (1334-59)
Duomo, Trani (1150-1250)
Duomo, Amalfi (1203)
Romanesque
in Italy
33
Romanesque in Italy
• Castel del Monte (1240)
• Monreale
34
Romanesque in Italy
Palazzo Vecchio, Firenze (1299)
Laurana's Palazzo di Urbino (1465)
35
Kremlin in 1330, Vasnetsov
Kremlin
National Geographic,
Jan 1990
36