ROVER PIPELINE PROJECT
Resource Report 1: Project Description
VOLUME IIB
ATTACHMENT 7B
Soil Series Descriptions
February 2015
ROVER PIPELINE PROJECT
Resource Report 7: Soils
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
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AARON ................................................................................................................................. 1 ADRIAN ................................................................................................................................ 3 ALEXANDRIA ....................................................................................................................... 6 ALGANSEE ......................................................................................................................... 10 ALGIERS............................................................................................................................. 13 ALLEGHENY....................................................................................................................... 16 ALLENDALE ....................................................................................................................... 20 ALVADA............................................................................................................................. 24 ARKPORT ........................................................................................................................... 28 ATKINS .............................................................................................................................. 31 AURAND ............................................................................................................................ 33 AVOCA ............................................................................................................................... 37 BACH ................................................................................................................................. 40 BARRY ............................................................................................................................... 42 BELDING ............................................................................................................................ 45 BELMORE ........................................................................................................................... 48 BENNINGTON ..................................................................................................................... 51 BERKS ................................................................................................................................ 55 BERVILLE........................................................................................................................... 58 BETHESDA ......................................................................................................................... 60 BIXLER............................................................................................................................... 63 BLOUNT ............................................................................................................................. 67 BOGART ............................................................................................................................. 71 BONO ................................................................................................................................. 73 BOYER ............................................................................................................................... 76 BRADY ............................................................................................................................... 79 BRECKENRIDGE ................................................................................................................. 82 BRONSON ........................................................................................................................... 84 BROOKE ............................................................................................................................. 87 BROOKSIDE ........................................................................................................................ 90 BROOKSTON ...................................................................................................................... 93 CADMUS ............................................................................................................................ 96 CANEADEA ........................................................................................................................ 99 CANFIELD ........................................................................................................................ 102 ............................................................................................................................. 106 CARDINGTON ................................................................................................................... 109 CARLISLE ......................................................................................................................... 112 CELINA ............................................................................................................................ 115 CHAGRIN ......................................................................................................................... 119 CAPAC
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40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0 45.0 46.0 47.0 48.0 49.0 50.0 51.0 52.0 53.0 54.0 55.0 56.0 57.0 58.0 59.0 60.0 61.0 62.0 63.0 64.0 65.0 66.0 67.0 68.0 69.0 70.0 71.0 72.0 73.0 74.0 75.0 76.0 77.0 78.0 79.0 80.0 81.0 82.0 CHELSEA .......................................................................................................................... 121 CHILI ................................................................................................................................ 125 COHOCTAH ...................................................................................................................... 128 COLWOOD ........................................................................................................................ 130 CONDIT ............................................................................................................................ 133 CONOTTON ...................................................................................................................... 137 CONOVER......................................................................................................................... 139 COSHOCTON .................................................................................................................... 142 CULLEOKA ....................................................................................................................... 146 CYGNET ........................................................................................................................... 148 DEKALB ........................................................................................................................... 152 DIGBY .............................................................................................................................. 155 DIXBORO
......................................................................................................................... 158 DORMONT ........................................................................................................................ 161 DRYDEN ........................................................................................................................... 165 DUNCANNON ................................................................................................................... 168 EDWARDS ........................................................................................................................ 170 EEL .................................................................................................................................. 173 ELBA ................................................................................................................................ 176 ELKINSVILLE ................................................................................................................... 179 ERNEST ............................................................................................................................ 183 EUCLID ............................................................................................................................ 187 FABIUS ............................................................................................................................. 190 FAIRPOINT ....................................................................................................................... 192 FITCHVILLE...................................................................................................................... 195 FOX .................................................................................................................................. 198 FULTON ........................................................................................................................... 202 GALLIA ............................................................................................................................ 206 GALLMAN ........................................................................................................................ 208 GERMANO ........................................................................................................................ 212 GILFORD .......................................................................................................................... 215 GILPIN .............................................................................................................................. 218 GLENDORA ...................................................................................................................... 222 GLENFORD ....................................................................................................................... 224 GLYNWOOD ..................................................................................................................... 227 GRANBY........................................................................................................................... 232 GUERNSEY ....................................................................................................................... 234 HACKERS ......................................................................................................................... 237 HANEY ............................................................................................................................. 240 HARTSHORN .................................................................................................................... 243 HASKINS .......................................................................................................................... 246 HAZLETON ....................................................................................................................... 250 HILLSDALE ...................................................................................................................... 253 ii
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83.0 84.0 85.0 86.0 87.0 88.0 89.0 90.0 91.0 92.0 93.0 94.0 95.0 96.0 97.0 98.0 99.0 100.0 101.0 102.0 103.0 104.0 105.0 106.0 107.0 108.0 109.0 110.0 111.0 112.0 113.0 114.0 115.0 116.0 117.0 118.0 119.0 120.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.0 125.0 HOLLY ............................................................................................................................. 256 HOUGHTON ...................................................................................................................... 258 HOYTVILLE ...................................................................................................................... 261 HUNTINGTON ................................................................................................................... 265 IONIA ............................................................................................................................... 267 JIMTOWN ......................................................................................................................... 270 KEENE .............................................................................................................................. 273 KENDALLVILLE................................................................................................................ 277 KERSTON ......................................................................................................................... 281 KIBBIE ............................................................................................................................. 283 KIDDER ............................................................................................................................ 286 KILLBUCK ........................................................................................................................ 289 KOKOMO .......................................................................................................................... 293 LAPEER ............................................................................................................................ 295 LATHAM .......................................................................................................................... 298 LATTY .............................................................................................................................. 302 LENAWEE......................................................................................................................... 305 LINDSIDE ......................................................................................................................... 308 LINWOOD ......................................................................................................................... 311 LOBDELL ......................................................................................................................... 314 LOCKE ............................................................................................................................. 316 LORDSTOWN .................................................................................................................... 319 LOUDONVILLE ................................................................................................................. 321 LOWELL ........................................................................................................................... 324 LURAY ............................................................................................................................. 327 LYKENS ........................................................................................................................... 330 MACOMB
......................................................................................................................... 333 MARENGO ........................................................................................................................ 336 MARLETTE ....................................................................................................................... 339 ......................................................................................................................... 342 MECHANICSBURG ............................................................................................................ 346 MELVIN ............................................................................................................................ 349 MERMILL ......................................................................................................................... 351 METAMORA ..................................................................................................................... 355 METEA ............................................................................................................................. 357 MIAMI .............................................................................................................................. 360 MILLGROVE ..................................................................................................................... 364 MILLSDALE ...................................................................................................................... 368 MINOA ............................................................................................................................. 371 MORLEY........................................................................................................................... 374 MORRISTOWN .................................................................................................................. 377 MUSKINGUM .................................................................................................................... 380 NAPPANEE ....................................................................................................................... 383 MCBRIDE
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126.0 127.0 128.0 129.0 130.0 131.0 132.0 133.0 134.0 135.0 136.0 137.0 138.0 139.0 140.0 141.0 142.0 143.0 144.0 145.0 146.0 147.0 148.0 149.0 150.0 151.0 152.0 153.0 154.0 155.0 156.0 157.0 158.0 159.0 160.0 161.0 162.0 163.0 164.0 165.0 166.0 167.0 168.0 NEWARK .......................................................................................................................... 387 NOLIN .............................................................................................................................. 390 OAKVILLE ........................................................................................................................ 392 OLENTANGY .................................................................................................................... 396 ORRVILLE ........................................................................................................................ 398 OSHTEMO......................................................................................................................... 401 OTISCO............................................................................................................................. 405 OTTOKEE ......................................................................................................................... 408 OTWELL ........................................................................................................................... 411 OWOSSO........................................................................................................................... 415 PALMS ............................................................................................................................. 418 PANDORA......................................................................................................................... 421 PARKHILL ........................................................................................................................ 424 PAULDING ........................................................................................................................ 427 PEWAMO .......................................................................................................................... 430 PHILO ............................................................................................................................... 433 PIPESTONE ....................................................................................................................... 435 PLAINFIELD
..................................................................................................................... 438 RAVENNA ........................................................................................................................ 441 RAWSON .......................................................................................................................... 444 RICHLAND
....................................................................................................................... 448 RICHTER .......................................................................................................................... 451 RIDDLES........................................................................................................................... 454 RIGLEY ............................................................................................................................ 459 RIMER .............................................................................................................................. 461 ROSELMS ......................................................................................................................... 466 ROUSSEAU ....................................................................................................................... 469 SEBEWA ........................................................................................................................... 472 SEBRING .......................................................................................................................... 475 SEES ................................................................................................................................. 478 SELFRIDGE ....................................................................................................................... 480 SENSABAUGH .................................................................................................................. 483 SEWARD........................................................................................................................... 486 SHAWTOWN ..................................................................................................................... 490 SHINROCK ........................................................................................................................ 493 SHOALS ............................................................................................................................ 496 SIMS ................................................................................................................................. 499 SISSON ............................................................................................................................. 501 SKIDMORE ....................................................................................................................... 504 SLOAN ............................................................................................................................. 507 SPINKS ............................................................................................................................. 510 STEINSBURG .................................................................................................................... 513 TEDROW .......................................................................................................................... 515 iv
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169.0 170.0 171.0 172.0 173.0 174.0 175.0 176.0 177.0 178.0 179.0 180.0 181.0 182.0 183.0 184.0 185.0 186.0 187.0 188.0 189.0 190.0 191.0 THETFORD ....................................................................................................................... 518 THOMAS........................................................................................................................... 521 TIOGA .............................................................................................................................. 523 TIRO ................................................................................................................................. 525 TOLEDO ........................................................................................................................... 529 TUSCOLA ......................................................................................................................... 532 UPSHUR
........................................................................................................................... 535 VANDALIA ....................................................................................................................... 538 VAUGHNSVILLE ............................................................................................................... 540 WABASHA ........................................................................................................................ 544 WAINOLA ......................................................................................................................... 547 ....................................................................................................................... 550 WASEPI ............................................................................................................................ 552 WAUSEON ........................................................................................................................ 555 WEIKERT .......................................................................................................................... 559 WEINBACH ....................................................................................................................... 561 WELLSTON ....................................................................................................................... 564 WESTMORE ...................................................................................................................... 568 WESTMORELAND ............................................................................................................. 571 WHEELING ....................................................................................................................... 576 WOOLPER......................................................................................................................... 578 WOOSTER......................................................................................................................... 581 ZANESVILLE .................................................................................................................... 584 WALLKILL
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1.0
AARON
LOCATION AARON
KY+OH
Established Series
Rev. RBF-JMR
04/2001
AARON SERIES
The Aaron series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils on upland ridges and side slopes. They
formed in residuum of interbedded limestone, calcareous shale, and siltstone. Permeability is slow. The
average annual precipitation is about 45 inches and the average annual temperature is about 55 degrees F.
Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Aaron silt loam--on a smooth 4 percent slope in pasture. (Colors are for moist soil.)
Ap--0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine
roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (5 to 9 inches thick)
Bt1--8 to 17 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay; moderate coarse and medium subangular blocky
structure which parts to weak fine angular blocky; very firm; common fine roots; common faint clay
films; common distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) coatings; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. (7 to 10
inches thick)
Bt2--17 to 26 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) clay; few medium faint grayish brown mottles;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine angular blocky; very firm; few
fine roots; common faint clay films; common distinct dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) coatings; neutral;
clear smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick)
Bt3--26 to 37 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) clay; common fine distinct light brownish gray
(2.5Y 6/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak and moderate medium subangular and angular
blocky structure; very firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films; neutral; clear smooth boundary. (7
to 12 inches thick)
BC--37 to 45 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) silty clay; many medium distinct light brownish gray
(2.5Y 6/2) and common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; common fine dark brown and black concretions; 5 percent flagstones of siltstone
and highly weathered shale; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. (5 to 9 inches thick)
C--45 to 53 inches; mixed; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) and light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silty clay;
massive; very firm; common fine calcium carbonate concretions; 10 percent flagstones of siltstone,
limestone, and highly weathered shale; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick)
R--53 inches; hard limestone bedrock with interbedded calcareous shale and siltstone.
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TYPE LOCATION: Montgomery County, Kentucky; east-west about 2,057,250 feet and north-south
222,900 feet by Kentucky coordinate grid values (Sideview topo quad). About 3/4 mile west from the
intersection of U.S. Highway 460 and Chiles Road; about 1,350 feet north of Chiles Road.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 30 to 50 inches. Depth to bedrock
ranges from 40 to 60 inches. In some pedons the bedrock is soft and in some pedons there is a thin loess
cap. Soil reaction ranges from strongly acid to mildly alkaline in the the A and B horizons. Reaction in
the BC and C horizons range from medium acid to mildly alkaline. Coarse fragments of limestone,
siltstone, and shale range from 0 to 14 percent in the Ap and Bt horizons, and 0 to 35 percent in the BC
and C horizons.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam or silty clay
loam.
Some pedons have BA horizons with hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6.
Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Below the upper 10
inches of the argillic horizon mottles that have chroma of 2 or less range from few to many. Texture is
silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay.
The BC and C horizons have colors like the Bt horizon. Texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, clay, or their
channery analogues.
COMPETING SERIES: Celina, Guernsey, Hartville, Lewisburg, Licking, Loudon, Vandergrift, and
Whippany series in the same family and Beasley, Caneyville, Eden, Faywood, Fredonia, Lowell, and
Markland series in closely related subgroups or families. Celina soils have silt loam or loam textured C
horizons of calcareous glacial till. Guernsey soils have a discontinuity in the B horizon. Hartville soils
are more acid and lack rock fragments in the solum. Lewisburg soils have a thinner sola and in addition
have glacial pebbles and stones throughout. Licking soils have a discontinuity within the control section.
Vandergrift and Whippany soils have hue of 7.5YR or redder in their B horizons. Beasley, Caneyville,
Eden, Faywood, Fredonia, Lowell, and Markland soils do not have mottles that have chroma of 2 or lower
chroma in the upper part of the B horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Aaron soils are on upland ridgetops and side slopes with slopes ranging from
0 to 25 percent. These soils formed in residuum weathered from interbedded limestone, siltstone, and
calcareous shale. The geographic area of these soils have an average annual precipitation of 45 inches,
and an average temperature of 55 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Faywood and Lowell series, and
Crider, Cynthiana, Nicholson, and Shelbyville series. Faywood and Lowell soils are better drained and
Faywood soils are less than 40 inches to bedrock. Crider and Shelbyville soils have fine-silty control
sections. Cynthiana soils are less than 20 inches to bedrock. Nicholson soils have fragipans.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Permeability is slow.
Moderately well drained, with medium to rapid runoff.
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USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cleared and used for hay and pasture. Other important uses
for this soil are corn, small grain, and tobacco. Wooded areas dominantly consist of upland oaks, hickory,
maple, black locust, ash, and red cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Hills of the Bluegrass, Inner Bluegrass, and Outer Bluegrass
physiographic regions of Kentucky and Southern Ohio. Extent is moderate.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Montgomery County, Kentucky, 1982.
REMARKS: Areas of Aaron soils were previously mapped as Lowell soils, or Lowell Variants.
Diagnostic horizons in the pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - 0 to 8 inches, (Ap Horizon).
Argillic horizon - 8 to 37 inches, (Bt1, Bt2, and Bt3 horizons).
Redoximorphic features- The zone from 26 to 53 inches.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
2.0
ADRIAN
LOCATION ADRIAN
MI+IA IL IN MN NJ NY OH PA RI VT WI
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-WEF-MLK
05/2013
ADRIAN SERIES
The Adrian series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in herbaceous organic materials
over sandy deposits on outwash plains, lake plains, lake terraces, flood plains, moraines, and till plains.
Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean
annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, euic, mesic Terric Haplosaprists
TYPICAL PEDON: Adrian muck, on a less than 1 percent slope under marsh vegetation at an elevation
of 199 meters (654 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Oa1--0 to 41 cm (16 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face, black (N 2.5/) rubbed muck (sapric
material); about 12 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; moderate medium granular structure;
primarily herbaceous fibers; neutral [pH 7.0 in water]; abrupt wavy boundary.
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Oa2--41 to 51 cm (16 to 20 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) rubbed
muck (sapric material); about 15 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; weak coarse subangular blocky
structure; primarily herbaceous fibers; slightly acid [pH 6.5 in water]; gradual wavy boundary.
Oa3--51 to 69 cm (20 to 27 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face, black (10YR 2/1) rubbed muck
(sapric material); about 12 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; weak thick platy structure; primarily
herbaceous fibers; moderately acid [pH 6.0 in water]; gradual wavy boundary.
Oa4--69 to 86 cm (27 to 34 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face, black (10YR 2/1) rubbed muck
(sapric material); about 12 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; massive; primarily herbaceous fibers;
strongly acid [pH 5.5 in water]; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Oa horizon is 41 to
130 cm (16 to 51 inches).]
Cg1--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) sand; single grain; loose; common medium
prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly alkaline; clear
wavy boundary.
Cg2--152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 inches); dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) fine sand; single grain, loose; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Gratiot County, Michigan; about 1 1/2 miles southeast of Ashley; 2,040 feet north
and 100 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 16, T. 9 N., R. 1 W.; USGS Ashley, MI topographic
quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 10 minutes 2.4 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 26 minutes 50.6 seconds W.,
NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 707498 easting and 4782563 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Soil temperature: difference between mean summer and mean winter soil temperature is 17 to 25 degrees
F or more
Depth to the sandy C horizon: 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches)
Organic materials: derived primarily from herbaceous plants, but some layers contain as much as 50
percent material of woody origin
Surface tier ( Oa1 or Oap horizon):
Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral
Value: 2 or 2.5
Chroma: 0 to 3
Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material) or less commonly mucky peat (hemic material);
some pedons have a thin layer 2 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches) thick of sphagnum moss on the surface
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Subsurface and bottom tiers (Oa, Oe, or Oi horizons):
Hue: 2.5YR to 10YR, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 0 to 3
Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material); or less commonly thin layers less than 25 cm (10
inches) thick of mucky peat (hemic material) or thin layers less than 13 cm (5 inches) thick of peat (fibric
material); some pedons have a sedimentary peat layer present above the C horizon that is 2 to 5 cm (1 to 2
inches) thick
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
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C or Cg horizon:
Hue: 2.5YR to 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 2 to 6
Chroma: 0 to 4
Texture: sand, coarse sand, fine sand, or loamy sand, or their gravelly or very gravelly analogues; strata of
finer textures may be present
Rock fragment content: 0 to 60 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Fishtrap and Timakwa series. Fishtrap soils have a difference of
less than 16 degrees F between mean summer and mean winter soil temperatures and are more acid than
slightly acid in the underlying mineral material. Timakwa soils are derived primarily from woody organic
materials and have woody fragments 3/4 inch to a foot in diameter in some part of the organic materials.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Adrian soils are in shallow closed depressions primarily on outwash plains,
lake plains, lake terraces, and flood plains, but can occur within moraines and till plains. Areas range
from a few acres to several hundred acres in size. Slope gradients range from 0 to 1 percent. Adrian soils
formed in herbaceous organic materials over sandy deposits. Adjacent upland soils are usually sandy.
Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 1143 mm (29 to 45 inches). Mean annual temperature
ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 120 to 180 days. Elevation is
177 to 466 meters (580 feet to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Antung, Edselton, Houghton and Granby
soils. The very poorly drained Antung, Edselton, and Houghton soils are on similar landform positions as
Adrian soils. Antung soils formed in less than 41 cm (16 inches) of herbaceous organic material. Edselton
soils are underlain by marl and sand. Houghton soils formed in herbaceous organic deposits more than
130 cm (51 inches) thick and are the most common associate. The poorly drained or very poorly drained
Granby soils are sandy throughout, and generally are at the margins of the depressions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the
top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1
foot) below the surface between September and June in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is
negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the organic material and high or
very high in the sandy material. Permeability is moderately slow to moderately rapid in the organic
material and rapid in the sandy material. In the flooded phase, areas are subject to frequent flooding for
long periods between October and June.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of this soil is in native vegetation. Much of it is in marsh grasses
including sedges, reeds, grasses, and shrubs such as willow, alder, quaking aspen, and dogwood. Some
areas have been drained to various degrees and are used for hay and pasture. A small proportion is used
for cropland. Corn and truck crops are the principal crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 89, 95A, 95B, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 105, 108B, 110,
111A, 111B, 111C, 111D, 114B, 115A, 139, 140, 144A, 144B, 145, 148, 149B in the southern parts of
lower Michigan, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
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SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Muck (sapric material): from the surface to a depth of 86 cm (34 inches) (Oa1, Oa2, Oa3, and Oa4
horizons).
Terric feature: mineral material from a depth of 86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches) (Cg horizon).
Several flooded phases and depth phases have been recognized. These phases will need to be evaluated
during modernization updates. Drained and undrained phases have been recognized.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from the National Soil Survey Laboratory,
Lincoln, NE.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
3.0
ALEXANDRIA
LOCATION ALEXANDRIA
OH
Established Series
Rev. DRM-SJH-DBD
04/2007
ALEXANDRIA SERIES
The Alexandria series consists of very deep, well drained soils that are moderately deep or deep to dense
till. These soils formed in loamy till of medium lime content on till plains and moraines. Slope ranges
from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air
temperature is about 12 degrees C (54 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Alexandria silt loam, on a convex, 7 percent slope in a timothy meadow at an
elevation of about 303 meters (994 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine
and medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid;
abrupt smooth boundary. [10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches) thick]
BE--18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; few prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt coatings on
faces of peds and in root channels; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0
to 10 cm (4 inches) thick in cultivated pedons and 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) thick in uncultivated pedons]
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Bt1--28 to 38 cm (11 to 15 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate fine and
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; few distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)
and brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; 10 percent rock fragments;
very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--38 to 53 cm (15 to 21 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium and fine
subangular blocky structure parting to angular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common distinct yellowish
brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; 10 percent rock fragments; very
strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3--53 to 69 cm (21 to 27 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; few fine roots; common distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay
films on horizontal faces of peds; many distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay
films on vertical faces of peds; common fine faint pale brown(10YR 6/3) clay depletions on vertical and
horizontal faces of peds; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt4--69 to 91 cm (27 to 36 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium and
coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2)
clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron
depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation
in the matrix; common fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron and
manganese accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) masses of iron and
manganese accumulation on faces of peds; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese
concretions throughout; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt5--91 to 107 cm (36 to 42 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on vertical
faces of peds; few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine
prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron and manganese accumulation in the matrix; 10
percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined
thickness of the Bt horizon is 63 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches).]
BCt--107 to 140 cm (42 to 55 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; firm; few distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds; few fine
distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions on faces of peds; few fine prominent strong
brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron and manganese accumulation on faces of peds; 10 percent rock
fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; diffuse smooth boundary. [0 to 38 cm (15 inches) thick]
Cd--140 to 203 cm (55 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; massive; very firm;
common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in vertical fractures in the till;
few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron and manganese accumulation in rinds
around the iron depletions in vertical fractures in the till; few very fine distinct very dark brown (10YR
2/2) masses of iron and manganese accumulation throughout; few very fine distinct very dark brown
(10YR 2/2) iron and manganese concretions throughout; 15 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent;
slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Pickaway County, Ohio; about 1.2 miles southwest of Tarlton, in Salt Creek
Township; about 1,100 feet north and 2,000 feet west of the southeast corner of sec.4, T. 11 N., R. 20 W.;
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USGS Stoutsville, OH topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 32 minutes 57 seconds N. and long. 82
degrees 47 minutes 43 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 66 to 152 cm (26 to 60 inches)
Depth to densic contact: 66 to 152 cm (26 to 60 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 8 to 22 percent
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 40 percent clay with individual subhorizons ranging from 27
to 44 percent
Rock fragments: dominantly angular, partially weathered sandstone and shale
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent in the solum to a depth of 51 cm (20 inches), and 2 to 15 percent
below a depth of 51 cm (20 inches)
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry)
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
BE horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6 (7 or 8 dry)
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: silt loam or loam
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Redoximorphic features: hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 to 8 in the lower part
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in the upper and middle parts and moderately acid to
moderately alkaline in the lower part
BCt or BC horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Redoximorphic features: hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 to 8
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Cd horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
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Redoximorphic features: hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 to 8
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, loam, or silt loam
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Brushcreek, Lairdsville, Lucas, Morley, Ozaukee, Schoharie, and
St. Clair series. Brushcreek and Lairdsville soils have a paralithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60
inches). Lucas soils do not have rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Morley and
Ozaukee soils have a densic contact within the series control section. Schoharie soils have hue redder than
7.5YR in the argillic horizon. St. Clair soils have carbonates within a depth of 76 cm (30 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Alexandria soils are on till plains and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 50
percent. The soils formed in loamy till of medium lime content. Climate is humid and temperate. Mean
annual precipitation ranges from 838 to 1016 mm (33 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges
from 9 to 13 degrees C (48 to 56 degrees F). Frost-free period is 145 to 181 days. Elevation is 299 to 372
meters (980 to 1220 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bennington, Cardington, Condit,
Mechanicsburg, and Pewamo soils. Bennington soils are somewhat poorly drained on lower positions.
Cardington soils are moderately well drained on similar landscapes. Condit soils are very poorly drained
and are in the lowest positions. Pewamo soils are very poorly drained in depressions. Mechanicsburg soils
have bedrock at 102 to 183 cm (40 to 72 inches) on similar landscapes.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The depth to the top
of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 122 to 183 cm (4 to 6 feet) between December
and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is low to very high. Saturated hydraulic
conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, wheat, soybeans, and hay.
The steeper slopes are commonly in pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous
hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and north central Ohio; MLRAs 111E and 139. The type
location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of small extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930.
REMARKS: Alexandria series needs to be evaluated on a MLRA basis. The type location of Alexandria
was moved to Pickaway County. The previous type location in Delaware County was correlated to the
Amanda series during the Soil Survey update.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (Ap, BE horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 91 cm (Bt horizon).
Densic contact: at 140 cm (top of the Cd horizon).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data are available for PY-17 typical pedon, RO-64 and HU-E2
from the Soil Characterization Laboratory at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
4.0
ALGANSEE
LOCATION ALGANSEE
MI+IL IN MN OH WI
Established Series
Rev. NWS-WEF-TWN-TJE
08/2012
ALGANSEE SERIES
The Algansee series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in stratified sandy
alluvium. These soils are on flood plains and lake shores. Slope ranges from 0 to 4 percent. Mean annual
precipitation is about 800 mm. Mean annual temperature is about 8 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Aquic Udipsamments
TYPICAL PEDON: Algansee loamy fine sand, on a 1 percent slope in an idle field. (Colors are for moist
soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy fine sand, light brownish gray (10YR
6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few fine faint brown (10YR 5/3) masses of oxidized
iron; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 inches) thick]
C1--20 to 66 cm (8 to 26 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sand; single grain; loose; few medium
distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron depletions; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
C2--66 to 102 cm (26 to 40 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy fine sand; weak coarse
subangular blocky structure; friable; common coarse faint very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic stains;
slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
C3--102 to 117 cm (40 to 46 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very fine sandy loam; weak
medium subangular structure; friable; fine medium distinct very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic stains;
few medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; slightly alkaline; clear wavy
boundary.
Cg--117 to 152 cm (46 to 60 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sand; single grain; loose; few
medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Kent County, Michigan; located in the city of Wyoming; about 1,860 feet south and
1,450 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 12, T. 6 N., R. 12 W.; USGS Grand Rapids West
topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 55 minutes 21 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 40 minutes 50
seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
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Depth to carbonates: more than 102 cm (40 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 0 to 10 percent clay, 80 to100 percent sand, and less than 10
percent rock fragments
Organic carbon content: irregular decrease with increasing depth
Ap horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 2 to 4
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sand, sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam
Clay content: 2 to 15 percent
Sand content: 50 to 95 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 15 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 3 to 18 cm
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Bw horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loamy fine sand, fine sand, sand, or loamy sand
Clay content: 2 to 15 percent
Sand content: 85 to 95 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 15 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline
C horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 3 to 7
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: stratified with textures of loamy fine sand, fine sand, sand, or loamy sand, or the gravelly
analogs of these textures
Clay content: 0 to 10 percent
Sand content: 80 to 100 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 35 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline
Some pedons have thin strata of loam, sandy loam, loamy very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, or the
gravelly analogs of these textures.
Some pedons have thin layers darkened by organic matter.
Some pedons are moderately alkaline below a depth of 102 cm (40 inches).
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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Altmar, Birchwood, Brems, Brockatonorton, Deerfield, Elnora,
Fortress, Meckling, Morocco, Ottokee, Partridge, Succotash, Tedrow, and Zaborosky series. Altmar soils
average more than 10 percent rock fragments in the particle-size control section. Birchwood soils have a
densic contact within the series control section. Brems, Deerfield, Elnora, Morocco, Ottokee, Succotash,
and Tedrow soils do not have stratification in the lower part of the series control section and do not have
an irregular decrease in organic carbon with increasing depth. Brockatonorton soils have a buried organic
horizon within the series control section. Fortress soils are in a wetter climate with a mean annual
precipitation of more than 1015 mm (40 inches). Meckling soils have carbonates within a depth of 102 cm
(40 inches). Partridge soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Zaborosky soils
have buried A horizons within the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Algansee soils are on flood plains and lake shores. Slope ranges from 0 to 4
percent. The Algansee soils formed in stratified sandy alluvium. Mean annual precipitation ranges from
585 to 1,015 mm (23 to 40 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 4 to 11 degrees C (39 to 52
degrees F). Frost-free period is 115 to 225 days. Elevation is 175 to 450 meters (575 to 1470 feet) above
sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Abscota, Ceresco, Cohoctah, Glendora, and
Landes soils. The moderately well drained Abscota soils are on higher landscape positions. Ceresco soils
are on landscape positions similar to those of the Algansee soils and have a mollic epipedon. The poorly
drained or very poorly drained Cohoctah soils are on lower landscape positions and have a mollic
epipedon. The poorly drained or very poorly drained Glendora soils are on lower landscape positions. The
well drained Landes soils are on higher landscape positions, have a mollic epipedon and have a clay
content that averages 5 to 18 percent in the particle-size control section.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth
to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) between September and
May in normal years. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is very high. Algansee soils are subject to frequent
or occasional flooding for long duration.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are forested. Only a very small part is drained and cultivated.
Cleared areas are used mostly for permanent pasture. Native vegetation is red maple, swamp white oak,
quaking aspen, and white ash.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 89, 91A, 96, 97, 98, 103, 104, and 105 in Michigan,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 98. The series of is
moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and feature recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap horizon).
Aquic conditions: iron depletions with chroma of 2 in the C1 horizon, 20 to 66 cm (8 to 26 inches).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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Resource Report 7: Soils
5.0
ALGIERS
LOCATION ALGIERS
OH+IN
Established Series
Rev. DRM
04/2007
ALGIERS SERIES
The Algiers series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36
inches) of recent light colored alluvium overlying a buried dark colored soil. These soils are on flood
plains or low terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 940 mm (37
inches), and mean annual air temperature is about11 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Aquic Udifluvents
TYPICAL PEDON: Algiers silt loam, in a cultivated field with a slope of less than one percent on the
flood plain of Kings Creek at an elevation of about 345 meters (1133 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors
are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10
inches) thick]
C--20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; massive; friable; neutral;
abrupt wavy boundary. [25 to 84 cm (10 to 33 inches) thick]
2Ab--51 to 81 cm (20 to 32 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam; moderate fine and
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches)
thick]
2Bgb--81 to 107 cm (32 to 42 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of
iron accumulation and faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear
smooth boundary. [20 to 61 cm (8 to 24 inches) thick]
2BCgb--107 to 140 cm (42 to 55 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; firm; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation and common fine faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; 10 percent gravel; slightly
effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 46 cm (18 inches) thick]
2C--140 to 183 cm (55 to 72 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) very gravelly sand; single grain; loose;
common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; 60 percent
gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline.
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TYPE LOCATION: Champaign County, Ohio; 2.2 miles west of Cable, in Wayne Township; 1/2 mile
northwest of former intersection of State Highway 296 and Dogleg Road; 50 feet west of Dogleg Road
and 50 feet south of Kings Creek.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the buried soil (2Ab horizon): 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches)
Depth to the 2C horizon: 114 to more than 152 cm (45 to more than 60 inches)
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5 (6 or more dry)
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: silt loam or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 2.5 to 8 cm (1 to 3 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral
C horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam with subhorizons ranging to sandy loam or fine sandy loam
Redox features: low chroma depletions with matrix chroma of 3 are permitted at depths of more than 50
cm (20 inches)
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral
2Ab horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y, or is neutral
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
2Bgb or 2BCgb horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: commonly loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, but thin subhorizons of silty clay are permitted
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Redox features: few to many depletions or concentrations; depletions with chroma of 2 or less and matrix
chroma of 1 occur within 50 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of the surface
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: ranges from clay loam or silty clay loam to extremely gravelly sand
Redox features: few to many
Rock fragment content: 0 to 70 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. Series in similar families are the
Dupo, Eel, Killbuck, Orion, Wallkill, and Washtenaw series. Dupo soils have silty textures over
contrasting fine-textured material. Eel soils lack the buried dark-colored A horizon within a depth of 91
cm (36 inches). Killbuck and Washtenaw soils have chroma of 2 or less and redox features in the upper
50 cm (20 inches). Orion soils are coarse-silty. Wallkill soils have a buried Histosol within a depth of 102
cm (40 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Algiers soils are on flood plains or low terraces in the Wisconsinan glacial
area or in flood plains in the Illinoian glacial area where the headwaters are in the Wisconsinan till area.
Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches) of recent light colored
alluvium overlying a buried Aquoll. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 813 to 1016 mm (32 to 40
inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 12 degrees C (48 to 54 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Eel, Genesee, Killbuck, Ross, Shoals, and
Sloan series, all on similar topographic positions. Of these, only the poorly drained Killbuck soils have
recent alluvium over a buried soil. Eldean, Ockley, Sleeth, Thackery, Lippincott, and Westland soils
formed in outwash and are on nearby low terraces. Nearby soils formed in till include the series which are
members of the Miamian and Morley drainage sequences.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The
potential for surface runoff is negligible or low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high.
Permeability is moderate. The soil is subject to occasional or frequent flooding.
USE AND VEGETATION: A major part of the Algiers soils is cultivated. Commonly grown crops
include corn, soybeans, small grain, and forage crops. Other areas are in pasture or woodland. Native
vegetation is elm, soft maple, sycamore, and other water-tolerant deciduous trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central, western, and southern Ohio and southern Indiana; MLRAs
111A, 111B, 111D, 111E, 114A, and 99. The type location is in MLRA 111A. The series is of moderate
extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Brown County, Ohio, 1930.
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REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (Ap horizon).
Buried soil: at 51 cm (top of the 2Ab horizon).
Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below a depth of 81 cm.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
6.0
ALLEGHENY
LOCATION ALLEGHENY
KY+AR MD OH PA TN VA WV
Established Series
JDM/Rev MDJ
12/2013
ALLEGHENY SERIES
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Allegheny loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, rarely flooded in a cultivated field. (Colors
are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated).
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist, light yellowish brown (10YR
6/4) dry; loam, weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular structure; very
friable, deformable, non-sticky, non-plastic; many fine roots and many medium roots; moderately acid;
clear smooth boundary. (13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick)
Bt1--20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm, deformable, non-sticky, non-plastic; common fine roots; common fine tubular
pores; many faint organic stains and common faint clay films on all surfaces of peds; strongly acid;
gradual smooth boundary.
Bt2--38 to 71 cm (15 to 28 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; few medium distinct brown
(10YR 5/3) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm,
deformable, non-sticky, non-plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; common faint clay films on all
surfaces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt3--71 to 84 cm (28 to 33 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; few medium distinct brown
(10YR 5/3) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm,
deformable, non-sticky, non-plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; common faint clay films on all
surfaces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt4--84 to 107 cm (33 to 42 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; few medium faint
brown (10YR 5/3) and few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm, deformable, non-sticky, non-plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular
pores; few faint clay films on all surfaces of peds; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (51 to 152 cm
(20 to 60 inches) thick)
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BC1--107 to 140 cm (42 to 55 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; weak very coarse
prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, deformable, nonsticky, non-plastic; few fine roots; few faint silt coatings and clay films on all surfaces of peds; 15 to 30
percent brittle; common fine distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented spherical
iron-manganese concretions in prism faces and common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)
iron masses as irregular streaks along vertical surfaces of prisms; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
BC2--140 to 183 cm (55 to 72 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; weak very coarse
prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, deformable, nonsticky, non-plastic; few fine roots; few faint clay films and silt coatings on all surfaces of peds; 20 to 40
percent brittle; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 102 cm (0 to 40 inches) thick)
C--183 to 226 cm (72 to 89 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; massive; firm, few
fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregular weakly cemented iron depletions in the matrix;
strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION:
State: Kentucky
County: Floyd
USGS Quadrangle: Offutt
Latitude: 37.855944 N NAD 83
Longitude: 82.728611 W NAD 83
Direction to pedon: about 500 feet south of the Jenny Wiley grave site (a local landmark) and 1000 feet
east of Kentucky Highway 581 on a stream terrace along the western shore of the Levisa Fork of the Big
Sandy River,
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the top of the Argillic: 13 to 51 cm (5 to 20 inches)
Depth to the base of the Argillic: 64 to 165 cm (25 to 65 inches)
Solum Thickness: 76 to 183 cm (30 to 72 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 200 cm (80 inches)
Depth Class: Very Deep
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: >72 inches
Rock Fragment content: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, in the A horizon; 0 to 30 percent in the Bt horizons;
and 0 to 35 percent in the BC and C horizons
Soil Reaction: strongly acid to extremely acid, except where limed
Other Soil Features: Some pedons have 2BC or 2C horizons with 35 to 80 percent gravel and cobbles
and/or strongly contrasting particle size with overlying horizons
Depth to Lithologic Discontinuity (where it occurs): 61 to 203 cm (24 to 80 inches)
Range of Individual Horizons:
A or Ap horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--fine sandy loam, loam or silt loam
Other features--some pedons have thin A horizons that include value of 3 and chroma of 1 to 3
BA or BE horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8
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Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam or silt loam
Bt horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, silt loam or
rarely silty clay loam
Mottles (if they occur)--commonly faint in shades of brown, red, or yellow in the lower part
BC horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, silt loam,
or rarely silty clay loam.
Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--commonly deeper than 107 cm (42 inches) iron masses in shade
of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray
C horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8 with some pedons variegated
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, loam, or
silt loam and may be stratified
Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--commonly deeper than 107 cm (42 inches) iron masses in shade
of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray
COMPETING SERIES:
Albemarle soils - are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to bedrock
Cardova soils - are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to bedrock
Clifftop soils - are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to bedrock
Drapermill soils - are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to bedrock
Ezel soils--are less than 152 cm (60 inches) to bedrock
Frankstown soils--formed in upland residuum weathered from siliceous limestone and interbedded limy
shale and siltstone
Gilwood soils - are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to bedrock
Leck Kill soils--formed in residuum or glacial till weathered from red shale, siltstone, and sandstone
Meadowville soils--formed on uplands in local alluvium and the underlying residuum weathered from
basic and acidic rocks
Milldraper soils - are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to bedrock
Murrill soils--formed in colluvial materials derived from acid sandstones and shales and the underlying
limestone residuum
Nixon soils--formed in old alluvium and contain detectable red shale detrital components in the coarse
fragments and fine earth fractions
Shouns soils--have redder colors in the solum
Ungers soils--formed in residuum weathered from red sandstone and shale and have redder colors in their
argillic horizons
Whiteford soils--formed in residuum weathered from dark colored slate and/or phyllite
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Landscape: River valleys
Landform: stream terraces and alluvial fans
MLRA(s): 117--Boston Mountains, 120A--Kentucky and Indiana Sandstone and Shale Hills and Valleys,
Southern Part, 122--Highland Rim and Pennyroyal, 124--Western Allegheny Plateau, 125--Cumberland
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Plateau and Mountains, 126--Central Allegheny Plateau, 127--Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains,
128--Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys, 130A--Northern Blue Ridge, 147--Northern Appalachian
ridges and Valleys
Geomorphic Component: treads and risers
Parent Material: alluvium
Slope: 0 to 25 percent
Elevation: 175 to 441 meters
Frost-free period: 152 to 245 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 11 degrees C.
Mean Annual Precipitation: 1143 millimeters
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Barbourville soils--are on adjacent alluvial fans, foot slopes and terraces and have thicker and darker
surface layers and do not have argillic horizons.
Chavies soils--are on adjacent treads and risers of river valleys, have less clay in the solum and higher
base saturation.
Cotaco soils--are on adjacent foot slopes, colluvial fans, and low stream terraces and are moderately well
or somewhat poorly drained.
Cottonbend soils--are on high stream terraces or benches on valley sides and have more clay and redder
colors in the lower subsoil.
Ezel soils--are on high strath terraces along rivers and streams and have bedrock within 60 inches.
Grigsby soils--are on adjacent floodplains and have more sand in the subsoil, do not have argillic
horizons, and have higher base saturation.
Kanawha soils--are on high bottoms and low stream terraces and have higher base saturations.
Monongahela soils--are on terrace positions in old alluvium and have a fragipan in the argillic horizon.
Nolin soils--are on adjacent floodplains, in depressions, or on natural levees along major streams and
rivers and do not have argillic horizons.
Orrville soils--are on adjacent floodplains and are somewhat poorly drained.
Pope soils--are on adjacent floodplains and have more sand in the subsoil and do not have argillic
horizons.
Rowdy soils--are on adjacent low stream terraces, foot slopes and alluvial fans and do not have argillic
horizons.
Wheeling soils--are on adjacent river terraces and have higher base saturation.
Whitley soils--are on adjacent stream terraces, foot slopes, and alluvial fans and have more silt in the
subsoil.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well
Internal Free Water Occurrence: None
Index Surface Runoff: Low to medium
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high
Permeability Class (obsolete): Moderate
Shrink-swell Potential: Low
Flooding Frequency and Duration: Rare and very brief
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: crops and pasture including corn, tobacco, small grains, hay, vegetables and fruits.
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Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--tall fescue.
conifers
Where wooded--hardwoods interspersed with
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: The Eastern Kentucky Coalfields, Bluegrass, and Knobs regions of Kentucky and similar
areas in Arkansas, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia
Extent: moderate
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fayette County, Pennsylvania, 1948.
REMARKS: Soils previously mapped as the Allegheny Variant or Allegheny Shale Substratum phase are
now to be correlated as the Ezel Series.
Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches) (Ap horizon)
Argillic horizon--the zone from 20 to 107 cm (8 to 42 inches) (Bt horizons)
Series control section--the zone from 20 to 72 cm (8 to 28 inches)
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from the NSSL for this pedon: S89KY-115-4
by the University of Kentucky
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
7.0
ALLENDALE
LOCATION ALLENDALE
MI+MN WI
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-WEF-LMC
08/2012
ALLENDALE SERIES
The Allendale series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in sandy sediments
and in the underlying clayey lacustrine deposits or till on lake basins, lake terraces, lake plains, outwash
plains, and ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 787
mm (31 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 6.1 degrees C (43 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy over clayey, mixed, semiactive, frigid Alfic Epiaquods
TYPICAL PEDON: Allendale loamy sand, on a west-facing, 2 percent slope in a forested area. (Colors
are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
A--0 to 8 cm (3 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loamy sand, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; very weak medium
granular structure; very friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [2.5 to 13 cm (1 to 5 inches) thick]
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E--8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 inches); gray (10YR 6/1) sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; single grain;
loose; moderately acid; abrupt irregular boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick]
Bhs--25 to 33 cm (10 to 13 inches): dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky
structure; very friable; few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron throughout;
moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick]
Bs1--33 to 41 cm (13 to 16 inches): brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; single grain; loose; common medium
distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions throughout; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bs2--41 to 66 cm (16 to 26 inches): yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sand; single grain; loose; common
medium distinct brown (10YR 5/3) masses of oxidized iron throughout; common medium prominent
grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions throughout; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined
thickness of the Bs horizon is 0 to 64 cm (25 inches).]
E'--66 to 71 cm (26 to 28 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid; abrupt
irregular boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick]
2Bt--71 to 86 cm (28 to 34 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay; ped coatings and crack fillings of pale
brown (10YR 6/3) sand in upper 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches); moderate fine angular blocky structure; very
firm; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron throughout;
common medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions throughout; slightly acid; abrupt wavy
boundary. [10 to 82 cm (4 to 32 inches) thick]
2C--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay; weak fine angular blocky fragments; very
firm; common medium distinct pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) and prominent gray (N 6/) iron depletions;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Arenac County, Michigan; about 2 1/2 miles north of Standish; 2220 feet north and
2340 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 26, T. 19 N., R. 4 E.; USGS Omer SW, MI topographic
quadrangle; lat. 44 degrees 01 minute 03 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 57 minutes 21 seconds W.,
NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 51 cm (20 inches) to greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
A horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 0 to 2, or is neutral
Texture: sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel
Reaction: extremely acid to neutral
Ap horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 2 to 4
Chroma: 1 to 3
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Texture: sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel
Reaction: extremely acid to neutral
E horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 5 to 7
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
Bhs horizon:
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR, or less commonly 10YR
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3; 10YR hue has value of 3 only
Chroma: 2 or 3; 10YR hue has chroma of 1 only
Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid
Bs1 horizon in pedons with no Bhs horizons:
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma of 4
Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid
Bs1 horizon in pedons with a Bhs horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid
Bs2 horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 4 to 8
Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid
A few weakly to strongly cemented pieces of ortstein are in the Bhs and Bs horizons in some pedons. The
colors of ortstein normally correspond to the colors of both the Bhs and Bs horizons.
E' horizon:
Hue: 2.5YR to 10YR
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Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 8 percent gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
Some pedons do not have an E' horizon. Some pedons have a glossic horizon (E/Bt or Bt/E horizon).
Some pedons have thick coatings of E material on faces of ped in the upper part of the 2Bt horizon. Some
pedons have a thin layer that is sandy loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam, which is just above the 2Bt
horizon.
2Bt horizon:
Hue: 2.5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silty clay or clay
Clay content: averages 40 to 60 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 or 1 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline
2C horizon:
Hue: 2.5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silty clay or clay; thin strata of silty clay loam and silt loam are in some pedons
Rock fragment content: 0 or 1 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline
Sandy substratums below 152 cm (60 inches) are recognized.
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Fibre series. The Fibre soils are saturated for longer periods and at a
shallower depth in the upper part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Allendale soils are on lake basins, lake terraces, lake plains, outwash plains,
and ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to
864 mm (27 to 34 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 5.0 to 8.3 degrees C (41 to 47 degrees
F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Au Gres, Bergland, Croswell, Kalkaska,
Kellogg, Manistee, Melita, Pickford, Pinconning, Rubicon, Rudyard, and Selkirk soils. The well drained
Manistee, the moderately well drained Kellogg, and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Fibre and
Pinconning soils form a drainage sequence with Allendale. The somewhat excessively drained Kalkaska
and Melita, the excessively drained Rubicon, the moderately well drained Croswell, and the somewhat
poorly drained Au Gres are sandy soils associated with the Allendale soils. The somewhat poorly drained
Selkirk and Rudyard soils and the poorly drained Pickford and Bergland soils are clayey soils that are in
association with Allendale soils in some areas.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth
to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 61 cm (0.5 to 2 feet) during October,
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November, March, April, May, and June in normal years. The water tends to perch at the interface
between the sandy and clayey materials. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to very low, dependent
on slope. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high in the sandy part and moderately low or
low in the clayey part. Permeability is rapid in the sandy upper part and slow or very slow in the clayey
lower part.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cleared areas are used for the production of small grains, alfalfa-grass hay,
and corn with some soybeans and field beans. Some areas are in permanent pasture or in woodland.
Natural forest vegetation consists of quaking aspen, balsam fir, paper birch, red maple, eastern white pine,
white ash, and white spruce.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 90A, 92, 93A, 93B, 94A, 94B, 94C, 95A, 96, 98, and 99 in
the northern half of the Lower Peninsula and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, northwestern Wisconsin,
and northern Minnesota. This series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ottawa County, Michigan, 1922.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (10 inches) (A and E horizons).
Albic horizon: from a depth of 8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 inches) and from 66 to 71 cm (26 to 28 inches) (E and
E' horizons).
Spodic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 41 cm (10 to 16 inches) (Bhs and Bs1 horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 71 to 84 cm (28 to 34 inches) (2Bt horizon).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features in the Bhs horizon.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
8.0
ALVADA
LOCATION ALVADA
OH
Established Series
Rev. KEM-RMG-RAR
04/2007
ALVADA SERIES
The Alvada series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in loamy, sandy, and gravelly
outwash or glaciolacustrine deposits 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) thick overlying till. They are on
outwash plains, lake plains, and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is
about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiaquolls
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TYPICAL PEDON: Alvada loam, on a planar surface in a cultivated field at an elevation of 238 meters
(780 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)
dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; common fine roots; 3 percent rock fragments;
neutral; clear smooth boundary. [25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches) thick]
Btg1--25 to 41 cm (10 to 16 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam; moderate fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on
faces of peds; few distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds;
few fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common fine and medium distinct dark
yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine faint very dark
grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 3
percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Btg2--41 to 53 cm (16 to 21 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; common
medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium
prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common fine and medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR
4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 3 percent rock fragments;
neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Btg3--53 to 71 cm (21 to 28 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of
peds; common fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common fine and medium
distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine faint
very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the
matrix; 4 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt--71 to 99 cm (28 to 39 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam with thin strata of sandy loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films
on faces of peds; common medium and coarse faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the
matrix; few fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common medium and coarse faint
dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine faint very dark
grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 10
percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary.
B'tg--99 to 117 cm (39 to 46 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly loam with thin strata of fine
sandy loam and strata of silty clay loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;
few fine roots; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds and as bridging
between sand grains; few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common medium distinct
dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 20 percent rock fragments;
strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is
76 to 114 cm (30 to 45 inches).]
BCg--117 to 127 cm (46 to 50 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) very gravelly sandy loam; weak medium and
coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)
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masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 35 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick]
2C--127 to 203 cm (50 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; massive, with widely
spaced vertical fractures; firm; few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions oriented
along fractures; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Hancock County, Ohio; approximately 4.5 miles east of Findlay, in Marion
Township; about 200 feet north and 760 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 14, T. 1 N., R. 11 E.;
USGS Arcadia, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 02 minutes 12 seconds N. and long. 83
degrees 33 minutes 26 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 89 to 140 cm (35 to 55 inches)
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 140 cm (40 to 55 inches)
Depth to the till substratum: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 61 to 140 cm (24 to 55 inches)
Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolomite, and crystalline lithology
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3 (5 or less dry)
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Btg, Bt, or B'tg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 or 2; chroma of 3 is allowed in the lower part
Texture: clay loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures
Sand content: 25 to 60 percent; more than 60 percent of the sand fraction is medium sand or coarser
Rock fragment content: 2 to 25 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
BCg or BC horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: sandy loam, loamy sand, or loam or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures
Sand content: 50 to 95 percent
Rock fragment content: 2 to 40 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Some pedons have a 2BC or 2BCg horizon.
2C or 2Cg horizon:
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Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam
Clay content: 22 to 35 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. Series in related families are the
Barry, Brookston, Millgrove, Navunon, Radioville, Rensselaer, Tallmadge, and Westland series. All of
these series have a CEC to clay ratio of 0.6 or more, and have a superactive cation-exchange activity
class. In addition, Barry, Millgrove, Rensselaer, and Westland soils have less than 22 percent clay in the
lower part of the series control section. Brookston and Radioville soils have, in the middle part of the
series control section, less than 60 percent of the sand fraction dominated by medium or coarser sand.
Navunon soils are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Tallmadge soils have a
lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Alvada soils are on outwash plains, lake plains, and till plains of late
Wisconsin age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Alvada soils formed in loamy, sandy, and gravelly
outwash or glaciolacustrine deposits 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) thick overlying till. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from 813 to 1067 mm (32 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9
to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 180 days. Elevation is 213 to 305 meters
(700 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the well drained Shawtown, moderately well
drained Thackery, and somewhat poorly drained Lamberjack soils on outwash plains; and the somewhat
poorly drained Aurand and moderately well drained Cygnet soils on lake plains.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to
the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm
(1 foot) below between November and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible
to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the solum and moderately high or
moderately low in the substratum. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum, moderately
rapid in the lower part of the solum, and moderately slow or slow in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is under cultivation, primarily corn, soybeans, wheat, and
hay. A relatively small proportion is in woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, primarily ash,
beech, elm, and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 111B in west-central Ohio, and possibly eastern Indiana, and
to a smaller extent in MLRA 99 in northwestern Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 111B. The series is
of small extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hancock County, Ohio, 1997.
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REMARKS: Alvada soils are being converted from Millgrove and Mermill soils during modernization
projects in MLRA 99 and 111.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 117 cm (Btg, Bt, and B'tg horizons).
Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons below the mollic epipedon.
Representative data mapunit is DMU ID 129956.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
9.0
ARKPORT
LOCATION ARKPORT
NY+MI OH
Established Series
Rev. MGC-SWA
03/2013
ARKPORT SERIES
The Arkport series consist of very deep, well drained soils formed in glacio-fluvial deposits having a high
content of fine and very fine sand. These soils have thin horizontal bands of loamy material in the subsoil.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high throughout the mineral soil. Slope ranges from 0 to 60 percent.
The mean annual temperature is 48 degrees F. and the mean precipitation is about 38 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Lamellic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Arkport very fine sandy loam on a 5 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are
for moist soil unless otherwise noted).
Ap -- 0 to 9 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) very fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;
few medium and common fine roots; 1 percent very fine pebbles; moderately acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. (7 to 12 inches thick.)
BE1 -- 9 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; friable;
common medium roots; many fine pores; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.
BE2 -- 15 to 28 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loamy very fine sand in intricate pattern with brown (7.5YR
5/2) clean very fine sand and few reddish brown (5YR 4/3) very fine sandy loam lamellae 1/16 inch thick
and 3 to 6 inches long; massive; very friable; common fine and few medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt
wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the BE horizons is 0 to 23 inches thick.)
E and Bt1 -- 28 to 45 inches; light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) very fine sand E material; massive; very
friable; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) very fine sandy loam Bt material as lamellae 1/16 to 4 inches thick that
total 6 inches in thickness; massive; firm; few medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
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E and Bt2 -- 45 to 58 inches; light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) loamy fine sand intricately patterned with
reddish brown (5YR 4/4) wavy, branching, crudely horizontal lamellae 1/16 to 1/2 inch thick that total 1
1/2 inches in thickness; massive; very friable; lamellae are firm and slightly plastic; few roots; strongly
acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
E and Bt3 -- 58 to 92 inches; pinkish gray (5YR 6/2) loamy fine sand patterned with dark reddish brown
(5YR 3/4) fine sandy loam, thin, wavy, horizontal, branching lamellae that total 1 inch in thickness and
by reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very fine sandy loam 1/2 inch thick lamellae that total 4 inches in thickness;
massive; very friable and friable; few roots in upper part; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
(Combined thickness of the E and Bt horizons is 15 to 70 inches.)
C -- 92 to 106 inches; pinkish gray (5YR 6/2) fine sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Orleans County, New York; 1/4 mile south of intersection of Highway 31 and Rich's
Road; 2 miles east of Albion; 60 feet north and 90 feet west of southwest corner of small cemetery west
of Keitall Road. USGS Albion, NY topographic quadrangle; Latitude 43 degrees, 14 minutes, 18 seconds
N. and Longitude 78 degrees, 21 minutes, 46 seconds W., NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 100 inches. Depth to bedrock is
greater than 60 inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 36 to more than 120 inches. Depth to the
uppermost lamellae ranges from 9 to 30 inches. Very fine sand plus silt ranges from 30 to 80 percent, and
fine sand and coarser is greater than 15 percent throughout the soil. Rock fragments are usually absent but
can range up to 10 percent.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR through 7.5YR, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is
loamy fine sand, fine sand, loamy very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam or
silt loam. It has weak or moderate, fine to coarse granular structure and is very friable or friable. Reaction
ranges from very strongly acid through neutral. Wooded or uncultivated areas have an A horizon 1 to 4
inches thick with hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.
The BE horizon has hue of 10YR through 5YR, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 8. Texture
is loamy fine sand, very fine sand, loamy very fine sand, fine sandy loam, or very fine sandy loam. The
horizon is massive or single grain or has very weak or weak, fine or medium, granular or subangular
blocky structure. It is loose to friable. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid through neutral. Some
pedons have a Bw or E horizon in place of the BE horizon.
The E part of the E and Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y through 5YR, value of 4 through 7 and chroma of 2
through 4. Texture is fine sand to loamy very fine sand. It is structureless or has weak or very weak
granular or subangular blocky structure and is loose to very friable. The Bt part of the E and Bt horizon
has hue of 5YR through 10YR, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 through 6. Texture is silt loam or
very fine sandy loam to loamy fine sand. It is massive or it has weak fine or medium blocky or platy
structure, and is friable or firm. The E and Bt horizons range from strongly acid through neutral.
The C horizon has hue of 5YR through 10YR, value of 4 through 6 and chroma of 2 through 4. Texture is
sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, very fine sand or loamy very fine sand. It is massive or
single grain with loose to friable consistence. Some pedons have thin layers of coarse silt. It ranges from
moderately acid through moderately alkaline.
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COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family.
The Amboy, Colonie and Galen soils are in similar families. Amboy soils contain more silt, and Colonie
soils formed in coarser sandy deposits and contain less silt and clay than Arkport. Galen soils have
redoximorphic concentrations in the upper part of the subsoil.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Arkport soils are nearly level to steep soils on the tops and sides of
glacial deltas and glacio-fluvial sand plains, and on dunes and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 60
percent. The soil formed in water-sorted deposits having a high content of fine and very fine sand. The
climate is humid and cool temperate. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 28 to 40 inches. Mean
annual temperature ranges from 46 to 50 degrees F. The frost-free period ranges from 140 to 200 days.
Elevation ranges from 300 to 900 feet above sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Amboy, Collamer, Colonie, Dunkirk,
Elnora, Galen, Howard, Lamson, Minoa, Niagara, Palmyra, Stafford, Wallington, and Williamson soils.
Amboy, Wallington, and Williamson soils formed in nearby coarse-silty lake deposits. Collamer,
Dunkirk, and Niagara soils formed in fine-silty lake deposits. Colonie, Elnora, and Stafford soils formed
in sandy deposits lower in silt and clay content than Arkport soils. Galen, Minoa, and Lamson soils are in
a drainage sequence with Arkport soils and are in lower lying landscape positions. Howard and Palmyra
soils are on nearby glacial outwash terraces that are gravelly.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for
surface runoff is low to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high throughout the mineral soil.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is cultivated. The dominant crops are corn, hay, and
small grains but vegetable crops and deciduous fruits are prominent in many places. Some areas remain in
woodlots of sugar maple, red oak, and American beech.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: New York, Michigan, and Ohio. MLRA's 96, 98, 99, 101, 139, and
140. The Arkport series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Steuben County, New York, 1931.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and other features recognized in the typical pedon:
1) Ochric Epipedon - from 0 to 9 inches (Ap horizon).
2) Argillic horizon - thin horizontal lamellae totaling more than 6 inches in thickness from 28 to 80 inches
(E and Bt horizons).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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10.0
ATKINS
LOCATION ATKINS
WV+ IN KY MD NY PA TN VA
Established Series
Rev. ART-WFH-PSP-ABJ
03/2005
ATKINS SERIES
The Atkins series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in acid alluvium washed from upland
soils that formed in shale and sandstone. Permeability is slow to moderate. Slope ranges from 0 to 3
percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 46 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 54
degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, acid, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Atkins loam, wooded. (Colors are for moist soil.)
Oi--0 to 1 inches; slightly decomposed loose hardwood leaf litter.
Oe--1 to 1.5 inches; Moderately decomposed organic matter.
A--1.5 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam with few fine strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron
stains along root channels and lining pores; weak fine and medium granular structure; very friable; many
very fine to coarse roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (1 to 8 inches thick).
AB--5 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam with few fine strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron
stains along root channels and lining pores; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common very
fine to coarse roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick).
Bg1--8 to 14 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam with few fine and medium strong brown (7.5YR
5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron stains in the matrix and on ped faces; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bg2--14 to 26 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam with common fine and medium strong brown
(7.5YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron stains in the matrix and on ped faces; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
(Combined thickness of the Bg horizons is 12 to 34 inches).
BCg--26 to 38 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay loam with common fine and medium strong
brown (7.5YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron stains in the matrix and on ped faces, and common
fine black (7.5YR 2.5/1) soft iron-manganese masses in the matrix; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; few fine roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 18 inches thick).
Cg1--38 to 47 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay loam with many fine and medium strong brown
(7.5YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron stains in the matrix; massive; friable; strongly acid;
gradual wavy boundary.
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Cg2--47 to 66 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/1) clay loam with many fine and medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)
and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron stains in the matrix; massive; friable; strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Raleigh County, West Virginia; about 0.3 miles southeast of County Route 15/3
along County Route 28. USGS Eccles topographic quadrangle; Latitude 37 degrees 45 minutes 28.9
seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees 21 minutes and 49.0 seconds W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 50 inches. The depth to
bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Unless limed, this soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid and ranges
to moderately acid below a depth of 40 inches. Rock fragments are commonly absent, but may range from
0 to 20 percent by volume in the solum and from 0 to 60 percent by volume in the C horizon.
The A, Ap, and AB horizons have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4.
Redoximorphic features have hue of 5Y to 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 8. Texture is loam or
silt loam, and less commonly fine sandy loam or silty clay loam in the fine-earth fraction.
The B horizon (here intended to include BA and BC horizons, where present) is neutral or has hue of
7.5YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 2. Redoximorphic features have hue of 5YR to 2.5Y,
value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 8. Soft manganese and iron masses occur in some pedons and have hue
2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 2 to 3, and chroma of 0 to 2. The B horizon is loam, silt loam, clay loam, or
silty clay loam, and less commonly sandy loam or fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction.
The C horizon is neutral or has hue of 7.5YR to 5PB, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 8. The C horizon
may be stratified; it is loam, clay loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam in the
fine-earth fraction. Some pedons have a 2C horizon of sand and gravel below 3 feet.
COMPETING SERIES: The only other soil in the same family is (T) Widewater. Widewater soils
developed in loamy sediments of the coastal plain.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Atkins soils are on nearly level soils of flood plains. Slopes are concave or
linear and range from 0 to 3 percent. Atkins soils formed in alluvium washed mainly from upland soils
derived from interbedded acid sandstones and shales. Average annual precipitation ranges from 30 to 55
inches and average annual temperature ranges from 45 to 57 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Elkins, Monongahela, Philo, Pope and
Tygart soils. Elkins soils are very poorly drained and have a thick black or very dark gray A horizon. The
Monongahela and Tygart soils are on terraces and have argillic horizons. Philo soils are moderately well
drained soils on flood plains. Pope soils are well drained soils on flood plains.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: This soil is poorly drained. The water table is a foot or less below
the soil surface for appreciable periods. Internal drainage is very slow. Permeability is slow to moderate
in the subsoil and ranges to moderately rapid in the substratum. The potential for surface runoff is
negligible to low. Occasional flooding is typical on the Atkins landform. The mechanism of flooding
usually involves shallow standing or slowly moving water on the soil surface.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are wooded or pastured. Vegetation is mixed hardwood forest of
water tolerant oaks, red maples, black gum, sweet gum, willow, elm, ash, and alder; with aquatic grasses
and sedges in places. Many areas originally mapped as Atkins have been filled in, and in subsequent
decades developed for urban uses.
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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia. Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA's) include: 120, 124, 125,
126, 127, 130, 140, and 147. The extent is large.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Pope County, Arkansas, 1913.
REMARKS: Samples from the control section in most cases have indicated a clay activity class of active.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1. Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 8 inches.
2. Cambic horizon: The zone from 8 to 38 inches.
3. Aquic moisture regime: endosaturation periodically in the epipedon and below.
Reference samples (S00WV605001, S00WV605002) were taken and analyses are pending to assess clay
activity class for the series.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
11.0
AURAND
LOCATION AURAND
OH
Established Series
Rev. KEM-RMG-RAR
09/2012
AURAND SERIES
The Aurand series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that are deep to dense till. They
formed in loamy glaciolacustrine material 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) thick and the underlying till.
They are on lake plains and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is
about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Argiudolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Aurand loam, on a slightly convex footslope of a beach ridge in a cultivated field at
an elevation of 233 meters (765 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
stated.)
Ap--0 to 28 cm (0 to 11 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)
dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine faint very
dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the
matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches)
thick]
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Bt1--28 to 43 cm (11 to 17 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; moderate fine and very fine subangular
blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on
faces of peds; common distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic coatings on vertical faces of
peds; common medium faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine and
medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)
masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium faint very dark grayish brown
(10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 2 percent rock
fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--43 to 56 cm (17 to 22 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films
on faces of peds; few distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic coatings on vertical faces of
peds; common fine and medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common
fine and medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common
fine and medium distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese
oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3--56 to 74 cm (22 to 29 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam with thin strata of sandy loam;
weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct grayish
brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron
depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation
in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately
cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; slightly alkaline;
clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 38 to 76 cm (15 to 30 inches).]
Btg--74 to 84 cm (29 to 33 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam with thin strata of sandy
loam and loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint
grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct dark yellowish brown
(10YR 4/4) and few medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the
matrix; common fine and medium faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron
and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent
discontinuously in the matrix; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 18 cm (7 inches) thick]
2BC--84 to 122 cm (33 to 48 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak medium
and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on
vertical faces of peds; common distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) calcium carbonate coatings on vertical
faces of peds; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few medium
distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual irregular boundary. [25 to 63 cm (10 to 25 inches)
thick]
2Cd--122 to 157 cm (48 to 62 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; massive, with widely spaced
vertical fractures; very firm; common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the
matrix; few fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the
matrix; 3 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
2Cdg--157 to 203 cm (62 to 80 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam; massive, with widely
spaced vertical fractures; very firm; common fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)
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masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 3 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Hancock County, Ohio; approximately 1.2 miles east of McComb, in Portage
Township; about 800 feet north and 540 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 19, T. 2 N., R. 10 E.;
USGS McComb, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 06 minutes 43 seconds N. and long. 83
degrees 45 minutes 47 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 63 to 132 cm (25 to 52 inches)
Thickness of the solum: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Depth to the densic contact: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Thickness of the loamy glaciolacustrine material: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 63 to 127 cm (25 to 50 inches)
Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolostone, and crystalline lithology
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (5 or less dry)
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: loam, fine sandy loam, or silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Btg or Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures;
commonly stratified with thin subhorizons of sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy sand, or loamy fine
sand or the gravelly analogs of these textures
Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the upper part and neutral or slightly alkaline in the lower
part
Some pedons have a BC horizon.
Some pedons have a 2Bt or 2Btg horizon.
2BC or 2BCg horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 0 to 4
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, or clay
Clay content: 27 to 42 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
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2Cd or 2Cdg horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 0 to 4
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, or clay
Clay content: 27 to 42 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Crane, Mokena, Nachusa, Nenno, and Tiderishi series. None of
these soils have a densic contact within the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Aurand soils are on lake plains and beach ridges of late Wisconsinan
age. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The soils formed in loamy glaciolacustrine material 51 to 102 cm
(20 to 40 inches) thick and the underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 914 mm (27
to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C (45 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free
period is 140 to 165 days. Elevation is 183 to 244 meters (600 to 800 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the well drained Fox, Oshtemo, and Shawtown
soils on beach ridges; the moderately well drained Vaughnsville soils on convex footslopes of beach
ridges; the somewhat poorly drained Haskins soils on slight rises; and the very poorly drained Hoytville
and Mermill soils on broad flats and swales of lake plains.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The
depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 to 1.5 feet)
between December and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is very low to medium.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the upper part of the solum and moderately low in
the lower part of the solum and low in the substratum. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the
solum, moderately slow or slow in the lower part of the solum, and slow or very slow in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is under cultivation, primarily corn, soybeans, wheat, and
hay. A relatively small proportion is in woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, principally ash,
beech, elm, and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Ohio, and possibly northeastern Indiana and southern
Michigan; MLRA 99. The series is of small extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hancock County, Ohio, 1997.
REMARKS: Aurand soils are being converted from Mermill and Haskins soils during modernization
projects in MLRA 99.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 84 cm (Bt, Btg horizons).
Densic contact: at 122 cm (top of the 2Cd horizon).
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Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons below a depth of 28 cm.
Supporting laboratory data is needed to confirm the presence of densic materials in the 2Cd horizon.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data (HK-44) from The Ohio State University Soil
Characterization Laboratory is available for the typical pedon.
Representative data mapunit is DMU ID 129960 in MO 11.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
12.0
AVOCA
LOCATION AVOCA
MI
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-NWS
08/2012
AVOCA SERIES
The Avoca series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in sandy deposits
underlain by loamy till. Avoca soils are on lake plains, till plains, and low water laid moraines. Slope
ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual
temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy over loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Endoaquods
TYPICAL PEDON: Avoca loamy sand, on a 2 percent slope in a pastured field on a till plain. (Colors are
for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 25 cm (10 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loamy sand; very weak medium granular
[crumb] structure; very friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 inches) thick]
E [A2]--25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid;
abrupt irregular boundary. [0 to 8 cm (3 inches) thick]
Bs1 [B2lhir]--30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) fine sand; weak fine subangular blocky
structure; very friable; many medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6), faint dark yellowish brown
(10YR 4/4), and faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the upper part; few fine
distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the lower part; few fine faint grayish
brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the lower part; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [5 to 25 cm
(2 to 10 inches) thick]
Bs2 [B22ir]--46 to 66 cm (18 to 26 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sand; single grain; loose;
slightly coherent when wet; many medium distinct and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and 5/8)
and distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; many medium faint pale brown (10YR
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6/3)and distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [8 to
86 cm (3 to 34 inches) thick]
Cg1 [C1]--66 to 84 cm (26 to 33 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sand; single grain; loose;
common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common medium faint pale brown
(10YR 6/3) masses of oxidized iron; about 6 percent gravel and 2 percent cobbles; slightly effervescent;
moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 51 cm (20 inches) thick]
2Cg2 [IIC2g]--84 to 137 cm (33 to 54 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; massive; many fine
faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; many fine distinct and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and
5/6) masses of oxidized iron; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: St. Clair County, Michigan; 1,520 feet south and 375 feet west of the northeast
corner of sec. 6, T. 7 N., R. 17 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the 2C horizon: 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40 inches)
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the solum
Some forested areas have thin Oa horizons.
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 to 4
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loamy sand, sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 13 percent
E horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loamy sand, sand, fine sand, or loamy fine sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 13 percent
Bs horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sand, fine sand, or loamy sand
Ortstein content: 0 to 30 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 13 percent
Some pedons have a BC horizon.
C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
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Texture: sand or fine sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 13 percent
2C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Clay content: averages 20 percent or more
Rock fragment content: 5 to 14 percent
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Rapson series. Rapson soils have stratified textures and average less
than 20 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Avoca soils are on lake plains, till plains, and low water laid moraines of
Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The climate is modified continental. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from 711 to 864 mm (28 to 34 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to
11.7 degrees C (47 to 53 degrees F). Mean summer temperature is about 19.4 degrees C (67 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The finer textured, somewhat poorly drained Londo,
Blount, and Metamora soils and the poorly drained Parkhill soils are the most common associates of
Avoca on till plains. The somewhat poorly drained Thetford soils and the poorly drained Granby soils are
very deep sandy soils that are next to Avoca soils where the till plains border lake plains and outwash
areas.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained.
Potential for surface runoff is low or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high in the
sandy upper part and moderately high in the loamy lower part. Permeability is rapid in the sandy upper
part and moderately slow in the loamy lower part.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the Avoca soils have been cleared and cultivated. However, many of
these areas are now idle or in permanent pasture. Cropped areas are planted to corn, small grain and hay.
Some small woodlots remain and have second growth stands of elm, soft maple, aspen and white birch.
Native vegetation is mixed northern hardwoods and white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98 and 99 in central and eastern Michigan. This series is of
moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: St. Clair County, Michigan, 1969.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in the pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (10 inches) (Ap horizon).
Albic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 inches) (E horizon).
Spodic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 66 cm (12 to 26 inches) (Bs1 and Bs2 horizons).
Lithologic discontinuity: at 84 cm (33 inches) (top of the 2C horizon).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon.
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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
13.0
BACH
LOCATION BACH
MI+WI
Established Series
Rev. NWS-WEF
08/2012
BACH SERIES
The Bach series consist of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in calcareous
silty lacustrine deposits on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is
about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.3 degrees C (47 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, semiactive, calcareous, mesic Mollic Endoaquepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Bach very fine sandy loam, on a 1 percent slope in an idle cultivated field. (Colors
are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); black (10YR 2/1) very fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak
fine granular structure; very friable; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.
[20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 inches) thick]
Bg1--20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches); gray (5Y 5/1) very fine sandy loam; very weak fine subangular blocky
structure; very friable; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
Bg2--33 to 53 cm (13 to 21 inches); gray (5Y 6/1) very fine sandy loam; very weak medium subangular
blocky structure; very friable; many medium prominent olive yellow (2.5Y 6/8) masses of oxidized iron;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
Bg3--53 to 91 cm (21 to 36 inches); gray (5Y 6/1) very fine sandy loam; very weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; very friable; many medium and coarse prominent olive yellow (2.5Y 6/8) masses of
oxidized iron; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of
the Bg horizon is 8 to 147 cm (3 to 58 inches).]
C1--91 to 122 cm (36 to 48 inches); light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) very fine sandy loam; massive; very
friable; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
C2--122 to 158 cm (48 to 62 inches); light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) loamy very fine sand; single grain;
loose; common medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline.
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TYPE LOCATION: St. Clair County, Michigan; on Harsens Island in ditch bank next to cultivated field;
200 feet east of junction of Voakes and Columbine roads on south side of Voakes Road, T. 2 N., R. 16 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: typically 64 to 89 cm (25 to 35 inches) but ranges from 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40
inches)
Carbonates: some pedons are calcareous at the surface; all are calcareous within a depth of 25 cm (10
inches)
Particle-size control section: averages less than 18 percent clay and less than 15 percent fine sand or
coarser
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy very fine sand
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
Bg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: typically very fine sandy loam but commonly have strata of loam, silt loam, loamy very fine
sand, fine sandy loam, very fine sand, clay loam, or silty clay loam
C horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: typically very fine sandy loam but commonly have strata of loam, silt loam, loamy very fine
sand, fine sandy loam, very fine sand, clay loam, or silty clay loam; some pedons have strata of fine sand,
fine gravel, or silty clay loam
In some pedons loam or clay loam till is below 102 cm (40 inches).
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Bach soils are on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. These
soils formed in calcareous silty lacustrine deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 914 mm
(28 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 6.7 to 8.9 degrees C (44 to 48 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Blount, Eastport, Gagetown, Lamson,
Linwood, Londo, Minoa, Oakville, Parkhill, Pipestone, Sanilac, Sims, Tappan, and Tobico soils. The
Bach soils are in a drainage sequence with the Sanilac and Gagetown soils. Sanilac soils are somewhat
poorly drained and are on slightly rounded swells and drainage divides. Gagetown soils are moderately
well drained and are on the more sloping areas on the landscape. Linwood, Tobico, and Lamson soils are
closely associated poorly drained or very poorly drained soils. Linwood and Tobico soils have organic
surface layers. Lamson soils have noncalcareous surface horizons. Londo, Blount, Sims, Tappan, and
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Parkhill soils are formed in till and border Bach soils in some areas. Oakville, Minoa, Eastport, and
Pipestone soils are better drained sandy soils directly associated with areas of Bach soils.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly
drained. The potential for surface runoff ranges from negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic
conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow or moderate depending on the texture
and sequence of the layers.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Bach soils are used to grow corn, small grains, white beans,
and sugar beets. Bluegrass is grown for sod purposes in some areas. A few partially drained areas are used
for permanent pasture. Undrained areas grow sedges, reeds, and wetland shrubs, or a second growth of
elm, red maple, ash, and tag alder. Native vegetation is mixed northern hardwoods or reeds, sedges and
water tolerant shrubs in flooded areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95A, 96, 98, and 99 in the thumb area and central parts of the
lower peninsula of Michigan and in northeastern Wisconsin. This series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap horizon).
Cambic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 91 cm (8 to 36 inches) (Bg1, Bg2 and Bg3 horizons).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Supporting characterization data is available for pedon S75MI06303 from the
National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
14.0
BARRY
LOCATION BARRY
MI+IN MN WI
Established Series
Rev. LWB-WEF
08/2012
BARRY SERIES
The Barry series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in loamy till on ground moraines and
end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches),
and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls
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TYPICAL PEDON: Barry loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil
unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 28 cm (11 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate
medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; about 5 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; abrupt
smooth boundary. [20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches) thick]
Btg1--28 to 41 cm (11 to 16 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) loam; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) coatings on
faces of peds; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; thin clay films; many fine roots;
few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; about 5 percent gravel; slightly
alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
Btg2--41 to 64 cm (16 to 25 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; thin clay films on faces of peds; few fine roots; common fine prominent yellowish brown
(10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; about 5 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
Btg3--64 to 91 cm (25 to 36 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; thin clay films on faces of peds; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)
masses of oxidized iron; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon
is 20 to 96 cm (8 to 38 inches).]
C--91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine distinct gray
(10YR 5/1) iron depletions; about 10 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Shiawassee County, Michigan; about 3 miles east of Corunna; 2,310 feet west and
450 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 25, T. 7 N., R. 3 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches)
Thickness of the solum: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches)
Rock fragment content: 0 to 15 percent throughout
Particle-size control section: averages between 18 and 25 percent clay and between 50 and 70 percent fine
sand or coarser
Ap horizon:
Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or mucky loam
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy loam
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
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C horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: commonly sandy loam and less commonly loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy sand; thin strata of
sand are in some pedons
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Brookston, Clackamas, Cordova, Forestcity, Hamel, Jameston,
Millgrove, Navan, Navunon, Nosoni, Radioville, Rensselaer, Tallmadge, and Westland series. Brookston,
Cordova, and Jameston soils average more than 25 percent clay in the particle-size control section.
Clackamas, Millgrove, and Westland soils average more than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part
of the series control section. Forestcity and Hamel soils have mollic epipedons that are more than 38 cm
(15 inches) thick. Navan, Radioville, and Rensselaer soils average less than 50 percent fine sand or
coarser in the particle-size control section. Navunon and Tallmadge soils commonly have a lithic contact
within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Nosoni soils have sola thicker than 127 cm (50 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Barry soils are on nearly level and depressional areas of ground moraines and
end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The Barry soils formed in loamy till. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from 660 to 940 mm (26 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to
10.0 degrees C (47 to 50 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brady, Dryden, Gilford, Lapeer, Locke, and
Wasepi soils. Brady, Gilford, and Wasepi soils are associated with Barry soils in drainageways, especially
on moraines. They are coarse-loamy. The well drained Lapeer, moderately well drained Dryden, and
somewhat poorly drained Locke soils are in a drainage sequence with Barry soils and are on higher
landscape positions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained. Depth to the top of
a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the
surface between November and May in normal years. The low precipitation phase has a seasonal high
water table at depths of 30 to 76 cm (1 to 2.5 feet) between November and July. Potential for surface
runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are cropped to corn, small grains, soybeans, and hay where
artificial drainage is adequate. Undrained areas and a small part of the drained areas are in permanent
pasture or deciduous forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 103, 111B, and 111C in southern Michigan,
southeastern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, and northern Indiana. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lenawee County, Michigan, 1957.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (11 inches) (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 91 cm (11 to 36 inches) (Btg1, Btg2, and Btg3 horizons).
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Aquic conditions: reduced matrix colors, redox concentrations, and/or iron depletions present in all
horizons below the mollic epipedon.
The shaley substratum phase is no longer within the series concept.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record No: MI0035; MI0664 - LOW PRECIPITATION
PHASE. This phase may become a new series when its area of occurrence is updated.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
15.0
BELDING
LOCATION BELDING
MI
Established Series
Rev. JSE-LMC-WCA
10/2006
BELDING SERIES
The Belding series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy glacial till on
till plains and end moraines. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the upper part of the
solum,moderately slow in the lower part and slow to very slow in the substratum. Slopes range from 0 to
6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 32 inches and mean annual temperature is about 41 degrees
F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Alfic Epiaquods
TYPICAL PEDON: Belding fine sandy loam - on a south-facing slope of 1 percent in a forested area at
an elevation of 955 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Oa--0 to 1 inch; black (7.5YR 2.5/1) well decomposed forest litter; weak fine granular structure; very
friable; many very fine to coarse roots; moderately acid (pH 5.8); abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 1 inches
thick)
A1--1 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak fine granular
structure; very friable; many very fine to coarse roots; about 1 percent gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.5);
abrupt wavy boundary. (1 to 3 inches thick)
A2--4 to 9 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) fine sandy loam, gray (7.5YR 6/1) dry; weak medium
subangular blocky parting to fine and medium granular structure; friable; many fine to very coarse roots;
about 1 percent gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear wavy boundary. (5 to 7 inches thick)
E--9 to 14 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) fine sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; few medium prominent strong brown
(7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; about 1 percent gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.4); abrupt wavy
boundary. (3 to 6 inches thick)
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Bs1--14 to 19 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky parting to
weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; many coarse distinct strong
brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; many coarse faint brown (7.5YR 4/2) iron depletions;
about 1 percent gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.4); clear wavy boundary. (2 to 6 inches thick)
Bs2--19 to 22 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sand; weak medium subangular blocky parting to weak
fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; common medium distinct strong
brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; few fine prominent pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) iron
depletions; about 1 percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.6); abrupt smooth boundary. (3 to 6 inches
thick)
2Bt--22 to 34 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/3) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; few very fine and fine roots; common fine faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films lining
pores; many medium faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) silt coats on faces of peds; few medium distinct strong
brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; few medium distinct brown (7.5YR 5/2) iron depletions;
about 1 percent gravel and 1 percent cobbles; moderately alkaline (pH 8.1); clear wavy boundary. (8 to
13 inches thick)
2BCd--34 to 36 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; few fine prominent light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coats; about 1 percent gravel and 1
percent cobbles; slightly effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH 8.5); gradual wavy boundary. (2 to 4 inches
thick)
2Cd--36 to 80 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; massive; firm; common fine distinct
light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coats; about 1 percent gravel and 1 percent cobbles; slightly effervescent;
moderately alkaline (pH 8.4).
TYPE LOCATION: Ontonagon County, Michigan; about 3 miles east of the town of Greenland; 2400
feet south and 1885 feet east of the northwest corner of section 29, T. 51 N., R. 37 W. NAD83, UTM
Zone 16N, 5183527 northing and 345053 easting.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Reaction in the upper part of the solum ranges from strongly acid to
slightly acid. Depth to the 2B horizons ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Reaction in the lower part of the
solum and substratum ranges from slightly acid to strongly alkaline. Gravel content ranges from 0 to 10
percent and cobble content from 0 to 5 percent throughout the profile. The depth to densic contact is 30 to
60 inches.
A, Ap horizons
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 2 to 4
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand
E horizon
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand
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Some pedons have a Bhs horizon
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 3
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand
Bs horizons
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand, fine sand
2Bt horizon
Hue: 2.5YR to 7.5YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: silty clay loam; silt loam, loam, or clay loam
2BCd horizon
Hue: 2.5YR to 7.5YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: silty clay loam; silt loam, loam, or clay loam
2Cd horizon
Hue: 2.5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: silty clay loam, silt loam, loam or clay loam
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Moodig, Mudlake, Parkfalls, Pesabic and Worwood series.
Moodig soils are coarser textured and acidic throughout.
Mudlake soils have a loess or silty alluvium cap and are acidic throughout.
Pesabic soils are underlain by dense till and are acidic throughout.
Worwood soils are loamy alluvium underlain by sandy outwash that is underlain by stratified lacustrine
deposits.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Belding soils are on till plains and end moraines. Slopes range from 0
to 6 percent.
Mean annual precipitation ranges from 31 to 34 inches.
The mean annual temperature ranges from 40 to 44 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Ubly, Loggerhead, Menominee, Iosco and
Breckenridge soils.
The well drained Ubly, moderately well drained Loggerhead, and poorly drained Breckenridge soils are in
a drainage sequence with Belding soils.
The moderately well drained Menominee and somewhat poorly drained Iosco soils have more sand in the
solum.
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DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained.
Surface runoff is low.
Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid above the 2B horizons and moderately slow in the 2Bt and
2BC horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are forested. The major species are sugar maple, red maple,
green ash, quaking aspen, eastern hemlock, basswood, yellow birch, white spruce and balsam fir. Some
areas are used for pasture, small grains, mixed hay or are idle.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Arenac County, Michigan, 1964.
REMARKS: Location has been changed from the lower peninsula of Michigan to the Upper Peninsula.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to 9 inches (Oa, A horizons);
albic horizon - the zone from 9 to 14 inches (E horizon);
spodic horizon - the zone from 14 to 22 inches (Bs horizons);
argillic horizon - the zone from 22 to 34 inches (2Bt horizon)
aquic feature - redox depletions with chroma of 2 below 14 inches.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to lab sample number S04MI-131-004 for Primary Characterization Data
from NSSL, Lincoln, NE.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
16.0
BELMORE
LOCATION BELMORE
OH+IN
Established Series
Rev. RBJ-RAR-DNM
01/2011
BELMORE SERIES
The Belmore series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loamy and gravelly outwash and
are underlain by gravelly, sandy, and loamy outwash deposits. They are on terraces, outwash plains, and
glacial drainage channels. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm
(36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
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TYPICAL PEDON: Belmore loam, on a convex, 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of
235 meters (770 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments; neutral;
abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick]
BE--20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; common fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 18
cm (7 inches) thick]
Bt1--38 to 81 cm (15 to 32 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; common faint dark yellowish brown
(10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; clay bridging between sand grains; 15 percent rock fragments;
moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--81 to 114 cm (32 to 45 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on rock
fragments; 25 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt
horizon is 28 to 84 cm (11 to 33 inches).]
C1--114 to 145 cm (45 to 57 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly sandy loam; single grain; loose; 20
percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
C2--145 to 196 cm (57 to 77 inches); dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) loamy sand; single grain; loose; 3
percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Wyandot County, Ohio; approximately 1 mile southeast of McCutchenville, in
Tymochtee Township; 2000 feet north and 1000 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 3, T. 1 S., R. 14
E.; USGS Sycamore, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 59 minutes 02 seconds N. and long. 83
degrees 14 minutes 37 seconds E., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 56 to 140 cm (22 to 55 inches) and commonly is the same as
depth to carbonates
Special features: tongues of the B horizon in some pedons extend into the underlying outwash material to
depths greater than 140 cm (55 inches)
Rock fragments: typically glacial pebbles of mixed lithology
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5 (6 or more dry)
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Some pedons have an E or BA horizon.
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BE horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam or silt loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR; thin subhorizons of 5YR are in some pedons
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: clay loam, sandy clay loam, loam, or sandy loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures
Rock fragment content: 5 to 34 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and moderately acid to neutral in the lower part
Some pedons have a BC or BCt horizon.
C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: sandy loam, loamy sand, loam, or coarse sandy loam or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of
these textures; thin strata of fine sandy loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, loamy fine sand, or
fine sand are in some pedons
Clay content: averages 5 to 18 percent
Rock fragment content: 3 to 40 percent, and averages more than 15 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 35 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Some pedons have a 2C horizon below 152 cm (60 inches) in till that is clay loam or silty clay loam.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Caprell, Chili, Cliftycreek, Conestoga, Crouse,
Gallman, Greybrook, Hickory, High Gap, Hollinger, Kanawha, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Lumberton,
Martinsville, Military, Mocksville, Ockley, Pignut, Princeton, Relay, Richardville, Riddles, Senachwine,
Skelton, Strawn, Wawaka, Wawasee, and Woodbine series. Amanda, Crouse, Greybrook, Hickory,
Martinsville, Princeton, Richardville, Riddles, Senachwine, and Strawn soils average less than 15 percent
rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Belmont, High Gap, Lumberton, Military,
Pignut, and Woodbine soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Caprell, Skelton,
and Wawasee soils average less than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control
section. Chili and Kanawha soils are more acid than slightly alkaline in the lower part of the series control
section. Cliftycreek and Gallman soils are deeper than 140 cm (55 inches) to the base of the argillic
horizon. Conestoga soils have rock fragments of quartzite, chert, and schist in the series control section.
Hollinger soils have chroma of more than 4 in the middle and lower parts of the series control section and
typically have rock fragments of quartz, limestone, and schist in the series control section. Kidder soils
formed in till and are not stratified in the lower part of the series control section. Kosciusko soils are
coarse sand in the fine-earth fraction in the lower part of the series control section. LeRoy soils have rock
fragments of limestone and chert. Mocksville soils are in a wetter climate with a mean annual
precipitation of more than 991 mm (39 inches). Ockley soils average less than 5 percent clay in the lower
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part of the series control section. Relay soils have rock fragments of gabbro, metagabbro, and
granodiorite. Wawaka soils have sola more than 140 cm (55 inches) in thickness.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Belmore soils are on terraces, outwash plains, and glacial drainage channels.
Slope gradients are typically 0 to 12 percent but range from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation
ranges from 686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees
C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 151 to 180 days.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the somewhat poorly drained Digby,
moderately well drained Haney, and very poorly drained Millgrove soils that form a toposequence with
the Belmore soils. The Digby and Haney soils are on less sloping or lower-lying areas. The Millgrove
soils are in depressions
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for
surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the solum and very
high in the underlying material. Permeability is moderately rapid in the solum and rapid in the underlying
material.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Belmore soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, and
hay are principal crops. Some areas are used for fruit, early truck crops, and sugar beets.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern and west-central Ohio and northern Indiana; mainly in
MLRAs 99 and 111B, and of lesser extent in 111A and 111E. The type location is in MLRA 111B. The
series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Reconnaissance Soil Survey of Ohio, 1912.
REMARKS: A till substratum phase is recognized and will need to be evaluated during MLRA update
activities.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 38 cm (Ap, BE horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 38 to 114 cm (Bt horizon).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
17.0
BENNINGTON
LOCATION BENNINGTON
OH
Established Series
Rev. JAG
04/2007
BENNINGTON SERIES
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The Bennington series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy till of
medium lime content. These soils are on ground moraines and end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 6
percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is
about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Bennington silt loam, on a 1 percent slope in weeds (formerly cultivated) at an
elevation of 295 meters (976 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3)
dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium granular; friable; few fine
and medium roots; 2 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 28 cm (5 to 11
inches) thick]
BE--20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and light olive brown
(2.5Y 5/3) clay depletions on faces of peds and in pores; few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2)
iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm
(5 inches) thick]
Btg--25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silty clay loam; moderate fine
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of
peds; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) organic coatings in root channels; many medium
distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium
prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments;
strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt1--38 to 58 cm (15 to 23 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; weak coarse prismatic
structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky and moderate fine subangular blocky; firm; few
very fine roots; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and few distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; few medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few
medium distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese concretions in the matrix; 2 percent rock
fragments; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--58 to 74 cm (23 to 29 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; few distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on
faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the
matrix; common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; 2 percent rock
fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg and Bt horizons is 20 to 76
cm (8 to 30 inches).]
BCt--74 to 137 cm (29 to 54 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct gray (10YR 6/1) clay films on faces of peds; few
distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) organic coatings in old root channels; common medium distinct
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grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR
5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent;
moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [10 to 76 cm (4 to 30 inches] thick)
C--137 to 203 cm (54 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; massive; firm; few distinct gray
(10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings on partings; common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses
of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Delaware County, Ohio; about 0.75 mile west of Berkshire, in Berkshire Township;
80 feet south and 3,660 feet west of the intersection of US36/OH37 and South Galena Rd.; USGS
Kilbourne, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 15 minutes 53.8 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees
55 minutes 22.2 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the ochric epipedon: 13 to 41 cm (5 to 16 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 66 to 102 cm (26 to 40 inches)
Thickness of the solum: 63 to 178 cm (25 to 70 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 62 to 152 cm (25 to 60 inches)
Rock fragments: dominantly sandstone and shale with some limestone and crystalline erratics
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 42 percent clay, with individual subhorizons ranging from 27
to 45 percent clay
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5 (more than 5.5 dry)
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: dominantly silt loam but is loam in areas where till "outliers" occur within the lake plain
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
E horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silt loam or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid
BE horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid
Bt or Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
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Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent above 51 cm (20 inches) and 2 to 15 percent below 51 cm (20
inches)
Reaction: moderately acid to very strongly acid in the upper part and moderately acid to neutral in the
lower part
BCt or BC horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 15 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline
C horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 15 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 8 to 22 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Blount, Del Rey, Fulton, Kimmell, Mahoning, and Nappanee
series. Blount and Kimmell soils have more than 22 percent calcium carbonate equivalent in the C
horizon. Del Rey and Fulton soils average less than 2 percent rock fragments below 51 cm (20 inches).
Mahoning soils have rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section that are dominantly
shale and siltstone. Nappanee soils average more than 42 percent clay in the particle-size control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Bennington soils are on flats and slight rises on ground moraines and end
moraines of Wisconsin age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. They formed in loamy till of medium
calcium carbonate content. Rock fragments are mainly sandstone and shale. Mean annual precipitation
ranges from 864 to 1067 mm (34 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from (9 to 13 degrees
C 49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 145 to 180 days. Elevation is 244 to 366 meters (800 to 1,200
feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Alexandria, Amanda, Cardington,
Centerburg, Condit, and Pewamo soils that are in toposequences with Bennington soils. The well drained
Alexandria and Amanda soils are on gently sloping to steep ridges and side slopes along drainageways.
The moderately well drained Cardington and Centerburg soils are on summits, shoulders, and back
slopes. The very poorly drained Condit soils are in depressions. The very poorly drained Pewamo soils
have mollic epipedons and are in depressions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The
depth to the top of an intermittent perched water table ranges from 15 to 30 cm (0.5 to 1 foot) between
November and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated
hydraulic conductivity is moderately low. Permeability is slow.
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USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay are the
principal crops. Some areas are in pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and north-central Ohio; MLRAs 111E and 139. The type
location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of large extent, about 450,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930.
REMARKS: Existing data on clay mineralogy is not conclusive. Areas of Bennington soils in MLRA 99
will be evaluated for a new series during modernization projects. Bennington soils were mapped on lake
plain physiography in Sandusky, Huron, and Erie counties.
The area of the present type location is undergoing urbanization. A new pedon and location will need to
be selected in the near future.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap, BE horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 74 cm (Btg, Bt horizons).
Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons between a depth of 20 and 137 cm.
A bedrock substratum phase is recognized.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data is available for a pedon near DL-16, the typical
pedon, and for pedons DL-21, ER-31, FR-43, FR-55, HU-10, HU-12, HU-16, LC-23, and MD-20 from
the Soil Characterization Laboratory at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
18.0
BERKS
LOCATION BERKS
PA IL IN KY MD NJ OH TN VA WV
Established Series
Rev. GHL-EAW-REP
09/1999
BERKS SERIES
The Berks series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in residuum weathered from
shale, siltstone and fine grained sandstone on rounded and dissected uplands. Slope ranges from 0 to 80
percent. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid. Mean annual precipitation is 42 inches. Mean
annual temperature is 52 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
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TYPICAL PEDON: Berks channery loam, on a south-facing slope of 3 to 8 percent in a cultivated field.
(Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
Ap--0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) channery loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; 30 percent
rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary (6 to 12 inches thick).
Bw1--10 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very channery loam; weak fine subangular blocky
structure; friable, slightly sticky and
slightly plastic; 35 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary (4 to 12 inches thick).
Bw2--17 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky
structure modified by rock fragments; slightly sticky and nonplastic; very few faint clay films on rock
fragments; 50 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary (2 to 10 inches thick).
CB--21 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) extremely channery loam; structure obscured by rock
fragments; friable; 60 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear irregular boundary (0 to 10 inches
thick).
C--26 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) extremely channery loam; fines are concentrated in
pockets between and as coatings on rock fragments; massive; friable; 75 percent rock fragments;
moderately acid; clear wavy boundary (0 to 14 inches thick).
R-- 33 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) fractured shale
bedrock.
TYPE LOCATION: Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, Weisenberg Township, 1 mile south and east on T624
from New Smithville and 200 feet north of road.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 12 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is 20
to 40 inches. Depth to the top of the cambic horizon range from 3 to 12 inches. Rock fragments range
from 10 to 50 percent in the Ap and A horizons, from 15 to 75 percent in individual horizons of the B,
and from 35 to 90 percent in the C horizon. The average volume of rock fragments in the particle-size
control section is more than 35 percent. In unlimed soils reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly
acid throughout. The dominant clay minerals are illite, vermiculite and interstratified vermiculite chlorite.
Small amounts of kaolinite are present.
The Ap or A horizons have hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is loam or silt
loam in the fine earth fraction.
The B horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. Hue of 5YR is restricted to
the lower part of the soil. Texture is loam, silt loam or silty clay loam in the fine earth fraction. It contains
5 to 32 percent clay and 40 to 60 percent silt. Structure is weak or moderate, fine or medium subangular
blocky structure in the Bw horizon and is usually obscured by the rock fragments in the CB horizon.
The C horizon, where present, has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 8. Texture in
the fine earth fraction is loam or silt loam.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Greenlee, Handshoe, and Northcove series in the same family and
the Brownsville, Calvin, Cardiff, Centralpark (T), Chamate, Highsplint, Konnarock (T), Lippitt, Parker,
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Remote, Sylco, Watt, and Wyoming series that are currently in older classification slots. Brownsville,
Greenlee, Handshoe and Northcove soils do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 40 inches. Calvin
soils have hue of 7.5YR or redder throughout the B horizon. Cardiff, Highsplint, Parker, Sylco, and
Wyoming soils do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 40 inches. Centralpark (T) soils have rock
fragments of concrete and asphalt. Chamate and Remote soils are formed in a more moist climate.
Konnarock soils have ryhythmite and tillite rock fragments. Lippitt soils have till over Gneiss, schist or
gravel. Watt soils have colors with chroma of 3 or less in the B horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Berks soils are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes of dissected uplands
formed in residuum weathered from shale interbedded with fine grained sandstone and siltstone. Slope
gradient range from 0 to 80 percent. Climate is humid and temperate. Mean annual precipitation ranges
from 40 to 44 inches, mean annual temperature ranges from 50 to 55 degrees F and the growing season is
170 to 214 days.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Bedington, Blairton, Brinkerton, Comly, Ernest, Gilpin,
Muskingum, Rushtown, Shelocta, Tarhollow and Weikert soils are on nearby landscapes. Bedington,
Brownsville, Rushtown, Shelocta and Tarhollow soils all have bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches
and are on similar landscape positions. Blairton and Comly soils are moderately well drained. Brinkerton
soils are poorly drained. Gilpin soils have fewer rock fragments and are on similar landscapes. Weikert
soils have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches and are on similar landscape positions.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to high.
Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid. Depth to a seasonal high water table is more than 6 feet.
USE AND VEGETATION: Approximately 60 percent of Berks soils are in cropland and pasture, the
remainder are in woodland or other uses. Principal crops are corn, wheat, oats, barley, Christmas trees and
hay. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, West Virginia, Indiana, and Southern Illinois. MLRA's 115, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128,
130, 139, 147 and 148. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Berks County, Pennsylvania, 1909.
REMARKS: The Ashby, Kistler and Trexler soils, which were moderately shallow in some Pennsylvania
published surveys are now included in the Berks Series.
Diagnostic horizons recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - from a depth of 0 to 10 inches (Ap horizon).
Cambic horizon - from a depth of 10 to 21 inches (Bw, Bt horizons).
Lithic contact - at a depth of 33 inches (R horizon).
CEC class - active, but includes semiactive and subactive
R - some pedons have very few thin clay films and silt coats on upper surfaces of rock fragments.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory data is available for this pedon,
S59-PA-039-7(1-5), and for pedon S59-PA-039-2(1-4). Other pedons from areas mapped Berks are
available that show weak argillic horizons:
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S65-PA-028-5(1-4), S65-PA-028-7(1-3), S62-PA-029-17(1-4),
S62-PA-020-18(1-4).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
19.0
BERVILLE
LOCATION BERVILLE
MI
Established Series
Rev. NWS-WEF
03/2011
BERVILLE SERIES
The Berville series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits
overlying till on lake plains and ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual
precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49
degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Berville loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field on a till plain. (Colors are for
moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); black (10YR 2/1) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate
medium granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; about 6 percent gravel; slightly acid;
abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches) thick]
A--20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;
moderate coarse granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; about 10 percent gravel; neutral;
gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick)]
Btg1--28 to 41 cm (11 to 16 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; many fine roots; few faint clay films; coatings of very dark brown (10YR 2/2) on
most peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; about 18
percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [8 to 18 cm (3 to 7 inches) thick]
Btg2--41 to 76 cm (16 to 30 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) gravelly clay loam; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; many fine roots;
common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and distinct olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) masses of
oxidized iron; about 20 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [25 to 46 cm (10 to 18
inches) thick]
Btg3--76 to 91 cm (30 to 36 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly clay loam; weak coarse
subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine roots; common
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coarse faint brown (10YR 4/3) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron;
about 20 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 30 cm (12 inches) thick]
2Cg--91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky
structure; firm; few medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; about 2
percent gravel and 1 percent cobbles; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Lapeer County, Michigan; 650 feet east and 250 feet south of the northwest corner of
sec. 21, T. 6 N., R. 12 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 51 to 127 cm (20 to 50 inches)
Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent cobbles throughout
A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral
Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: gravelly sandy loam, gravelly loam, gravelly clay loam, gravelly sandy clay loam, sandy loam,
or loam
Clay content: 15 to 25 percent in the upper part and 27 to 35 percent in the lower part
Rock fragment content: 5 to 35 percent gravel in any one subhorizon, but averages 15 to 35 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
Some pedons have a 2Btg horizon.
2Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Berville soils are on nearly level areas and depressions of ground moraines
and lake plains of Wisconsinan Age. Slope ranges from 0 to about 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation
ranges from 762 to 914 mm (30 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 10.0 degrees
C (48 to 50 degrees F).
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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The well drained Kendallville, moderately well drained
Cadmus and somewhat poorly drained Macomb soils are in a drainage sequence with Berville soils. Other
associates are the Brookston soils where the outwash is thinner and the Matherton and Sebewa soils
where the gravelly outwash is thicker.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the
top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot)
below the surface between November and May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible
to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate in the outwash and
moderately slow in the till.
USE AND VEGETATION: The greater part is drained and is under cultivation. The principal crops are
corn, small grains, soybeans, navy beans, and hay. A small part is in permanent pasture or forest. The
native forest vegetation is American elm, white ash, red maple, and swamp white oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98 and 99 in southern Michigan. This series is of moderate
extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lenawee County, Michigan, 1957.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (11 inches) (Ap and A horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 91 cm (11 to 36 inches) (Btg1, Btg2 and Btg3 horizons).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record No.: MI0128.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
20.0
BETHESDA
LOCATION BETHESDA
OH+IL IN KY MO PA TN VA WV
Established Series
DJB-SLH/Rev. MDJ
12/2012
BETHESDA SERIES
Updated format; changed horizonation from Cd to C; location verified to NAD83; corrected saturated
hydraulic conductivity for reclaimed and unreclaimed local phases; updated USE AND VEGETATION
and REMARKS sections
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, acid, mesic Typic Udorthents
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TYPICAL PEDON: Bethesda channery silty clay loam, on a 4 percent slope in grass. (Colors are for
moist soil.)
Ap--0 to 13 cm (0 to 5 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) channery silty clay loam; weak coarse
granular structure; friable; few roots; 15 percent fragments of shale and 10 percent fragments of
sandstone; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 18 cm thick)
C1--13 to 51 cm (5 to 20 inches); variegated, 80 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and 20 percent
brown (10YR 4/3) very channery silty clay loam; massive; firm; few roots; 25 percent fragments of shale
and 15 percent fragments of sandstone; extremely acid; clear smooth boundary.
C2--51 to 152 cm (20 to 60 inches); variegated, 70 percent brown (10YR 4/3) and 30 percent yellowish
brown (10YR 5/4) very channery clay loam; massive; very firm; 30 percent fragments of shale and 15
percent fragments of sandstone; extremely acid. (Combined thickness of the C horizon is 152 cm or
more.)
TYPE LOCATION:
State: Ohio
County: Belmont
USGS Topographic Quadrangle: Fairview, OH
Latitude: 40.081472 N NAD 83
Longitude: 81.201556 W NAD 83
Directions to Pedon: Belmont County, Ohio; Kirkwood Township, about 1.25 miles southeast of
Sewellsville, about 2,250 feet west and 100 feet south of the northeast corner, sec. 27, T. 9 N., R. 6 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Depth Class: Very Deep
Rock Fragment Content: The A horizon ranges from 15 to 60 percent, by volume, where unreclaimed and
up to 14 percent where reclaimed. The C horizon ranges from 35 to 80 percent, by volume, averaging 45
percent.
Rock Fragment Size: 2 mm to 25 cm, but can include stones and boulders
Rock Fragment Type: Shale, sandstone, siltstone and coal
Fine-Earth Fraction: Averages 18 to 35 percent clay in the control section
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid through strongly acid, except where limed
Range of Individual Horizons:
A or Ap horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 7.5YR through 5Y, value of 3 through 6, and chroma of 0 through 8, or is neutral with
value of 3 through 5
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam or loam
C horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR through 5Y, value of 3 through 6, and chroma of 0 through 8, or is neutral with
value of 3 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam or loam
COMPETING SERIES:
Cedarcreek soils allow textures of silt loam, loam and sandy loam in the particle-size control section.
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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
MLRAs: 113 (Central Claypan Areas), 114 (Southern Illinois and Indiana Thin Loess and Till Plain), 115
(Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes), 124 (Western Allegheny Plateau), 125 (Cumberland Plateau
and Mountains) and 126 (Central Allegheny Plateau)
Landscape: Hills and mountains
Landform: Hillslope and mountain
Anthropogenic Features: Surface mine, spoil bank, spoil pile and reclaimed land
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope and toeslope
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope, head slope, nose slope, free face, base slope,
mountaintop, mountainflank and mountainbase
Parent Material: Coal extraction mine spoil derived from regolith of shale, sandstone and siltstone
Slope: 0 to 90 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 9 to 13 degrees C. (48 to 56 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 890 to 1143 mm (35 to 45 inches)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Fairpoint soils--occur on similar landscape positions derived from nonacid surface mine overburden
Berks soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone and fine-grained sandstone on undisturbed uplands
Coshocton soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone, sandstone and limestone on undisturbed
uplands
Culleoka soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone, limestone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands
Dekalb soils--formed in residuum from sandstone on undisturbed uplands
Gilpin soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands
Guernsey soils--formed in residuum from siltstone, shale and limestone on undisturbed uplands
Lowell soils--formed in residuum from limestone and shale on undisturbed uplands
Westmoreland soils--formed in residuum from siltstone, sandstone and limestone on undisturbed uplands
Rigley soils--formed in colluvium from sandstone and siltstone on undisturbed uplands
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: None
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Very high
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Low through moderately high in the upper part, and very low through
moderately high in the lower part
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Wildlife habitat and recreational areas. The rough topography and coarse fragment content of
unreclaimed areas make it impractical for agriculture and difficult for standard forest harvesting practices.
Some reclaimed areas are used for hay or pasture, and increasingly, are also used for homesites.
Reclaimed areas typically exhibit higher bulk densities, much lower saturated hydraulic conductivities
and low organic matter in the surface horizon, making establishment of vegetation difficult.
Dominant Vegetation: Unreclaimed areas are naturally seeded deciduous forests with some barren areas.
Reclaimed areas are usually open grassland, including some legumes. A few reclaimed areas have been
planted to trees, but mortality is high because of soil compaction.
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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia and West
Virginia
Extent: Large, about 683,000 acres identified at the time of this revision
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST
VIRGINIA
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Belmont County, Ohio, 1978
REMARKS: Bethesda soils were previously mapped as a variety of strip mine spoil and udorthents units.
Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 13 cm (Ap horizon)
Series control section--the zone from 0 to 200 cm
The 8/2001 revision included numerous changes to most parts of the OSD, including updating to the 8th
edition Keys to Soil Taxonomy standards.
The 6/2006 revision updated this series to the 9th edition Keys to Soil Taxonomy standards. Several other
changes were made including changes to the COMPETING SERIES and GEOGRAPHICALLY
ASSOCIATED SOILS sections.
Previous revisions: 6/88-PCJ,TNR,DRM; 8/01-PCJ,CER,LER; 6/06-LER,ELM,DHK;
4/09-PCJ,LER,ELM
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedon BT-14 for characterization data on the typical pedon, sample
numbers 22988-22989, from Belmont County, Ohio; analyzed by The Ohio State University Soil
Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.
Additional characterization data are available for pedons BT-15, BT-16, JF-8, JF-10, and VT-1.
________________________________________
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
21.0
BIXLER
LOCATION BIXLER
OH
Established Series
Rev. RAR-RMG
09/2012
BIXLER SERIES
The Bixler series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in sandy deposits over
stratified lacustrine materials. They are on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual
precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 9 degrees C (49
degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Arenic Hapludalfs
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TYPICAL PEDON: Bixler loamy fine sand, on a 1 percent convex slope in a cultivated field at an
elevation of 194 meters (635 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
stated.)
Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy fine sand, light brownish
gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; few medium
black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; slightly acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. [18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches) thick]
E1--25 to 48 cm (10 to 19 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sand; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron
depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.
E2--48 to 71 cm (19 to 28 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) fine sand; single grain; loose; few fine roots;
common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common medium faint pale brown (10YR
6/3) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few medium black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide
concretions; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the E horizon is 38 to 76 cm (15 to
30 inches).]
Btg1--71 to 81 cm (28 to 32 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sandy loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds and clay bridging between sand
grains; few fine distinct gray (5Y 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish
brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine black (10YR 2/1) iron and
manganese oxide concretions; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 inches) thick]
2Btg2--81 to 86 cm (32 to 34 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown
(10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [5 to 25 cm (2
to 10 inches) thick]
2BC--86 to 114 cm (34 to 45 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam with few thin lenses of silty
clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint clay films; common medium
distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese
oxide concretions; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 38 cm (15 inches) thick]
2Cg--114 to 183 cm (45 to 72 inches); gray (N 5/) stratified silt, very fine sand, fine sand, and silty clay
loam; massive; firm; common medium prominent brown (7.5YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the
matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Lucas County, Ohio; approximately 1.5 miles west and .25 miles south of Maumee,
in Monclova Township; 1,700 feet west and 400 feet south of the center of sec. 28, T. 2.; USGS Maumee,
Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 35 minutes 11 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 43 minutes
10 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 71 to 140 cm (28 to 55 inches)
Thickness of the sandy material: 51 to 89 cm (20 to 35 inches)
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Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 56 to 127 cm (22 to 50 inches)
Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolomite, and crystalline lithology
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 to 4 (6 or more, dry)
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loamy fine sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: (2 to 4 inches)
E horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loamy fine sand, loamy sand, or fine sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Btg or Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
2Btg, 2Bt, 2BC, or 2BCg horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam; commonly stratified
Silt content: 50 to 85 percent
Rock fragment content: none
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
2Cg or 2C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 0 to 6
Texture: silt loam, silt, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, fine sand, very fine sand,
or silty clay loam; commonly stratified; thickness or sequence of individual strata may change within
short horizontal distances
Clay content: 5 to 32 percent in individual subhorizons or strata
Rock fragment content: none
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
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Clayey substratum phase:
Texture: clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam below a depth of 152 cm (60 inches)
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are Leola, Markton, Rimer, and Selfridge series. Leola and Markton soils
average less than 50 percent silt in the lower part of the argillic horizon. Rimer soils have rock fragments
in the lower part of the series control section. Selfridge soils have an E horizon that is less than 38 cm (15
inches) thick.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Bixler soils are on ridges, low knolls, and backslopes on lake plains of
late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. The soils formed in sandy lacustrine materials
over medium textured, stratified lacustrine sediments. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 914
mm (27 to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C (45 to 52 degrees F).
Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. Elevation is 183 to 244 meters (600 to 800 feet) above mean sea
level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Colwood, Dixboro, Kibbie, Lamson,
Oakville, Ottokee, Spinks, and Tedrow soils. Colwood and Lamson soils are poorly and very poorly
drained and are on flats or in depressions. Dixboro and Kibbie soils do not have an arenic epipedon.
Oakville soils are excessively drained, Ottokee soils are moderately well drained, and Spinks soils are
well drained; in addition, these soils do not have 2B or 2C horizons of medium textured lacustrine
sediments, and are on higher beach ridges and dunes. Tedrow soils do not have 2B or 2C horizons of
medium textured lacustrine sediments.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The
depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from (0.5 to 1.5 feet) between
November and May in normal years. The clayey substratum phase has a perched water table. The
potential for surface runoff is negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high
in the sandy upper material and moderately high in the medium textured lacustrine sediments.
Permeability is rapid in the sandy upper material and moderate in the medium textured lacustrine
sediments.
USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is under cultivation, primarily corn, small grain, soybeans,
and hay. Some areas are used for special crops such as cabbage, tomatoes, and potatoes. A few areas are
in mixed hardwood forest. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood forests of beech, elm, hickory, maple,
and oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest Ohio and possibly southern Michigan; MLRA 99. The
series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lucas County, Ohio, 1978.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 71 cm (Ap, E1, E2 horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 71 to 86 cm (Btg, 2Btg horizons).
Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons below a depth of 25 cm.
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A clayey substratum phase is recognized. It will need to be evaluated in future MLRA update activities.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for pedons FT-25 and LS-6 (typical pedon)
from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, OH.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
22.0
BLOUNT
LOCATION BLOUNT
OH+IL IN MI WI
Established Series
Rev. NHM-TJE
09/2014
BLOUNT SERIES
The Blount series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that are moderately deep or deep
to dense till. Blount soils formed in till and are on wave-worked till plains, till plains, and near-shore
zones (relict). Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 890 mm (35 inches),
and mean annual temperature is about 10.6 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Blount silt loam, on a northwest-facing, concave, 1 percent slope in a cultivated field
at an elevation of 264 meters (867 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 cm (7 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;
moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; common roots; 3 percent gravel; slightly acid;
abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick]
Btg--18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; common roots; common distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on
surfaces of peds; common distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) (dry) clay depletions on vertical surfaces of
peds; many distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron with clear boundaries in the
matrix; 3 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt--30 to 58 cm (12 to 23 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; weak fine and medium
prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few roots; many distinct grayish
brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; many distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron
depletions with clear boundaries in the matrix; common prominent gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions with
clear boundaries and distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron with diffuse
boundaries in the matrix; 4 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of
the Btg and/or Bt horizons is 30 to 89 cm (12 to 35 inches).]
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BCtg--58 to 76 cm (23 to 30 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on vertical
surfaces of peds; few distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate coatings on vertical surfaces of
peds; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and common prominent yellowish brown (10YR
5/6) masses of oxidized iron with clear boundaries in the matrix; 8 percent gravel; slightly effervescent;
slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 46 cm (18 inches) thick]
CBd--76 to 107 cm (30 to 42 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; weak medium platy structure; very
firm; common distinct white (10YR 8/1) calcium carbonate coatings on surfaces; common faint grayish
brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions with diffuse boundaries in the matrix; 10 percent gravel; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 41 cm (16 inches) thick]
Cd1--107 to 137 cm (42 to 54 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam; massive; very firm; common
distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) calcium carbonate coatings on surfaces; few distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1)
iron depletions with diffuse boundaries in the matrix; 10 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
Cd2--137 to 200 cm (54 to 79 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; massive; very firm; 10 percent
gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Mercer County, Ohio; approximately 1.25 miles east of Wabash; in Washington
Township; 130 feet west and 1880 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 3, T. 6 S., R. 1 E.; USGS
Erastus topographic quadrangle; lat. 84 degrees 46 minutes 45 seconds N. and long. 40 degrees 33
minutes 35 seconds W., NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 114 cm (20 to 45 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 48 to 102 cm (19 to 40 inches)
Depth to densic contact: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 45 percent clay
Rock fragments: predominantly igneous, limestone, and dolomite gravel
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4, 6 or more dry
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: typically silt loam but is loam in some pedons; some eroded pedons are clay loam or silty clay
loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 0 to 13 cm (5 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3, 4 or 5 dry
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam
E, BE or EB horizon, where present:
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Thickness: 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches)
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5 (E horizon); 4 to 6 (BE or EB horizon)
Chroma: 1 to 3 (E horizon); 1 to 4 (EB or BE horizon)
Texture: typically silty clay loam or less commonly silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Bt or Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, clay, or silty clay
Clay content: 35 to 48 percent in individual subhorizons
Sand content: averages 10 to 25 percent
Rock fragment content: 3 to 10 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to very strongly acid in the upper part and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in
the lower part
BCt or BCtg horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay
Rock fragment content: 3 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline and contains carbonates in some pedons
Some pedons have secondary carbonates (Bk horizon) as masses or as coatings on the underside of rock
fragments in the lower B horizons.
CBd, where present, or Cd horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silty clay loam or clay loam
Clay content: 27 to 40 percent
Rock fragment content: 5 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 22 to 35 percent in the Cd horizon
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bennington, Del Rey, Fulton, Kimmell, Mahoning, and Nappanee
soils. Bennington and Mahoning soils have less than 22 percent calcium carbonate equivalent in the lower
part of the series control section. Del Rey soils do not have a densic contact in the lower part of the series
control section. Fulton and Kimmell soils contain less than 5 percent rock fragments in the lower part of
the series control section. Nappanee soils average more than 45 percent clay in the particle-size control
section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Blount soils are on wave-worked till plains, till plains, and near-shore zones
(relict) of Wisconsinan age. Slope gradients are commonly 1 to 3 percent but range from 0 to 6 percent.
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The soils formed in silty clay loam or clay loam till. Some areas have a mantle of loess or other silty
material as much as 46 cm (18 inches) thick. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 1067 mm (29
to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 12.8 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free
period is 130 to 182 days. Elevation is 183 to 457 meters (600 to 1500 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Ashkum, Beecher, Glynwood, Morley, and
Pewamo soils. The poorly drained Ashkum and Ziegenfuss soils and the very poorly drained Pewamo
soils are in depressions and drainageways. The Beecher soils have a darker colored surface layer and are
on similar nearby landforms. The moderately well drained Glynwood and Morley soils are nearby on
slightly higher or more sloping parts of the landform.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth
to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 61 cm (0.5 to 2.0 feet) in normal years.
Potential for surface runoff is low to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low in the
solum and low in the dense till. Permeability is slow in the solum and slow or very slow in the dense till.
USE AND VEGETATION: Almost all areas of Blount soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grain,
and meadow are the principal crops. Native vegetation is hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Dominant acreage is in MLRA 111B, with lesser acreages in MLRAs
95B, 97, 98, 99, 108A, and 110. Blount soils are in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. The
series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Vermilion County, Illinois, 1931.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 18 cm (7 inches) (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 18 to 76 cm (7 to 30 inches) (Btg, Bt, and BCtg horizons).
Densic contact: at 76 cm (30 inches) (top of the CBd horizon).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in horizons between a depth of 18 to 137 cm (7 to 54
inches) (Btg, Bt, BCtg, CBd, Cd1 horizons).
Supporting laboratory data is needed to confirm the presence of densic materials in the CBd and Cd
horizons.
09/2014 Revision: expanded MAP to include 890 mm; clay loam texture in Ap horizon typically in
eroded pedons; lowered rock fragment range from 15 to 14 percent since gravelly textures are not in
series range.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for the typical pedon, S1972OH107020 (MC20), from the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory (KSSL) Lincoln, Nebraska. Data for other pedons sampled
by the Agricultural Experiment Station at Purdue University and at The Ohio State University are also
available from KSSL.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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23.0
BOGART
LOCATION BOGART
OH
Established Series
Rev. STP-ELM
05/2011
BOGART SERIES
The Bogart series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in stratified outwash
deposits on terraces, beach ridges, and outwash plains. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in
the solum and rapid in the substratum. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is
about 35 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Bogart loam - 0 to 2 percent slopes in a cultivated field at elevation of about 775 feet
above msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
Ap1 -- 0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak
fine granular structure; friable; many roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
Ap2 -- 8 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;
moderate medium granular structure; friable; many roots; about 3 percent rock fragments; slightly acid;
abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the A horizons is 4 to 14 inches.)
Bt1 -- 10 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; many medium faint dark grayish brown
(10YR 4/2) organic stains in the matrix; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common roots;
brown (10YR 4/3) common faint clay films on faces of peds and bridging sand grains; about 5 percent
rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2 -- 17 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky
structure; firm; few roots; brown (10YR 4/3) common faint clay films on faces of peds; many fine and
medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; many fine faint yellowish brown
(10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; about 10 percent rock fragments; moderately
acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3 -- 26 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; weak coarse subangular blocky
structure; friable; few roots; few fine dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) coatings in root channels; brown
(10YR 4/3) common faint patchy clay films as bridging and coatings on sand and gravel; about 25 percent
rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 12 to 36
inches.)
BC -- 30 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; massive; common fine and
medium distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix which have strong
brown (7.5YR 5/8) soft masses of iron accumulation as rinds; about 15 percent rock fragments;
moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 13 inches thick.)
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C -- 42 to 60 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) gravelly loamy sand; single grain; about 40 percent rock
fragments; moderately acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Lorain County, Ohio; Carlisle Township, 2 1/4 miles southwest of Elyria; 300 feet
south of Albrecht Road and 300 feet east of West Ridge Road; T. 5 N., R. 17 W. USGS Oberlin, Ohio
topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 21 minutes, 05.3 seconds N. and Longitude 82 degrees, 09
minutes, 17.4 seconds W. NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Stratification is
present throughout the soil profile with rock fragment percentages, on average, ranging from 0 to 30
percent in the A horizon and the B horizon above 20 inches. Rock fragments, on average, range from 15
to 50 percent from 20 to 40 inches and 10 to 60 percent below 40 inches. Some individual subhorizons
may have greater or lesser amounts.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 (more than 6 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Some pedons have
an A horizon up to 5 inches thick that has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 (3 to 5 dry), and chroma of 1 or 2.
The E horizon, where present, is up to 8 inches thick, has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and
chroma of 3 or 4. The Ap, A, and E horizons are loam, sandy loam, and silt loam or their gravelly
analogues. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral.
Some pedons have BE or BA horizons.
The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 3 to 6. Textures are commonly
sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or their gravelly and very gravelly analogues, and less
commonly silt loam or silty clay loam to a maximum depth of 24 inches, except as thin subhorizons in
some pedons. The control section averages from 18 to 30 percent clay. Reaction ranges from very
strongly acid to slightly acid.
The BC horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 2 to 6. Textures are sandy loam,
loamy sand, sandy clay loam, clay loam, loam, or their gravelly and very gravelly analogues. Reaction
ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Textures are commonly
gravelly or very gravelly analogues of loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, and less commonly sandy loam,
loamy sand, or sand with thin strata of gravel in some pedons. Stratification of other textures is present in
some pedons. The C horizon commonly is strongly acid to slightly acid, and less commonly neutral or
slightly alkaline. The lower part contains free carbonates in some pedons.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Centerburg, Cygnet, Haney, Houcktown, Jenera, Jugtown, Nicely,
Reaville, Scattersville, Swampoodle, Thackery, Tuscola, Vanlue, and Williamstown series. Centerburg,
Cygnet, Jenera, Jugtown, Nicely, Swampoodle, Tuscola, and Vanlue soils have less rock fragments in the
series control section. Haney and Thackery soils are more alkaline in the series control section.
Houcktown and Williamstown soils have a densic contact within the series control section. Reaville soils
have a lithic contact within 40 inches. Scattersville soils have a higher mean annual temperature.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Bogart soils formed in Wisconsinan age stratified outwash deposits and are
on convex slopes in areas of low relief on stream terraces, beach ridges, and outwash plains. Slope range
is from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual temperature ranges from 49 to 52 degrees F., mean annual
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precipitation ranges from 29 to 43 inches, frost free days range from 133 to 198 days, and elevation
ranges from 700 feet to 1300 feet above sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Canfield, Chagrin, Chili, Damascus,
Ellsworth, Fitchville, Glenford, Jimtown, Lobdell, Olmsted, Rittman, and Wadsworth soils. The
moderately well drained Canfield, Ellsworth, and Rittman and somewhat poorly drained Wadsworth are
adjacent soils on till plains. The well drained Chagrin and moderately well drained Lobdell soils are on
flood plains. The well drained Chili on higher landscape positions, somewhat poorly drained Jimtown
soils on lower landscape positions, and poorly drained Damascus and very poorly drained Olmstead soils
on lower landscape positions and in depressions are in toposequence with Bogart soils. The somewhat
poorly drained Fitchville and moderately well drained Glenford soils are on adjacent deposits of silty
lacustrine sediments.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. The depth to an intermittent apparent
water table is 1.0 to 2.0 feet between November to April in most years. Permeability is moderate or
moderately rapid in the solum and rapid in the underlying material. The potential for surface runoff is
medium.
USE AND VEGETATION: About one-half is cultivated. Corn, oats, and mixed hay are the main crops.
About one-fourth is forested with sugar maple, beech, and oak the dominant species. The remaining onefourth is used for pasture or for nonagricultural purposes.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and central Ohio. MLRAs 111 and 139. The Bogart
series is of moderate extent; about 59,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Huron County, Ohio, l948.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1. Ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 10 inches (Ap1, Ap2 horizons);
2. Argillic horizon - from about 9 to 30 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 horizons).
A till substratum phase is recognized. It will be recorrelated upon further investigation of MLRA work.
Acreage based on 2004 data.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
24.0
BONO
LOCATION BONO
OH+IN MI NY
Established Series
Rev. DRM-LAT
05/2007
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BONO SERIES
The Bono series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed mainly in lacustrine sediments on
lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and
mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Typic Endoaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Bono silty clay loam, in a level area in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil
unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; strong very
fine and fine subangular blocky structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10
inches) thick]
BA--23 to 38 cm (9 to 15 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting
to strong fine and medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine distinct brown (10YR 4/3) masses of iron
accumulation; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Bg1--38 to 63 cm (15 to 25 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure
parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very firm; black (10YR 2/1) organic coatings on vertical
faces of peds and in root channels; many medium distinct brown (10YR 4/3) and dark yellowish brown
(10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Bg2--63 to 76 cm (25 to 30 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure
parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; very firm; black (10YR 2/1) organic coatings on
vertical faces of peds and in root channels; many medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)
masses of iron accumulation; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the B
horizon is 36 to 89 cm (14 to 35 inches).]
Cg--76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay; massive; very firm; many medium
distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Putnam County, Ohio; about l mile north and 1/2 mile east of Gilboa; l,585 feet east
and 800 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 14, T. 1 N., R. 8 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 63 to 152 cm (25 to 60 inches)
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 56 cm (10 to 22 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 63 to 152 cm (25 to 60 inches)
Rock fragments: absent in most pedons, less than 2 percent where present
Particle-size control section: averages 40 to 55 percent clay
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (4 or 5 dry)
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: silty clay loam, silty clay, or mucky silty clay loam
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Reaction: slightly acid or neutral
Bg horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral in the upper part and slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part
BC horizon:
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and contains carbonates in some pedons
C horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam with evident stratification
Reaction; slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 20 percent
Loamy substratum phase:
Texture: silt loam and fine sand
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Fries series. Fries soils have a paralithic contact within a depth of 102
cm (40 inches). Series in similar families include the Bryce, Fonda, Lorain, Milford, Montgomery, and
Toledo series. Bryce, Milford, and Montgomery soils have mixed mineralogy. Fonda, Lorain, and Toledo
soils lack mollic epipedons and, in addition, Lorain soils have argillic horizons.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Bono soils are on lake plains, in depressions on moraines and till plains, and
in local areas between beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in calcareous,
fine-textured lacustrine sediments with some stratification. Climate is humid and continental. Mean
annual precipitation ranges from 787 to 1016 mm (30 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges
from 9 to 12 degrees C (48 to 54 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Blount, Colwood, Fulton, Glynwood,
Hoytville, Lenawee, Lucas, Pewamo, and Toledo soils. Blount, Glynwood, and Pewamo soils formed in
till and have a higher content of rock fragments. Colwood soils are on similar landscapes and have lower
clay content. Fulton, Lucas, and Toledo soils formed in the same materials as Bono soils. Fulton soils are
on low ridges or gently sloping side slopes along drainageways. The moderately well drained Lucas soils
typically are on gentle to steep side slopes. Hoytville, Lenawee, and Toledo soils are in similar landscape
positions as Bono soils and lack mollic epipedons.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The potential
for surface runoff is negligible to medium depending on the shape of the slope. Saturated hydraulic
conductivity is moderately low or low. Permeability is slow or very slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Bono soils are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans,
and small grains. Undrained areas are in permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is marsh
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grasses and deciduous swamp forest, principally of elm, silver maple, sycamore, cottonwood, and swamp
white oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Ohio, northern Indiana, western Michigan, and New
York; MLRAs 96, 97, 99, 111B, and 111C. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of small
extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ottawa County, Ohio, 1928.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 38 cm (Ap, BA horizons).
Cambic horizon: from a depth of 38 to 76 cm (Bg horizon).
Aquic conditions: redox concentrations in lower part of mollic epipedon and redox features visible in all
horizons below a depth of 23 cm.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
25.0
BOYER
LOCATION BOYER
MI+IL IN OH WI
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-EPW-MLK
08/2012
BOYER SERIES
The Boyer series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in sandy and loamy drift underlain by
sand or gravelly sand outwash at depths of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches). The soils are on outwash
plains, valley trains, kames, beach ridges, river terraces, lake terraces, deltas, and moraines. Slope ranges
from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 inches), and mean annual
temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Boyer loamy sand, on a 4 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist
soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 cm (7 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
[15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick]
E1--18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand; weak medium granular structure; very
friable; common fine roots; about 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
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E2--30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand; weak fine subangular
blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; about 3 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy
boundary. [Combined thickness of the E horizon is 0 to 56 cm (22 inches).]
2Bt1--46 to 76 cm (18 to 30 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few thin clay films on faces of peds; about 15 percent gravel;
slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
2Bt2--76 to 86 cm (30 to 34 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy clay loam; weak coarse
subangular blocky structure; firm; common thin and medium clay films on faces of peds; about 15 percent
gravel; neutral; abrupt irregular boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 18 to 66 cm (7 to 26
inches).]
3C--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) stratified gravel and coarse sand; single
grain; loose; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Clinton County, Michigan; about 1 1/2 miles north and 3/4 miles west of Bath; 1090
feet south and 450 feet west of northeast corner sec. 6, T. 5 N., R. 1 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to the sand and gravel: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Ap or A horizon:
Thickness: A horizon, where present is less than 8 cm (3 inches) in thickness
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR, or is neutral
Value: 2.5 to 5, 6 dry
Chroma: 0 to 3
Texture: loamy fine sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, gravelly loamy sand, or
gravelly sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 30 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline
E horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: commonly 2 or 3, but ranges to 6
Texture: loamy fine sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, gravelly loamy sand, or gravelly
sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 30 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline
2Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5YR
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, coarse sandy clay loam,
or the gravelly analogues of these textures; the lower part commonly extends 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches)
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downward into the 3C horizon in tongues 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches) wide; in some pedons, the lower part
consists of layers 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) thick separated by E horizons of loamy sand
Sand content: 50 percent or more fine sand or coarser
Rock fragment content: 1 to 30 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline
Some pedons have BC horizons of loamy sand. Some pedons have Bk horizons below the argillic
horizon, usually in the form of secondary carbonates on the undersides of rock fragments.
3C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: sand, coarse sand, gravelly sand, very gravelly sand, gravelly coarse sand, very gravelly coarse
sand, or stratified sand and gravel
Rock fragment content: 2 to 55 percent gravel
Loamy substratum phases are currently recognized.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Lapeer and Wyocena series. Lapeer soils do not have sand texture
in the fine-earth fraction in the lower part of the series control section. Wyocena soils do not have
carbonates within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Boyer soils are on outwash plains, valley trains, kames, beach ridges, river
terraces, lake terraces, deltas, and moraines of Wisconsinan age. The slope gradients are dominantly 0 to
12 percent, but range from 0 to 50 percent. Boyer soils formed in sandy and loamy drift underlain by sand
or gravelly sand outwash at depths of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches). Quartz is the dominant mineral in
the 3C horizon, which contains, in addition, varying amounts of material from igneous and metamorphic
rocks, limestone, and dolomite. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 1016 mm (28 to 40 inches).
Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 10.0 degrees C (47 to 50 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Gilford, Hillsdale, Lapeer, Miami,
Oshtemo, Perrin, Spinks, and Wasepi soils. Boyer soils are the well drained member of drainage sequence
that includes the moderately well drained Perrin, poorly drained Gilford, and somewhat poorly drained
Wasepi soils. Spinks and Oshtemo soils are closely associated on the outwash plains and valley trains.
Miami, Lapeer, and Hillsdale soils on adjoining moraines.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Depth to the
seasonal high water table is greater than 163 cm (6 feet). Potential surface runoff is negligible to medium
depending upon slope. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the solum and very high in the
substratum. Permeability is moderately rapid in the solum and very rapid in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are cultivated in most areas. Principal crops are corn, small grain,
soybeans, field beans, and alfalfa hay. A few areas remain in permanent pasture or forest. The dominant
forest trees are oaks, hickories, and maples.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 94A, 95A, 95B, 96, 97, 98, 99, 110, and 111B in southern
Michigan, northern Indiana, northern Ohio, southern Wisconsin, and northern Illinois. The type location
is in MLRA 98. The series is of large extent.
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MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Berrien County, Michigan, 1938.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 46 cm (18 inches) (Ap, E1, and E2 horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 46 to 86 cm (18 to 34 inches) (2Bt1 and 2Bt2 horizons).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
26.0
BRADY
LOCATION BRADY
MI+IA IN OH
Established Series
Rev. WEF-RAB
08/2012
BRADY SERIES
The Brady series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy outwash
materials on outwash plains, valley trains, terraces, and lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent.
Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0
degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Brady sandy loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 272
meters (891 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)
dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 23 cm (7
to 9 inches) thick]
E--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam; weak coarse granular structure;
friable; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly
acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick]
BE--33 to 58 cm (13 to 23 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky
structure; friable; many medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; moderately acid;
clear wavy boundary. [0 to 36 cm (14 inches) thick]
Bt--58 to 94 cm (23 to 37 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds and bridging between sand
grains; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam worm casts and fillings in root channels; many
medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)
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masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; about 6 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt irregular boundary.
[20 to 76 cm (8 to 30 inches) thick]
BC--94 to 142 cm (37 to 56 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy sand; weak coarse subangular blocky
structure; very friable; few discontinuous brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam layers 1/8 to 2 inches thick; few
medium prominent gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)
masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; neutral; abrupt irregular boundary. [0 to 61 cm (24 inches) thick]
2C--142 to 203 cm (56 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly coarse sand and coarse sand; single
grain; loose; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; about 15 percent
gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Eaton County, Michigan; about 3 miles southwest of Charlotte; 500 feet north and
800 feet east of the center of sec. 33, T. 2 N., R. 5 W.; USGS Chester topographic quadrangle; lat. 42
degrees 31 minutes 8.0 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 54 minutes 8.4 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone
16, 672313 easting and 4709308 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 86 to 142 cm (34 to 56 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 102 to 178 cm (40 to 70 inches)
Ap horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand, and less commonly loam or silt
loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
E or BE horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand, and less commonly loam or silt
loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam, or less commonly sandy clay loam, gravelly sandy clay
loam, or clay loam; layers with textures of sandy clay loam or clay loam are less than 20 cm (8 inches)
thick
Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
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BC horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: sandy loam or loamy sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: gravelly coarse sand, coarse sand, sand, gravelly sand, very gravelly sand, or stratified coarse
sand and gravel
Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Budd, Dixboro, Poseyville, Whiskerville, and Winamac series.
Budd, Whiskerville, and Winamac soils have more than 10 percent clay and less 70 percent sand in the
lower part of the series control section. Dixboro and Poseyville soils are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to
carbonates.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Brady soils are on outwash plains, valley trains, terraces, and lake plains.
Slope gradients are dominantly 0 to 2 percent and range from 0 to 6 percent. Brady soils formed in loamy
outwash materials. Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F).
Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Frost-free period is 130 to 180
days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 feet to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Boyer, Bronson, Gilford, Oshtemo, Perrin,
and Wasepi soils. The well drained Boyer and moderately well drained Perrin soils are on nearby higher
landform positions. Brady soils are in a drainage sequence with the very poorly drained Gilford, the
moderately well drained Bronson, and the well drained Oshtemo soils. The somewhat poorly drained
Wasepi soils are on similar landforms.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth
to a seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 to 1.5 feet) from November to May in normal
years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high.
Permeability is moderately rapid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Where drainage is adequate it is cropped to corn,
small grain, beans, and bromegrass-alfalfa hay. A small part is in permanent pasture or forest. Native
vegetation is deciduous forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 99, 104, 105, 108C, 110, 111B, 111C in southern
Michigan, northern Indiana, northwestern Ohio, and eastern Iowa. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Van Buren County, Michigan, 1922.
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REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 58 cm (23 inches) (Ap, E, and BE horizons).
Mollic intergrade: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) with value of 3 moist and 5 dry, and
chroma of 2 moist or dry (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 58 to 94 cm (23 to 37 inches) (Bt horizon).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the Ap horizon.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record No. MI0025. Characterization data is available for the
National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
27.0
BRECKENRIDGE
LOCATION BRECKENRIDGE
MI
Established Series
Rev. NWS-WEF
08/2012
BRECKENRIDGE SERIES
The Breckenridge series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in
glaciofluvial deposits overlying loamy till on lake plains and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent.
Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 6.1
degrees C (43 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, nonacid, frigid Mollic Endoaquepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Breckenridge sandy loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated area. (Colors are for
moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;
weak fine granular structure; friable; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9
inches) thick]
Bg1--20 to 41 cm (8 to 16 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy loam; weak fine
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized
iron; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick]
Bg2--41 to 61 cm (16 to 24 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular
blocky structure; friable; common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron;
moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [20 to 71 cm (8 to 28 inches) thick]
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Bg3--61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sandy loam; massive; friable;
common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; slightly acid. [0 to 30 cm (12
inches) thick]
2Cg--76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay loam; massive; firm; many
fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; 5 percent gravel; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Gladwin County, Michigan; 1240 feet east and 910 feet north of the southwest
corner of sec. 24, T. 19 N., R. 1 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline
Bg horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline
2Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam, silt loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Tonkey series. Tonkey soils have stratification in the lower part of the
series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Breckenridge soils are on lake plains and till plains. Slope ranges from 0
to 2 percent. These soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits overlying loamy till. Mean annual precipitation
ranges from 660 to 813 mm (26 to 32 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 5.6 to 7.2 degrees C
(42 to 45 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Belding, Brevort, Pinconning, Sims, and
Ubly soils. Breckenridge soils are in a drainage sequence with the somewhat poorly drained Belding soils
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and the well drained and moderately well drained Ubly soils. The sandy Brevort and Pinconning soils and
the clayey Sims soils are poorly drained associates in similar landscape positions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly
drained. Potential for surface runoff is very low to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is
moderately high or high in the solum and moderately high in the substratum. Permeability is moderate or
moderately rapid in the solum, and moderately slow in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: A large part is cropped to small grains, legume-grass, hay and beans; corn
and vegetables are minor crops. The remainder is in forest or permanent pasture. Native vegetation is
chiefly American elm, white ash, red maple, and some northern white-cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 94A, 96, and 98 in central and northern Michigan. This series
is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap horizon).
Cambic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 76 cm (8 to 30 inches) (Bg1, Bg2 and Bg3 horizons).
Lithologic discontinuity: from fine sandy loam glaciofluvial deposits to clay loam till at 76 cm (30
inches).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
28.0
BRONSON
LOCATION BRONSON
MI+IN OH
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-WEF-RAB
02/2014
BRONSON SERIES
The Bronson series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loamy and sandy
materials overlying loamy sand or gravelly sand deposits on outwash plains, valley trains, and low-lying
moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 7 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and
mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Bronson sandy loam, on a 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of
about 229 meters (751 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
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Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; about 3 percent gravel; slightly
acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches) thick]
BE--23 to 51 cm (9 to 20 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky
structure; friable; common roots; about 2 percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 28
cm (11 inches) thick]
Bt1--51 to 74 cm (20 to 29 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; few thin clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent grayish brown
(10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; about 3 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
Bt2--74 to 109 cm (29 to 43 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common thin clay films on faces of peds; common coarse prominent
gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; about 8 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy
boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 46 to 84 cm (18 to 33 inches).]
2BC--109 to 142 cm (43 to 56 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand; weak fine subangular
blocky structure; very friable; about 10 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 76
cm (30 inches) thick]
2C--142 to 203 cm (56 to 80 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand and coarse sand; single grain; loose;
about 10 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Van Buren County, Michigan; about 3 miles west of Lawton; 2,568 feet north and
1,290 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 34, T. 3 S., R. 14 W.; USGS Pawpaw topographic
quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 9 minutes 51.95 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 55 minutes 52.67 seconds
W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 588278 easting and 4668590 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 178 cm (40 to 70 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 102 to 178 cm (40 to 70 inches)
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: loamy sand, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 1 or 2
Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
E horizon, where present:
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Thickness: less than 20 cm (8 inches)
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 5 to 7
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
BE horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loamy sand or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy loam or sandy clay loam, or their gravelly analogues; in some pedons, the lower part is
stratified with 3 mm to 10 cm (1/8 to 4 inches) bands of sandy loam separated by sand or loamy sand
Clay content: averages between 10 to 20 percent clay
Sand content: less than 50 percent fine sand and very fine sand
Rock fragment content: 2 to 25 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
2BC horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: gravelly loamy sand or loamy sand
Rock fragment content: 2 to 25 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: sand or coarse sand, or their gravelly or very gravelly analogs
Rock fragment content: 10 to 50 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Harbor series. Harbor soils have a Bt horizon that is less than 20 cm
(8 inches) thick.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Bronson soils are on outwash plains, valley trains, and low-lying moraines.
Slope ranges from 0 to 7 percent. Bronson soils formed in loamy and sandy materials overlying loamy
sand or gravelly sand deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches).
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Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130
to 170 days. Elevation is 177 to 311 meters (580 to 1020 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Boyer, Brady, Gilford, Hillsdale, Lapeer,
Oshtemo, Perrin, and Spinks soils. Boyer, Perrin, and Spinks soils are associates on outwash plains and
valley trains. Boyer soils are well drained. Perrin soils have sand and gravel deposits within 102 cm (40
inches) of the surface. Spinks soils are sandy throughout. The somewhat poorly drained Brady, the well
drained Oshtemo, and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Gilford soils are in a drainage sequence
with the Bronson soils. The well drained Hillsdale and Lapeer soils are associates on moraines.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to
a seasonal high water table ranges from 46 to 76 cm (1.5 to 2.5 feet) below the surface from November to
May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic
conductivity is high. Permeability is moderately rapid.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are cropped to small grains, beans, corn, and hay. A small part is
in permanent pasture or in forest of oaks, shagbark hickory, and sugar maple. Native vegetation is
hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 99, 111B, and 111C in southern Michigan and
northern Indiana. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Branch County, Michigan, 1928.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 51 to 109 cm (20 to 43 inches) (Bt horizon).
Aquic conditions: iron depletions present between 51 and 109 cm (20 and 43 inches) (Bt horizon).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data is available from the National Soil Survey Laboratory,
Lincoln, NE.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
29.0
BROOKE
LOCATION BROOKE
WV+MD OH PA
Established Series
Rev. KOS-WJE
12/2005
BROOKE SERIES
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The Brooke series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils with slow permeability and very plastic
and sticky subsoils formed in material weathered from mainly fractured limestone. Typically, they have
very dark grayish brown heavy silty clay loam Ap horizons, dark brown clay B2t horizons, dark brown
and olive gray clay C horizons with fractured limestone bedrock at a depth of 38 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Brooke silty clay loam - cultivated
(Colors are for moist soils.)
Ap--0 to 7 inches, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) heavy silty clay loam; strong coarse granular
structure; firm; slightly sticky; many roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 9 inches thick.)
A3--7 to 9 inches, dark brown (10YR 4/3) heavy silty clay loam; moderate medium and fine subangular
blocky structure; firm; plastic and slightly sticky; many roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary. (O to 4
inches thick).
B2t--9 to 22 inches dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay; moderate and strong medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; very plastic and sticky; common discontinuous clay films on some vertical and horizontal
faces of peds; few strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) remanants of silty impure limestone and a few soft
fragments of shale; common roots; neutral; clear wavy boundary. (8 to 20 inches thick.)
C--22 to 38 inches, mixed dark brown (10YR 4/3) and olive gray (5Y 5/2) clay; massive; firm; plastic
and sticky; common small fragments of limestone; occasional manganese coatings on surfaces of cracks;
5 to 10 percent weathered small fragments of shale; calcareous. (0 to 30 inches thick.)
R--38 inches, fractured limestone.
TYPE LOCATION: Brooke County, West Virginia; 1 mile north of Ohio-Brooke County line, 1-1/2
miles north of West Liberty, on State Route 28/3; 100 feet east of the road.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 18 to 40 inches. Depth to lithic contact
ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Coarse fragments of limestone and soft shale range from 0 to 15 percent in
the A horizon, 0 to 30 percent in the B horizon, and 5 to 50 percent in the C horizon. They may make up
as much as 40 percent of individual subhorizons of the B horizons. Reaction ranges from medium acid to
mildly alkaline in the A and B horizons, and from slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the C horizon.
The A1 or Ap horizons have hues of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y, with values and chroma of 3.5 or less. A2 or
A3 horizons have hues of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y, values of 2 through 5, and chroma of 2 through 4. The
A horizon is silty clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay.
The B horizon has hues mostly of 10YR or 7.5YR, values of 3 through 5, anc chroma of 3 through 8.
Some pedons have hues of 2.5Y or 5Y, values of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Color variegation included
hue of 5Y, values of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 or 3 and may occur within subhorizons of the B
horizon in some pedons. The B horizon is silty clay or clay.
The C horizon has hues mostly of 10YR, 2.5Y or 5Y, values of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. The C
horizon is silty clay or clay.
COMPETING SERIES: The Basco, Belpre, Caleast, Fleming, McAfee, and Salvisa series are in the same
family. The Basco, Belpre, Caleast, and Fleming soils lack a lithic contact within depths of 20 to 40
inches; in addition, the Basco soils have textures of silt loam and silty clay loam in the upper part of the
B2t horizon and the Belpre soils have free carbonates in the lower part of the solum. The McAfee soils
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have a subhorizon in the B2t with hue of 5YR. The Salvisa soils typically have low chroma mottles in the
lower of the Bt horizon but the 10YR Cynthiana. Lowell, Opequon, Tumbez, and Upshur series are in
related families. Chilhowie, Cynthiana, Lowell, Opequon, Tumbez, and Upshur series are in related
families. Chilhowie soils have more than 60 percent clay and depth to bedrock does not exceed 25 inches.
Cynthiana and Opequon soils have a lithic contact within 20 inches of the surface. Lowell soils are more
than 40 inches to bedrock. Tumbez soils lack an argillic horizon and have materials with more than 40
percent calcium carbonate equivalent immediately below the surface layer. The Upshur soils have hues
redder than 7.5YR and have lighter colored A horizons, and have a paralithic or lithic contact at depths
greater than 40 inches.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Brooke soils typically occur on ridges, saddles between ridges and
rounded knolls. Slopes range from 3 to 40 percent. They are formed in residuum weathered from
limestone or interbedded limestone and calcareous shales. The climate is humid temperature with average
annual rainfall of 36 to 50 inches and average annual temperature of 50 to 57 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: In addition to the competing Brookside and Upshur soils,
these are the Clarksburg, Gilpin, Guernsey, and Westmoreland soils. The Clarksburg, Gilpin and
Westmoreland soils all have less than 35 percent clay in the texture control section. The Guernsey soils
have mottling with chromas of 2 or less in the upper part of the argillic horizon.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; surface runoff is medium to rapid, depending on
slope; permeability is slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used for pasture, especially bluegrass, with alfalfa hay mixtures or
more gentle slopes. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods. Black locust trees are common in pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western West Virginia, eastern Ohio and southwestern Pennsylvania.
The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Wheeling area, West Virgina, 1906.
REMARKS: CEC based on Brooke and Marshal Counties, West Virginia NASIS data. Laboratory data
from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania (No Brooke soils correlated in Westmoreland County,
Pennsylvania) and from Ohio plus field descriptions from these states and West Virginia indicate that the
Brooke series as used in the past included soils with argillic horizons and soils lacking such horizons.
This revision of the Brooke series excludes soils lacking argillic horizons. These excluded soils probably
are Eutrochrepts and may necessitate the establishment of a new series or redefinition of one of the
competing series to encompass these soils.
Diagnostic horizons and features in this pedon are:
a. Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 7 inches (Ap horizon).
b. Argillic horizon--the zone from 9 to 22 inches. (Bt horizon)
c. Lithic contact 38 inches. (top of R horizon).
The 12/2005 revision updates this soil to the 9th Edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy (2003). The CEC
activity class placement may have been based on similar soils and not on laboratory data. Class placement
may be revised in the future when laboratory data are reviewed or become available.
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Competing series, pedon description (including horizon nomenclature and/or descriptive terms), and other
sections on the OSD were not revised.
Previous revision dates: 5/77
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
30.0
BROOKSIDE
LOCATION BROOKSIDE
OH+IL KY WV
Established Series
Rev. TAD-JWB
08/2007
BROOKSIDE SERIES
The Brookside series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in clayey colluvium.
These upland soils have moderately slow permeability. Slopes range from 3 to 60 percent. Mean annual
precipitation is about 1041 mm (41 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 11 degrees C. (51
degrees F.)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Brookside silty clay loam - on a 16 percent irregular south-facing slope in a pasture.
(Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) rubbed, pale
brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine and medium
granular; friable; many fine roots; 5 percent fragments of sandstone, siltstone, and shale; moderately acid;
abrupt wavy boundary. (13 to 20 cm thick)
E/B--18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 inches); 60 percent brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam (E) with weak medium
granular structure and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam (Bt) with weak medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; 5 percent fragments of sandstone, siltstone, and
shale; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 13 cm thick)
Bt1--25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; many faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5
percent fragments of sandstone, siltstone, and shale; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--46 to 66 cm (18 to 26 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; moderate medium angular blocky
structure; firm; few fine roots; many faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5
percent fragments of siltstone; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt3--66 to 102 cm (26 to 40 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many faint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and distinct olive brown
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(2.5Y 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent fragments of siltstone; few medium distinct strong
brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations, and few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron
depletions; few dark concretions (Fe & Mn oxides); slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined
thickness of the Bt horizons is 48 to 132 cm).
BC--102 to 140 cm (40 to 55 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; weak medium and coarse
subangular blocky structure; firm; few distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and dark grayish brown (2.5Y
4/2) clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent fragments of siltstone and shale; common fine distinct light
olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) iron concentrations, and common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron
depletions; few dark concretions (Fe & Mn oxides); slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (20 to 102 cm
thick)
C1--140 to 178 cm (55 to 70 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; massive; firm; 3 percent
small fragments of red shale and 2 percent fragments of siltstone; many medium distinct light olive brown
(2.5Y 5/6) iron concentrations, and few fine distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; few
dark concretions (Fe & Mn oxides); slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
C2--178 to 203 cm (70 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery clay loam; massive; firm; 20
percent small fragments of siltstone and shale; many medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron
depletions; neutral.
TYPE LOCATION: Belmont County, Ohio; 1900 feet west and 2550 feet north of the southeast corner of
sec. 28, Washington Township; T. 5 N., R. 4 W. USGS Armstrongs Mills, OH Topographic Quadrangle.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 102 to 203 cm (40 to 80 inches).
Depth to bedrock ranges from 1.5 to more than 3 meters (5 to more than 10 feet). Rock fragments, mainly
small, flat fragments of sandstone, siltstone, or shale with some limestone are unoriented and are less than
15 percent by volume in the A horizon and E horizon; 5 to 25 percent in the Bt horizon, and 5 to 35
percent in the BC horizon and C horizon. The bouldery phase has boulders on .01 to 3 percent of the
surface area that are spaced 1 to 61 meters (3 to 200 feet) apart.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5 (5 or 6 dry), and chroma of 2 to 4. Ap
horizons more than 15 cm (6 inches) thick have value of 3 or 4 but 6 or more dry. Some pedons have an A
horizon 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) thick that has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2
to 4. The Ap horizon or A horizon is silt loam or silty clay loam. It is strongly acid to slightly alkaline. E
horizons are in some pedons.
BE or B/E horizons are in some pedons. The Bt horizon commonly has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR and less
commonly 2.5Y in the lower part; value of 4 or 5; and chroma of 3 to 6. Iron depletions with chroma of 2
or less are in the lower part of the Bt horizon of most pedons. The Bt horizon is silty clay, clay, silty clay
loam, clay loam, or their channery analogues. Average clay content of the particle size control section
ranges from 35 to 55 percent. Reaction of the Bt horizon is strongly acid to mildly alkaline. It commonly
is strongly acid to slightly acid to a depth of 76 cm (30 inches) and moderately acid to slightly alkaline
below 76 cm (30 inches) and ranges to moderately alkaline in the BC horizon.
The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value of 3 to 5; chroma of 2 to 6. It is clay loam, silty
clay loam, silty clay, clay, or their channery or shaly analogues. It is typically neutral or slightly alkaline
but ranges to moderately acid or moderately alkaline in some pedons.
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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Aaron, Alsup, Derinda, Ebal, Goodson, Miamian, Morrisville,
Shircliff, Skrainka, Useful, and Vincent series. Aaron and Useful soils have a lithic contact within the
series control section. Alsup, Derinda, and Ebal soils have a paralithic contact within the series control
section. Miamian and Morrisville soils formed in glacial till. Goodson soils have a lithologic discontinuity
in the control section. Skrainka soils formed from basic igneous rocks. Shircliff and Vincent soils are on
high terrace positions, and are basically fragment free. In addition, Vincent soils have a hue redder than
7.5YR in the lower part of the argillic horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Brookside soils are on foot slopes, fans, and benches. Slopes range from 3 to
60 percent. Landslips are common in many areas as are small seepy areas and springs. These soils formed
in clayey colluvium mainly from interbedded acid and some calcareous gray shale, siltstone, limestone,
and sandstone which has been mixed by downslope movement. The colluvium is commonly 1.8 to 6
meters (6 to 20 feet) thick. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 991 to 1092 mm (39 to 43 inches), and
mean annual temperature ranges from 8 to 13 degrees C. (46 to 55 degrees F.).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brooke, Culleoka, Dormont, Elba,
Guernsey, Lowell, Westmore, and Westmoreland series. Brooke soils are on ridge crests or on saddles
between ridges and are underlain by fractured limestone at depths of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches).
Culleoka soils are on narrow summits and shoulder slopes where fine-grained sandstone bedrock is at a
depth of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches). Dormont and Guernsey soils are on backslopes and summits and
have redox accumulations and depletions within the control section. Elba soils are on side slopes and
benches formed in clayey residuum from limestone, shale and siltstone and have free carbonates at depths
of 25 to 76 cm (10 to 30 inches). Lowell soils are on summits side slopes, and benches and formed in
clayey residuum from interbedded limestone, shale, and siltstone. Westmore soils are on summits, side
slopes, and benches and formed in a silty mantle 51 to 94 cm (20 to 36 inches) thick overlying clayey
residuum from limestone, shale, and siltstone. Westmoreland soils are on interfluves and back slopes
where interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and some shale bedrock is at a depth of 102 to 183 cm (40 to 72
inches).
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Runoff is
moderate to rapid. The saturated hydraulic conductivity class is moderately high. The permeability class
is moderately slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Some areas are in forest and some are cleared and in hay and pasture. A
small part is used for growing cultivated crops. Forests consist of mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North-central and eastern West Virginia, eastern Ohio, eastern
Kentucky, and southwestern Illinois. MLRAs 114B, 115B, 122, 124, 125, 126. Brookside soils are of
moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Marshall County, West Virginia, 1956.
REMARKS: Classification was adjusted to agree with ST Issue #17 on 23 Sept 94 by CLG. The
Brookside series concept is near the Mollic subgroup. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this
pedon are: ochric epipedon - 0 to 25 cm (Ap, E/B horizon); argillic horizon - 25 to 102 cm (Bt1, Bt2,
Bt3).
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The 2007 revision updates the redoximorphic features terminology, reaction (pH) terminology, the
competing series and geographically associated soils paragraphs, and introduces saturated hydraulic
conductivity class and metric units.
Previous revisions: Rev. TNR-DRM 06/2001
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
31.0
BROOKSTON
LOCATION BROOKSTON
IN+MI OH WI
Established Series
Rev. RAB-SAH-FF
09/2014
BROOKSTON SERIES
The Brookston series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in as much as 51 cm (20 inches)
of silty material and the underlying loamy till in depressions on till plains and moraines. Slope ranges
from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual
temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Brookston loam, on a concave, 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of
264 meters (865 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap1--0 to 13 cm (5 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very
fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores with low continuity; 1 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth
boundary.
Ap2--13 to 23 cm (5 to 9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR
4/2) dry; weak coarse granular structure; firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very
fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores with low continuity; 1 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt
smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the A horizon is 23 to 51 cm (9 to 20 inches).]
Btg1--23 to 41 cm (9 to 16 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout;
common very fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores with moderate continuity; common faint very
dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay films on faces of peds; 1 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Btg2--41 to 63 cm (16 to 25 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine
interstitial and tubular pores with moderate continuity; many faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on
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faces of peds; common fine and medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized
iron in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Btg3--63 to 96 cm (25 to 38 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; weak medium prismatic
structure; firm; common very fine and fine roots between peds; common very fine and fine interstitial and
tubular pores with moderate continuity; many distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds;
many fine and medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix;
about 30 percent sand; 2 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt--96 to 122 cm (38 to 48 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure
parting to weak medium subangular blocky; firm; many distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of
peds; many fine and medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the
matrix; about 47 percent sand; 2 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined
thickness of the Btg or Bt horizon is 51 to 129 cm (20 to 51 inches).]
BC1--122 to 147 cm (48 to 58 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate very coarse
prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; firm; many distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay
films on vertical faces of peds; many fine and medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions
in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
BC2--147 to 173 cm (58 to 68 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate very coarse
prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; firm; many distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay
films on vertical faces of peds; many fine and medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions
in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; strongly effervescent on prism faces; slightly effervescent within prisms;
moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the BC horizon is 0 to 63 cm (25
inches).]
C--173 to 200 cm (68 to 79 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; firm; few distinct gray
(10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings in cracks; 1 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Elkhart County, Indiana; about 2 miles north and one-half mile east of Nappanee;
1,257 feet north and 2,238 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 18, T. 35 N., R. 5 E.; USGS Nappanee
East, IN topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 28 minutes 57 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 59
minutes 44 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 583856 easting and 4592814 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 76 to 178 cm (30 to 70 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 102 to 178 cm (40 to 70 inches)
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 inches)
Thickness of the silty material: 0 to 51 cm (20 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 25 to 35 percent clay and 15 to 40 percent fine sand or coarser; the
sand fraction averages less 60 percent medium sand or coarser
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, mucky silt loam, or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
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Reaction: slightly acid or neutral
BA or AB horizon, where present:
Texture: silt loam
Btg or Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or N
Value: 4 to 6; value of 3 may be present in the horizon immediately below the A horizon
Chroma: 0 to 6
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 11 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
BC or BCg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or N
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 0 to 4
Texture: loam or fine sandy loam
Clay content: 12 to 25 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 11 percent
Reaction: slightly acid in the upper part, ranging to moderately alkaline in the lower part; carbonates are
present in the lower part
C or Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or N
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 0 to 4
Texture: loam or fine sandy loam
Clay content: 10 to 20 percent
Sand content: averages less than 60 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 11 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 35 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Barry, Clackamas, Cordova, Forestcity, Hamel, Jameston,
Millgrove, Navan, Navunon, Nosoni, Radioville, Rensselaer, Tallmadge, and Westland series. Barry soils
average less than 25 percent clay in the upper 51 cm (20 inches) of the argillic horizon. Forestcity, Hamel,
and Nosoni soils have a mollic epipedon more than 51 cm (20 inches) thick. Clackamas, Millgrove, and
Westland soils average more than 11 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section.
Cordova soils are in drier climates where the mean annual precipitation is about 711 mm (28 inches).
Jameston, Navan, and Radioville soils have more than 20 percent clay in the lower part of the series
control section. Navunon and Tallmadge soils have a lithic contact with a depth of 152 cm (60 inches).
Rensselaer soils have strata with more than 80 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Brookston soils are in depressions on till plains and moraines of Wisconsinan
age. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Brookston soils formed in loamy till. In some areas the upper part
of the sola formed in as much as 51 cm (20 inches) of silty material. Mean annual precipitation ranges
from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48
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to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet)
above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Crosby, Crosier, Miami, Riddles, and
Williamstown soils. The moderately well drained Miami and Williamstown soils and the well drained
Riddles soils are on knolls of till plains and on narrow summits and backslopes of dissected till plains.
The somewhat poorly drained Crosby and Crosier soils are on swells on till plains and moraines.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained. Depth to the top of
an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 15 cm (0.5 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot)
below the surface for some time in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to low.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil and
moderately slow in the underlying material.
USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are mostly used to grow corn, soybeans, oats, wheat, and hay. Small
areas are in permanent pasture or woodlots. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, marsh grasses, and
sedges.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 110, 111A, and 111C in Indiana, southern
Michigan, western Ohio, and eastern Wisconsin. The type location is in MLRA 111C. The series is of
large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: White County, Indiana, 1915.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 41 cm (16 inches) (Ap1, Ap2, Btg1 horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 122 cm (9 to 48 inches) (Btg1, Btg2, Btg3, Bt horizons).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present from 41 to 173 cm (16 to 68 inches) (Btg2, Btg3, Bt,
BC1, BC2 horizons).
Drained and undrained phases are recognized.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for the typical pedon, S1993IN039007, from
the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska. Data for pedons sampled by the Agricultural
Experiment Station at Purdue University and at The Ohio State University are also available from KSSL.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
32.0
CADMUS
LOCATION CADMUS
MI
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-WEF
08/2012
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CADMUS SERIES
The Cadmus series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits
and till on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 9 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32
inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Cadmus loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil
unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;
moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; about 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt
smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick]
E--20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; moderate coarse granular structure; friable;
many fine roots; about 3 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches)
thick]
Bt1--30 to 38 cm (12 to 15 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; many fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; about 15 percent
gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--38 to 61 cm (15 to 24 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; about 15 percent
gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3--61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) gravelly clay loam; moderate coarse
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; common
medium prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; about
15 percent gravel and 2 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the
Bt horizon is 25 to 69 cm (10 to 27 inches).]
2Bt4--76 to 86 cm (30 to 34 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky
structure; firm; few distinct clay films in pores and on faces of peds; common medium faint brown
(7.5YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; about 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to
15 cm (6 inches) thick]
2C--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) loam; massive; firm; common medium distinct
yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; about 10 percent gravel; slightly effervescent;
moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Ionia County, Michigan; about 4 miles northeast of the village of Elmdale; 1500 feet
south and 600 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 27, T. 6 N., R. 8 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 inches)
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Depth to redoximorphic features: 41 to 76 cm (16 to 30 inches) and the upper 25 cm (10 inches) of the Bt
horizon is free of iron depletions that have chroma of 2 or less
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly analogues of these textures
Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent gravel; 0 to 3 percent cobbles
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
E horizon:
Hue:10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: sandy loam, loam, or the gravelly analogues of these textures
Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent gravel; 0 to 3 percent cobbles
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: sandy clay loam, clay loam, sandy loam, or loam, or the gravelly analogues of these textures
Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent gravel; 0 to 3 percent cobbles
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
2Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5
Chroma: 3
Texture: loam or clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent gravel
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
BC horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: sandy loam or sandy clay loam
2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately alkaline
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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Colescreek and Gageville series. Colescreek soils have mica flakes
throughout the series control section. Gageville soils are deeper than 91 cm (36 inches) to carbonates.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Cadmus soils are on till plains that have a thin covering of glaciofluvial
deposits. Slope ranges from 0 to 9 percent. Cadmus soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits and till. Mean
annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature is about 9.4
degrees C (49 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Berville, Conover, Kendallville, Macomb,
Miami, and Morley soils. The well drained Kendallville soils, the somewhat poorly drained Macomb
soils, and the very poorly drained Berville soils are in the same drainage sequence as the Cadmus soils.
The moderately well drained Miami and Morley soils and the somewhat poorly drained Conover soils are
on nearby till plains where the outwash thins to a few centimeters or is not present.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The
potential for surface runoff ranges from low to high depending on the slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic
conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn, small grain, beans, and hay. A small part is
in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is hardwoods, predominantly sugar maple, shagbark
hickory, and white oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98, 99, and 111B in southern Michigan. The type location is
in MLRA 98. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lenawee County, Michigan, 1957.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (12 inches) (Ap and E horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 86 cm (12 to 34 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 and 2Bt4 horizons).
Lithologic discontinuity: at 76 cm (30 inches) (top of 2Bt horizon).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
33.0
CANEADEA
LOCATION CANEADEA
OH+NY PA
Established Series
Rev. JRS-STP-PSP
05/2011
CANEADEA SERIES
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The Caneadea series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained, nearly level to strongly sloping
soils on slackwater terraces of lake plains and valley floors of depressional landscapes. They formed in
clayey Wisconsin age glaciolacustrine sediments. Permeability is very slow. Slope ranges from 0 to 15
percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 36 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 49
degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Endoaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Caneadea silt loam, 3 percent slope, in a cultivated field. Elevation is 1,000 feet msl.
(Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap -- 0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak medium granular structure; friable;
very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick.)
BE -- 7 to 10 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silty clay; strong medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; many faint light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay depletions on faces of peds; many medium
prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; very strongly
acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick.)
Bt1 -- 10 to 17 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and 5/6) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)
silty clay; strong medium prismatic structure parting to moderate subangular blocky; firm; common
distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; common distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2)
clay depletions on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2 -- 17 to 23 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) clay; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to
moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on
vertical faces of peds, and few faint clay films in pores; common fine prominent gray (5Y 5/1) areas of
iron depletion in the matrix; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.
Btg1 -- 23 to 29 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) clay; strong coarse prismatic structure; firm;
many faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay films on faces of peds and few faint clay films in pores; many
fine faint gray (5Y 5/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.
Btg2 -- 29 to 36 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) clay; moderate coarse prismatic structure; firm;
common faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds and as pore fillings in ped
interiors; common fine faint gray (5Y 5/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; slightly alkaline; clear
wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 11 to 34 inches.)
BCg -- 36 to 48 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) laminated silty clay; weak coarse prismatic
structure; firm; few faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds; slightly
effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick.)
Cg -- 48 to 57 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) laminated silty clay; massive; firm; gray (5Y 5/1)
areas of iron depletion along horizontal and vertical fracture planes; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline; gradual smooth boundary.
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C -- 57 to 60 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) laminated silty clay; massive; gray (5Y 5/1) areas of iron
depletion along horizontal seams 6 to 12 inches apart; common coarse calcium carbonate concretions;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Portage County, Ohio; about 4 miles southwest of Aurora, in Aurora Township,
1,500 feet east of the Summit County line and 200 feet south of Old Mill Road, T. 5 N., R. 9 W.; USGS
Twinsburg, OH topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 17 minutes, 8 seconds N. and Longitude 81
degrees, 23 minutes, 13 seconds W., NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 inches. The control
section averages between 35 and 60 percent clay, but typically is 42 to 60 percent. Stratification is usually
evident within the series control section. The soils are typically free of rock fragments, but some pedons
contain a few pebbles.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam or silty clay
loam. Some pedons have A horizons 3 to 4 inches thick with hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of
1 or 2. Structure is weak to strong, fine to coarse, granular. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
Areas that have been limed range to neutral.
An E or BE horizon with redoximorphic features is present in some pedons. It has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,
value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam. Structure is weak or
moderate, fine or medium, subangular blocky. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or is neutral, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 0 to 6; chroma of 0 to
2 is restricted to the lower part. Texture commonly is silty clay or clay, and less commonly silty clay
loam. Structure is weak to strong, fine to coarse, subangular or angular blocky, or medium to very coarse
prismatic, or very thin to thick platy. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid in the upper part, and
ranges to slightly alkaline in the lower part.
The BC horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or is neutral, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 0 to 6. Texture is
silty clay or silty clay loam. Structure is weak or moderate, medium to very coarse, subangular blocky or
prismatic, or very thin to thick platy. Reaction is slightly acid to moderately alkaline.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 0 to 4. Texture is
silty clay loam or silty clay. Some pedons are stratified with thin layers of silt loam. Reaction is neutral to
moderately alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: The Brockport, Churchville, Lockport, Odessa, Remsen, and Rhinebeck series
are in the same family. Brockport and Lockport soils have bedrock within depths of 40 inches.
Churchville soils have a lithologic discontinuity and 10 to 35 percent rock fragments in the series control
section. Odessa soils have hue of 5YR or redder in the Bt horizon. Remsen soils formed in till and have a
higher sand and rock fragment content in individual layers. Rhinebeck soils have sola less than 40 inches
thick.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Caneadea soils are on plane or convex slopes on lake plains. The soils
formed in calcareous, Wisconsin age, glaciolacustrine sediments. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent.
Elevations are from 570 to 1,300 feet msl. The mean annual precipitation is 29 to 43 inches. The mean
annual temperature is 46 to 52 degrees F. The frost free period is 110 to 198 days.
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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Canadice, Ellsworth, Fitchville, Geeburg,
Glenford, Lorain, Mahoning, Remsen and Sebring soils. Caneadea soils are in a toposequence with the
poorly drained Canadice soils and the very poorly drained Lorain soils. These soils typically occupy
lower landscape positions and depressions. The moderately well drained Ellsworth and Geeburg soils and
the somewhat poorly drained Mahoning and Remsen soils are on adjacent till plains. The moderately well
drained Glenford soils, the somewhat poorly drained Fitchville soils and the poorly drained Sebring soils
are medium textured soils associated soils on similar landscape positions.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is
negligible to very high. Permeability is very slow. Depth to an intermittent perched water table is 0.5 to
1.0 foot from November to May in most years.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used mainly for pasture or woodland. Some areas are in cropland
with the major crops being corn, small grains and hay. The native vegetation was mixed hardwood forest
with oaks, sugar maple, hickory and beech as principal species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Erie Fruit and Truck Area, Ontario Plain and Finger Lakes Region,
Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains, Eastern Ohio Till Plain, and Glaciated Allegheny Plateau and
Catskill Mountains. MLRA's 101, 127, 139, and 140. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Livingston County, New York, 1908.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - from a depth of 0 to 10 inches (Ap and BE horizon).
Aquic conditions - begin at a depth of 7 inches.
Argillic horizon - from a depth of 10 to 36 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Btg1 and Btg2 horizons).
New surface runoff class names are used and are not comparable or the same definitions as the old names.
It is anticipated that soils correlated as Caneadea in MLRA's other than MLRA 139, and on slopes greater
than 15 percent, will be correlated as other series in future MLRA updates.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data are available for the following profiles: PG-1 (the typical
pedon), AB-49, AB-90, AB-94 and GA-S14. Samples analyzed by Ohio State University Soil
Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
34.0
CANFIELD
LOCATION CANFIELD
OH+NY PA
Established Series
Rev. DRM-CER-ELM
09/2014
CANFIELD SERIES
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The Canfield series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in Wisconsinan age till
on till plains. In some pedons there is a thin loess mantle. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately
high above the fragipan and moderately low in the fragipan and substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 35
percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1065 mm (42 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9
degrees C (48 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Fragiudalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Canfield silt loam, on a 3 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 1,195
feet above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap -- 0 to 15 cm (0 to 6 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine
granular structure; friable; common fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. (15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick.)
BE -- 15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;
common faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt coatings on faces of peds; weak fine and medium
prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; friable; common fine roots; 2
percent rock fragments; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulations;
slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches) thick in cultivated areas and 8 to 20 cm
(3 to 8 inches) thick in undisturbed areas.)
Bt1 -- 23 to 38 cm (9 to 15 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam; few distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4)
silt coatings on faces of peds; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few
distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; few rock fragments; moderately acid; clear
smooth boundary. (0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches) thick.)
2Bt2 -- 38 to 53 cm (15 to 21 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 5
percent rock fragments; few fine prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion; strongly
acid; clear smooth boundary.
2Bt3 -- 53 to 66 cm (21 to 26 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films
on faces of peds; about 10 percent rock fragments; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas
of iron depletion and few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulations; strongly
acid; clear smooth boundary. (The combined thickness of 2Bt horizons is 10 to 61 cm (4 to 24 inches.)
2Btx1 -- 66 to 97 cm (26 to 38 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak very coarse
prismatic structure parting to weak thick platy; very firm, brittle; common distinct grayish brown (10YR
5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds and common faint brown (10YR 4/3)clay films on horizontal
faces of peds; common medium black (10YR 2/1) stains (iron and manganese oxide); about 10 percent
rock fragments; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion; moderately
acid; clear wavy boundary.
2Btx2 -- 97 to 114 cm (38 to 45 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak very coarse
prismatic structure parting to weak thick platy; very firm, brittle; common distinct grayish brown (10YR
5/2) clay films on horizontal and vertical faces of peds; common fine and medium very dark brown
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(10YR 2/2) stains (iron and manganese oxide); about 10 percent rock fragments; few fine distinct grayish
brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (The combined
thickness of 2Btx horizons is 26 to 114 cm (15 to 37 inches.)
2C1 -- 114 to 157 cm (45 to 62 inches); olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loam; massive; friable; about 5 percent
rock fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
2C2 -- 157 to 203 cm (62 to 80 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) loam; massive; friable; about 10
percent rock fragments; neutral.
TYPE LOCATION: Holmes County, Ohio; Salt Creek Township, about 2.8 miles north of Mt. Hope;
about 1055 feet south and 2375 feet west of the northeast corner of section 26, T. 15 N., R. 12 W.; USGS
Fredericksburg, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees, 47 minutes, 3 seconds N. and
Longitude 81 degrees, 50 minutes, 30 seconds W., NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches),
but may be thinner on eroded pedons. Depth to the top of the fragipan ranges from 38 to 76 cm (15 to 30
inches). Depth to carbonates is 127 to 254 cm (50 to 100 inches). Content of rock fragments, dominantly
sandstone but including shale and some crystalline rocks, ranges from 0 to 20 percent by volume above
the fragipan, 2 to 25 percent in the fragipan and 2 to 34 percent below the fragipan. Base saturation is
more than 60 percent at a depth of 76 cm (30 inches) below the upper boundary of the fragipan. The
particle size control section averages 18 to 27 percent clay.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Some uncultivated pedons have
an A horizon 3 to 13 cm (1 to 5 inches) thick that has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.
The Ap or A horizon is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or their gravelly analogues. Unless limed, the A
or Ap horizon commonly is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
The E horizon is mixed in the Ap in some cultivated areas. Where present, the E horizon has hue of
10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or their gravelly
analogues. Unless limed, it is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
The BE horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is silt loam or loam, or their
gravelly analogues. Unless limed, it is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
The Bt or 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6; and
redoximorphic features with chroma of 2 or less above the fragipan and within the upper 10 inches of the
Bt or 2Bt. It is commonly loam or silt loam, or their gravelly analogues but thin subhorizons with clay
loam or silty clay loam are in some pedons. It is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
The Btx or 2Btx horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loam, silt
loam, sandy loam, or their gravelly analogues. It is very strongly acid to neutral.
There is a BC or 2BC horizon in some pedons that is similar to the Btx or 2BTx horizons, but is not
brittle.
The C or 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loam, silt loam,
sandy loam or their gravelly analogues. It is strongly acid to slightly alkaline.
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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Nockamixon, Rittman, Teegarden and Titusville series. The
Nockamixon series have less than 60 percent base saturation at a depth of 76 cm (30 inches) below the
upper boundary of the fragipan. The Rittman series has 27 to 35 percent clay in the particle size control
section. The Teegarden series has sola 127 to 203 cm (50 to 80 inches) thick with weathered material
from fractured bedrock at 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches). The Titusville series formed in Illinoian age
till.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Canfield soils formed in low-lime Wisconsinan age till on till plains.
Commonly, the till is thinly mantled with loess. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Climate is humid.
Mean annual precipitation ranges from 830 to 1320 mm (33 to 52 inches. Mean annual temperature
ranges from 6 to 11 degrees C (49 to 52 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bogart, Chili, Frenchtown, Ravenna, and
Wooster soils. The well drained Wooster soils, the somewhat poorly drained Ravenna soils, and the
poorly drained Frenchtown soils are in a toposequence with Canfield soils. The Wooster soils are on
similar positions and the Ravenna and Frenchtown soils are on lower topographic positions or are on less
sloping areas along drainageways. The Bogart and well drained Chili soils are on nearby areas of gravelly
outwash.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high above the fragipan and moderately low in the
fragipan and substratum. Depth to an intermittent perched seasonal high water table ranges from 25 to 53
cm (10 to 21 inches) from November to April in normal years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, small grain and
hay. Steeper slopes are commonly in pasture or woodland. The natural vegetation is deciduous hardwood
forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and north central Ohio, northwestern Pennsylvania, and
in some areas in New York as of 2014 (see REMARKS). MLRAs 139 and 140. The series is extensive.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Trumbull County, Ohio, 1917.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include:
1. Ochric epipedon - 0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches) (Ap, BE).
2. Argillic horizon - 23 to 114 cm (9 to 45 inches) (Bt1, 2Bt2, 2Bt3, 2Btx1,2Btx2).
3. Fragipan - 66 to 114 cm (26 to 45 inches) (2Btx1, 2Btx2).
4. Redoximorphic features - 15 to 114 cm (6 to 45 inches).
A moderately shallow to bedrock phase has been recognized. This phase will need to be evaluated during
MLRA update activities.
Canfield that was previously mapped in New York has been correlated to Mardin in survey areas that
have been updated. In old survey areas in NY which haven't been updated, Canfield remains in the
legend. As of 2014 a future project has been established in NASIS to investigate these areas, as well as
areas in Columbia County, PA which are geographically separated from the main concentration of
Canfield soils.
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ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data for the Canfield series can be found at the NCSS KSSL
Soil Characterization Database.
A large number of Canfield profiles have been analyzed at the Ohio State Soils Characterization
Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. These include profiles CO-22, CO-46, CO-67, CO-107, MH-3, MH-4, MH16, MH-21, MH-26, MH-29, MH-36, MH-46, MH-47, MH-51, PG-3, SK-4, SK-5, SK-30, ST-3, ST-5,
TR-21, TR-24, WN-S2, WN-S3, WN-S16, WN-S27, WN-S29, WN-S30, WN-S41, WN-S42, and WNS43.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
35.0
CAPAC
LOCATION CAPAC
MI
Established Series
Rev. LWB-GFT-MLK
08/2012
CAPAC SERIES
The Capac series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loam or clay loam till.
These soils are on moraines and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is
about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.3 degrees C (47 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Glossudalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Capac fine sandy loam, on a northwest-facing, convex, 2 percent slope about 40
meters (130 feet) long in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, light brownish gray
(10YR 6/2) dry; weak very thick platy structure parting to moderate very fine subangular blocky; friable;
about 2 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) thick]
B/E--20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam (Bt); brown (10YR 5/3)
very pale brown (10YR7/3) dry, coating of sandy loam on faces of peds (E); moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds;
common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many coarse distinct
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and many coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized
iron in the matrix; about 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [8 to 43 cm (3 to 17
inches) thick]
Bt--38 to 51 cm (15 to 20 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak very thick platy
structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; common prominent brown (10YR 4/3)
clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) and common medium distinct grayish
brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)
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masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; about 2 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [13 to 81 cm
(5 to 32 inches) thick]
BC--51 to 61 cm (20 to 24 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak thick platy structure parting
to moderate thin platy; friable; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2)
iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common
medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; about 2 percent
gravel; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick]
C--61 to 203 cm (24 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; strong very thick platy structure
parting to moderate very fine subangular blocky; friable; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2)
iron depletions in the matrix; common coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized
iron in the matrix; about 2 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Barry County, Michigan; about 1 1/2 miles from the town of Woodland; 216 feet
south and 1,584 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 28, T. 4 N., R. 7 W., Woodland Township; USGS
Woodland topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 42 minutes 43 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 08
minutes 53 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40 inches)
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4, 6 dry
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 2.5 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
E horizon, where present:
Thickness: 2.5 to 15 cm (1 to 6 inches)
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 1 to 3.
Texture: clay loam, loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
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E part of the B/E horizon occurs as 2 to 5 mm thick coatings on faces of peds.
B part of the B/E horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 8
Texture: clay loam, loam or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Bt horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: clay loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam
Clay content: 18 to 35 clay, but typically is about 25 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
BC horizon, where present:
Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: loam or clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
C horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: loam or clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Capac soils are on moraines and till plains of Wisconsin age. Slope ranges
from 0 to 6 percent. Capac soils formed in loam or clay loam till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from
711 to 914 mm (28 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 6.7 to 8.9 degrees C (44 to 48
degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The moderately well drained Marlette soils and poorly
drained Parkhill soils are in a drainage sequence with the Capac soils. The Wixom, Metamora and
Selfridge soils have coarser textured upper sola.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth
to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 foot to 1.5 feet) below
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the surface at some time from September to May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is
negligible to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used to grow corn, beans, sugar beets, small grains, and grasslegume hay. A small part is in hardwood forest, pasture, or remains idle.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 96, 97, 98, 99 in lower Michigan. The type location is in
MLRA 98. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap horizon).
Glossic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches) (B/E horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 inches) (B part of the B/E and the Bt horizon).
Aquic conditions: the zone from 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 inches) with iron depletions (B/E and Bt horizon)
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
36.0
CARDINGTON
LOCATION CARDINGTON
OH
Established Series
Rev. JAG
04/2007
CARDINGTON SERIES
The Cardington series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loamy till of
medium lime content. These soils are on ground moraines and end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 25
percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is
about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Cardington silt loam, on a southeast-facing, convex, 2 percent slope in a cultivated
field at an elevation of 287 meters (942 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless
otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 25
cm (5 to 10 inches) thick]
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B/E--20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches); 86 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam (B); moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; 14 percent dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam
(E); the E material is in many distinct clay depletions on faces of peds and in pores; very strongly acid;
gradual smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick]
Bt1--30 to 51 cm (12 to 20 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; strong medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; few faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds;
common fine distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; very strongly acid; gradual
smooth boundary.
Bt2--51 to 69 cm (20 to 27 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; strong medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; many faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; common
medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments;
strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
Bt3--69 to 81 cm (27 to 32 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; many distinct dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; few dark masses
of iron and manganese accumulation; few medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the
matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the
Bt horizon is 20 to 76 cm (8 to 30 inches).]
BC--81 to 96 cm (32 to 38 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; few faint films on vertical faces of peds; common medium faint dark grayish brown (2.5Y
4/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline;
gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 30 cm (12 inches) thick]
C--96 to 152 cm (38 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; massive; firm; 5 percent rock
fragments; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Delaware County, Ohio; Brown Township, quarter township 4; 9,150 feet south of
Kilbourne on Old State Rd., then 3,050 feet east; 59 yards south of east-west fence; USGS Kilbourne,
Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 18 minutes 19.8 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 56
minutes 59.8 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the ochric epipedon: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Thickness of the solum: 71 to 127 cm (28 to 50 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 63 to 114 cm (25 to 45 inches) and may be as shallow as 46 cm (18 inches) in
eroded pedons
Rock fragments: dominantly sandstone and shale, with minor amounts of crystalline erratics
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent to a depth of 51 cm (20 inches) and 2 to 15 percent below 51 cm
(20 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 42 percent clay
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry)
Chroma: 2 or 3
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Texture: commonly silt loam and less commonly loam or fine sandy loam; may be silty clay loam in
eroded pedons
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral depending on liming history
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 2.5 to 13 cm (1 to 5 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 to 4 (4 to 6 dry)
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: commonly silt loam and less commonly loam or fine sandy loam
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral depending on liming history
E horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6 (6 to 8 dry)
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silt loam, loam or fine sandy loam
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in the upper part and moderately acid to neutral in the
lower part
C horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, loam, or silt loam
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 8 to 22 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Ellsworth, Geeburg, Glynwood, Mortimer, Pert, Shinrock, and
Wyatt series. Ellsworth soils have rock fragments in the substratum that are dominantly shale and
siltstone. Geeburg and Wyatt soils average more than 42 percent clay in the particle-size control section.
Glynwood soils average more than 22 percent calcium carbonate equivalent in the lower part of the series
control section. Mortimer soils have a densic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Pert soils have
sola less than 71 cm (28 inches) in thickness. Shinrock soils have less than 2 percent rock fragments
below a depth of 51 cm (20 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Cardington soils are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes on end moraines
and ground moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. The soils formed in loamy
till of medium calcium carbonate content. Rock fragments are mainly sandstone and shale. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from 864 to 1067 mm (34 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9
to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 145 to 180 days. Elevation is 244 to 366 meters
(800 to 1,200 feet) above mean sea level.
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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Alexandria, Bennington, Condit, and
Pewamo soils that are in a toposequence with Cardington soils; and the Bogart, Chagrin, Chili, Holly,
Jimtown, Lobdell, Loudonville, Orrville, Rossburg, and Sloan soils. The well drained Alexandria soils are
on summits and side slopes along drainageways. The somewhat poorly drained Bennington soils are on
summits. The very poorly drained Condit soils are in depressions. The very poorly drained Pewamo soils
have mollic epipedons and are in depressions. Bogart, Chili, and Jimtown soils are on outwash terraces.
Chagrin, Holly, Lobdell, Orrville, Rossburg, and Sloan soils are on flood plains. Loudonville soils are
moderately deep to sandstone bedrock and are on similar positions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The
depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) between
November and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to very high. Saturated
hydraulic conductivity is moderately low. Permeability is slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay are the
principal crops. Some areas are in pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and north-central Ohio; MLRAs 111E and 139. The type
location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of large extent, with about 250,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (Ap, B/E horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 81 cm (Bt horizon).
Aquic conditions: redox features in horizons between the depths of 30 and 96 cm (Bt, BC horizons).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data is available for about 25 pedons, including DL27, the typical pedon, from the Soil Characterization Laboratory at The Ohio State University, Columbus,
OH.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
37.0
CARLISLE
LOCATION CARLISLE
MI+MA NJ NY OH PA RI VT WI
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-WEM-TWH-LER
08/2012
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CARLISLE SERIES
The Carlisle series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in woody and herbaceous
organic materials in depressions within lake plains, outwash plains, ground moraines, flood plains and
moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and
mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Euic, mesic Typic Haplosaprists
TYPICAL PEDON: Carlisle muck, on a nearly level cut-over area. (Colors are for moist soil unless
otherwise stated.)
Oa1---0 to 20 cm (8 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 10
percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; weak fine granular structure; friable; about 15 percent weakly
decomposed wood fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
Oa2--20 to 79 cm (8 to 31 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric
material); about 10 percent fiber, about 5 percent rubbed; weak coarse granular structure; friable; about 25
percent woody fragments 6 mm to 15 cm (1/4 to 5 inches) in diameter; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
Oa3--79 to 117 cm (31 to 46 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) broken face, dark reddish brown
(5YR 2/2) rubbed muck (sapric material); about 25 percent fiber, 8 percent rubbed; massive; friable;
about 25 percent wood fragments 6 mm to 15 cm (1/4 to 5 inches); slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Oa4--117 to 152 cm (46 to 60 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) broken face, dark reddish brown
(5YR 2/2) rubbed muck (sapric material); about 40 percent fiber, 12 percent rubbed; massive; friable;
about 1 percent woody fragments 6 mm to 8 cm (1/4 to 3 inches) in diameter; neutral.
TYPE LOCATION: Shiawassee County, Michigan; 520 feet north and 1,200 feet west of the southeast
corner of sec. 13, T. 5 N., R. 3 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Woody fragment content: average from 15 to 30 percent by volume in the control section; occur
throughout the profile in most pedons, consisting of twigs, branches, logs or stumps; fragments range in
size from 6 mm (1/4 inch) to more than a 30 cm (1 foot) in diameter
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline throughout
Mean annual soil temperature: 8.3 to 12.2 degrees C (47 to 54 degrees F)
Surface tier:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral
Value: less than 2.5
Chroma: 0 to 2
Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material) or less commonly mucky peat (hemic material);
some pedons have various proportions of both sapric and hemic materials; some pedons have a thin fibric
surface layer up to 5 cm (2 inches) thick.
Structure: weak or medium, coarse to fine, granular or subangular blocky.
Overwash phases have surface textures of silt loam or silty clay loam.
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Subsurface tier:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 0 to 4; chroma or value or both may change from 0.5 to 2 units upon rubbing; broken faces
become darker upon brief exposure to air
Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material) with a rubbed fiber content of less than 16 percent of
the organic volume; some pedons have thin layers of mucky peat (hemic material); the combined
thickness of hemic layers is less than 25 cm (10 inches); the unrubbed, well decomposed organic material
resembles woody plant tissue.
Structure: granular or blocky structure or is massive; the upper portion typically has weak or moderate,
fine to coarse, granular or blocky structure and the lower portion commonly is massive or less commonly
has platy structure.
Consistence: aggregates in this tier are quite firm, but break abruptly under pressure
Bottom tier:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 0 to 4; chroma or value or both may change from 0.5 to 2 units upon rubbing; broken faces
become darker upon brief exposure to air
Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material) but some pedons have thin layers of mucky peat
(hemic material); the combined thickness of hemic layers is less than 25 cm (10 inches); contains variable
amounts of woody and herbaceous layers, but herbaceous fiber generally constitute the greater proportion
Structure: commonly is massive or less commonly has weak coarse blocky or thick platy structure
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Catden, Houghton, Lena, Peteetneet, Saltese, and Semiahmoo
series. Catden soils have dominantly woody fibers in the bottom tier. Houghton soils formed primarily
from herbaceous fibers and average less than 15 percent woody fragments in the control section. Lena
soils have carbonates in the control section. Peteetneet, Saltese, and Semiahmoo soils have less than 15
percent woody fragments in the control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Carlisle soils are in depressions on lake plains, outwash plains, ground
moraines, flood plains, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. These soils formed in woody and
herbaceous organic materials. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1194 mm (30 to 47 inches).
Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 12.8 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 110
to 180 days. Elevation is 76 to 1158 meters (250 to 3,800 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Adrian, Edwards, Linwood, and Willette
soils. These soils have a mineral layer within the control section.
Poorly drained or very poorly drained mineral soils such as Granby, Lenawee, and Parkhill occur at the
margins of Carlisle soils as they grade into the upland.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the
top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 61 cm (2.0 feet) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below
the surface from September to June in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is low or negligible.
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Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high. Permeability is moderately slow to
moderately rapid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of these soils have been drained and are used for truck crops or
pasture. Major crops include onions, potatoes, corn, radishes, celery, carrots, and lettuce. Some areas are
used for small grains, hay, and sod production. The remaining portion is in woodland or cut-over
woodland. Major tree species include American elm, white ash, red maple, willow, tamarack, quaking
aspen, and alder.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 111A, 111B, 111E, 139, 140, 142, 144A,
144B, and 145 in lower Michigan, Massachusetts, Ohio, Wisconsin, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Livingston County, Michigan, 1923.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Muck (sapric material): from the surface to a depth of 152 cm (60 inches) (Oa1, Oa2, Oa3 and Oa4
horizons).
This concept corresponds similarly to previous concepts of the Carlisle series, primarily in having
developed from woody fibers. To define this woody characteristic as sapric material is difficult to do
precisely. There does appear to be a definite difference in structure and a tendency toward brittleness in
the aggregates developed from woody fibers vs. those developed from herbaceous fibers.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
38.0
CELINA
LOCATION CELINA
OH+IN MI
Established Series
Rev. GMS-LEG-TEL
09/2014
CELINA SERIES
The Celina series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to dense
till. They formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess and the underlying loamy till of high-lime
content. They are on till plains and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual
precipitation is about 965 mm (38 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 12 degrees C (53
degree F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs
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TYPICAL PEDON: Celina silt loam, on an east-facing, 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an
elevation of about 329 meters (1080 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless
otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak medium and fine granular
structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) thick]
Bt1--20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium and
fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of
peds; few faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear smooth
boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick]
2Bt2--30 to 43 cm (12 to 17 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; moderate medium
subangular and angular blocky structure; very firm; many brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds;
few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; 2 percent rock fragments; moderately
acid; gradual smooth boundary. [8 to 28 cm (3 to 11 inches) thick]
2Bt3--43 to 61 cm (17 to 24 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; moderate medium
subangular and angular blocky structure; very firm; many dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on
faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common medium
prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses
of oxidized iron; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [13 to 30 cm (5 to 12
inches) thick]
2BCt--61 to 74 cm (24 to 29 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak medium and coarse
subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds,
more prevalent on vertical faces; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions;
common medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and common medium faint yellowish brown
(10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent in places; slightly
alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick]
2Cd--74 to 152 cm (29 to 60 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; very firm, compact;
common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common medium distinct yellowish
brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; 10 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Preble County, Ohio; 1.5 miles west and 0.3 mile south of Eaton, in Washington
South Township; NW1/4 SW1/4 NW1/4 of sec. 4, T. 7 N., R. 2 E.; 526 yards south and 41 yards east of
the intersection of Castle Rd. and State Hwy. 122; lat: 39 degrees 44 minutes 24.18 seconds N. long: 84
degrees 40 minutes 06.84 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the loess: 0 to 46 cm (18 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40 inches)
Depth to densic contact: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 35 and 42 percent clay, usually about 38 percent
Base saturation: the lowest base saturation percentage is in the Bt or upper part of the 2Bt horizon and is
more than 35 percent even where the reaction is very strongly acid
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Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: silt loam or loam
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 2.5 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
E horizon, where present:
Thickness: 2.5 to 20 cm (1 to 8 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: silt loam
Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam
Special feature: many pedons have a coating of E horizon material less than 2 mm (1 inch) thick in the
upper 8 cm (3 inches) of the Bt horizon
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
2Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay
Ped surfaces: clay films have hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower
part
2BCt horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam
Ped surfaces: clay films of 10YR 4/2 and 10YR 4/3 are more prominent on vertical faces and are lacking
on some horizontal faces of peds
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent
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Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
2Cd horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loam, silt loam, or clay loam
Clay content: 20 to 30 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Branchville, Cardinal, Eudy, Hartville, Jerktail, Licking, Loudon,
Tarlton, and Whippany series. Branchville soils are more than 102 cm (40 inches) to the base of the
argillic horizon. Cardinal soils do not have a densic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Eudy
and Tarlton soils have bedrock within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Hartville, Jerktail, and Loudon soils
have sola greater than 102 cm (40 inches) in thickness. Licking soils do not have carbonates within a
depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Whippany soils have hue redder than 10YR in the lower part of the series
control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Celina soils are on till plains and moraines of Late Wisconsinan age.
Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. They formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess and the
underlying loamy till of high-lime content. The till typically contains less than 24 percent clay and has
calcium carbonate equivalent ranging from 25 to 45 percent. Rock fragments are primarily limestone but
includes acid shale, sandstone, and igneous rocks. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 838 to 1067
mm (33 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 11 to 13 degrees C (51 to 55 degrees F).
Mean summer air temperature ranges from 23 to 24 degrees C (73 to 75 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brookston, Corwin, Crosby, Fincastle,
Kokomo, Miamian, Milton, Odell, Randolph, and Xenia soils. The poorly drained Brookston soils and
very poorly drained Kokomo soils are in drainageways. The moderately well drained Corwin soils have a
dark surface and are on adjoining landscapes. The somewhat poorly drained Crosby and Fincastle soils
are on lower positions of the landscape. In addition, Fincastle soils have more than 46 cm (18 inches) of
loess. Miamian soils are well drained and are on higher landscape positions. Milton soils are well drained
and are on areas where bedrock is less than 102 cm (40 inches). Odell and Randolph soils are somewhat
poorly drained and on lower positions of the landscape. In addition, Randolph soils are on areas where
bedrock is less than 102 cm (40 inches). The moderately well drained Xenia soils have more than 46 cm
(18 inches) of loess and are on adjacent landscapes.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to
the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 1.0 to 2.5 feet between February and April in
normal years. Potential for surface runoff is medium or high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is
moderately high above the dense till and low in the dense till. Permeability is moderately slow above the
dense till, and very slow in the dense till.
USE AND VEGETATION: A large part is under cultivation. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, wheat,
oats and meadow of legumes or legume-grass mixtures. Local areas are used for growing vegetables. A
relatively small part is in permanent bluegrass pasture or in woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous
forest, principally oaks, maple, elm, hickory and ash.
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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 111A, 111B, 111D, and 111E in Ohio and Indiana, and
MLRAs 98 and 99 in Michigan. The type location is in MLRA 111A. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Clark County, Ohio, 1949.
REMARKS: Lab data for the type location (PB-17) shows that the particle-size class is fine-loamy. The
particle-size classification needs to be re-evaluated during MLRA updating activities and a new type
location established.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 74 cm (Bt, 2Bt, 2BCt horizons).
Densic contact: at 74 cm (top of the 2Cd horizon).
Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons below a depth of 43 cm.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory
(KSSL), Lincoln, Nebraska. Data for pedons sampled by the Agricultural Experiment Station at Purdue
University and The Ohio State University are also available from KSSL.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
39.0
CHAGRIN
LOCATION CHAGRIN
OH+IN KY NY PA TN VA WV
Established Series
Rev. AR-DRM
10/98
CHAGRIN SERIES
The Chagrin series consists of deep, well drained moderately permeable soils that formed in alluvium on
flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 38 inches, and mean
annual temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Chagrin silt loam - in an idle area, formerly a cultivated field, on a 1 percent slope at
an elevation of 750 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak
fine and medium granular structure; friable; medium acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick)
Bw--10 to 44 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure
that becomes coarser and less well defined with depth; friable; brown (10YR 4/3) organic stains on faces
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of peds and very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic stains in root channels; medium acid; gradual
smooth boundary. (14 to 40 inches thick)
C--44 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; massive; friable; medium acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Ashtabula County, Ohio; 4 miles south of Conneaut, Monroe Township; 50 yards
north of Center Road, 100 yards east of covered bridge over Conneaut Creek, T. 13 N., R. 1 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 24 to 48 inches. Content of gravel or
channers ranges from 0 to 35 percent by volume in the Ap or A horizon; and content of gravel is from 0 to
15 percent in the Bw horizon and C horizon. Below 40 inches, the gravel content can be as much as 25.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 (6 dry), and chroma of 2 to 4. Some pedons have
an A horizon 1 to 4 inches thick that has value of 2 to 4 and chroma of 1 to 4. The Ap horizon or A
horizon commonly is loam or silt loam and less commonly sandy loam; fine sandy loam, or channery
analogues of loam or silt loam. It is medium acid to neutral.
The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Thin subhorizons in
some pedons have value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 2. The Bw horizon commonly is silt loam or loam and
less commonly sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam. The average
clay content of the control section is 18 to 30 percent. The Bw horizon is medium acid to neutral.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 2 to 6, and can have mottles of high
or low chroma below a depth of 48 inches. It commonly is silt loam or loam and less commonly sandy
loam and ranges from relatively uniform to highly stratified. Some pedons have fine sand, loamy fine
sand, or gravelly loam below a depth of 40 inches. The C horizon is medium acid to neutral.
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Sensabaugh series in the same family and the similar Bermudian,
Clifty, Cuba, Eel, Genesee, Hamlin, Hartshorn, Haymond, Lobdell, Moshannon, Nolin, Pope, Sharon,
Tioga, and Woodmere series. Sensabaugh soils have 15 to 35 percent coarse fragments in the control
section. Bermudian, Clifty, Cuba, Pope, and Sharon soils are more acid and have lower base saturation.
Eel and Lobdell soils have mottles with chroma of 2 or less within 24 inches of the soil surface. Genesee
soils have carbonates within the control section. Hamlin, Haymond, and Tioga soils average less than 18
percent clay in the particle-size control section. Hartshorn soils are in the fine-loamy over sandy or
sandy-skeletal family. Moshannon, Nolin, and Woodmere soils are in the fine-silty family.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Chagrin soils are on flood plains receiving alluvium mainly from upland
areas of sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, and low-lime glacial drift. They are typically in areas of
Wisconsinan Age glaciation but also occur in unglaciated valleys. Slope gradients are 0 to 3 percent.
Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 32 to 42 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from
about 48 to 55 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Caneadea, Chili, Fitchville, Glenford,
Holly, Lobdell, Orrville, and Wheeling soils. Caneadea, Chili, Fitchville, Glenford, and Wheeling soils
have argillic horizons and are on terraces of nearby landscapes; in addition, Caneadea, Fitchville, and
Glenford soils formed in lacustrine sediments, and Chili and Wheeling soils formed in stratified outwash
materials. The poorly drained and very poorly drained Holly soils, moderately well drained Lobdell soils,
and somewhat poorly drained Orrville soils are in a toposequence with the well drained Chagrin soils.
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Holly soils are in wet depressions, and Lobdell and Orrville soils are in intermediate landscape positions
between Holly soils and the higher-lying Chagrin soils.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
moderate.
Well drained.
Surface runoff is slow and permeability is
USE AND VEGETATION: The dominant use is for woodland and pasture. Some of the Chagrin soils
are cleared and used for growing crops, chiefly corn, soybeans, and hay. Native vegetation is hardwood
forest which consists chiefly of beech, hickory, sugar maple, ash, and sycamore.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern, central, and southern Ohio; western Pennsylvania; central
and western New York; southern Indiana; Kentucky; western Virginia; West Virginia; and eastern
Tennessee. The series is of large extent, about 130,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lake County, Ohio, 1925.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 10 inches (Ap horizon).
Cambic horizon - the zone from 10 to 44 inches (Bw horizon). The organic carbon content decrease
irregularly with depth.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
40.0
CHELSEA
LOCATION CHELSEA
IA+IL IN MI MN WI
Established Series
Rev. TEF-TWN-TAM-PMW
11/2008
CHELSEA SERIES
The Chelsea series consists of very deep, excessively drained soils formed in eolian sand. These soils are
on convex summits of interfluves, side slopes, and crests of escarpments, commonly along the eastern
side of stream valleys. These soils also occur on dunes on valley trains along the major rivers containing
sandy outwash. Slope ranges from 0 to 45 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 890 millimeters.
Mean annual air temperature is about 9 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Lamellic Udipsamments
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TYPICAL PEDON: Chelsea loamy fine sand, on a convex slope of about 7 percent, in a wooded area, at
an elevation of about 321 meters above sea level.
A1--0 to 3 centimeters; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loamy fine sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak
fine granular structure; very friable; much decomposed leaf litter; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt
smooth boundary.
A2--3 to 10 centimeters; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy fine sand, grayish brown (10YR
5/2) dry; single grain; loose; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the A
horizon is 5 to 15 centimeters.)
E1--10 to 18 centimeters; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine
sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; single grain; loose; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
E2--18 to 38 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; single grain; loose;
strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
E3--38 to 91 centimeters; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sand; single grain; loose; some sand grains
are dark brown; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the E horizon is 50 to
100 centimeters.)
E and Bt--91 to 178 centimeters; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fine sand (E); single grain; loose; 1 to
5 centimeters thick brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam lamellae at 109, 125, 135, 150, and 170 centimeters
(Bt); strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 104-Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies,
Linn County, Iowa subset; about 2 miles north of Central City; located about 280 feet north and 2,560
feet west of southeast corner of section 27 T. 86 N., R. 6 W.; USGS Central City topographic quadrangle;
lat. 42 degrees 13 minutes 29 seconds N. and long. 91 degrees 31 minutes 44 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the uppermost lamellae--69 to 117 centimeters
Clay content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--2 to 10 percent
Sand content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--80 to 95 percent, more than 50
percent fine sand
A or Ap horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--3 or 4
Chroma--1 to 4
Texture--loamy sand, loamy fine sand or fine sand
Clay content--2 to 10 percent
Sand content--75 to 95 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to neutral
Bw horizon (when present):
Hue--7.5YR or 10YR
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--3 to 6
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Texture--fine sand or loamy fine sand
Clay content--2 to 10 percent
Sand content--80 to 95 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to neutral
E horizon:
Hue--7.5YR or 10YR
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--2 to 6
Texture--fine sand or loamy fine sand
Clay content--2 to 8 percent
Sand content--80 to 95 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid
E and Bt horizon (E portion):
Hue--7.5YR or 10YR
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--4 to 6
Texture--fine sand or loamy fine sand
Clay content--2 to 8 percent
Sand content--80 to 95 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid
E and Bt horizon (Bt portion):
Hue--7.5YR or 10YR
Value--3 to 5
Chroma--3 to 6
Texture--sandy loam, loamy sand, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand or fine sand
Clay content--3 to 15 percent
Sand content--80 to 95 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid
Thickness of lamellae--0.75 to 5 centimeters with total thickness less than 15 centimeters in the series
control section
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Coloma, Colonie, Grinter (T), Lakin, and Millrock series.
Coloma--average less than 50 percent fine sand in the particle-size control section
Colonie--contain fewer lamellae that tend to be thinner (see remarks)
Grinteraverage less than 50 percent fine sand in the particle size control section
Lakin--have lamellae within a depth of 66 centimeters
Millrock--have buried horizons
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--eolian sand or sand from other sources reworked by wind
Landform--convex summits of interfluves, side slopes, and crests of escarpments, commonly along the
eastern side of stream valleys; dunes on valley trains along major glacial outlet rivers
Slope--0 to 45 percent
Elevation--100 to 470 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--5 to 14 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--585 to 1,195 millimeters
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Frost-free period--105 to 225 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Clinton, Fayette, and Lamont soils.
Clinton--are in landscape positions similar to those of the Chelsea soils and have a clay content that
averages 36 to 42 percent in the particle-size control section
Fayette--are in landscape positions similar to those of the Chelsea soils and have a clay content that
averages 24 to 32 percent in the particle-size control section
Lamont--are in landscape positions similar to those of the Chelsea soils and have a clay content that
averages 10 to 15 percent in the particle-size control section
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--excessively drained-saturation does not occur within a depth of 1.8 meters in normal
years
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--10.00 to 705.00 micrometers per second
Surface runoff potential--negligible to medium
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most of the nearly level to strongly sloping areas are cultivated. The principal crops are corn, soybeans,
hay, or pasture. Steeper slopes are wooded or pastured. The native vegetation is oak-hickory forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic sections--Eastern lake section, Western lake section, Wisconsin driftless section, Dissected
till plains, Till plains
MLRAs--Northern Michigan and Wisconsin Sandy Drift (94A),
Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois Drift Plain (95B),
Southwestern Michigan Fruit and Truck Crop Belt (97),
Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana Drift Plain (98),
Erie-Huron Lake Plain (99),
Central Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (103),
Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (104),
Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills (105),
Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift (108),
Iowa and Missouri Heavy Till Plain (109),
Northern Illinois and Indiana Heavy Till Plain (110),
Indiana and Ohio Till Plain (111),
Southern Illinois and Indiana Thin Loess and Till Plain (114), and
Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes (115)
LRRs K, L, and M; central and eastern Iowa, Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota, south central Michigan,
Illinois, and northern Indiana
Extent--large
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tama County, Iowa, 1938
REMARKS:
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Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 25 to 100 centimeters (E2, E3, and E and Bt
horizons);
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 178 centimeters (A1, A2, E1, E2, E3, and E
and Bt horizons).
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include:
ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 91 centimeters (A1, A2, E1, E2, and E3
horizons);
albic horizon--the zone from a depth of 10 to 38 centimeters (E1 and E2 horizons);
udic moisture regime.
Lamellic subgroup--lamellae with total thickness of less than 15 centimeters in the series control section
(E and Bt horizon)
Differentia between Colonie soils and the Chelsea soils need further study.
Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, tenth edition, 2006.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
41.0
CHILI
LOCATION CHILI
OH+PA
Established Series
Rev. DRM-RAR -LER
05/2011
CHILI SERIES
The Chili series consists of very deep, well drained soils on outwash plains, terraces, kames, and beach
ridges. They formed in Wisconsinan age outwash deposits, mainly of non-calcareous sandstone and shale
with a large amount of quartz gravel. Commonly, the outwash is mantled with silt. Permeability is
moderately rapid in the subsoil and rapid in the substratum. Slopes range from 0 to 70 percent. Mean
annual precipitation is about 37 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Chili loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil
unless otherwise noted.)
Ap -- 0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium
granular structure; friable; 2 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 13 inches thick.)
BE -- 9 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; common faint silt and sand coats on faces of peds; 2 percent gravel; slightly acid;
gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick.)
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Bt1 -- 14 to 20 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate fine subangular blocky
structure; firm; common faint clay films in pores; 2 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2 -- 20 to 35 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds and coating pebbles; 25 percent gravel;
moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 12 to 60 inches.)
BC -- 35 to 54 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very gravelly sandy loam; massive; friable;
few faint clay films on gravel; 50 percent pebbles; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 25 inches
thick.)
C -- 54 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very gravelly sand; single grain; loose; 50
percent gravel; moderately acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Portage County, Ohio; Shalersville Township, 1 1/2 miles southwest of Mantua;
2,100 feet east of Frost Road, 2,200 feet south of Dudley Road, and 2,000 feet west of Infirmary Road, T.
4 N., R. 8 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the silty mantle ranges from 0 to 18 inches. Thickness
of the solum ranges from 40 to 80 inches. Depth to the base of the argillic horizon is 35 to 54 inches.
Rock fragment lithology is mainly sandstone and shale, with a large amount of quartz gravel. The particle
size control section averages 18 to 27 percent clay.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, 3 or 4 unrubbed (6 or more dry), and chroma
of 2 to 4. It is loam, silt loam, gravelly loam, and sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam. Reaction is very
strongly acid to slightly acid, but limed areas range to neutral. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 30
percent. Some pedons have an A horizon 1 to 5 inches thick with hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 (4 or 5
dry), and chroma of 2 or 3.
Where present, the BE, BA, or E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. They
have textures and reaction similar to the Ap horizon.
The Bt or 2Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5; and chroma of 3 to 6. Some
subhorizons have a hue of 5YR. It is sandy loam, silt loam, loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or their
gravelly analogues; and very gravelly analogues of sandy loam, loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam
below 20 inches. Rock fragment content ranges from 5 to 60 percent in individual horizons. Reaction is
very strongly acid to slightly acid.
The BC or 2BC horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR; value of 3 to 5; and chroma of 3 to 6. It is
loam, sandy loam, or coarse sandy loam and their gravelly or very gravelly analogs. Some pedons have
textures of loamy sand or gravelly loamy sand. Rock fragment content averages between 15 and 60
percent.
The BC horizon is strongly acid to slightly acid.
The C or 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is gravelly or
very gravelly analogues of loamy sand or sand. Many pedons have thin layers of gravel. Rock fragment
content averages between 25 and 60 percent. Individual strata may contain less than 15 percent rock
fragments. Reaction is strongly acid to neutral, and ranges to slightly alkaline below 60 inches.
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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Belmore, Cliftycreek, Crouse, Gallman,
Greybrook, Hickory, High Gap, Kanawha, Kidder, Kosciusko, Leroy, Lumberton, Martinsville, Military,
Ockley, Pignut, Princeton, Relay, Richardville, Riddles, Senachwine, Skelton, Strawn, Turnersburg,
Wawaka, Wawasee, and Woodbine series. The Amanda, Greybrook, Hickory, Martinsville, Princeton,
Richardville, Riddles, Senachwine, Skelton, Strawn, and Wawasee soils average less than 15 percent rock
fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Belmont, Kosciusko, Leroy, and Relay soils have
thinner sola. The Cliftycreek soils are deeper than 54 inches to the base of the argillic horizon. The
Lumberton soils have a lithic contact at 40 to 60 inches. The Belmore, Kidder, and Ockley soils are
slightly or moderately alkaline in the lower part of the series control section. The Crouse and Wawaka
soils have sola more than 80 inches thick. The Gallman soils have rock fragments predominated by shale
with some crystalline and limestone fragments. High Gap, Military, Pignut, and Woodbine soils are less
than 60 inches to a lithic contact. Kanawha soils have less sand in the lower solum. Turnersburg soils
have a higher mean annual temperature.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Chili soils are on outwash plains, terraces, kames, and beach ridges. The
soils formed in Wisconsinan age stratified outwash derived largely from noncalcareous sandstone and
shale that contains a high amount of quartz gravel. Commonly, the outwash is mantled with silt. The
slope gradient typically is 0 to 18 percent, but the range is up to 70 percent. In some places the upper part
of the solum formed in silty alluvium or loess as much as 18 inches in thickness. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from about 32 to 42 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 48 to 54
degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bogart, Chagrin, Damascus, Jimtown, and
Lobdell soils. The moderately well drained Bogart, poorly drained Damascus, and somewhat poorly
drained Jimtown soils are on lower landscape positions in a toposequence with Chili soils. Chagrin and
Lobdell soils are lower in the landscape on nearby flood plains.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to high.
Permeability is moderately rapid in the subsoil and rapid in the underlying material.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas having less than 12 percent slopes are cleared and used for
general farming, specialty crops, or pasture. Principal crops are corn, oats, wheat, and mixed hay. Steeper
areas are mostly wooded, mainly to oaks and hickories. Native vegetation was deciduous hardwood
forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern and northeastern Ohio, and western Pennsylvania. MLRA's
111, 114, 124, 126, and 139. The Chili soils are of large extent, about 264,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Huron County, Ohio, 1950.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon
are:
1. Ochric epipedon - 0 to 14 inches (Ap, BE horizons)
2. Argillic horizon - 14 to 35 inches (Bt1, Bt2 horizons)
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A loamy substratum phase has been recognized. These soils will need to be evaluated during MLRA
update activities.
Latitude and Longitude cannot be accurately located from distance on TYPE LOCATION.
Acreage based on 2004 data.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedons CA-33, CO-42, CO-53, CO-60, CO-79, CO-131, CO-132, CO137, LK-18, MH-50, SK-8, ST-18, ST-B4, and TU-16 for characterization data analyzed by the Ohio
State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
42.0
COHOCTAH
LOCATION COHOCTAH
MI+IL IN MN NY OH
Established Series
Rev. NWS-LWB-GLH
08/2012
COHOCTAH SERIES
The Cohoctah series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in loamy
alluvial deposits on flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914
mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Cohoctah loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a wooded area at an elevation of
189 meters (620 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
A--0 to 33 cm (13 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak medium granular
structure; friable; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. [25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches) thick]
Bg1--33 to 53 cm (13 to 21 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky
structure; friable; many medium distinct very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic stains on vertical faces of
peds; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
Bg2--53 to 84 cm (21 to 33 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine sandy loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; friable; many fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron
throughout; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.
Bg3--84 to 102 cm (33 to 40 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; friable; few fine faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions throughout; strongly effervescent;
moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary.
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Bg4--102 to 142 cm (40 to 56 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; friable; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized
iron throughout; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness
of the Bg horizon is 76 to 127 cm (30 to 50 inches).]
2Cg1--142 to 183 cm (56 to 72 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) sand; single grain; loose; strongly effervescent;
moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
2Cg2--183 to 203 cm (72 to 80 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) coarse sand; single grain; loose; 10 percent
gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Ottawa County, Michigan; about 4 1/2 miles east of Pearline; 2,440 feet east and 320
feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 22, T. 7 N., R 13 W.; USGS Grandville topographic quadrangle;
lat. 42 degrees 58 minutes 25.8 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 50 minutes 7.35 seconds W., NAD 27;
UTM Zone 16, 594963 easting and 4758570 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches)
Particle-size control section: the percent of silt plus twice the percent of clay averages greater than 30
percent
A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or mucky
very fine sandy loam
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
Bg horizon, or Ab horizon where present:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 2 to 6
Chroma: 0 to 4
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loam, or their mucky analogues, with thin
layers or lenses of sand, fine sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, or silt loam in some pedons
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline
Cg horizon, or Ab horizon where present:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 2 to 6
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: fine sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sand, or coarse sand, with thin strata of sandy loam, fine
sandy loam, loam, or silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. Similar soils are the Ceresco, Gilford,
Glendora, Lyles, and Sloan series. Ceresco soils do not have dominant gray colors just below the mollic
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epipedon. Gilford and Lyles soils have a regular decrease in organic matter content with increasing depth.
Glendora soils have a sandy particle-size control section. Sloan soils have a fine-loamy particle-size
control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Cohoctah soils are in abandoned drainageways and depressions on flood
plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Cohoctah soils formed in loamy alluvial deposits. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from 737 to 1016 mm (29 to 40 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to
11.1 degrees C (46 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 170 days. Elevation is 177 to 351 meters
(580 feet to 1,150 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Abscota, Algansee, Ceresco, Glendora,
Landes, Shoals, and Sloan soils. The somewhat poorly drained Ceresco soils and the well drained Landes
soils are in a drainage sequence with the Cohoctah soils. The moderately well drained Abscota soils are
on higher rises, the somewhat poorly drained Algansee soils are on slightly higher rises, and the poorly
drained or very poorly drained Glendora soils are on similar landforms and are commonly on the same
flood plain but have a sandy particle-size control sections. The somewhat poorly drained Shoals soils are
on slightly higher positions and the very poorly drained Sloan soils are on similar landforms; both have
fine-loamy particle-size control sections and commonly are on the same flood plain.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly
drained. The depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from near the surface to 30
cm (1 foot) below the surface from September to May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is
very low or negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high. Permeability is moderately rapid. The
soil is commonly flooded for brief to long periods of time from November to May.
USE AND VEGETATION: A small part has adequate artificial drainage, and is under cultivation. Corn is
the principal crop and some is in legume-grass hay. The main part is in permanent pasture, woodland, or
brush. Native vegetation is red maple, white ash, swamp white oak, American elm, alder, and quaking
aspen.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 99, 101, and 103 in southern Michigan, Illinois,
Indiana, New York, Ohio, and Minnesota. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 33 cm (13 inches) (A horizon).
Cambic horizon: from a depth of 33 to 142 cm (13 to 56 inches) (Bg horizon).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features immediately below the mollic epipedon and in all underlying
horizons.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
43.0
COLWOOD
LOCATION COLWOOD
MI+OH WI
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Established Series
Rev. NWS-LWB-RAR
07/2014
COLWOOD SERIES
The Colwood series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in stratified
silty and loamy glaciolacustrine deposits or outwash. These soils are on lake plains, outwash plains,
moraines, and deltas. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33
inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Endoaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Colwood silt loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist
soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;
moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 28
cm (8 to 11 inches) thick]
A--23 to 30 cm (9 to 12 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
dry; moderate coarse granular structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [5 to 36
cm (2 to 14 inches) thick]
Bg1--30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; many fine roots; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic coatings on faces of peds in
upper part of horizon; few coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the
matrix; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Bg2--46 to 91 cm (18 to 36 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silty clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; thin strata of fine sandy loam; few fine roots; few thin clay films; many
coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly alkaline;
abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 25 to 81 cm (10 to 32 inches).]
Cg--91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 inches); stratified gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam, very fine sand and fine sand;
massive; friable in the silt loam strata and loose in the very fine sand and fine sand strata; few fine roots;
common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Lapeer County, Michigan; 1 1/2 miles east and 3 miles north of Burnside; 1,320 feet
east and 990 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 34, T. 10 N., R. 12 E.; USGS Marlette, MI
topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 15 minutes 00 seconds N., and long. 83 degrees 2 minutes 24
seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 58 cm (10 to 23 inches)
Depth to the base of the cambic horizon: typically 76 to 102 cm (30 to 40 inches), but ranges from 61 to
140 cm (24 to 55 inches)
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Depth to carbonates: 76 to 114 cm (30 to 45 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 35 percent clay and less than 60 percent fine sand or coarser
Series control section: rock fragments are typically absent; sand size is predominated by fine and very
fine sand
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or silty clay loam
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
Bg horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, 5GY, or is neutral
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 0 to 2; individual layers in the lower part have chroma of 4 to 8 but do not dominate the control
section
Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or
very fine sandy loam; some pedons have thin strata of fine sand, very fine sand or silty clay
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
Some pedons have a BCg horizon.
Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y or 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: dominantly stratified silt loam, very fine sand, or fine sand but thin strata of clay, silty clay, silty
clay loam, clay loam, loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or loamy sand are
common
Clay content: averages 5 to 12 percent
Sand size: more than 50 percent fine sand or very fine sand
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and contains carbonates
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Free and Springerton series. Free soils have rock fragments in the
lower part of the series control section. Springerton soils do not have carbonates within a depth of 114 cm
(45 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Colwood soils are on lake plains, outwash plains, moraines, and deltas of
Wisconsin age. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. They formed in stratified silty and loamy
glaciolacustrine deposits or outwash. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 610 to 965 mm (24 to 38
inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7 to 11.7 degrees C (45 to 53 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Del Rey, Kibbie, Lenawee, Sisson, and
Tuscola soils. The well drained Sisson, moderately well drained Tuscola, and somewhat poorly drained
Kibbie soils formed in similar materials and are part of the toposequence with Colwood soils. Del Rey
and Lenawee soils are associated on lake plains. Del Rey soils are somewhat poorly drained. Lenawee
soils do not have a mollic epipedon.
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DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly
drained. Depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the
surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between October and May in normal years. Potential for
surface runoff is negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability
is moderate or moderately slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, beans, small grain, and alfalfa hay are the
principal crops. A few areas are in truck crops. A small part, including areas that lack adequate drainage,
is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is chiefly red maple, American elm, quaking aspen,
alder, and marsh grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 105, and 111B in southern Michigan,
northwestern Ohio, and southeastern Wisconsin. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tuscola County, Michigan; 1926.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (12 inches) (Ap, A horizons).
Cambic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 91 cm (12 to 36 inches) (Bg1, Bg2 horizons).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features in all horizons below the mollic epipedon.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
44.0
CONDIT
LOCATION CONDIT
OH
Established Series
Rev. JAG-SJH
09/2014
CONDIT SERIES
The Condit series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in loamy till on ground
moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and
mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Typic Epiaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Condit silt loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in soybean stubble at an elevation
of 309 meters (1,014 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR
6/2) dry; 10 percent intermixing of grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) subsoil
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material; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium granular; friable;
common very fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) thick]
Btg1--25 to 41 cm (10 to 16 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; very few very fine roots; few faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces
of peds and in pores; many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the
matrix; few medium faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron-manganese masses in the matrix; very
strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Btg2--41 to 81 cm (16 to 32 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic
structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; very few very fine roots; many distinct
dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay
depletions on faces of peds and in pores; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of
oxidized iron in the matrix; few medium faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron-manganese
masses in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined
thickness of the Btg horizon is 36 to 163 cm (14 to 64 inches).]
Bt1--81 to 127 cm (32 to 50 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; very few very fine roots; many distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1)
clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common fine distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the
matrix; few distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay depletions on faces of peds and in pores; common medium faint
yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few medium distinct very dark
grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron-manganese masses in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid;
gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--127 to 178 cm (50 to 70 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; moderate medium and coarse
subangular blocky structure; firm; very few very fine roots; many distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films
on faces of peds and in pores; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized
iron in the matrix; few prominent very dark gray (N 3/) iron-manganese masses in old root channels; 2
percent rock fragments; moderately acid in the upper part grading to neutral in the lower part; gradual
wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 0 to 102 cm (40 inches).]
C--178 to 200 cm (70 to 79 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; massive; firm; few prominent
gray (N 5/) iron depletions surrounding old root channels; few medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR
4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Delaware County, Ohio; Kingston Township; 720 feet south and 1,650 feet west of
the intersection of Kilbourne Rd. and Blue Church Rd.; USGS Olive Green, Ohio topographic
quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 20 minutes 25.3 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 51 minutes 45.9 seconds W.,
NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 89 to 190 cm (35 to 75 inches)
Thickness of the solum: 89 to 190 cm (35 to 75 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 89 to 190 cm (35 to 75 inches); in some pedons, carbonates are in the lower 5 to 25
cm (2 to 10 inches) of the solum
Rock fragments: dominantly shale and sandstone
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 40 percent clay
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Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: typically silt loam, or less commonly silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y
Value: 2 to 4; when value is 2 or 3, the epipedon is less than 18 cm (7 inches) thick
Chroma: 1
Texture: typically silt loam, or less commonly silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
E horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid
Some pedons have a Bg horizon.
Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: silty clay loam or clay loam; subhorizons have 40 to 45 percent clay in some pedons
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid
Bt horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: silty clay loam or clay loam; subhorizons have 40 to 45 percent clay in some pedons
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline
Some pedons have a BC or BCg horizon.
Cg or C horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 to 8
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Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, or loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 20 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Trumbull series. Trumbull soils average more than 40 percent clay in
the particle-size control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Condit soils are on ground moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from
0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 864 to 1067 mm (34
to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free
period is 145 to 180 days. Elevation is 244 to 305 meters (800 to 1,000 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Alexandria, Amanda, Bennington,
Cardington, Centerburg, and Pewamo soils that are in toposequences with Condit soils. The well drained
Alexandria and Amanda soils, the somewhat poorly drained Bennington soils, and the moderately well
drained Cardington and Centerburg soils are on higher landscape positions or more sloping areas along
drainageways. The very poorly drained Pewamo soils have mollic epipedons and are on similar positions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the
top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot)
below the surface between November and May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible
to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low. Permeability is slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Some areas are in pasture or woodland. Corn,
soybeans, small grain, and hay are the principal crops. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 111E and 139 in central and north-central Ohio. The type
location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 178 cm (Btg, Bt horizons).
Aquic conditions: redox features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Engineering test data, percolation data, and bearing strength data are available for
pedons CY-2 and TR-9 from the Soil Characterization Laboratory, at The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio. Characterization data is available from the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory (KSSL),
Lincoln, Nebraska.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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45.0
CONOTTON
LOCATION CONOTTON
OH IN PA WV
Established Series
Rev. AR-RAR-JDC
01/2008
CONOTTON SERIES
The Conotton series consists of very deep, well-drained soils formed in Wisconsinan age stratified
outwash deposits. These soils are on outwash plains, stream terraces, kames, eskers, and beach ridges.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the mineral surface and high to very high in the subsoil and
substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 37 inches, and mean
annual temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Conotton gravelly loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a cultivated field.
(Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
Ap -- 0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium granular
structure; friable; 20 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick.)
BE -- 9 to 12 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; 30 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick)
Bt1 -- 12 to 17 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 35
percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2 -- 17 to 23 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and as
coatings on gravel; 45 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3 -- 23 to 48 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and as coatings on
gravel; 45 percent gravel; strongly acid in the upper part grading to slightly acid in the lower part; clear
wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 12 to 70 inches.)
BC -- 48 to 62 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films as coatings on gravel; 45 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear
wavy boundary. (0 to 30 inches thick.)
C -- 62 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very gravelly loamy coarse sand; single grain; loose;
few thin strata of finer and coarser textured material; 50 percent gravel; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Tuscarawas County, Ohio; Lawrence Township, about 1 1/4 miles west-southwest of
Bolivar, about 5,570 feet west and 3,600 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 2 (large sections) T. 10
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N., R. 2 W.; USGS Bolivar, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees, 38 minutes, 40 seconds
N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 28 minutes, 48 seconds W. NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon is 35 to greater than 80
inches. Thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to greater than 80 inches. Rock fragments are glacial
erratics, predominantly of sandstone, siltstone and quartz. Rock fragments of shale and granitic lithology
may also be present. Thin strata less than three inches thick that have more or less gravel are permitted
throughout the profile. The subhorizons in the particle-size control section contain 6 to 22 percent clay
and the particle size control section averages less than 18 percent clay.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5 (5 to 7 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3.
Undisturbed pedons have A horizon 1 to 5 inches thick that has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma
of 1 or 2. It is loam, silt loam, coarse sandy loam, or sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Rock fragment
content ranges from 10 to 34 percent. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid.
Some pedons have an E horizon 2 to 7 inches thick that has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and
chroma of 3 or 4. It is coarse sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Rock fragment
content ranges from 10 to 34 percent. It ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
The BE horizon has hue of 10YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is coarse sandy loam,
loam, or sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Rock fragment content ranges from 10 to 40 percent.
Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.
The Bt horizon commonly has hue of 7.5YR and less commonly 10YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and
chroma of 3 to 6. It is sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, or loam with subhorizons of sandy clay loam or
clay loam in the fine earth fraction. In some pedons, a waxy transitional subhorizon having value of 3 and
chroma of 2 or 3 is just above the contact with the underlying C horizon. Rock fragment content ranges
from 35 to 60 percent. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the upper part and
from strongly acid to neutral in the lower part.
The BC horizon has a color range like the Bt horizon. It is sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, or
loamy coarse sand in the fine earth fraction. In some pedons, waxy "beta" horizon having value of 3 and
chroma of 2 or 3 is just above the contact with the underlying C horizon. Rock fragment content ranges
from 35 to 65 percent. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR and less commonly 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is
loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, sand, or coarse sand in the fine earth fraction. It is typically stratified.
Rock fragment content ranges from 35 to 65 percent. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly
alkaline. Some pedons have carbonates, but have a low calcium carbonate equivalent.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Dorerton, Hawksbill, Leoni, Lutzke, Oakhill, and Silverwood
series. Dorerton soils have carbonates at 16 to 45 inches. Hawksbill soils have a solum less than 40 inches
thick and developed in alluvium or colluvial material derived from greenstone, sandstone, and phyllite.
Oakhill soils are less than 60 inches to a lithic contact. Leoni, Lutzke, and Silverwood soils average
between 18 and 35 percent clay in the particle size control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Conotton soils formed in Wisconsinan age stratified sand and gravel and are
on treads and risers on outwash plains and stream terraces, and on interfluves and side slopes on kames,
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eskers, and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about
32 to 42 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from 48 to 54 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Berks, Canfield, Chagrin, Chili, Dekalb,
Ellsworth, Gilpin, Halsey, Hazleton, Holly, Lobdell, Mahoning, Negley, Orrville, Oshtemo, Red Hook,
Rittman, Swartswood, Tioga, Wadsworth, Westmoreland, Wheeling, and Wooster soils. Chili, Negley,
Oshtemo, and Wheeling soils are on similar landscape positions and contain less gravel. Berks, Dekalb,
Gilpin, Hazleton, and Westmoreland soils are on interfluves, head slopes, nose slopes, and side slopes on
nearby unglaciated uplands. Canfield, Ellsworth, Mahoning, Rittman, Swartswood, Wadsworth, and
Wooster soils are on interfluves and side slopes on nearby till plains. Chagrin, Holly, Lobdell, Orrville,
and Tioga soils are on nearby flood plains. Halsey and Red Hook formed in glaciofluvial deposits on level
or nearly level terraces.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Seasonal high water
table is greater than 6 feet. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic
conductivity is high in the mineral surface and high to very high in the subsoil and substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas with slopes of less than 12 percent are cleared and used for
general farming, specialty crops, or pasture. Principal crops are corn, oats, wheat, and hay. Steeper areas
are in pasture or in woodland. Native vegetation was deciduous hardwoods, primarily oaks and hickories.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Ohio, southwest Indiana, and western and east-central
Pennsylvania. MLRA's 114, 115, 124, 126, 139, 140, and 147. Conotton soils are of moderate extent,
about 44,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tuscarawas County, Ohio, 1946.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1.Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to a depth of about 9 inches (Ap)
2.Argillic horizon - the zone from about 12 to 48 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 horizons)
Acreage based on 2004 data.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedon TU-17 for characterization data on the typical pedon and LK-28;
analysis by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
46.0
CONOVER
LOCATION CONOVER
MI+IN WI
Established Series
Rev. RWS-EPW-WEF
06/2011
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CONOVER SERIES
The Conover series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy till on low
parts of moraines and till plains. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean
annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Udollic Endoaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Conover loam, on a convex, 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of
276 meters (907 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;
moderate fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt
smooth boundary. [18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 inches) thick]
Bw--23 to 28 cm (9 to 11 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)
masses of oxidized iron; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; about 5
percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick]
Bt1--28 to 48 cm (11 to 19 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films
on faces of peds and in pores; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; about 5
percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--48 to 69 cm (19 to 27 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on
faces of peds and in pores; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized
iron; common medium prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid;
gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 61 cm (8 to 24 inches).]
Cg1--69 to 127 cm (27 to 50 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron;
common medium faint gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; about 5 percent gravel; slightly effervescent;
slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
Cg2--127 to 152 cm (50 to 60 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam; massive; firm; common
medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common medium faint gray
(10YR 6/1) iron depletions; about 5 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Washtenaw County, Michigan; about 3 miles south and 1 1/2 miles east of Chelsea;
1,860 feet north and 1,840 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 29, T. 2 S., R. 4 E.; USGS Dexter
topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 16 minutes 16.2 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 58 minutes 57.2
seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 17, 254038 easting and 4684194 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
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Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent throughout the solum
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam, silt loam, or sandy loam
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
E horizon:
Thickness: 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches) thick where present
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, or sandy loam
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Bw horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam or silt loam
Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam
Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid
BC horizon, where present:
Texture: loam or clay loam up to 18 cm (7 inches) thick
Some pedons have a Bk horizon with secondary carbonates on the underside of rock fragments.
C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, or clay loam
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Manheim and Romulus series. Manheim soils have rock fragments
of black or dark gray shale. Romulus soils have hue redder than 10YR in the lower part of the series
control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Conover soils typically are on low parts of moraines and till plains. Slope
gradients range from 0 to about 6 percent, and dominant slopes are from 1 to 4 percent. Conover soils
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formed in loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean
annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to 10.6 degrees C (46 to 51 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180
days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The poorly drained Brookston and moderately well
drained Miami soils are in a drainage sequence with the Conover soils, and they are the most common
associates. The very poorly drained Carlisle soils formed in organic materials and are in depressions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The
potential for surface runoff ranges from low to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high.
Permeability is moderate or moderately slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, beans, small grain, and legume-grass hay are
the principal crops. A small part is in forest. Native vegetation is hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 99, 110, 111B, and 111C in southern Michigan,
southern Wisconsin, and northern Indiana. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Miami County, Ohio, 1916.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 69 cm (11 to 27 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
47.0
COSHOCTON
LOCATION COSHOCTON
OH
Established Series
SLH/Rev. MDJ
12/2012
COSHOCTON SERIES
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquultic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Coshocton silt loam, on a south-facing, concave, 10 percent slope in a cultivated
field at an elevation of 1120 feet above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
indicated.)
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Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium
granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 5 percent shale fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. (10 to 30 cm thick)
BA--18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; 5 percent shale fragments; strongly acid; clear
smooth boundary. (0 to 20 cm thick)
Bt1--25 to 36 cm (10 to 14 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; weak fine and
medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common distinct light yellowish brown
(10YR 6/4) clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent shale fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth
boundary.
Bt2--36 to 43 cm (14 to 17 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery silty clay loam; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)
iron-manganese redoximorphic masses; common fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
redoximorphic depletions; common faint light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) clay films on faces of peds;
15 percent shale fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt3--43 to 69 cm (17 to 27 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium and
coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; many dark
concretions of iron and manganese oxide; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) ironmanganese redoximorphic masses; few fine distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) redoximorphic
depletions; common faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and common distinct light yellowish brown (10YR
6/4) clay films on faces of peds; many distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt coatings on vertical
faces of prisms; 10 percent shale fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined
thickness of the Bt horizon is 30 to 89 cm)
BC--69 to 117 cm (27 to 46 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery loam; weak thick platy
structure parting to weak fine subangular blocky; very firm; few fine roots; many dark concretions of iron
and manganese oxide; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) iron- manganese redoximorphic
masses; few fine distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) redoximorphic depletions; few faint light
yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds; 20 percent shale fragments; very
strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 61 cm thick)
C--117 to 147 cm (46 to 58 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery silty clay loam; massive;
firm; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) iron-manganese redoximorphic masses; common
medium distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) redoximorphic depletions; 30 percent shale fragments;
strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 76 cm thick)
R--147 cm (58 inches); fractured shale with thin beds of sandstone.
TYPE LOCATION:
State: Ohio
County: Coshocton County
USGS Topographic Quadrangle: Coshocton, Ohio
Latitude: 40.36778 N (NAD 27)
Longitude: 81.789444 W (NAD 27)
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Direction to the pedon: about 3 miles northwest of Fresno in White Eyes Township; North Appalachian
Experimental Watershed, Agricultural Research Service; 170 feet south of Township Road 171d and 50
feet west of farm lane; about 1898 feet south and 330 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 5, T. 6 N.,
R. 5 W
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the top of the Argillic horizon: 20 to 46 cm (8 to 18 inches)
Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 64 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches)
Solum Thickness: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: 102 to 213 cm (40 to 84 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 30 to 61 cm (12 to 24 inches), January to April
Rock Fragment content: 2 to 20 percent, by volume, in the Ap, A, and E horizons; 2 to 15 percent, by
volume, in the upper part of the Bt; 2 to 35 percent, by volume, in the lower part of the Bt horizon and in
the BC horizon; 2 to 60 percent, by volume, in the C horizon.
Fine-Earth Fraction: 25 to 35 percent clay in the particle-size control section
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid through neutral in the Ap horizon, extremely acid through strongly acid in
the E, Bt, and BC horizons, and very strongly acid through moderately acid in the C horizon
Range of Individual Horizons:
Ap or A horizon:
Color--hue of 10YR; value of 2 through 4 (4 through 6 dry); and chroma of 2 through 4
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or loam
E horizon (if present):
Color--hue of 10YR; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 2 through 4
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or loam
BA or BE horizon (if present):
Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR; value of 4 or 5; and chroma of 4 or 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam
Bt horizon:
Color--hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 2 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam, silty clay, silt loam, loam, or clay loam
Redoximorphic depletions and masses
A lithologic discontinuity and/or a stone line may be present in some pedons at the base of this horizon.
BC or 2BC horizon:
Color--hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 2 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam, silty clay, silt loam, loam, or clay loam
Redoximorphic depletions and masses
C or 2C horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value of 4 through 7; and chroma of 2 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam, silty clay, clay loam, or loam
Redoximorphic depletions and masses
COMPETING SERIES:
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Bobtown soils--do not have fragments of shale, siltstone, or sandstone in the solum and contain less silt
and more sand in the solum
Sycoline soils--have a paralithic or lithic contact at a depth of 51 to 102 centimeters and have coarse
fragments of granulite or hornfelt
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
MLRA(s) using this series: 124 (Western Allegheny Plateau) and 126 (Central Alleghany Plateau)
Landscape: Hills
Landform: Hill and hillslope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, or backslope
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope, nose slope, or head slope
Parent Material Origin Pennsylvanian interbedded shale, siltstone, sandstone, and occasional thin strata of
coal, coal underclay, and limestone
Parent Material Kind: Residuum
Depth Class: Deep and Very Deep
Slope: 0 to 40 percent
Elevation: 259 to 418 meters (850 to 1371 feet)
Frost-Free Period: 170 to 195 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 9.8 to 11 degrees C. (49 to 52 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 900 to 1050 mm (35 to 41 inches)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Berks soils--occur on well drained uplands that are loamy-skeletal and moderately deep to bedrock
Dekalb soils--occur on well drained uplands that are loamy-skeletal and moderately deep to bedrock
Gilpin soils--occur on well drained uplands that are moderately deep to bedrock
Keene soils--occur on uplands that have a silty mantle and a fine-silty particle-size class
Latham soils--occur on uplands that have a fine particle size class and are moderately deep to shale
bedrock
Westmoreland soils--occur on well drained uplands
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Thick (>100 cm), shallow (25-50 cm), and common (present 3-6
months)
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately High to High
Permeability Class (Obsolete): Moderate
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Low through very high
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low and moderate
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: Cropland, hayland, pasture, and forest
Dominant vegetation: Grass-legume hay, corn, wheat, soybeans, and mixed hardwood trees dominated by
oak and maple
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Ohio; mainly MLRA 124, but some does occur in MLRA 126
Extent: Extensive, about 118,500 acres at the time of this revision
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MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE:
VIRGINIA
MORGANTOWN, WEST
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Little Mill Creek Watershed, Coshocton County, Ohio, 1940.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 18 cm (Ap horizon)
Argillic horizon--the zone from 25 to 69 cm (Bt1, Bt2, and Bt3 horizons)
Redox depletions with chroma 2 or less--the zone from 36 to 147 cm
This revision eliminates colluvium as a parent material for the Coshocton series. Workers involved in
recent Soil Survey updates believe this soil is derived from residuum. Future MLRA update work on this
series will include addressing Coshocton where historically mapped in colluvial landform positions.
The 06/2000 revison included numerous changes made to all parts of OSD. Pedon description was
updated to current redoximorphic feature terminology.
Previous revisions: 03/89-DRM; 06/2000-DRM,LER; 02/2005-DHK
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to sample pedon CS-5 (OSD type location) for characterization data. Other
sampled pedons include CS-6, CS-30, MS-S5, and TU-W8. These samples were analyzed by the Ohio
State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.
48.0
CULLEOKA
LOCATION CULLEOKA
KY+OH PA TN VA WV
Established Series
Rev. CWH,JCJ
05/2004
CULLEOKA SERIES
The Culleoka series consists of moderately deep, well drained, soils formed in colluvium or residuum
from siltstone or interbedded shale, limestone, siltstone, and fine grained sandstone. Slope ranges from 2
to 70 percent. Near the type location the mean annual precipitation is about 47.5 inches and mean annual
air temperature is about 54.7 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Culleoka silt loam--cultivated. (Colors are for moist soils.)
Ap--0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; common
fine roots; about 10 percent channers of siltstone; neutral; clear smooth boundary. (5 to 12 inches thick)
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BA--7 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) channery silt loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common medium roots; about 15 percent channers of siltstone;
moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 7 inches thick)
Bt--12 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) channery silty clay loam; common medium
distinct light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
few fine roots; few distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 30
percent channers of siltstone; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (10 to 28 inches thick)
BC--32 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very channery silty clay loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; about 45 percent channers of siltstone and shale; slightly acid; abrupt
smooth boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick)
R--38 inches; hard siltstone.
TYPE LOCATION: Garrard County, Kentucky; about 8 miles northeast of Lancaster, 0.65 mile south of
Buckeye, 0.75 mile west of Kentucky Highway 39, 1,000 feet northwest of Kentucky Highway 39, in
field. USGS Buckeye Quadrangle (latitude: 37 degrees, 41 minutes, 13 seconds N; longitude: 84 degrees,
31 minutes, 20 seconds W).
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum and depth to lithic bedrock of dominantly
siltstone or fine grained sandstone is 20 to 40 inches. Content of flagstones and channers range from 0 to
35 percent in the A horizon, 10 to 35 percent in the B horizon, and 25 to 80 percent in the BC and C
horizons. Reaction ranges from moderately to strongly acid in the solum and strongly to slightly acid in
the substratum.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is loam or silt
loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture of the fineearth fraction is loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam.
Some pedons have a thin BC or C horizon with colors in shades of brown, olive, or gray. The lower
chroma colors are derived from the parent material. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is loam, silt loam,
silty clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Alanthus, Athol, Cateache, Door, Duffield, Dumfries, Ebbing,
Frondorf, Grayford, Kell, Lamotte, Legore, Loudonville, Mechanicsburg, Morrison, Myersville, Oatlands,
Pasturerock, Spriggs, Westmoreland, Wheeling, Williamsburg, Cateache, Frondorf, Loudonville, and
Oatlands series. Cateache and Oatlands soils allow hue redder than 7.5YR in the Bt horizons. Frondorf
soils have less than 5 percent coarse fragments in the upper sola. Loudonville soils have have glacial
influences in the rock fragment fraction. All the other series are greater than 40 inches to bedrock.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Steep upland hillsides and narrow ridgecrests with slopes ranging from 2 to
70 percent. Culleoka soils formed in colluvium or residuum from or interbedded shale, limestone,
siltstone, and fine grained sandstone. Near the type location the average annual precipitation is 47.5
inches, and the average annual air temperature is 54.7 degrees F.
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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: In addition to the competing Westmoreland series are the
Abbottstown, Clarksburg, Eden, Guernsey, Lowell, Nicholson, Readington, Shelbyville, Upshur,
Cynthiana, Faywood, and Weikert series. Abbottstown, Clarkstown, Nicholson, and Readington soils
have fragipans. Eden, Guernsey, Lowell, Faywood, and Upshur soils have more than 35 percent clay in
the control section. Shelbyville and Westmoreland soils are deeper than 40 inches to bedrock. Weikert
and Cynthiana soils are shallower than 20 inches to bedrock.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to very
high. Permeability is moderate to moderately rapid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Chiefly pasture and hay, with some tobacco, corn, and small grains. Native
forest has oak, maple, black walnut, ash, hickory, beech, elm, hackberry, locust, Kentucky coffeetree,
redbud, dogwood, and red cedar as the dominant species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Bluegrass region of Kentucky, the outer Central Basin of
Tennessee, Arkansas, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. It is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Garrard County, Kentucky; 1921.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
a. Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 12 inches (Ap and BA horizons).
b. Argillic horizon - the zone from 12 to 32 inches (Bt horizon)
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
49.0
CYGNET
LOCATION CYGNET
OH
Established Series
Rev. DNM-RAR-KEM
09/2012
CYGNET SERIES
The Cygnet series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are deep to dense till. They
formed in loamy glaciolacustrine material 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) thick and in the underlying till.
These soils are on beach ridges and longshore bars on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean
annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C
(51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs
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TYPICAL PEDON: Cygnet loam, on a south-facing, 0.5 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation
of 236 meters (775 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap1--0 to 10 cm (0 to 4 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; 5
percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Ap2--10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3)
dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; 5 percent
intermixing of yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Bt1 material; common faint dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic
coatings on faces of peds; few fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) spherical masses of
iron accumulation in the matrix; 4 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
[Combined thickness of the Ap horizon is 20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches).]
Bt1--30 to 48 cm (12 to 19 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; moderate fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; few faint dark yellowish brown
(10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common faint brown (10YR 5/3) clay depletions on faces of peds;
common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium distinct
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few medium distinct black
(10YR 2/1) spherical masses of manganese accumulation in the matrix; 4 percent rock fragments;
strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--48 to 69 cm (19 to 27 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; common distinct grayish brown
(10YR 5/2) and few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds; common
medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent strong brown
(7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few distinct black (10YR 2/1) masses of
manganese accumulation on faces of peds; 3 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth
boundary.
Bt3--69 to 91 cm (27 to 36 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium and
coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; few faint brown (10YR 5/3)
and many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds; common medium
distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR
5/8) and distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few distinct
black (10YR 2/1) masses of manganese accumulation on faces of peds; common medium distinct black
(10YR 2/1) spherical masses of manganese accumulation in the matrix; 3 percent rock fragments;
moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt4--91 to 104 cm (36 to 41 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate fine and
medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; common distinct grayish
brown (10YR 5/2) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common fine distinct
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the
matrix; 3 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt5--104 to 114 cm (41 to 45 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) sandy clay loam; moderate fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and very fine roots; common distinct grayish
brown (10YR 5/2) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct dark
brown (10YR 3/3) clay bridging between sand grains; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)
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and prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 4 percent rock
fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Bt6--114 to 127 cm (45 to 50 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy clay loam with pockets of dark
brown (10YR 3/3) loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and
very fine roots; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds and dark grayish
brown (10YR 4/2) clay films in root channels and pores; many distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR
3/2) clay bridging in the pockets of loam; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of
iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) masses of manganese accumulation in
the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt
horizon is 61 to 96 cm (24 to 38 inches).]
2BC--127 to 142 cm (50 to 56 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay; moderate medium
and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) coatings on
vertical faces of peds; common distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) carbonate coatings on vertical
faces of peds; common distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) hypocoats along vertical faces of peds; 2
percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 30 cm
(12 inches) thick]
2Cd1--142 to 173 cm (56 to 68 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay; massive, with widely spaced
vertical fractures; very firm; few distinct gray (10YR 5/1) carbonate coatings on fractures; 2 percent rock
fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
2Cd2--173 to 203 cm (68 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam; massive; very firm; 2 percent
rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Allen County, Ohio; about 1.5 miles west-northwest of Gomer, in Sugar Creek
Township; about 2620 feet east and 1020 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 19, T. 2 S., R. 6 E.;
USGS Elida, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 50 minutes 53 seconds N. and long. 84
degrees 12 minutes 55 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 84 to 127 cm (33 to 50 inches)
Thickness of the solum: 84 to 152 cm (33 to 60 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 84 to 152 cm (33 to 60 inches)
Depth to densic contact: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolostone, shale, and crystalline lithology
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4 (6 or more dry)
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 3 to 5
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Chroma: 3 to 6; 2 is allowed in the lower part
Texture: clay loam, loam, or sandy clay loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures; sandy loam is
allowed in the lower part
Rock fragment content: 0 to 30 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Some pedons have a BC, C, or Cg horizon.
2BC horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
2Cd or 2Cdg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam
Clay content: 27 to 42 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 35 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bogart, Centerburg, Haney, Houcktown, Jenera, Jugtown, Nicely,
Reaville, Scattersville, Swampoodle, Thackery, Tuscola, Vallonia (T), Vanlue, and Williamstown series.
Bogart soils have more than 7 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section.
Centerburg, Haney, Jenera, Jugtown, Nicely, Scattersville, Swampoodle, Thackery, Tuscola, and Vanlue
soils do not have a densic contact within the series control section. Houcktown soils have till within a
depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Reaville soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches).
Williamstown soils have less than 27 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. No OSD
on file for Vallonia series.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Cygnet soils are on low beach ridges and longshore bars on lake plains of late
Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Cygnet soils formed in loamy glaciolacustrine
material 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) thick and in the underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges
from 686 to 914 mm (27 to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C (45 to
52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 165 days. Elevation is 183 to 244 meters (600 to 800 feet) above
mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Aurand, Haskins, Hoytville, and Shawtown
soils. The somewhat poorly drained Aurand soils are mainly on footslopes of beach ridges and longshore
bars. The somewhat poorly drained Haskins soils are on slight rises. The very poorly drained Hoytville
soils are on flats and in depressions on lake plains. The well drained Shawtown soils are on backslopes of
more sloping beach ridges and longshore bars.
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DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The
depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) between
January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated
hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the upper part of the solum, moderately low in the lower part
of the solum, and low in the dense till. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum,
moderately slow or slow in the lower part of the solum, and slow or very slow in the dense till.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cygnet soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grains and hay are the
principal crops. A small proportion is in woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, primarily ash,
beech, elm, and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Ohio and possibly eastern Indiana and southern
Michigan; MLRA 99. The series is of small extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hancock County, Ohio, 1997.
REMARKS: Cygnet soils are being converted from Haney and Digby soils during modernization projects
in MLRA 99.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (Ap1, Ap2 horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 127 cm (Bt horizon).
Densic contact: at 142 cm (top of the 2Cd1 horizon).
Aquic conditions: redox features visible between the depths of 30 and 142 cm.
Supporting laboratory data is needed to confirm the presence of densic materials in the 2Cd horizon.
Representative DMU ID number is 129484.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil
Characterization Laboratory is available for AL-128, the typical pedon.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
50.0
DEKALB
LOCATION DEKALB
PA+GA KY MD NY OH VA WV
Established Series
Rev. WRK-ART
05/2004
DEKALB SERIES
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The Dekalb series consists of moderately deep, excessively drained soils formed in material weathered
from gray and brown acid sandstone in places interbedded with shale and graywacke. Slope ranges from
0 to 80 percent. Permeability is rapid. Mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches and mean annual air
temperature is about 53 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Dekalb cobbly sandy loam in a wooded area of Hazleton and Dekalb soils, 25 to 75
percent slopes, extremely stony on an east facing slope at 1700 feet elevation. (Colors are for moist soil
unless otherwise noted.)
Oi--0 to 1 inches; slightly decomposed leaves and twigs.
Oe--1 to 3 inches; moderately decomposed mat of roots and leaves.
A--3 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) very cobbly sandy loam; weak fine granular structure;
loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; many fine and medium roots; 40 percent angular sandstone cobbles and
channers; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.(1 to 8 inches thick)
E--5 to 9 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) cobbly sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; friable,
nonsticky, nonplastic; many medium and fine roots; 30 percent angular sandstone cobbles and channers;
very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.(0 to 7 inches thick)
Bw1--9 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) cobbly sandy loam; weak fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common medium and fine roots; 35 percent
angular sandstone cobbles and channers; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
Bw2--20 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very cobbly sandy loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common fine roots; 50 percent angular sandstone cobbles
and channers; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (15 to 30 inches thick)
C--30 to 34 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) extremely cobbly sandy loam; single grained; loose,
nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine roots; 90 percent angular sandstone cobbles and channers; strongly acid;
clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick)
R--34 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) and gray (10YR 5/1) slightly weathered sandstone
bedrock; 4 to 40 inches between fractures with minimal displacement; bedrock inclination 5 to 30
degrees.
Excavation difficulty, extremely high. Excavation via pick is nearly impossible.
Backhoe excavation by a 50-80 hp tractor cannot be made in a reasonable time.
TYPE LOCATION: Fulton County, Pennsylvania; in Licking Creek Township, 0.9 miles north of the
intersection of US 30 and Pennsylvania Township route T428, 1000 feet west of T428; USGS
Hustontown topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 1 minutes 32 seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 6
minutes 47 seconds W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness and depth to bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches.
Flat, subangular or angular, sandstone fragments, 1 to 10 inches across increase with depth and range
from 10 to 60 percent in individual horizons of the solum and from 50 to 90 percent or more in the C
horizon. The amount of rock fragments typically increases with depth. Weighted average rock fragment
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content ranges from 35 to 75 percent in the particle-size control section. Cobbly, channery, and very
stony phases are common. Reaction ranges from extremely through strongly acid where unlimed. Illite,
kaolinite, and vermiculite are common clay minerals.
The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. If cultivated, an Ap horizon has
hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loam fine sandy loam or sandy loam. Structure is
weak very fine or fine granular.
The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture and structure are similar
to the A horizon.
Some pedons have a BA horizon with hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loam,
sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.
The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 8, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is loam, fine sandy
loam, or sandy loam. Average clay content typically is between 6 to 15 percent but ranges up to 18
percent in the particle-size control section. Structure is weak to moderate, fine or coarse subangular
blocky.
The BC horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 to 8 and chroma of 4 to 8. It is
sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam in the fine- earth fraction.
The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture is sandy loam
or loamy sand in the fine-earth fraction. Bedrock is gray to brown sandstone of varying hardness and is
commonly fractured without displacement.
COMPETING SERIES: The Hazleton and Wallen soils are in the same family. Hazleton soils are deeper
than 40 inches to bedrock. Wallen soils allow more silt textures in the solum.
The Hailey, Lehew and soils are in related families. Hailey soils formed in residuum from cherty
limestone. Lehew soils have hue of 5YR or redder in the B horizon. Marbleyard soils have rock
fragments dominantly of quartzite and metasandstone.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Dekalb soils are on nearly level to very steep, uplands and ridges. Slopes are
usually convex with gradients of 0 to 80 percent. The regolith weathered from gray and brown acid
sandstone in places interbedded with shale and graywacke. The climate is humid temperate with mean
annual rainfall of 36 to 60 inches and mean annual air temperature of 47 to 59 degrees F. The growing
season ranges from 110 to 180 days.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Hazleton along with the
Buchanan, Clymer, Cookport, Ernest, Gilpin, Laidig, and Ramsey series. Buchanan, Cookport, Ernest,
and Laidig soils have fragipans. Clymer and Gilpin soils have argillic horizons. Ramsey soils have
bedrock within 20 inches.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained to somewhat excessively drained. The potential for
surface runoff is negligible to high. Permeability is rapid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most Dekalb soils are in forests of mixed oaks, maple, and some white pine
and hemlock. Smaller areas have been cleared for cultivation and pasture.
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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia,
Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fort Payne Area, Alabama, 1903.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1. Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of about 9 inches (A and E horizon).
2. Cambic horizon - the zone from 9 to 30 inches (Bw horizon).
The Type location was changed from Clinton County, Pennsylvania to Fulton County, Pennsylvania.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Data from characterization sample S58Pa-18-6 were used as a basis for this
description.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
51.0
DIGBY
LOCATION DIGBY
OH+IN
Established Series
Rev. DNM-RAR
04/2007
DIGBY SERIES
The Digby series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy outwash
overlying gravelly, loamy and sandy outwash deposits. They are on terraces and outwash plains. Slope
ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual air
temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aeric Endoaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Digby loam, on a 0 to 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 250
meters (820 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent fine gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth
boundary. [18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches) thick]
BEg--20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; common fine roots; common medium faint brown (10YR 5/3) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent fine gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8
inches) thick]
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Btg--36 to 61 cm (14 to 24 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky
structure; firm; common fine roots; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on vertical and horizontal
faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the
matrix; 2 percent fine gravel; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
Bt--61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on vertical and
horizontal faces of peds; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 5
percent fine gravel; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.
B'tg--91 to 112 cm (36 to 44 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on vertical and
horizontal faces of peds; many medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the
Bt and Btg horizons is 28 to 96 cm (11 to 38 inches).]
Cg1--112 to 122 cm (44 to 48 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly sand; single grain; loose;
many coarse faint brown (10YR 5/3) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 20 percent fine gravel;
slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
Cg2--122 to 152 cm (48 to 60 inches); gray (10YR 6/1) gravelly sandy loam; single grain; loose; 25
percent fine gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Mercer County, Ohio; approximately 4.7 miles north-northwest of Neptune, in
Union Township; 2280 feet east and 120 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 25, T. 4 S., R. 3 E.;
USGS Elgin, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 40 minutes 12 seconds N. and long. 84
degrees 26 minutes 58 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 61 to 112 cm (24 to 44 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 76 to 122 cm (30 to 48 inches)
Rock fragments: rounded or subrounded glacial pebbles of mixed lithology
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 3 to 5 (6 or more dry)
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Some pedons have an E horizon.
BE or BEg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
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Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Bt or Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures; thin subhorizons
of fine sandy loam or sandy clay are in some pedons
Rock fragment content: 2 to 15 percent in the upper part and 5 to 34 percent in the lower part
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the
lower part
Some pedons have a BC or BCg horizon.
C or Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: stratified sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, or sand or the gravelly
or very gravelly analogs of these textures; thin layers of loam or silt loam in some pedons
Rock fragment content: 5 to 40 percent in individual strata, and averages more than 15 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Angola, Appleton, Ayrshire, Burdett, Crawleyville, Darien,
Mitiwanga, Mongle, Nuhi, Ovid, Shadeland, Sleeth, and Whitaker series. Angola, Mitiwanga, Nuhi, and
Shadeland soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Appleton soils are not
stratified in the lower part of the series control section. Ayrshire and Whitaker soils average less than 15
percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Burdett and Darien soils have rock
fragments dominated by shale within the series control section. Crawleyville and Mongle soils are more
acid than slightly alkaline in the lower part of the series control section. Ovid soils have hue redder than
10YR in the argillic horizon. Sleeth soils do not have subhorizons in the lower part of the series control
section with less than 85 percent sand and are commonly more than 112 cm (44 inches) to the base of the
argillic horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Digby soils are on terraces and outwash plains. Slope gradients are typically
0 to 4 percent but range to 6 percent. The soils formed loamy outwash overlying gravelly, loamy and
sandy outwash deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 864 to 1067 mm (34 to 42 inches). Mean
annual air temperature ranges from (49 to 55 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Belmore, Haney, and Millgrove soils. The
well drained Belmore, moderately well drained Haney, and very poorly drained Millgrove soils are part of
a toposequence with the Digby soils. Belmore and Haney soils are on higher positions on the landscape,
and Millgrove soils are in depressions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The
depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 to 1.5 feet)
between January and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium.
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Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the solum and high in the underlying material.
Permeability is moderate in the solum and rapid in the underlying material.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are drained and cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans,
wheat, oats, hay crops, with some tomatoes and sugar beets. Native vegetation is deciduous hardwood
forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and west-central Ohio and northeastern Indiana; MLRA 111B.
The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957.
REMARKS: The clayey substratum phase has fine-textured till or lacustrine material within a depth of
102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches). The till substratum phase has till (with 27 to 42 percent clay) within a
depth of 71 to 122 cm (28 to 48 inches). These phases will need to be evaluated during MLRA update
activities.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 36 cm (Ap, BEg horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 36 to 112 cm (Btg, Bt, B'tg horizons).
Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below a depth of 20 cm.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
52.0
DIXBORO
LOCATION DIXBORO
MI+OH
Established Series
Rev. NWS-WEF-MLK
08/2012
DIXBORO SERIES
The Dixboro series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in stratified
glaciofluvial deposits. These soils are on lake plains, outwash plains, and deltas. Slope ranges from 0 to 4
percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about
9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Dixboro fine sandy loam, on a southwest-facing, concave, 2 percent slope in a
cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
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Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR
5/2) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; many fine
roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick]
E--23 to 28 cm (9 to 11 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy loam; moderate thin and medium
platy structure; very friable; few very fine roots; few very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) worm casts;
common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; neutral; abrupt wavy
boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick]
Bt1--28 to 46 cm (11 to 18 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; many medium distinct
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 ) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), and few medium prominent
yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron
depletions; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--46 to 58 cm (18 to 23 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; many medium
distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 ) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), and few medium
prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR
5/2) iron depletions; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 18 to 51 cm
(7 to 20 inches).]
BC--58 to 71 cm (23 to 28 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) loamy fine sand; weak coarse
subangular blocky structure; very friable; few very fine roots; many medium distinct yellowish brown
(10YR 5/6) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), and few medium prominent yellowish red (5YR
5/8) masses of oxidized iron; few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; slightly
effervescent in lower part; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [8 to 30 cm (3 to 12 inches) thick]
C--71 to 152 cm (28 to 60 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) stratified silt loam, fine sandy
loam, very fine sandy loam, and fine sand; massive; friable and very friable; common gray (10YR 6/1)
secondary calcium carbonate segregations in silt loam strata; many coarse distinct yellowish brown
(10YR 5/6) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; common coarse distinct
grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Washtenaw County, Michigan; about 5 miles northeast of the village of Milan; 660
feet south and 85 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 14, T. 4 S., R. 7 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 61 to 112 cm (24 to 44 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 6 to 17 percent clay
Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent throughout
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the upper part of the solum and slightly acid to slightly alkaline in
the lower part
Ap horizon:
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy very fine sand
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A horizon, where present in uncultivated areas:
Thickness: 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inch)
Texture: fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy very fine sand
E horizon:
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy very fine sand
Some pedons have AB horizons.
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, very fine sandy loam, or loamy very fine sand
BC horizon, or Bk horizon where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: fine sandy loam, silt loam, loamy fine sand, loamy very fine sand, or very fine sandy loam; thin
strata of sand, silty clay loam or silty clay are in some pedons
Concentrations: Bk horizon contains masses of carbonates
C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: stratified silt loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loamy very fine sand, fine sand, or
very fine sand, or is dominated by one of these textures; some pedons have thin strata of sand, silty clay
loam, or silty clay
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Brady, Budd, Poseyville, Whiskerville, and Winamac series. Brady
and Winamac soils are deeper than 102 cm (40 inches) to carbonates. Budd soils typically have a
lithologic discontinuity with till in the lower part of the series control section. Poseyville soils have sola
less than 61 cm (24 inches) in thickness. Whiskerville soils do not have stratified textures in the lower
part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Dixboro soils are on lake plains, outwash plains, and deltas. Slope ranges
from 0 to 4 percent. These soils formed in stratified glaciofluvial deposits. Mean annual precipitation
ranges from 711 to 914 mm (28 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 10.0 degrees
C (47 to 50 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The Dixboro soils are on lake plains with well drained
Sisson soils, poorly drained Colwood, Lamson, and Pella soils, and somewhat poorly drained Kibbie,
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Thetford, and Tedrow soils. Thetford and Tedrow soils have more than sand in the upper subsoil. Kibbie
soils are fine-loamy.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth
to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) between November and
April in normal years. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate.
Potential for surface runoff is negligible to low.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the Dixboro soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grains, and
legume-grass hay are the principal crops. In some areas, these soils are used for permanent pasture or
forest. Native vegetation is hardwood forest, principally American elm, Northern red oak, hickory,
American basswood, and red maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98, 99, and 111B in southern and central Michigan and
northwestern Ohio. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Washtenaw County, Michigan, 1974.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon).
Albic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 28 cm (9 to 11 inches) (E horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 58 cm (11 to 23 inches) (Bt1, Bt2 horizons).
Aquic conditions: iron depletions present in all horizons below a depth of 28 cm (11 inches).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
53.0
DORMONT
LOCATION DORMONT
PA+WV
Established Series
DJB/Rev. MDJ
12/2012
DORMONT SERIES
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Dormont silt loam, in an idle field. (Colors are for moist soil.)
Ap--0 to 28 cm (0 to 11 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable,
slightly sticky, non-plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; 5 percent shale fragments;
slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (13 to 36 cm thick)
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Bt1--28 to 53 cm (11 to 21 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam; strong medium subangular
blocky structure; firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine roots between peds; 10 percent faint
yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent shale fragments; moderately acid;
clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--53 to 79 cm (21 to 31 inches); reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few very fine roots between
peds; 30 percent distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay films on faces of peds and linings of pores; 8
percent shale fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3--79 to 117 cm (31 to 46 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) channery silty clay loam; strong medium
and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; 40 percent distinct
clay films on faces of peds and linings of pores; 5 percent medium irregular black (5YR 2/1) manganese
masses around rock fragments; common fine distinct irregular brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of
iron accumulation and many fine and medium distinct irregular gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; 18
percent shale fragments; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt4--117 to 157 cm (46 to 62 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very channery silty clay loam;
strong medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 20 percent
distinct clay films on faces of peds and linings of pores; 10 percent medium irregular black (5YR 2/1)
manganese masses around rock fragments; many medium distinct irregular yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)
masses of iron accumulation and many medium distinct irregular gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; 40
percent shale fragments; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon
is 63 to 129 cm)
BC--157 to 191 cm (62 to 75 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) extremely channery silty clay
loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 10 percent faint clay
films on faces of peds; 5 percent medium irregular black (5YR 2/1) manganese masses around rock
fragments; many fine distinct irregular strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation and
common fine distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) iron depletions; 80 percent shale fragments; moderately acid.
(0 to 38 cm thick)
TYPE LOCATION:
State: Pennsylvania
County: Westmoreland
USGS Topographic Quadrangle: Donora, PA
Latitude: 40.171389 N (NAD 83)
Longitude: 79.793333 W (NAD 83)
Directions to Pedon: Rostraver Township, 0.75 miles SE of Sweeneys Crossroads, 530 feet NE of PA 51
in a field.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the top of the Argillic horizon: 13 to 36 cm (5 to 14 inches)
Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 102 to 167 cm (40 to 66 inches)
Solum Thickness: 91 to 191 cm (36 to 75 inches)
Depth Class: Deep and Very Deep
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 102 cm (40 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 51 to 89 cm (20 to 35 inches), January through April
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Rock Fragment content: 0 to 15 percent, by volume, in the A horizon, 2 to 15 percent in the upper part of
the Bt horizon, 2 to 70 percent in the lower part of the Bt horizon, and 2 to 85 percent in the BC and/or C
horizons
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid through slightly acid in the upper part of the solum, strongly acid
through slightly alkaline in the lower solum and substratum, except where limed
Range in Individual Horizons:
Ap or A horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y; value of 3 through 5; and chroma of 2 through 4
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam; 9 to 18 percent sand, 17 to 30 percent clay
E horizon: thin, where present
BA and/or BE horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 4 or 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam; 8 to 20 percent sand, 20 to 34 percent clay
Bt horizon(upper part):
Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 4 or 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam; 8 to 20 percent sand, 20 to 34 percent clay
Bt horizon(lower part):
Color--hue of 7.5YR through 5Y or neutral; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 0 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay; 7 to 20 percent sand, 20 to 50
percent clay
Redoximorphic depletions with chroma of 2 or less
BC and/or C horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 7.5YR through 5Y or neutral; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 0 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay; 4 to 15 percent sand, 20 to 45
percent clay
COMPETING SERIES:
Coggon soils--have a lithologic discontinuity and do not have more that 15 percent rock fragments
Hebron soils--have carbonates within the series control section
Nessel soils--have carbonates within the series control section
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
MLRA(s): 125 (Cumberland Plateau and Mountains), 126 (Central Allegheny Plateau), 127 (Eastern
Allegheny Plateau and Mountains)
Landscape: Hills
Landform: Hill and hillslope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder or backslope
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope or head slope
Parent Material Origin: non-acid shale and siltstone and thin beds of limestone and sandstone
Parent Material Kind: Residuum
Slope: 0 to 50 percent
Elevation: 190 to 475 meters (620 to 1550 feet)
Frost-free period: 170 to 205 days
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Mean Annual Air Temperature: 8 to 13 degrees C. (46 to 55 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 940 to 1220 mm (37 to 48 inches)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Clarksburg soils--occur on lower side slopes, head slopes and base slopes, and have a fragipan
Culleoka soils--occur on crests, nose slopes and side slopes with better drainage where bedrock is
moderately deep
Guernsey soils--occur on similar positions of the landscape but where limestone predominates
Library soils--occur on less sloping interfluves, head slopes and base slopes where parent materials are
dominantly limestone
Lowell soils--occur on crests, nose slopes and side slopes with better drainage where limestone
predominates
Westmoreland soils--occur on crests, nose slopes and side slopes with better drainage
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Thick (>100 cm), moderately deep (50-100 cm), and common (present
3-6 months)
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Low through very high
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately low through high in the upper part, moderately low in the
lower part
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low, medium or high
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Pasture, woodland and some cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--mainly corn, soybeans and small grains; where wooded--chiefly
mixed hardwoods, dominated by oak and maple
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southwestern Pennsylvania and West Virginia
Extent: Extensive, about 470,000 acres at the time of this revision
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST
VIRGINIA
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 1973.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 28 cm (Ap horizon)
Argillic horizon--the zone from 28 to 157 cm (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, and Bt4 horizons)
Redoximorphic depletions with chroma of 2 or less--79 to 191 cm
This revision eliminates colluvium as a parent material for the Dormont series. Workers involved in
recent Soil Survey updates believe this soil is mainly derived from residuum. Future MLRA update work
on this series will include addressing Dormont where historically mapped in colluvial landform positions.
Previous revision: 08/2005-WRK,AWD,ART
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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
54.0
DRYDEN
LOCATION DRYDEN
MI
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-EPW-NWS
04/2011
DRYDEN SERIES
The Dryden series is very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in sandy loam till on moraines
and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 10 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches),
and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Dryden sandy loam, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; many fine roots; 1 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to
30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick]
Bw [B1]--20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear wavy
boundary. [8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) thick]
Bt1--36 to 61 cm (14 to 24 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weak medium and coarse subangular
blocky structure; friable; few thin dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films; few fine roots; 2 percent rock
fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [15 to 38 cm (6 to 15 inches) thick]
Bt2--61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;
friable; few thin dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; few fine
roots; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common fine faint
grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [13
to 41 cm (5 to 16 inches) thick]
C--76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; massive; friable; common fine and
medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron and faint brown (10YR 4/3) masses
of manganese; common fine and medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Macomb County, Michigan; about 1 mile south and 1.5 miles west of Romeo; 220
feet east and 400 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 10, T. 4 N., R. 12 E.
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RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Particle-size control section: averages less than 18 percent clay; but individual subhorizons may contain
more than 18 percent clay
Mean annual soil temperature: 8.3 to 14.4 degrees C (47 to 58 degrees F)
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 2.5 to 8 cm (1 to 3 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sandy loam or loam, or is silt loam in pedons that have a thin loess mantle
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: sandy loam or loam, or is silt loam in pedons that have a thin loess mantle
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
E horizon, where present:
Thickness: 2.5 to 15 cm (1 to 6 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: sandy loam or loam, or is silt loam in pedons that have a thin loess mantle
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Bw horizon
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: sandy clay loam, loam, or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
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C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: sandy loam; pockets of loamy sand or sand are in some pedons
Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Elmdale and Perrin series. Elmdale soils are deeper than 102 cm
(40 inches) to carbonates. Perrin soils have dominant textures of sand in the fine earth fraction within a
depth of 102 cm (40 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Dryden soils are on till plains and low moraines of Wisconsinan age. The
dominant slope gradients are between 0 and 6 percent and the full range is from 0 to about 10 percent.
The Dryden soils formed in sandy loam till. The climate is continental. Mean annual precipitation ranges
from 750 to 925 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.0 to 10 degrees C (45 to
50 degrees C). Mean summer temperature is about 21.1 degrees C (70 degrees F) near the type location.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The poorly drained Barry soils, well drained Lapeer soils,
and somewhat poorly drained Locke soils are closely associated in a drainage sequence. The well drained
Spinks soils are on nearby slightly higher elevations. The very poorly drained or poorly drained Gilford
and Mussey soils and the somewhat poorly drained Wasepi soils are in associated small drainageways in a
few places.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Potential
for surface runoff is negligible to medium, depending upon slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic
conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, beans, small grain, and legume-grass hay are
the principal crops. A smaller part is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is chiefly sugar
maple, beech, oaks, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 98 in southern Michigan. The series is of small extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 36 cm (14 inches) (Ap, Bw horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 36 to 76 cm (14 to 30 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in horizons below a depth of 61 cm (24 inches) (Bt2
and C horizons).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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55.0
DUNCANNON
LOCATION DUNCANNON
PA+OH WV
Established Series
Rev. GJL-ADK-HS
02/2004
DUNCANNON SERIES
The Duncannon series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in silty to very fine sandy loam
material, presumed to be eolian, overlying a variety of residuum materials, stream deposits and glacial
deposits. The soils are on nearly level to moderately steep uplands and terraces. Permeability is moderate.
Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 55 degrees F, and mean annual
precipitation is 42 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Duncannon silt loam - idle cropland (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
stated.)
Ap--0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable, slightly sticky,
nonplastic; 1 percent shale fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.(6 to 12 inches thick)
BA--10 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;
friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick)
Bt1--17 to 24 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable,
slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few thin clay films on faces of peds; 1 percent shale; moderately acid;
gradual wavy boundary. (5 to 15 inches thick)
Bt2--24 to 34 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable,
slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few thin clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent shale; moderately acid;
gradual wavy boundary. (8 to 18 inches thick)
BC--34 to 45 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak thick platy structure; friable, slightly sticky,
slightly plastic; few thin clay films in pores; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (10 to 20 inches
thick)
2C1--45 to 49 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) channery silt loam, with common medium distinct yellowish
red and brown lithochromic mottles; weak medium platy structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic;
few thin clay films in pores; 20 percent shale fragments; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (4 to 16
inches thick)
2C2--49 to 56 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) channery silt loam; weak thin platy structure; friable, slightly
sticky, slightly plastic; few thin clay films in pores; 20 percent shale fragments; moderately acid; clear
wavy boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick)
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2C3--56 to 68 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3), with thin bands of yellowish brown (10YR 5/8),
channery silt loam; weak thin platy structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 20 percent shale
fragments; strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Bucks County, Pennsylvania; 4 1/2 miles northeast of Newtown near the Mount Eyre
Road, approximately 220 feet north of stone garage.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches or more, but the argillic
horizon terminates within 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 5 feet. The silt loam to very fine
sandy loam mantle is 40 to 70 inches thick and contains up to 10 percent shale or gravel. Nonconforming
BC and C horizons contain 15 to 50 percent shale fragments or gravel. Reaction, where unlimed, is very
strongly to moderately acid in the solum, and slightly to strongly acid in the C horizon.
The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, with value of 3 through 5 and chroma of 2 through 4. Textures are
silt loam, loam or very fine sandy loam.
The BA and Bt horizons have hues of 7.5YR or 10YR, with value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 2 to 8. They
are silt loam, loam or very fine sandy loam, with a weighted average of less than 15 percent fine sand and
coarser particles. Clay content of individual horizons of the Bt ranges from 10 to 24 percent, with a
weighted average of less than 18 percent. Structure is weak to moderate, fine or medium subangular
blocky. Some pedons have prismatic structure in the lower part of the B horizon. They have few to
common thin clay films on ped faces or lining pores. Some pedons have 2BC horizons occurring below
40 inches that have fine earth textures of silt loam, loam or sandy loam.
The C and 2C horizons are yellowish brown to dusky red with hue of 10YR to 10R. Faint to distinct
redoximorphic features or lithochromic mottles commonly occur in the C horizon. Textures are silt loam
or very fine sandy loam above the lithologic discontinuity, and silt loam, loam or sandy loam below.
COMPETING SERIES: The Duncannon series is the only recognized series in the family. The Bucks,
Elk, Unadilla and Wellston series are in other related families. Bucks, Elk and Wellston soils have more
than 18 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Unadilla soils lack an argillic horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: These soils are on nearly level to moderately steep uplands and terraces. The
soils formed in silty to very fine sandy loam material, presumed to be eolian, overlying a variety of
materials of shale, sandstone, limestone, schist, stream deposits and glacial deposits. Slope ranges from 0
to 35 percent. Climate is continental with warm summers and cold winters. Rainfall averages 35 to 48
inches and is evenly distributed throughout the year. Average annual air temperature is 50 degrees to 60
degrees F. and the frost free season is 150 to 180 days.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Duncannon is the well drained member of a drainage
sequence that includes the moderately well drained Lawrenceville, the somewhat poorly drained Chalfont
and the poorly drained Doylestown soils. The competing Bucks and the Abbottstown, Chester, Croton,
Gilpin, Lansdale, Penn, Readington, Raritan, Upshur, Wellston and Zanesville soils are on various nearby
landforms. Abbottstown, Croton, Readington, Raritan and Zanesville soils have fragipans. Chester,
Gilpin, Penn, and Upshur soils have more than 18 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Gilpin
and Penn soils also have shale bedrock within 40 inches. Lansdale soils have loamy textures containing
more than 15 percent sand coarser than very fine sand.
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DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained.
medium. Permeability is moderate.
The potential for surface runoff potential is
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas have been cleared of trees and are being used for cropland, hay
and pasture. Wooded areas are mixed hardwoods composed principally of upland oaks, yellow poplar and
ash.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Pennsylvania, western West Virginia, and southeastern Ohio. It is of
moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Perry County, Pennsylvania; 1951.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
a. Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 10 inches (Ap horizon).
b. Argillic horizon - the zone from 17 to 34 inches (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons).
Laboratory data are available for two pedons, S68Pa-09-4 (1-8) and S68Pa-09-5 (1-8), sampled in Bucks
County, Pennsylvania.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
56.0
EDWARDS
LOCATION EDWARDS
MI+IN NY OH WI
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-WEF-WB
06/2011
EDWARDS SERIES
The Edwards series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in herbaceous organic
materials 61 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches) thick overlying marly material on outwash plains, lake plains,
and ground moraines. Slope typically ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813
mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Marly, euic, mesic Limnic Haplosaprists
TYPICAL PEDON: Edwards muck, on a less than 1 percent slope in an idle area under the vegetation of
shrubs and trees at an elevation of 291 meters (955 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil
unless otherwise stated.)
Oa1--0 to 18 cm (7 inches); black (N 2.5/) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); a trace of fiber
unrubbed and rubbed; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate coarse granular;
very friable; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
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Oa2--18 to 33 cm (7 to 13 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) broken face and black (5YR 2.5/1)
rubbed muck (sapric material); 8 percent fiber unrubbed, a trace of fiber rubbed; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; very friable; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
Oa3--33 to 43 cm (13 to 17 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) broken face and black (5YR 2.5/1)
rubbed muck (sapric material); 35 percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; weak thin platy structure; very friable;
slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
Oa4--43 to 61 cm (17 to 24 inches); 50 percent very dark gray (5YR 3/1) and 50 percent dark reddish
brown (5YR 3/3) broken face, black (5YR 2.5/1) rubbed muck (sapric material); 25 percent fiber, 2
percent rubbed; weak thin platy structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness
of the Oa horizon is 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches).]
Lma1--61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches); 90 percent gray (10YR 5/1) and 10 percent gray (10YR 6/1)
marly silty clay loam; 5 cm (2 inch) strata of muck at 94 cm (37 inches); massive; friable; prominent dark
yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron around organic remnants; violently effervescent
throughout; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary.
Lma2--102 to 216 cm (40 to 85 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) marly silt loam; massive; friable;
black (N 2.5/) organic spots; violently effervescent throughout; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Jackson County, Michigan; within the city limits of Jackson; 924 feet south and
1,320 feet east of northwest corner of sec. 36, T. 2 S., R. 1 W.; USGS Jackson North topographic
quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 15 minutes 45 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 22 minutes 30 seconds W.,
NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 716512 easting and 4682261 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the organic material: 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches)
Organic fibers: derived primarily from herbaceous plants, but some layers contain as much as 20 percent
woody material
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline in the organic materials; carbonates are in the organic
materials in some pedons
Surface tier (Oa1 or Oap):
Hue: 10YR or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 0 to 2
Organic material: muck (sapric material) or to a lesser extent mucky peat (hemic material)
Subsurface and bottom tiers (Oa horizons):
Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral
Value: 2 to 4
Chroma: 0 to 3
Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material); some pedons have thin layers less than 25 cm (10
inches) thick of mucky peat (hemic material
Lma horizon:
Hue: 5Y to 10YR
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Value: 4 to 8
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: marly silt loam or marly silty clay loam; some pedons have a layer less than 5 cm (2 inches)
thick of coprogenous material above the marly material; in some pedons the marly material has a layer of
sandy or loamy material less than 30 cm (12 inches) thick within a depth of 130 cm (51 inches); some
pedons have thin strata less than 8 cm (3 inches) thick of muck (sapric material)
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Edselton series. Edselton soils have sand within 130 cm (51 inches) of
the surface.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Edwards soils are in closed depressions on outwash plains, lake plains, and
ground moraines. Slope gradients are normally less than 2 percent, but range to about 6 percent on some
toe slopes. Edwards soils formed in herbaceous organic materials overlying marly material. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to
11.7 degrees C (45 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters
(580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Adrian, Antung, Houghton, Linwood,
Madaus, Martisco, Moston, Palms, Toto, Willette, and the competing Edselton soils. These very poorly
drained soils are on similar landform positions as Edward soils. Adrian, Antung, Houghton, Linwood,
Moston, Palms, and Willette soils do not have marly materials. Madaus and Martisco soils have a thinner
layer of herbaceous organic material overlying the marly material. Toto soils have a thicker layer of
coprogenous material above the marly material
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the
top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below
the surface in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is
moderately high or high in the organic material and moderately low in the marly material. Permeability is
moderately slow to moderately rapid in the organic material and slow in the marly material.
USE AND VEGETATION: Some areas are cropped; however, the majority of the areas are in native
vegetation consisting of brush and trees. Common tree species include quaking aspen, American elm,
silver maple, and northern white-cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 91, 94A, 95A, 95B, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 111B, and 111C in
Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, New York, and Wisconsin. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ogemaw County, Michigan, 1923.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Muck (sapric material): from the surface to a depth of 61 cm (24 inches) (Oa horizon).
Limnic feature: marly material from a depth of 61 to 216 cm (24 to 85 inches) (Lma horizon).
Drained (MI0774) and undrained (MI0775) phases are recognized.
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ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for the typical pedon (S99MI-075-001) from
the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
57.0
EEL
LOCATION EEL
IN+MI OH
Established Series
Rev. WDH-MLW-TJE
07/2011
EEL SERIES
The Eel series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in alluvium and are on
flood plains and flood-plain steps. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about
965 mm (38 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Eel silt loam, on a nearly level slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 293
meters (960 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap1--0 to 15 cm (6 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine pores; neutral; clear smooth
boundary.
Ap2--15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR
6/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine pores; neutral;
clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Ap or A horizon is 18 to 33 cm (7 to 13 inches).]
Bw1--25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak medium and coarse subangular
blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many fine pores; many fine faint brown (10YR 5/3) and few
medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly alkaline;
clear smooth boundary.
Bw2--38 to 56 cm (15 to 22 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; few fine roots; many fine pores; few fine faint brown (10YR 4/3) masses of oxidized
iron in the matrix; few fine faint brown (7.5YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; neutral; clear smooth
boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bw horizon is 25 to 76 cm (10 to 30 inches).]
Bg--56 to 86 cm (22 to 34 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; few fine and medium pores; thin strata of silty clay loam; few medium prominent
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few fine faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/2)
manganese masses in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 30 cm (0
to 12 inches) thick]
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BC--86 to 107 cm (34 to 42 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; thin strata of silty clay loam; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)
masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; many medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the
matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 28
cm (0 to 11 inches) thick]
Cg--107 to 152 cm (42 to 60 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam; massive; friable; thin strata
of silty clay loam and sandy loam; few medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of
oxidized iron in the matrix; many fine faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; 2 percent rock
fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Randolph County, Indiana; about 2 miles southwest of Ridgeville along Bear Creek;
220 feet south and 540 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 15, T. 21 N., R. 13 E.; USGS Ridgeville,
Indiana topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 16 minutes 43 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 04
minutes 20 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 663884 easting and 4460492 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the cambic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 20 to 30 percent clay and 15 to 30 percent fine sand or coarser
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5; value of 2 or 3 allowed in A horizons 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 inches) thick
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: commonly silt loam or loam, and includes clay loam and silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral
Bw or Bg horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: silt loam, loam, or clay loam, and includes thin strata of silty clay loam or sandy loam
Clay content: averages 20 to 32 percent
Sand content: averages 20 to 35 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
BC or BCg horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam, and includes thin strata of textures ranging from
silty clay loam to very fine sandy loam
Clay content: averages 15 to 25 percent
Sand content: averages 25 to 55 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 7 percent gravel
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Reaction: neutral or slightly alkaline
C or Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam, and includes strata of silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam,
loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sand, or fine sand
Clay content: averages 8 to 25 percent
Sand content: averages 30 to 80 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent gravel
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. In closely related families are the
Flatrock, Lobdell, and Weaver series. Flatrock and Lobdell soils do not have carbonates above a depth of
102 cm (40 inches) and are in the active cation-exchange activity class. Weaver soils have a lithic contact
within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches) and are in the active cation-exchange activity class.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Eel soils are on flood plains and flood plain-steps along streams draining
till plains of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in alluvium. Mean
annual precipitation ranges from 813 to 1067 mm (32 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges
from 8.3 to 12.2 degrees C (47 to 54 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 104 to
305 meters (340 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Genesee, Gessie, Shoals, and Sloan soils.
The well drained Genesee and Gessie soils are on natural levees adjacent to stream channels and on
higher lying flood plain-steps. The somewhat poorly drained Shoals soils are in channels or lower lying
flood plain-steps. The very poorly drained Sloan soils have a mollic epipedon and are in backswamps.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to
the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 46 to 61 cm (1.5 to 2.0 feet) at some time
in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is very low or low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is
moderately high or high. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderate or moderately rapid in the
substratum. These soils are subject to flooding.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are being used to grow cultivated crops, mainly corn and
soybeans. A few areas are used for hay, pasture or are in forest. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood
trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98, 99, 111A, 111B, 111D, 111E, 114A, 114B, and 115A in
Indiana, southern Michigan, and Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 111B. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Clay County, Indiana, 1922.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap horizon).
Cambic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 86 cm (Bw, Bg horizons).
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Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features in all horizons below a depth of 38 cm.
Representative data for this pedon is the Eel component of DMU ID 153341 in MO 11.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab data for this pedon, S78IN135-14, is published in Station Bulletin No. 274,
Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University; file no. RA7814.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
58.0
ELBA
LOCATION ELBA
OH
Established Series
TNR-DRM; Rev. DHK
01/2006
ELBA SERIES
The Elba series consists of deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in residuum from
limestone and calcareous shale and siltstone. These soils are on uplands and have slopes ranging from 3 to
70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches, and mean annual air temperature is about 52
degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Elba silty clay loam on a 6 percent convex east-facing slope in an idle field, formerly
cutlivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium
subangular blocky structure parting to weak medium granular; friable; many roots; slightly acid; abrupt
wavy boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick)
Bt1--6 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; strong fine angular blocky
structure; friable; common roots; common faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of
peds; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--9 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; strong fine and medium angular
blocky structure; firm; common roots; many faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of
peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
Bt3--14 to 22 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay; moderate fine angular blocky structure; firm; few
roots; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 5 percent
brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) weathered remnants of limestone; slight effervescence, slightly alkaline;
clear wavy boundary.
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Bt4--22 to 30 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) channery silty clay; moderate fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few roots; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films
on faces of peds; about 20 percent weathered remnants of limestone; many medium and coarse brownish
yellow (10YR 6/6) zones of light silty clay loam calcareous material; slight effervescence, moderately
alkaline; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 14 to 38 inches.)
BC--30 to 42 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few roots; few distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films
on faces of peds; about 5 percent soft calcareous shale fragments; slight effervescence, moderately
alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. (5 to 20 inches thick)
C1--42 to 48 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) channery silty clay loam; weak very fine subangular
blocky structure; firm; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) zones comprise about 5 percent of volume; 30
percent light gray (10YR 7/2) soft calcareous siltstone or limestone fragments and 10 percent brownish
yellow (10YR 6/6) soft weathered remnants of limestone; strong effervescence, moderately alkaline; clear
wavy boundary.
C2--48 to 54 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) very channery silty clay loam, light olive gray (5Y 6/2)
crushed; few fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) mottles; massive; firm; thin very patchy yellowish
brown (10YR 5/4) coatings on fragments; about 50 percent gray (5Y 6/1) limestone fragments; strong
effervescence, moderately alkaline.
R--54 inches; hard limestone bedrock.
TYPE LOCATION: Belmont County, Ohio; about 1/2 mile east of Hendrysburg; 1400 feet east and 2450
feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 8, Kirkwood Township, T. 9 N, R. 6 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 24 to 48 inches. Depth to carbonates
ranges from 10 to 30 inches. The depth to a lithic or paralithic contact is 40 to 80 inches. Rock fragments
are dominantly thin, flat fragments of limestone, nonacid siltstone and shale, and rounded limestone
cobbles. Rock fragment content is 0 to 15 percent by volume in the A horizon, 0 to 35 percent in the Bt
horizon, and 5 to 60 percent in the BC and C horizons. Individual subhorizons in the Bt horizon contain
up to 60 percent rock fragments.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Some
pedons have thin A horizons with value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 1 to 3. E horizons are in some pedons.
The A or Ap horizon is silty clay loam or silt loam except for some eroded pedons that range to silty clay
or clay. It commonly is neutral to medium acid but ranges to mildly alkaline in pedons that are eroded.
The BE or BA horizons are in some pedons. The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value of 4
or 5; and chroma of 3 to 6. Some pedons are mottled in the lower part, mainly due to color of parent rock.
The Bt horizon is dominantly silty clay or clay or their shaly or channery analogues but subhorizons of
silty clay loam or very channery analogues of those textures are permitted. It is medium acid to mildly
alkaline in the upper part and neutral to moderately alkaline in the lower part. Some pedons contain free
carbonates in the lower part.
The BC and C horizons have hue of 10YR, 7.5Y, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value of 4 to 6; chroma of 1 to 6; and are
mottled in some pedons. They are silty clay loam, silty clay, clay, or their channery or very channery
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analogues. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline and contains free carbonates. Bedrock is hard
limestone, calcareous siltstone or shale.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Beasley, Bland, Bledsoe, Bonnell, Brashear, Bratton, Briggsville,
Brookside, Bucklick, Caneyville, Chrome, Derinda, Donahue, Eden, Edenton, Eldean, Estate, Faywood,
Fredonia, Hagerstown, Heitt, Kewaunee, Lamoille, Losantville, Lowell, Markland, Medary, Miamian,
Milton, Newnata, Ozaukee, Shrouts, Upshur, Vandalia, Vincent, Woodsfield, and Wynn series in the
same family and the Brooke series. Beasley soils have mottles of low chroma in the lower part of the
solum. Bland, Caneyville, Chrome, Derinda, Donahue, Eden, Edenton, Faywood, Fredonia, Milton,
Shrouts, and Wynn soils have lithic or paralithic contacts within 40 inches. Bledsoe soils formed in
colluvial material from soils formed in residuum from limestone, shale, siltstone, and sandstone. Bonnell
soils formed in loess and till. Brashear, Brookside, Bucklick, Estate, Heitt, Lowell, Medary, and Newnata
soils lack carbonates within depths of 10 to 30 inches. Bratton, Hagerstown, Upshur, Vandalia, Vincent,
and Woodsfield soils have 5YR or redder hues in all or part of their B horizons. Briggsville and Markland
soils lack coarse fragments. Eldean soils have stratified sand and gravel in the lower part of the control
section. Kewaunee, Losantville, Miamian, and Ozaukee soils typically contain less coarse fragments in
their lower sola and have formed in glacial till. The Brooke soils have a lithic contact at depth of 20 to 40
inches and are in mollic subgroup.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Elba soils are on ridgetops and side slopes on uplands. The slope range is 3 to
70 percent. The soils have formed in residuum from limestone and gray calcareous shale and siltstone.
Mean annual precipitation ranges from 36 to 44 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from 49 to
55 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Brooke, Brookside, Lowell, and
Upshur soils and the Belpre, Dekalb, Gilpin, and Westmore soils. Brooke and Lowell soils are in similar
positions as Elba soils. Brookside soils are on foot slopes. Upshur and Belpre soils are on ridgetops, side
slopes, and benches. Belpre soils have redder hue. Dekalb and Gilpin soils are on shoulders and back
slopes and have low base saturation, lack carbonates, and are loamy. Westmore soils typically are on
ridgetops and upper side slopes and are fine-silty.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is moderate to very rapid depending upon
slope. Permeability is slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for pasture, hay, and grain. Some areas are in woodland.
Some formerly cultivated areas are reverting to woodland and now have vegetation of briars and brushy
woodland. Original vegetation was hardwood forest. Black walnut is prominent in woodland on the Elba
soils.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Ohio. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Washington County, Ohio, 1973.
REMARKS: The Elba soils were formerly classified in the Brooke series in southeastern Ohio.
The 01/2006 revision updates this soil to the 9th Edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy (2003). The CEC
activity class placement is based on NASIS data elements for Belmont and Washington Counties, Ohio,
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and on associated soils, but not on laboratory data. Class placement may be revised in the future when
laboratory data are reviewed or become available.
Competing series, pedon description (including horizon nomenclature and/or descriptive terms), and other
sections on the OSD were not revised.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - 0 to 6 inches (Ap)
Argillic horizon - 6 to 30 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, Bt4).
Previous revision dates: 02/86-TNR, DRM
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
59.0
ELKINSVILLE
LOCATION ELKINSVILLE
IN+OH
Established Series
Rev. GRS-BGN
02/2011
ELKINSVILLE SERIES
The Elkinsville series consists of very deep, well drained soils on stream terraces and flood-plain steps.
They formed in 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of loess or silty sediments and the underlying loamy
alluvium. Slope ranges from 0 to 40 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1016 mm (40 inches),
and mean annual temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Elkinsville silt loam, on a 3 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 206
meters (675 feet) above MSL. (Colors are for moist soil unless stated otherwise.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak very fine
granular structure; friable; common fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 30 cm (6 to
12 inches) thick]
Bt1--23 to 38 cm (9 to 15 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; moderate fine subangular
blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of
peds; few distinct brown (10YR 4/3) organic coatings on faces of peds; slightly acid; gradual smooth
boundary.
Bt2--38 to 61 cm (l5 to 24 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; moderate fine subangular
blocky structure; firm; many distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; very
strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 36 to 71 cm (14 to 28
inches).]
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2Bt3--61 to 97 cm (24 to 38 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; 1
percent gravel; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
2Bt4--97 to 127 cm (38 to 50 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of
peds; very strongly acid; 1 percent gravel; gradual smooth boundary.
2Bt5--127 to 147 cm (50 to 58 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; few fine prominent
pale brown (10YR 6/3) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few distinct yellowish
brown (10YR 5/4) clay bridging between sand grains; common irregular fine and medium iron masses in
the matrix; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 56 to
91 cm (22 to 36 inches).]
2CB--147 to 173 cm (58 to 68 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay loam; common fine distinct
pale brown (10YR 6/3) mottles; massive; friable; common irregular fine and medium iron masses in the
matrix; 1 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. [20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches) thick]
2C--173 to 203 cm (68 to 80 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; massive; friable; 4 percent
gravel; moderately acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Ripley County, Indiana; 1,690 feet south and 1,570 feet east of the northwest corner
of sec. 3, T. 6 N., R. 12 E.; USGS Cross Plains, Indiana topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 59
minutes 49.209 seconds N. and 085 degrees 10 minutes 48.447 seconds W.; UTM Zone 16, 657599.683
easting and 4318019.816 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 107 to 183 cm (42 to 72 inches)
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silt loam
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silt loam
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid
EB or BE horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam
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Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid, and the upper part ranges to neutral in limed areas
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 4 to 8
Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam
Clay content: 18 to 32 percent
Sand content: 8 to 20 percent (less than 15 percent fine and coarser sand)
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid, and the upper part ranges to neutral in limed areas
2Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 4 to 8
Texture: loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam
Clay content: 20 to 30 percent
Sand content: 25 to 55 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid
2BC or 2CB horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 4 to 8
Texture: loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam
Clay content: 16 to 28 percent
Sand content: 35 to 70 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid
2C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, and includes thin strata of clay loam and sandy clay loam
Clay content: 14 to 26 percent
Sand content: 35 to 75 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bearthicket, Cidermill, Elk, Olephant, Parke, Pike, Rickert,
Tobinsport, Wellrock, and Wellston series. Bearthicket, Elk and Rickert soils have less than 35 percent
sand in the lower part of the series control section. Cidermill soils typically have more than 14 percent
gravel in the lower part of the series control section but the range does overlap with Elkinsville series.
Olephant, Parke ,and Pike soils are deeper than 183 cm (72 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon.
Wellrock soils have a paralithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Wellston soils have rock
fragments of siltstone or sandstone lithology in the lower part of the series control section.
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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Elkinsville soils are on stream terraces or flood-plain steps. Slope ranges
from 0 to 40 percent. They formed in 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of loess or silty sediments and the
underlying loamy alluvium. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 1016 to 1168 mm (40 to 46 inches).
Mean annual temperature ranges from 11 to 14 degrees C (51 to 57 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to
210 days. Elevation is 104 to 244 meters (340 to 800 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are primarily the Bartle, Millstone, Pekin, and
Peoga soils on stream terraces and flood-plain steps. They are also associated with the Vincennes and
Wheeling soils on stream terraces and flood-plain steps. The somewhat poorly drained Bartle and the
poorly drained Peoga soils are on treads. The moderately well drained Pekin and well drained, fine-loamy
Millstone soils are on treads and risers. The poorly drained Vincennes soils are on treads and on floodplain steps. The well drained Wheeling soils are on treads and risers of stream terraces.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for
surface water runoff is negligible to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high.
Permeability is moderate. Areas on flood-plain steps are subject to rare to occasional periods of flooding.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are being used to grow corn, soybeans, and small grain, mainly
wheat. A few areas are used for hay and pasture, and a few of the more sloping areas are used for forest.
Native vegetation is mixed hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 114A, 114B, 115A, 120B, 120C, 121, 122, and 124 in
southern Indiana and Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 114A. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Bartholomew County, Indiana, 1936.
REMARKS: This series is being differentiated from the Elk series based on the amount of sand in the
lower part of the series control section. Some of the Elkinsville soils previously correlated will likely be
re-correlated to the Elk series because the sand content is less than 35 percent in the lower part of the
series control section.
Diagnostic horizons recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface of the soil to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from 23 to 147 cm (9 to 58 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, 2Bt3, 2Bt4, 2Bt5 horizons).
Representative component and horizon data is in DMU# 120,077.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab data: Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University, Station Bulletin
No. 323, file no's. JF7916, PK7905, RI8001 (typical pedon); NSSL, Lincoln, NE: S93IN123-15.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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60.0
ERNEST
LOCATION ERNEST
PA+MD OH VA WV
Established Series
WRK-JWB/Rev., MDJ
12/2008
ERNEST SERIES
MLRAs: 124 (Western Allegheny Plateau); 126 (Central Allegheny Plateau); 127 (Eastern Allegheny
Plateau and Mountains); 128 (Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys); 147 (Northern Appalachian
Ridges and Valleys)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well or somewhat poorly drained
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately low
Landscape: Upland
Parent Material: Colluvium derived from acid shale, siltstone and sandstone
Slope: 0 to 50 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 8.7 degrees C. (48 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1090 mm (43 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Fragiudults
TYPICAL PEDON: Ernest silt loam in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil
unless otherwise indicated.)
Ap -- 0 to 28 cm (0 to 11 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common
very fine and fine roots throughout; 5 percent subangular acid shale fragments; neutral (pH 6.6); abrupt
smooth boundary. (13 to 30 cm thick)
Bt1 -- 28 to 41 cm (11 to 16 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam; firm, slightly sticky,
slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; 30 percent prominent clay films on faces of peds
and in pores; 5 percent subangular acid shale fragments; slightly acid, (pH 6.2); clear wavy boundary.
Bt2 -- 41 to 76 cm (16 to 30 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; firm, slightly sticky, slightly
plastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; 10 percent prominent manganese or iron-manganese
stains on faces of peds and 50 percent prominent clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent
medium distinct irregular brown (7.5YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in matrix surrounding redox
depletions and 30 percent medium prominent irregular pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) masses of reduced iron
on faces of peds; 10 percent subangular acid shale fragments; moderately acid, (pH 5.6); clear wavy
boundary. (combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 15 to 74 cm)
Btx1 -- 76 to 94 cm (30 to 37 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery silt loam; moderate very
coarse prismatic structure, and moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, slightly sticky,
slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots between peds; 10 percent prominent manganese or ironmanganese stains on faces of peds and 60 percent prominent clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 10
percent medium distinct irregular strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in matrix
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surrounding redox depletions and 25 percent medium prominent irregular light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
masses of reduced iron on faces of peds; 15 percent subangular acid shale fragments; strongly acid, (pH
5.4); clear wavy boundary.
Btx2 -- 94 to 160 cm (37 to 63 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) channery silt loam; strong very
coarse prismatic structure, and weak medium subangular blocky structure; very firm, slightly sticky,
slightly plastic; 5 percent prominent manganese or iron-manganese stains on faces of peds and 25 percent
prominent clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent coarse prominent irregular light brownish gray (10YR
6/2) masses of reduced iron on faces of peds and 10 percent coarse distinct irregular brownish yellow
(10YR 6/6) masses of oxidized iron in matrix surrounding redox depletions; 20 percent subangular acid
shale fragments; strongly acid, (pH 5.4); gradual wavy boundary. (combined thickness of the Btx horizon
is 25 to 102 cm)
C -- 160 to 200 cm (63 to 79 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very channery silt loam;
massive; very firm, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; 15 percent prominent clay films on faces of peds; 5
percent coarse distinct irregular brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of oxidized iron throughout and 5
percent coarse prominent irregular light gray (10YR 7/2) masses of reduced iron throughout; 45 percent
subangular acid shale fragments; strongly acid, (pH 5.4).
TYPE LOCATION: Armstrong County, PA; about 1/2 mile southwest of Dayton in Wayne Township.
Approximately 2750 feet west of the intersection of PA839 and PA1022 and 1200 feet northwest of the
intersection of T603 and T805. USGS Plumville, PA topographic quadrangle; latitude 40 degrees 52
minutes 17.8 seconds N. and longitude 79 degrees 14 minutes 45.8 seconds W. NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the top of the Fragipan: 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches)
Solum Thickness: 91 to 183 cm (36 to 72 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 30 to 76 cm (12 to 30 inches), November to April
Rock Fragment content: Fragments of shale, siltstone, or fine-grained sandstone range from 0 to 25
percent in the A horizon; 0 to 30 percent in the BA and individual subhorizons of the Bt horizon; 5 to 45
percent in the Btx horizon; and 5 to 50 percent in the C horizon.
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to strongly acid, except where limed
RANGE OF INDIVIDUAL HORIZONS:
Ap horizon:
Color -- hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 through 4
Texture (fine-earth fraction) -- silt loam
A horizon (if it occurs):
Thickness -- 3 to 13 cm (1 to 5 inches)
Color -- hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2
Texture (fine-earth fraction) -- silt loam
E horizon (if it occurs):
Thickness -- 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches)
Color -- hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 through 4
Texture (fine-earth fraction) -- silt loam
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Bt horizon:
Color -- hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction) -- silt loam with less than 20 percent sand or silty clay loam
Redoximorphic features -- iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of
brown, yellow, olive, or gray are within the upper 25 cm (10 inches) of the argillic horizon
Structure -- weak or moderate, fine to coarse subangular blocky structure. In some pedons, the argillic
horizon has prismatic structure that parts to subangular blocky structure
Btx horizon:
Color -- hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 2 through 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction) -- silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Redoximorphic features -- iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of
brown, yellow, olive, or gray are present
Structure -- weak, very coarse prismatic structure parting to subangular blocky or platy structure
C horizon:
Color -- hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y, value of 4 through 7, and chroma of 2 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction) -- silt loam, loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay
COMPETING SERIES:
Belvoir soils -- have a Bt horizon with more than 20 percent sand and less silt than is typical for Ernest
soils and contain crystalline rock fragments.
Buchanan soils -- have a Bt horizon with more than 20 percent sand and less silt than is typical for Ernest
soils.
Calverton soils -- have soft, weathered Triassic-age bedrock at a depth of 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches).
Cookport soils -- have a Bt horizon with more than 20 percent sand and less silt than is typical for Ernest
soils.
Glenville soils -- have fragments of schist and quartzite.
Kedron soils -- have a Bt horizon with the hue redder than 5YR.
Raritan soils -- have water-rounded rock fragments and non-conforming parent materials below a depth of
102 cm (40 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Landscape: Uplands
Landform: Hillslope
Hillslope Profile Position: Footslope
Geomorphic Component: Headslope, baseslope
Parent Material: Colluvium derived from acid shale, siltstone and fine-grained sandstone
Slope: 0 to 50 percent
Elevation: 113 to 914 meters (370 to 3000 feet)
Frost-free period: 120 to 180 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 8 to 13 degrees C. (47 to 55 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 813 to 1651 mm (32 to 65 inches)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Berks soils -- have bedrock at depths of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) and lack a fragipan
Brinkerton soils -- are in a fine-silty family and have base saturation greater than 35 percent at a depth of
75 cm below the top of the fragipan.
Clymer soils -- lack a fragipan and have more than 20 percent sand in the particle-size control section
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Dekalb soils -- have bedrock at depths of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) and lack a fragipan
Gilpin soils -- have bedrock at depths of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) and lack a fragipan
Rayne soils -- lack a fragipan and low chroma redoximorphic features in the upper 25 cm (10 inches) of
the argillic horizon
Shelocta soils -- lack a fragipan and low chroma redoximorphic features in the upper 25 cm (10 inches)
of the argillic horizon
Wharton soils -- lack a fragipan
Weikert soils -- have bedrock at depths of 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 inches) and lack a fragipan
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well and somewhat poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very thin or thin (10 to 51 cm thick); shallow to moderately deep (30 to
76 cm from the surface); common (present 3 to 6 months).
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff Class: Low to high
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high to high above the fragipan; moderately low to
moderately high in the fragipan and below.
Permeability Class: Moderate above the fragipan; moderately slow to slow in the fragipan and below.
Shrink-swell Potential: Moderate
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Much of the acreage of Ernest soils is cleared and used for pasture and crops. Some acreage
is wooded.
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated -- corn, small grains, soybeans, hay. Where wooded -- mixed
hardwoods with some white pine and hemlock
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia. MLRAs 124, 126, 127, 128,
and 147.
Extent: Large
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Indiana County, Pennsylvania, 1931.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon -- the zone from 0 to 28 cm (Ap horizon)
Argillic horizon -- the zone from 28 to 160 cm (Bt and Btx horizons)
Fragipan -- the zone from 76 to 160 cm
Aquic conditions -- the soil has redox depletions and concentrations within the upper 25 cm of the argillic
horizon, with periodic saturation and reduction at some time during the year if precipitation is within
normal ranges.
Other soil features identified with this pedon:
Series control section -- the zone from 0 to 160 cm
The 09/2008 revision moves the Type Location and Typical Pedon for the series from Fayette County,
West Virginia to Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. It also revises the format, updates the competing and
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geographically associated soils, adds saturated hydraulic conductivity class, and adds somewhat poorly
drained to the agricultural drainage class.
Based on a review of 31 typifying pedon (TP) descriptionsthroughout MO-13, 23 descriptions (74%) had
a depth to low chroma redox features of 17 inches or less, while 8 (26%) had a depth of 18 inches or
more. Mean depth was 16.7 inches. These data support a somewhat poorly drained (SPD) class as well as
amoderately well drained (MWD) class. Given the relatively narrow depths for MWD soils within the
Aquic Fragiudults taxonomic subgroup, these landforms generally have SPD and MWD soils
intermingled. Additionally, dual drainage classes have been maintained in other soil series such as
Buchanan and Calverton, which have the same taxonomic subgroup.
Previous revisions: AWD-WRK-ART 05/1999
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
61.0
EUCLID
LOCATION EUCLID
OH
Established Series
Rev. AR-SJH-DBD
05/2011
EUCLID SERIES
The Euclid series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in stratified silty deposits
on treads on low stream terraces. Permeability is moderate in the surface layer and moderately slow in the
subsoil and substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 36 inches,
and mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Aeric Endoaquepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Euclid silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes in a Metropolitan Park playing field. (Colors
are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap -- 0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;
moderate medium and fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick.)
Bw1 -- 6 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak medium prismatic structure
parting to moderate medium and fine subangular blocky; friable; few fine distinct grayish brown (2.5Y
5/2) iron depletions; many distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay depletions on faces of peds; many
fine roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bw2 -- 12 to 21 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic
structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; friable; common fine roots; common medium
prominent grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; many distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay
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depletions on faces of prisms; few medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron and manganese
accumulation; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bw3 -- 21 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) on faces
of peds; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky;
friable; common fine roots; common medium prominent grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions;
common faint light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay depletions on faces of peds; common medium faint
strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron and manganese accumulation; strongly acid; clear smooth
boundary. (The Bw horizon has a combined thickness of 10 to 34 inches.)
BC -- 26 to 37 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam stratified with a thin strata of loam
1/8 to 1/2 inch in thickness; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky;
firm; few fine roots; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; many distinct
grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay depletions on faces of prisms; common
medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron and manganese accumulation; moderately acid; clear
smooth boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick.)
C1 -- 37 to 47 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam stratified with a thin strata and
lenses of loam 1/8 to 1/2 inch in thickness; massive; firm; common medium distinct grayish brown
(10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron and manganese
accumulation; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
C2 -- 47 to 74 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam stratified with a thin strata of silt
loam and loam; massive; firm; few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common
medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron and manganese accumulation; neutral.
TYPE LOCATION: Cuyahoga County, Ohio; approximately 150 feet north of Albion Road and 250 feet
west of the Brecksville Royalton Parkway, Cleveland Metropolitan Park System, Village of Strongsville,
T. 5 N., R. 14 W.; USGS Berea, OH topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 19 minutes, 48 seconds
N., and Longitude 81 degrees, 49 minutes, 48 seconds W. NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 55 inches. Stratification is
evident within the series control section.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5 (6 or more dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt
loam. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
The Bw horizon have hues of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 2 to 6. Textures are silt loam or
silty clay loam with thin subhorizons of loam in some pedons. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to
slightly acid.
The BC horizon have hues of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 2 to 6. Textures are silty clay
loam, silty loam, or loam. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
The C horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6; chroma of 1 to 6. Textures are stratified
silt loam, silty clay loam, or loam, with thin strata of fine sandy loam in some pedons. Reaction ranges
from moderately acid to neutral and less commonly is slightly alkaline below a depth of 40 inches and
contain carbonates.
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COMPETING SERIES: This is the Aetna series. Aetna soils have 20 to 36 inches of recent alluvium over
a dark colored soil and are on similar landscapes.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Euclid soils formed in stratified silty
deposits derived from materials high in sandstone and shale on treads on low stream terraces. Slope
gradient ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Climate is humid and temperate. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from about 32 to 40 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 48 to 54
degrees F. Frost free days range from 145 to 190 days, and elevation ranges from 480 feet to 520 feet
above sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bogart, Chagrin, Chili, Conneaut,
Ellsworth, Jimtown, Lobdell, Mahoning, Orrville, Platea, Tioga, and Wheeling soils. Bogart, Chili,
Jimtown, and Wheeling soils are on nearby sandy and gravelly outwash terraces. Chagrin, Lobdell,
Orrville, and Tioga soils are on adjacent flood plains and have higher sand content. Conneaut, Ellsworth,
Mahoning, and Platea soils are on nearby till plains.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is
negligible to low. Permeability is moderate in the surface layer and moderately slow in the subsoil and
substratum. Flooding frequency is rare or occasional. Flooding duration is very brief. Depth to the top of
an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 1 to 2.5 feet from November through June in normal
years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Euclid soils have been cleared. Some of the cleared areas are
used for permanent pasture and others are cultivated with corn, soybeans, and mixed hay as principal
crops. Some areas are used for recreation such as golf courses and parks. Formerly cultivated areas near
urban areas have stands of grasses, forbes, and shrubs. Sugar maple, beech, red maple, and ash are the
main tree species. Native vegetation was mixed deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and south-central Ohio. MLRA'S 124 and 139. Euclid
soils are of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lake County, Ohio, 1976.
REMARKS: These soils were included with the Fitchville, low terrace soils in the 1976 and 1977 soil
surveys of Lorain County and Medina County, respectively, in Ohio.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - from a depth of 0 to 6 inches (Ap horizon).
Cambic horizon - from a depth of about 6 to 37 inches (Bw1, Bw2, Bw3, BC horizons).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedons WN-61 and WN-65 from the Soil Characterization Laboratory at
the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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62.0
FABIUS
LOCATION FABIUS
MI+WI
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-EPW-WEF
06/2011
FABIUS SERIES
The Fabius series consist of very deep somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy and sandy drift on
lake plains, outwash plains, valley trains, and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean
annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C
(48 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aquic
Argiudolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Fabius sandy loam, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
noted.)
Ap--0 to 18 cm (7 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)
dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many medium and fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. [18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches) thick]
E--18 to 25 cm (7 to 10 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak coarse granular structure; very
friable; many roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 10 cm (4 inches) thick]
Bt1--25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak coarse granular structure; firm;
common fine roots; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common
medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; about 2 percent gravel;
slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 10 cm (4 inches) thick]
Bt2--30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; common distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films
on faces of peds; common medium prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common
medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron; about 5 percent gravel;
slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 inches) thick]
2C--46 to 152 cm (18 to 60 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) stratified gravel and coarse sand; single
grain; loose; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Lapeer County, Michigan; about 2 miles east and 2 miles north of Dryden; 550 feet
south and 420 feet east of the northwest corner of the NE1/4 of sec. 6, T. 6 N., R. 12 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 30 to 76 cm (12 to 30 inches)
Depth to sand and gravel: 46 to 76 cm (18 to 30 inches)
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the solum
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Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sandy loam or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
E horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: sandy loam or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: dominantly sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, or the gravelly analogs of these textures; sandy
loam or gravelly sandy loam subhorizons are allowed
Clay content: 18 to 30 percent
Sand content: 45 to 70 percent fine sand or coarser
Rock fragment content: 0 to 30 percent
2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: stratified sand and gravel, dominantly coarse sand, or coarse gravel
Rock fragment content 0 to 30 percent
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Fabius soils are on outwash plains, valley trains, beach ridges, and lake plains
of Wisconsinan Age. Slopes are dominantly between 0 to 2 percent, but they range up to 6 percent. The
Fabius soils formed in sandy and loamy drift. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29
to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 12.2 degrees C (47 to 54 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Casco, Matherton, Mussey, and Sebewa
soils. Fabius soils are in a drainage sequence with the somewhat excessively drained Casco and the poorly
drained or very poorly drained Mussey soils. Matherton soils and the poorly drained or very poorly
drained Sebewa soils are associated in many places.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth
to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) from November to May in
normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is
moderately high in the upper part and high or very high in the lower part. Permeability is moderate or
moderately rapid in the upper part and rapid or very rapid in the lower part.
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USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Small grain, beans, corn, and legume-grass hay are
the principal crops, especially where artificial drainage is adequate. A part is in permanent pasture or
forest. Native vegetation is lowland hardwoods, chiefly American elm, white ash, and swamp white oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95A, 95B, 98, and 99 in central Michigan and eastern
Wisconsin. This series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lapeer County, Michigan, 1967.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 18 cm (7 inches) (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present from a depth of 25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches) (Bt1 and
Bt2 horizons).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
63.0
FAIRPOINT
LOCATION FAIRPOINT
OH+IL IN KY PA VA WV
Established Series
DJB-SLH/Rev. MDJ
12/2012
FAIRPOINT SERIES
MLRAs: 111 (Indiana and Ohio Till Plain), 113 (Central Claypan Areas), 114 (Southern Illinois and
Indiana Thin Loess and Till Plain), 115 (Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes), 120 (Kentucky and
Indiana Sandstone and Shale Hills and Valleys), 122 (Highland Rim and Pennyroyal), 124 (Western
Allegheny Plateau), 125 (Cumberland Plateau and Mountains), 126 (Central Allegheny Plateau), 127
(Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains), 128 (Southern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys) and 139
(Lake Erie Glaciated Plateau)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Typic Udorthents
TYPICAL PEDON: Fairpoint gravelly clay loam on a 12 percent slope in clover. (Colors are for moist
soil.)
Ap--0 to 13 cm (0 to 5 inches); light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium
and coarse granular structure; friable; many roots; 15 percent by volume fragments of sandstone, 5
percent by volume fragments of siltstone and few fragments of coal; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (0
to 20 cm thick)
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C1--13 to 43 cm (5 to 17 inches); variegated, 70 percent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2), 20 percent
brown (10YR 4/3) and 10 percent gray (10YR 5/1) very gravelly clay loam; massive; firm; few roots in
vertical cracks; 30 percent by volume fragments of sandstone, 5 percent by volume fragments of siltstone
and few fragments of coal; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
C2--43 to 152 cm (17 to 60 inches); variegated, 70 percent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2), 20 percent
brown (10YR 4/3) and 10 percent gray (10YR 5/1) very gravelly clay loam; massive; firm; 35 percent by
volume fragments of sandstone, 10 percent by volume fragments of siltstone and few fragments of coal;
slightly acid. (Combined thickness of the C horizon is 152 cm or more.)
TYPE LOCATION:
State: Ohio
County: Belmont
USGS Topographic Quadrangle: Fairview, Ohio
Latitude: 40.074167 N NAD 83
Longitude: 81.210278 W NAD 83
Directions: Kirkwood Township, about 2,100 feet north and 850 feet east of the southwest corner, sec.
27, T. 9 N., R. 6 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Depth Class: Very deep
Rock Fragment Content: The A or Ap horizon ranges from 15 to 60 percent, by volume. The C horizon
ranges from 35 to 60 percent, by volume, averaging 45 percent.
Rock Fragment Size: 2 mm to 25 cm, but can include stones and boulders
Rock Fragment Type: Nonacid siltstone, shale, sandstone, limestone and coal
Fine-Earth Fraction: Averages 18 to 35 percent clay in the control section
Soil Reaction: Moderately acid through neutral, except where limed
Range in Individual Horizons:
A or Ap horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 7.5YR through 5Y, or neutral; value of 3 through 6; and chroma of 0 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--clay loam, silty clay loam, loam or silt loam
C horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR through 5Y, or neutral; value of 3 through 6; and chroma of 0 through 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--clay loam, silty clay loam, loam or silt loam
COMPETING SERIES:
Fiveblock soils--Fiveblock soils allow textures of sandy loam and loamy sand in the particle-size control
section and require 65 percent or more gray, neutral sandstone.
Kaymine soils--Kaymine soils allow textures of loam or silt loam in the particle-size control section.
Laguardia (T) soils--Laguardia soils must have more than 10 percent construction debris fragments in the
particle-size control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Landscape: Hills
Landform: Hill and hillslope
Anthropogenic Features: Surface mine, spoil pile, spoil bank and reclaimed land
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Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope and toeslope
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, crest, head slope, nose slope, side slope and base slope
Parent Material: Coal extraction mine spoil derived from nonacid regolith of weathered fine- earth and
fragments of neutral to calcareous shale, sandstone and siltstone
Slope: 0 to 90 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 11 to 13 degrees C. (52 to 56 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 889 to 1143 mm (35 to 45 inches)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Bethesda soils--occur on similar landscape positions derived from acid surface mine overburden
Morristown soils--occur on similar landscape positions derived from calcareous surface mine overburden
Culleoka soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone, limestone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands
Dekalb soils--formed in residuum from sandstone on undisturbed uplands
Elba soils--formed in residuum from limestone, shale and siltstone on undisturbed uplands
Gilpin soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands
Guernsey soils--formed in residuum from siltstone, shale and limestone on undisturbed uplands
Latham soils--formed in residuum from shale and siltstone on undisturbed uplands
Lowell soils--formed in residuum from limestone and shale on undisturbed uplands
Westmoreland soils--formed in residuum from siltstone, sandstone and limestone on undisturbed uplands
Shelocta soils--formed in colluvium from shale, siltstone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: None
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Very high
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Low through moderately high in the upper part, and very low through
moderately high in the lower part
Shrink-Swell Potential: Moderate
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Wildlife habitat and recreational areas. The rough topography and coarse fragment content of
unreclaimed areas make it impractical for agriculture and difficult for standard forest harvesting practices.
Some reclaimed areas are used for hay or pasture, and increasingly, are also used for homesites.
Reclaimed areas typically exhibit higher bulk densities, much lower saturated hydraulic conductivities
and low organic matter in the surface horizon, making establishment of vegetation difficult.
Dominant Vegetation: Unreclaimed areas are naturally seeded deciduous forests with a few barren areas.
Reclaimed areas are usually open grassland, including some legumes. A few reclaimed areas have been
planted to trees, but mortality is high because of soil compaction.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia
Extent: Large, about 417,000 acres identified at the time of this revision
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST
VIRGINIA
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Belmont County, Ohio, 1978
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REMARKS: Fairpoint soils were previously mapped as a variety of strip mine spoil and udorthents units.
Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 13 cm (Ap horizon)
Series control section--the zone from 0 to 200 cm
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory test data is available for pedons BT-18, BT-19, BT-20 and JF-9 at
The Ohio State University and S79IN55-17 in Indiana.
________________________________________
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
64.0
FITCHVILLE
LOCATION FITCHVILLE
OH+PA
Established Series
Rev. DRM-JRS-LER
02/2012
FITCHVILLE SERIES
The Fitchville series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in stratified
Wisconsinan age glaciolacustrine sediments on lake plains and slackwater terraces. Permeability is
moderate in the surface, moderately slow in the subsoil and moderate or moderately slow in the
substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 39 inches, and the
mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aeric Endoaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Fitchville silt loam, on a convex, 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation
of about 975 feet above msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
Ap -- 0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry;
moderate medium granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smoooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches
thick.)
BE -- 7 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; many fine pores; many prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay depletions on
faces of peds; many fine prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) areas of iron depletion in the matrix;
common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; very
strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick.)
Bt1 -- 10 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky
structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds; prominent gray (5Y 5/1) coatings on faces of
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peds; many medium prominent gray (5Y 5/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; very strongly acid;
clear smooth boundary.
Bt2 -- 18 to 29 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic
structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds and in
pores; continuous gray (5Y 5/1) coatings on faces of peds; common medium prominent gray (5Y 5/1)
areas of iron depletion in the matrix; few black (10YR 2/1) iron-manganese oxide accumulations in ped
interiors; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 12 to 42 inches.)
BCt -- 29 to 40 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak coarse prismatic structure with thin
horizontal bedding planes; friable; very few faint clay films on vertical faces of peds and in pores;
common gray (5Y 5/1) clay depletions on vertical faces of peds; common medium prominent gray (5Y
5/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses
of iron accumulation in the matrix; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 14 inches thick.)
C --40 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; massive, stratification of thick horizontal bedding
planes; friable; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; common
medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; neutral.
TYPE LOCATION: Summit County, Ohio; Twinsburg Township, about 0.75 mile northeast of
Twinsburg, 1600 feet west of State Route 91 and 600 feet east of Tinkers Creek along East Ohio Gas
Company pipeline right-of-way, T. 5 N., R. 10 W.; USGS Twinsburg, Ohio topographic quadrangle;
Latitude 41 degrees, 19 minutes, 34 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 26 minutes, 47 seconds W.,
NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 70 inches. Most pedons
lack rock fragments, but the C horizon can have up to 5 percent. Some pedons have carbonates within a
depth of 30 inches. Bedding plane stratification or lamination is evident within the series control section.
The Ap horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 4 or 5 (6 or more dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Some
pedons have A horizons 1 to 4 inches thick with value of 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry), and chroma of 1 or 2.
Structure is weak or moderate, fine to coarse, granular. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to
moderately acid. Areas that have been limed range to neutral.
E horizons, where present, are 3 to 8 inches thick, and have hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6 (7 or 8 dry), and
chroma of 2 or 3. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.
The BE horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is silt loam or silty clay
loam. Structure is weak, fine to coarse, subangular blocky. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to
moderately acid. Some pedons have E/B or B/E horizons rather than a BE horizon.
The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 8. Texture is silt
loam or silty clay loam. Some pedons have thin subhorizons of loam or clay loam, or thin lenses of fine
sandy loam. Average clay content ranges from 20 to 35 percent. Structure is weak to strong, subangular or
angular blocky. Some pedons have weak to strong, medium or coarse, prismatic structure, parting to
subangular blocky or platy in some pedons. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.
Some pedons have a thin, very firm, slightly brittle layer in the lower part of the Bt horizon that is not
sufficient to meet the requirements for a fragipan horizon.
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The BC horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is silt
loam or silt clay loam. Some pedons have thin strata of loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam or silty clay, or
lenses of very fine and fine sand. Sand content averages 7 to 15 percent. Structure is weak, medium to
very coarse, subangular blocky, angular blocky or prismatic; weak or moderate, thin to thick, platy. Rock
fragments are commonly absent, but some pedons have up to 3 percent. Reaction ranges from moderately
acid to neutral.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is commonly
laminated or stratified silt loam or silty clay loam. Sand content averages 7 to 15 percent. Some pedons
have thin strata of loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam or silty clay, or lenses of very fine and fine sand
within the series control section. Below the series control section may be textures of loam, clay loam, silty
clay loam, silty clay or clay. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Aptakisic, Caseyville, Creal, Gavers(T), Iva, Kendall, Starks,
Stronghurst, Waynetown, and Yeddo series. Aptakisic soils have more sand in the lower part of the series
control section. Caseyville soils formed in loess and contain less than 7 percent sand in the lower part of
the series control section. Creal soils are more than 24 inches to the top of the argillic horizon. Gavers(T)
soils have more coarse fragment in the lower part of the series control section. Iva soils have a higher
mean annual temperature. Kendall soils average more than 15 percent sand at least one subhorizon within
a depth of 60 inches. Starks soils average 15 to 55 percent sand in the lower part of the subsoil.
Stronghurst soils lack stratification or lamination within the series control section. Waynetown soils have
gravel content greater than 15 percent in the lower solum and substratum. Yeddo soils formed in loess
more than 60 inches thick and the sand content is less than 10 percent throughout the series control
section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Fitchville soils formed in stratified Wisconsinan age glaciolacustrine
sediments that are derived mainly from materials high in sandstone and shale and are on summits and
shoulders on lake plains and are on treads on terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. The mean
annual precipitation ranges from 32 to 45 inches, and the mean annual temperature ranges from 47 to 54
degrees F. The frost free period is 133 to 167 days, and elevation ranges from 720 to 1,200 feet above
msl.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Thesse are the Canadice, Caneadea Damascus, Glenford,
Jimtown, Luray, Mentor and Sebring soils. The well drained Mentor soils, moderately well drained
Glenford soils, poorly drained Sebring soils and the very poorly drained Luray soils are in a toposequence
with Fitchville soils. The Mentor and Glenford soils are on higher landscape positions. The Sebring and
Luray soils are in shallow, wet depressions. The nearby Jimtown and Damascus soils formed in loamy
outwash deposits and the nearby Caneadea and Canadice soils formed in clayey lacustrine sediments.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is low
to high. Permeability is moderate in the surface, moderately slow in the subsoil and moderate or
moderately slow in the substratum. Depth to the top of an intermittent apparent seasonal high water table
ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 foot from November to May in normal years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Fitchville soils have been cleared. Some of the cleared areas
are used for permanent pasture, but most are used for cultivated crops with corn, oats, wheat, soybeans,
and mixed hay. Some areas are still wooded. Sugar maple, beech, red oak, pin oak, elm, and hickory are
the main tree species.
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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern, north central, southeastern and southwestern Ohio and in
northwestern Pennsylvania. MLRA's 111, 114, 124, 126, 139, and 140. The series is of large extent with
about 178,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Huron County, Ohio, 1948.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1. Ochric epipedon - from a depth of 0 to 10 inches (Ap and BE horizons).
2. Argillic horizon - from a depth of 10 to 29 inches (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons).
3. Aquic conditions - from a depth of 7 to 80 inches.
Till substratum phases and clayey lacustrine substratum phases recognized at a depth of 40 to 60 inches
were mapped in some earlier surveys. These phases do not meet current criteria for substratum phases,
and will be evaluated for correlation as new series in future investigations.
Fitchville soils mapped on 6 to 12 percent slopes could possibly be re-correlated to the moderately well
drained Glenford soil in future evaluations.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for the following pedons in Ohio: AB-51, CA35, LK-19, LR-35, MD-21, MH-44, SA-32, SK-9, and TU-12; analysis by the Ohio State University Soil
Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
65.0
FOX
LOCATION FOX
WI+IL IN MI OH
Established Series
Rev. AJK-HFG-GWH
01/2011
FOX SERIES
The Fox series consists of very deep, well drained soils which are moderately deep to stratified calcareous
sandy outwash. These soils formed in thin loess and in loamy alluvium or just in loamy alluvium
overlying stratified calcareous sandy outwash on outwash plains, stream terraces, valley trains, kames,
and glacial moraines. Slopes range from 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30
inches) near the type location. Mean annual air temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic
Hapludalfs
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TYPICAL PEDON: Fox silt loam - on a plane 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about
260 meters (850 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray
(10YR 6/2) dry; weak very fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick]
Bt1--25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; weak very fine
subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of
peds; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--38 to 53 cm (15 to 21 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate
fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds;
moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizons in loess ranges from 0 to
48 cm (0 to 19 inches); in loamy outwash it ranges from 25 to 89 cm (10 to 35 inches).]
2Bt3--53 to 74 cm (21 to 29 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; common prominent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay films on faces of
peds; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.
2Bt4--74 to 84 cm (29 to 33 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds;
about 5 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.{[Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon
[Bt horizon in pedons without a loess mantle] ranges from 10 to 89 cm (10 to 35 inches).]
3C1--84 to 114 cm (33 to 45 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) stratified gravelly sand and
very cobbly sand; single grain; loose; about 30 percent gravel and 30 percent cobbles as an average;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 51 cm (0 to 20 inches) thick]
3C2--114 to 152 cm (45 to 60 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) stratified very gravelly
sand, extremely gravelly sand, and gravel; single grain; loose; about 65 percent gravel as an average;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Jefferson County, Wisconsin; about 3 miles south and 3 mile west of Lake Mills;
1,600 feet south and 1,930 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 32, T. 7 N., R. 13 E., USGS Lake
Mills, Wisconsin; lat. 43 degrees 01 minutes 59 seconds N. and long. 88 degrees 59 minutes 10 seconds
W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Thickness of loess mantle: 0 to 61 cm (0 to 24 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages from 18 to 35 percent clay, 15 to 45 percent fine sand or coarser
Depth to free carbonates and stratified sandy outwash: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Volume of gravel: 0 to 35 percent in the loamy mantle, averages 3 to 70 percent in the stratified outwash
and ranges from 0 to 95 percent in individual strata.
Volume of cobbles: 0 to 50 percent in individual strata in the outwash
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the upper part of the solum, but it ranges to neutral in the upper
parts of some pedons where the soil is limed and ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the in
the lower subsoil and is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the outwash
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Free calcium carbonates: in the sand and gravel outwash and in the lower part of the loamy mantle in
some pedons
Ap horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR, or 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 2 or 3 (Colors of 3/2 or 3/3 have value dry of 6 or more)
Texture: silt loam, loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, gravelly loam, gravelly sandy loam, silty clay
loam, clay loam or gravelly clay loam
A horizon [where present, usulally les than 10 cm (4 inches) thick]:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam, loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, gravelly loam or gravelly sandy loam
E horizon (whrer present):
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: silt loam, loam, sandy loam, or the gravelly analogs.
Bt horizon:
Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam or the gravelly analogs but it grades
to sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam in the lower part in some pedons.
2Bt horizon:
Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or the gravelly analogs but grades to sandy loam in the lower
part in some pedons
Other features:
In some pedons, the lower boundary is quite irregular and tongues of the 2Bt horizon extend into the
calcareous sandy outwash for several feet. At the contact with the calcareous sandy outwash a darker
colored and more clayey subhorizon is common ("beta B").
2Btk horizon (where present):
Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam.
3C or 2C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
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Value; 4 to 7
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: stratified layers of sand, coarse sand or the gravelly, very gravelly or extremely gravelly analogs
or has strata of gravel. In some pedons, it is sand.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bixby, and Hixton series. Bixby soils do not have carbonates
within a depth of 114 cm (45 inches). Hixton soils have a paralithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60
inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Fox soils are on outwash plains, stream terraces, valley trains, and kames and
in outwash areas on moraines. Slope gradients range from 0 to 35 percent. These soils formed in thin
loess and loamy alluvium or just in loamy alluvium overlying stratified calcareous sandy outwash. Mean
annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1120 mm (27 to 44 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges
from 7.8 to 13.9 degrees C (46 to 57 degrees F). The frost free period ranges from about 135 to 190 days.
Elevation ranges from 177 to 396 meters (580 to 1300 feet).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Near the type location, these are the Casco, Dresden,
Matherton, Ockley, and Sebewa soils. The somewhat excessively drained Casco soils are on landscape
positions similar to those of Fox soils where the loamy mantle is 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 inches) thick over
outwash. The well drained Dresden and Ockley soils are in landscape positions similar to those of Fox
soils. Dresden soils are in areas where the surface layer is dark colored. Ockley soils are in areas where
the loamy soil is more than 102 cm (40 inches) thick over outwash. The somewhat poorly drained
Matherton soils and the poorly drained Sebewa soils form a drainage sequence with Fox soils.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for
surface runoff is neglible to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high to high (4.23 to
14.11 micrometer per second) in the silty and loamy mantle and high to very high (42.34 to 141.14
micrometers per second) in the sand and gravelly outwash. Permeability is moderate in the silty and
loamy mantle and rapid or very rapid in the sand and gravel outwash.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the less sloping areas are used for cropland. Common crops are corn,
soybeans, small grains, and hay. Some areas are used for pastureland or woodland. Native vegetation is
hardwood forest. Common trees are northern red oak, white oak, sugar maple, black cherry, and white
ash.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 108A, 108B, 110, 111A, 111B, 111C, 111D,
111E, 113, 114A, 114B, and 124 in southeastern Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, southern Michigan, western
Ohio, and eastern Iowa. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Columbia County, Wisconsin, 1911.
REMARKS: New series will be needed for the CLAYEY SUBSTRATUM (WI8064) and the LOAMY
SUBSTRATUM (WI8065) phases.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
ochric epipedon - 0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches) (Ap).
argillic horizon - 25 to 84 cm (10 to 33 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, 2Bt3, 2Bt4).
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ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record - WI0026; WI0438 (GRAVELLY); WI0459 (SANDY
SUBSTRATUM).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
66.0
FULTON
LOCATION FULTON
OH+IN MI
Established Series
Rev. RAR-RMG-JAG
09/2012
FULTON SERIES
The Fulton series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils on lake plains. They formed in
clayey glaciolacustrine sediments. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about
864 mm (34 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Fulton silty clay loam, on a planar surface in a cultivated field at an elevation of 218
meters (715 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay loam, light brownish gray
(10YR 6/2) dry; weak coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and medium granular;
firm; few fine and medium roots; 10 percent mixing of yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Bt1 material;
moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick]
Bt1--25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on
faces of peds; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many
medium and coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix;
strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
Bt2--46 to 61 cm (18 to 24 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; few fine roots; many faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; many
medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black
(10YR 2/1) manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.
Bt3--61 to 79 cm (24 to 31 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure
parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common faint grayish brown (10YR
5/2) clay films on faces of peds; many medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the
matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix;
common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; neutral; gradual wavy
boundary.
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Bt4--79 to 96 cm (31 to 38 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; weak medium and coarse
subangular blocky structure; very firm; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds;
common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium
distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine distinct black
(10YR 2/1) manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined
thickness of the Bt horizon is 25 to 102 cm (10 to 40 inches).]
BC--96 to 119 cm (38 to 47 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; weak medium and coarse
subangular blocky structure; very firm; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on vertical faces of
peds; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine distinct yellowish
brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium distinct light gray (10YR
7/2) calcium carbonate nodules in the matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy
boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick]
C--119 to 203 cm (47 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; massive, and weakly
laminated; very firm; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on faces of vertical partings; common
medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR
5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium
carbonate nodules in the matrix; few medium distinct white (10YR 8/1) calcium carbonate crystals in the
matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Paulding County, Ohio; about 2.1 miles north of Oakwood, in Brown Township;
about 1600 feet west and 600 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 14, T. 2 N., R. 4 E.; USGS
Continental, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 07 minutes 23 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees
22 minutes 02 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 41 to 122 cm (16 to 48 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 56 to 102 cm (22 to 40 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 45 to 60 percent clay
Rock fragments: typically absent throughout, but range from 0 to 5 percent in the loam and sandy loam
epipedons
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 or 2; chroma of 3 in some eroded pedons
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or sandy loam
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 2.5 to 13 cm (1 to 5 inches)
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 2 to 4 (4 to 6 dry)
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or sandy loam
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
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Some pedons have a BA, E, or BE horizon. Where present, the E horizon does not tongue into the
underlying horizon.
Bt or Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: silty clay or clay; some pedons have strata of silty clay loam or silt loam less than 15 cm (6
inches) thick
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part
BC or BCg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
C or Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam; some pedons have strata as much as 8 cm (3 inches) thick of
silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam
Clay content: 35 to 60 percent
Sand content: 5 to 20 percent; individual subhorizons have as much as 85 percent very fine sand and fine
sand
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and carbonates are present
Till substratum phase: depth to till is 152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 inches)
2Cd or 2Cdg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Clay content: 27 to 42 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bennington, Blount, Del Rey, Kimmell, Mahoning, and Nappanee
series. Bennington, Blount, Mahoning, and Nappanee soils have more than 1 percent rock fragments in
the lower part of the series control section. Del Rey and Kimmell soils have less than 35 percent clay in
the lower part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Fulton soils are on slightly convex or planar surfaces on lake plains of
Wisconsinan age. Slope gradients range from 0 to 6 percent, but typically are 0 to 3 percent. The soils
formed in fine-textured, calcareous glaciolacustrine sediments. Mean annual precipitation ranges from
686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 55
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degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. Elevation is 152 to 305 meters (500 to 1000 feet) above
mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the moderately well drained Lucas soils and the
very poorly drained Bono, Latty, and Toledo soils. The Bono soils have a mollic epipedon and are on
broad, nearly level areas or in depressions. The Latty soils are on broad flat areas of the lake plain and are
on slightly lower topographic positions. The Lucas soils are on more sloping areas along drainageways or
on higher topographic positions. The Toledo soils have a dark surface and are on lower topographic
positions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The
depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 15 to 30 cm (0.5 to 1.0 foot)
between November and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to very high.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low or low in the substratum. Permeability is slow or very
slow in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is cultivated, primarily corn, soybeans, oats, wheat, and
hay. A small portion is in permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous hardwood
forest; primarily swamp white oak, northern red oak, pin oak, red maple, and beech.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Primarily in MLRA 99 in northwestern Ohio and southern Michigan;
and to a lesser extent in MLRA 139 in north central Ohio, and in intermorainal lake beds in MLRA 111B
in west-central Ohio and northern Indiana. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fulton County, Ohio, 1922.
REMARKS: The present concept limits the Fulton series to soils with silty clay or clay argillic horizons
and clay content of more than 35 percent in the C horizon. Some Fulton soils mapped in older surveys
with less clay in the B and C horizons would now be included in the Kibbie or Del Rey series. A till
substratum phase is recognized. The loamy, sandy, and gravelly substratum phases that were mapped in
earlier surveys have substrata at 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches). These phases will not meet current
criteria for substratum phases, and will be correlated as new series during future modernization projects.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 96 cm (Bt horizon).
Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below a depth of 25 cm.
Representative DMU ID number is 152870 in MO 11.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil
Characterization Laboratory is available for pedons LG-24, PT-26, and SN-13 from Ohio. Laboratory
characterization data is available for Indiana pedon ST7601, sampled at Purdue University.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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67.0
GALLIA
LOCATION GALLIA
OH+WV
Established Series
Rev. DRM
01/2001
GALLIA SERIES
The Gallia series consists of deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in stratified old
alluvium and some lacustrine sediments in preglacial valleys. These soils are on summits on high terraces
and have slopes ranging from 2 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches, and mean
annual temperature is about 54 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, mesic Typic Paleudalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Gallia silt loam - on a 3 percent convex slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for
moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium
granular structure; friable; many roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick)
Bt1--8 to 12 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; moderate fine angular blocky structure; friable;
common roots; common faint dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films and common distinct (10YR 6/3) silt
coats on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--12 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure
parting to strong fine angular blocky; firm; common roots; common distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4)
clay films and few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt coats on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear
smooth boundary.
Bt3--23 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay loam; strong medium angular blocky structure; firm;
few roots; common distinct brown (5YR 4/4) clay films and few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt coats
on faces of peds; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
Bt4--30 to 41 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy clay; strong coarse angular blocky structure; firm;
few roots; many distinct yellowish red (5YR 3/6) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear
smooth boundary.
Bt5--40 to 67 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) sandy clay loam; strong coarse angular blocky structure
parting to strong medium and fine angular blocky; firm; few roots; clean silt and sand grains in many
distinct patches on faces of peds; 5 percent soft weathered pebbles; very strongly acid; clear smooth
boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 55 to 70 inches.)
BC--67 to 83 inches; dark red (2.5Y 3/6) gravelly sandy loam; massive with some vertical partings;
firm; few faint dark reddish brown (2.5Y 3/4) clay films on faces of vertical partings; clean silt and sand
grains in many distinct patches on faces of vertical partings; 15 percent soft weathered gravel; very
strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (12 to 50 inches thick)
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C--83 to 120 inches; brown 7.5YR 5/4), yellowish red (5YR 5/8), and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)
stratified loamy sand and gravelly loamy sand; single grained; loose; 25 percent gravel; very strongly
acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Washington County, Ohio; in Belpre Township on southwest edge of Little
Hocking; about 1,450 feet southwest of the bridge on US 50 and old State Route 7 across the Little
Hocking River, and 75 feet southeast of highway.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to 108 inches. Volume of
coarse fragments, commonly weathered sandstone, shale, quartzite, and some crystalline pebbles 2 mm to
2.5 cm in size, and less commonly 2.5 cm to 75 cm in size, are 0 to 10 percent in the A horizon, 0 to 25
percent in the B, and 0 to 30 percent in the C. The particle size control section commonly is 20 to 32
percent clay but ranges from 18 to 35 percent. Skeletans are evident in the lower part of the B horizon.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5 (6 or more dry), and chroma of 3 or 4. Some
pedons have a thin horizon that has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. The Ap or A
horizon is silt loam or loam. It is very strongly acid to neutral.
Some pedons have an E horizon. It is silt loam or loam. It is very strongly acid to neutral.
The Bt or 2Bt horizon commonly has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR with subhorizons of 7.5YR that are most
common in the upper part, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It commonly is loam, clay loam, sandy
clay loam, sandy clay, or their gravelly analogs, but some pedons have silt loam in the upper part or thin
subhorizons of silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay in the lower part. It is strongly acid or very strongly
acid.
The BC or 2BC horizon has hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 8, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is
sandy loam, loamy sand, or their gravelly analogs. It is very strongly acid to medium acid.
The C or 2C horizon has hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is
stratified loamy sand, sandy loam, or their gravelly analogs with strata less than 5 inches thick of sandy
clay loam or loam. It is very strongly acid to medium acid.
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Portia series in the same family and the Allegheny, Elk, Elkinsville,
Negley, Parke, Wheeling, and Williamsburg series. Portia soils have black concretions in the upper
argillic horizon and lack skeletans in the lower B horizon. Allegheny soils lack reddish hue and have
base saturation of less than 35 percent. Elk, Elkinsville, and Wheeling soils typically have sola less than
60 inches thick, lack reddish hue, and have mixed mineralogy, and in addition, Elk and Elkinsville soils
are fine-silty. Negley soils have mixed mineralogy and contain more gravel. Parke soils are fine-silty,
have mixed mineralogy, and lack skeletans in the lower part of the solum. Williamsburg soils have mixed
mineralogy and lack reddish hue.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Gallia soils are on interfluves of high terraces undergoing dissection and
have slope gradients of 2 to 25 percent. The soils formed in stratified old alluvium and some lacustrine
sediments in wide preglacial valleys that in some places have a silt or loess mantle up to 18 inches in
thickness. Some strata include pebbles and fragments of sandstone, shale, quartzite, and crystalline rocks.
Most of the coarse fragments except quartzite and chert are weathered and disintegrate readily. Mean
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annual precipitation ranges from about 35 to 44 inches, and mean annual air temperature ranges from
about 52 to 56 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Licking, Otwell, and Vincent soils on high
terraces and the Dekalb, Gilpin, Summitville, and Upshur soils. Licking and Vincent soils have fine
textured argillic horizons and underlying materials, and in addition, Licking soils are moderately well
drained. Otwell soils are moderately well drained, have fragipans, and are on broader, less sloping areas.
Dekalb, Gilpin, Summitville, and Upshur soils formed in residuum weathered from the underlying
sandstone, siltstone, and shale and are on nearby dissected uplands.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Gallia soils are well drained. Runoff is medium. Permeability is
moderate.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of these soils are used for general crops and orchards. Corn,
wheat, and hay are general farm crops. The original vegetation consisted of mixed deciduous forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Ohio and West Virginia. The series is not extensive,
less than 10,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Washington County, Ohio, 1973
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data available for the typical pedon (WS-1).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
68.0
GALLMAN
LOCATION GALLMAN
OH
Established Series
Rev. DRM-DNM-JAG
01/2011
GALLMAN SERIES
The Gallman series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in poorly sorted outwash with a high
content of shale of fine gravel size. These soils are on outwash plains, outwash terraces, kames, and
moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 18 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 965 mm (38 inches), and
mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
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TYPICAL PEDON: Gallman loam, on a 4 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 248 meters
(813 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine and
medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent fine gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth
boundary. [13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) thick]
BE--20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak fine and medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; few distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds;
common faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; 2 percent fine gravel; slightly
acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick]
Bt1--28 to 51 cm (11 to 20 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; common distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on faces
of peds; few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; 3 percent fine gravel; very
strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--51 to 76 cm (20 to 30 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; moderate coarse subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; few
distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR
5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 15 percent fine shale and crystalline gravel; very strongly
acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
Bt3--76 to 94 cm (30 to 37 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky
structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds and clay
bridging between sand grains and gravel; 8 percent fine gravel, mainly black shale; strongly acid; clear
wavy boundary.
Bt4--94 to 132 cm (37 to 52 inches); dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly sandy clay loam; massive; firm;
few fine roots; many faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay bridging between sand grains and gravel; 15
percent fine gravel, mainly black shale; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt5--132 to 168 cm (52 to 66 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly sandy clay loam; massive; firm;
common faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay bridging between sand grains and gravel; 25
percent fine gravel, mainly black shale; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt6--168 to 190 cm (66 to 75 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; thin lenses of silt loam; massive;
friable; few faint clay bridging between sand grains; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of
iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent fine gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined
thickness of the Bt horizon is 114 to 279 cm (45 to 110 inches).]
C--190 to 229 cm (75 to 90 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy sand; single grain; loose; common
coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent gravel;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Mercer County, Ohio; 2 miles northwest of Rockford, in Dublin Township;
Blackloon Reserve; 1372 feet west and 1425 feet north of the intersection of Blackloon Road and River
Trail Road, T. 4 S., R. 2 E.; USGS Rockford, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 43 minutes 04
seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 40 minutes 07 seconds W., NAD 27.
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RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the ochric epipedon: 13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 140 to 305 cm (55 to 120 inches)
Thickness of the solum: 140 to 305 cm (55 to 120 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 140 to 305 cm (55 to 120 inches); up to 38 cm (15 inches) of the lower part of the
solum contains carbonates in some pedons
Thickness of a silty mantle (more than 50 percent silt): 20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 inches), where present in
some pedons
Rock fragments: dominantly fine shale gravel with some limestone and crystalline erratics
Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 30 percent clay
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 to 5 (6 or 7 dry)
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam, sandy loam, or silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
BE horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam, sandy loam, or silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR, and less commonly 5YR in some subhorizons
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 2 to 4; chroma 2 occurs as "beta" material and is not indicative of wetness
Texture: sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, sandy loam, or coarse sandy loam, or the gravelly or very
gravelly analogs of these textures; some pedons contain thin subhorizons of silt loam or loamy sand
Rock fragment content: 2 to 30 percent in the upper part and 2 to 40 percent in the lower part
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral and commonly is slightly acid or neutral below a depth of 102 cm
(40 inches)
BC horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: sandy loam, loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loamy sand or the gravelly or very gravelly
analogs of these textures, or is stratified with these textures
Rock fragment content: 2 to 40 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y
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Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: dominantly sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand, or the gravelly or very gravelly
analogs of these textures; thin strata of loam, silt loam, or gravelly loam are in some pedons
Clay content: averages 3 to 15 percent
Rock fragment content: 2 to 40 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline
Loamy substratum phase:
Texture: dominantly loam, gravelly loam, or silt loam; strata of sandy loam, loamy sand, or the gravelly
analogs of these textures are in some pedons
Clay content: 15 to 27 percent
Rock fragment content: 2 to 40 percent
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
Till substratum phase:
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or silt loam
Clay content: 14 to 35 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Belmore, Caprell, Chili, Cliftycreek,
Conestoga, Crouse, Greybrook, Hickory, High Gap, Hollinger, Kanawha, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy,
Lumberton, Martinsville, Military, Mocksville, Ockley, Pignut, Princeton, Relay, Richardville, Riddles,
Senachwine, Skelton, Strawn, Wawaka, Wawasee, and Woodbine series. Amanda, Belmore, Caprell,
Chili, Hollinger, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Pignut, Senachwine, Strawn, Wawaka, and Wawasee soils
are less than 140 cm (55 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Belmont, High Gap, Lumberton,
Military, and Woodbine soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Cliftycreek soils
have between 35 and 75 percent clay in the lower part of the argillic horizon. Conestoga, Crouse,
Greybrook, Hickory, Martinsville, Ockley, and Richardville soils do not have rock fragments that are
dominantly of shale lithology. Kanawha soils formed in alluvium from interbedded shale, siltstone, and
sandstone on high bottoms and stream terraces. Mocksville soils are in a wetter climate with a mean
annual precipitation of more than 1016 mm (40 inches). Princeton soils have less than 2 percent rock
fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Relay soils have hue yellower than 10YR in the
Bt horizon. Riddles soils have lamellae in the lower part of the series control section. Skelton soils are
more acid than slightly acid in the lower part of the argillic horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Gallman soils are on outwash plains, outwash terraces, kames, and moraines.
Slope ranges from 0 to 18 percent. They formed in poorly sorted outwash with a high content of fine
black shale rock fragments and minor amounts of igneous, metamorphic, and limestone rock fragments.
Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1016 mm (30 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature
ranges from 10 to 12 degrees C (50 to 54 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 170 days. Elevation is
244 to 274 meters (800 to 900 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Cygnet, Houcktown, Millgrove, Rensselaer,
Sleeth, Thackery, and Westland soils. The Cygnet and Houcktown soils are on the margins of areas of
outwash and are underlain by till. Millgrove, Rensselaer, and Westland soils are very poorly drained and
are in depressions. Sleeth soils are somewhat poorly drained, have grayer subsoils, and are on lower
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topographic positions. Thackery soils are moderately well drained and are on slightly lower topographic
positions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for
surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the solum and high or
very high in the substratum. Permeability is moderately rapid in the solum and moderately rapid or rapid
in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay are the
principal crops. Some areas are used for permanent pasture and woodland. Native vegetation is hardwood
forest of oak, hickory, and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern and central Ohio; MLRA 111B. The series is of
moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Crawford County, Ohio, 1975.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (Ap, BE horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 190 cm (Bt horizon).
Loamy substratum and till substratum phases are presently recognized.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Supporting laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil
Characterization Laboratory is available for pedon AG-6.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
69.0
GERMANO
LOCATION GERMANO
OH
Established Series
Rev. CER-TDG-LER-DBD
10/2000
GERMANO SERIES
The Germano series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in residuum from weakly
cemented, fine to coarse grained fractured sandstone on uplands. Permeability is moderately rapid. Slopes
range from 2 to 40 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches, and mean annual temperature is
about 53 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults
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TYPICAL PEDON: Germano fine sandy loam - on an 8 percent slope at an elevation of 1250 feet above
msl, on a cropland ridgetop. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated).
Ap--0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine
and medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; about 5 percent sandstone fragments; slightly
acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (4 to 10 inches thick).
Bt1--10 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of
peds; common soft fragments; about 10 percent sandstone fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy
boundary.
Bt2--18 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery fine sandy loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of
peds; common soft fragments; about 15 percent sandstone fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
(Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 8 to 32 inches.)
C--26 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very channery fine sandy loam; massive; friable;
few fine roots; common soft fragments; about 45 percent sandstone fragments; very strongly acid; clear
wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick.)
Cr--33 to 37 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fractured weathered sandstone.
TYPE LOCATION: Harrison County, Ohio; Rumley Township; about 0.1 mile north of New Rumley;
2400 feet north and 2200 feet west of the southeast corner of section 14, T. 12 N., R. 5 W. Scio
topographic quadrangle, lat. 40 degrees, 24 minutes, 15 seconds N. long. 81 degrees, 01 minutes, 52
seconds, W. NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum and depth to the paralithic contact (soft
sandstone) range from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to the top of the argillic horizon ranges from 4 to 10
inches. Rock fragments, mainly fragments of sandstone up to 6 inches in length, range from 2 to 20
percent by volume in the A horizon, and E horizon (if
present), 3 to 35 percent in individual subhorizons of the Bt (up to 40 percent below the particle size
control section), and 20 to 80 percent in BC and C horizons, where present.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 3 or 4. Some pedons have an A horizon, 1 to
4 inches thick, that has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry), and chroma of 1 or 2. The Ap or A
horizon is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam; or channery analogues of these textures. It is very
strongly acid to moderately acid but range to neutral where limed.
The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is fine sandy
loam, sandy loam, loam, or channery analogues of these textures. It is strongly acid or very strongly acid.
In cultivated pedons the E horizon generally is incorporated into the Ap horizon. A BE horizon is in some
pedons.
The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It commonly is fine
sandy loam, sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loam, or channery analogues of these textures; but very
channery
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analogues of these textures are permitted in the lower part of the Bt horizon. It is typically moderately
acid to very strongly acid.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is channery to
extremely channery analogues of fine sandy loam, sandy loam or loamy sand. It is strongly acid to
extremely acid.
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family with Germano. Closely related
families include the Dunellen, Lansdale, Philomont, Rigley Steinsburg, and
Unicorn series. Dunellen soils have stratified materials in the series control section. Lansdale soils are
underlain by hard bedrock. Philomont, Rigley and Unicorn soils have a lithic contact at depths greater
than 40 inches. Steinsburg soils do not have an argillic horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Germano soils are on ridgetops and side slopes and have a convex or
planar surface. Slope gradients range from 2 to 40 percent. Climate is humid and temperate. The soils
formed mainly in residuum from weakly cemented fine to coarse grained fractured sandstone. Mean
annual precipitation ranges from about 36 to 44 inches,
and mean annual temperature ranges from about 50 to 54 degrees F. Frost free days range from 155 to
165 days per year. Elevation ranges from 1000 to 1400 feet above sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Coshocton, Gilpin, Hazleton, Rigley,
Schaffenaker, and Westmoreland soils on nearby upland landscapes. Except for Hazleton, Rigley, and
Schaffenaker, all of these soils formed in interbedded siltstone and shale and have an argillic
horizon. Gilpin, Coshocton, and Westmoreland soils are fine-loamy. The moderately deep, well drained
Gilpin soils are mainly on summits and shoulders. The deep, moderately well drained Coshocton soils and
deep, well drained Westmoreland soils are on summits, shoulders, side slopes, benches, and foot slopes;
typically at lower elevations than Germano
soils. The deep Hazleton and moderately deep Schaffenaker soils do not have an argillic horizon, and in
addition Hazleton soils are loamy-skeletal. These soils are on steep side slopes below Germano soils and
on higher domes and ridges. The deep, well drained Rigley soils are on side slopes below Germano soils.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is very low to
medium. Permeability is moderately rapid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Germano soils are cropped on gentler slopes and pastured or wooded on
steeper slopes. Natural vegetation was hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 124 and 126. In east-central and southeastern Ohio, and
possibly Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Harrison County, Ohio, 1991. The name is taken from the village of Germano
in Harrison County.
REMARKS: Prime farmland on slopes of less than 6 percent. Diagnostic horizons and features
recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - from the soil surface to a depth of about 10 inches (Ap),
argillic horizon - the zone from about 10 inches to 26 inches (Bt1, Bt2); paralithic contact - at a depth of
about 33 inches.
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ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for HR-5 (the typical pedon) AS-13 and JF-17
from the Soil Characterization Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
70.0
GILFORD
LOCATION GILFORD
IN+IA IL MI MO OH WI
Established Series
Rev. RAR-RAB-DAG
05/2012
GILFORD SERIES
The Gilford series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in loamy over
sandy sediments on outwash plains, near-shore zones (relict), and flood-plain steps. Slope ranges from 0
to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is
about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Gilford sandy loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a cultivated field at an
elevation of (766 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 28 cm (11 inches); black (10YR 2/1) sandy loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine
granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
A--28 to 36 cm (11 to 14 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sandy loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak fine
subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the A
horizon is 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches).]
Bg1--36 to 51 cm (14 to 20 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the
matrix; moderately acid; clear irregular boundary.
Bg2--51 to 81 cm (20 to 32 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the
matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 36 to 66 cm (14 to
26 inches).]
BCg--81 to 96 cm (32 to 38 inches); gray (10YR 6/1) loamy sand; weak fine subangular blocky
structure; very friable; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron;
neutral; clear wavy boundary. [10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches) thick]
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Cg1--96 to 122 cm (38 to 48 inches); gray (10YR 6/1) sand; single grain; loose; neutral; clear wavy
boundary.
Cg2--122 to 203 cm (48 to 80 inches); gray (10YR 6/1) coarse sand and sand; single grain; loose;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: St. Joseph County, Indiana; about 6 miles east and 3 miles north of South Bend;
1,900 feet west and 50 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 24, T. 38 N., R. 3 E.; USGS South Bend
East, IN topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 43 minutes 28.9 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 7
minutes 36.0 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 572638 easting and 4619584 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the cambic horizon: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches)
Depth to the BCg horizon: 76 to 102 cm (30 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: carbonates are present in at least one horizon between 102 to 140 cm (40 and 55
inches)
Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent fine gravel in the upper part of the series control section and 0 to 10
percent in the lower part
Ap or A horizon:
Hue:10YR or N
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam, or their mucky analogues
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Bg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 or 2; redox concentrations with higher chroma are usually present
Texture: fine sandy loam or sandy loam
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
BCg horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 2
Texture: loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sand, or sand
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral
Cg or C horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loamy sand, sand, coarse sand, or fine sand
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral above a depth of 102 cm (40 inches) and neutral to moderately alkaline
below
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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Darfur, Dassel, Goodell, Hanska, Jubilee, Lyles, Monon,
Mudgepond, Overshue, Toolesboro, Uniongrove, and Whitepost series. Darfur and Overshue soils are in a
climate where the mean annual temperature is less than 8.9 degres C (48 degrees F), and the mean annual
precipitation is less than 762 mm (30 inches). Dassel soils have textural stratification in the cambic
horizon and are in a climate where the mean annual precipitation is less than 762 mm (30 inches).
Goodell and Mudgepond soils have a layer in the lower part of the series control section that has less than
70 percent sand. Hanska and Gilford soils have overlapping soil properties within the series control
section and are not clearly differentiated. Jubilee soils contain mica flakes and are in a climate where the
mean annual precipitation is less than 762 mm (30 inches). Lyles soils are greater than 102 cm (40 inches)
to sand and loamy sand textures. Monon and Toolesboro soils do not have carbonates in the lower part of
the series control section. Uniongrove soils are deeper than 127 cm (50 inches) to the base of the cambic
horizon and have an accumulation of secondary carbonates in the lower part of the series control section.
Whitepost soils have more than 27 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Gilford soils are commonly in broad closed depressions on outwash plains,
near-shore zones (relict), and on flood-plain steps. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Gilford soils formed
in loamy over sandy sediments. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches).
Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.5 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130
to 210 days. Elevation is 104 to 466 meters (340 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brady, Branch, Bronson, Granby, Maumee,
Morocco, Mussey, Ormas, and Oshtemo soils. The well drained Boyer, Ormas, and Oshtemo soils are on
summits and swells of outwash plains or on backslopes of dissected outwash plains. The moderately well
drained Branch and Bronson soils are on summits and swells of outwash plains. The somewhat poorly
drained Brady and Morocco soils are on nearly level outwash plains. The poorly drained or very poorly
drained Granby, Maumee, and Mussey soils are on outwash plains adjacent to the Gilford soils.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly
drained. In drained areas, the depth to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 15 cm
(0.5 feet) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below the surface between December and May in normal
years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the upper part
and very rapid in the lower part. Permeability is moderately rapid in the upper part and rapid in the lower
part.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are used for growing corn, soybeans, wheat, and oats. A
few areas are forested. Native vegetation is dominantly herbaceous wetland.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 99, 108A, 108B, 110, 111B, 111C, and 115C in
northern Indiana, Michigan, northwestern Ohio, southeastern Wisconsin, southeastern Iowa, northeastern
Missouri, and northern and central Illinois. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tuscola County, Michigan, 1926.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to 14 inches (Ap, A).
Cambic horizon: from 14 to 32 inches (Bg1, Bg2).
Aquic conditions: matrix color with chroma of 1 below the mollic epipedon.
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NASIS Data Mapunit ID 124268 represents the typical pedon.
NASIS Data Mapunit ID 124269 represents a mucky surface phase.
A gravelly, bedrock, loamy, and noncalcareous substratum phases are recognized, and may become new
series when the subset soil surveys with these phases are updated. Also, a flooded phase and an undrained
phase are recognized. The Monon series was developed for the bedrock substratum phase. The Goodell
series was developed for the loamy substratum phase. The Whitepost series was developed for the
lacustrine substratum phase.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data for the typical pedon (S01IN-141-004) is available
from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. Transect data (T98IN-141-001) for the typical
pedon is on file in MLRA project office, Plymouth, Indiana. Transect shows 100 percent Gilford soils.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
71.0
GILPIN
LOCATION GILPIN
PA+GA IN KY MD NY OH TN VA WV
Established Series
SLH/Rev. MDJ
10/2014
GILPIN SERIES
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Gilpin channery silt loam on a 3 percent northwest facing slope in cropland. (Colors
are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) channery silt loam; weak fine granular
structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 20 percent rock fragments of subangular siltstone
and shale; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches thick)
Bt1--20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery silt loam; weak fine and
medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few distinct clay films on
faces of peds and in pores; 25 percent rock fragments of subangular siltstone and shale; moderately acid;
gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--33 to 61 cm (13 to 24 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery silt loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and moderately plastic; few distinct clay films on
faces of peds and in pores; 30 percent rock fragments of subangular siltstone and shale; very strongly
acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 30 to 66 cm thick (12 to 26 inches.)
C--61 to 79 cm (24 to 30 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) extremely channery loam; massive; friable,
slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few faint clay films and common prominent black coatings on
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fragments; 60 percent rock fragments of subangular siltstone and shale; very strongly acid; clear wavy
boundary. (0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches thick)
R--79 cm (30 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) fractured, thin bedded, shale and siltstone with silt
and clay coatings in fractures; strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION:
County: Indiana
State: Pennsylvania
USGS Quadrangle: Marion Center
Latitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD 83): 40.8550642
Longitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD 83): -79.018367
Directions to the pedon: In North Mahoning Township about mile southeast of Marchand, on a hilltop
500 feet east of Township Road 660.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the top of the Argillic: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches)
Depth to the base of the Argillic: 53 to 94 cm (21 to 37 inches)
Solum Thickness: 45 to 91 cm (18 to 36 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth Class: Moderately deep
Rock Fragment content: 5 to 40 percent, by volume, in the solum and 30 to 90 percent, by volume, in the
C horizon. The rock fragment content is less than 35 percent, by volume, in the upper 20 inches of the
argillic horizon. Rock fragments are mostly angular to subangular channers of shale, siltstone, and
sandstone.
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid through strongly acid throughout, except where limed
Range of Individual Horizons:
Ap horizon:
Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 through 4
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or loam
A horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 through 4, and chroma of 1 through 3
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or loam
E, BE, or BA horizons (if they occur):
Color--hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or loam
Bt horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 4 through 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Clay films--occur on ped faces, pores, and on rock fragments and are few or common and faint or distinct.
BC horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 3 through 6, and chroma of 2 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam
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C horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 3 through 6, and chroma of 2 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam
Some pedons have a Cr horizon.
The R horizon is horizontal interbedded shale, siltstone, or fine grained sandstone.
COMPETING SERIES:
Arcola soils--are weathered from Triassic and Jurassic bedrock
Bedington soils--are very deep to bedrock
Bucks soils--are deep to bedrock with a silt mantle
Collington soils--are very deep to bedrock
Edgemont soils--are deep and very deep to quartzitic bedrock
Edneytown soils--are very deep to igneous and high-grade metamorphic bedrock
Freehold soils--are very deep and form in marine sediments containing glauconite
Gladstone soils--are very deep to residual and colluvial granitic gneiss bedrock
Joanna soils--are very deep to Triassic bedrock
Leedsville soils--are very deep to Triassic and Jurassic bedrock
Millstone soils--are very deep and form in loamy alluvium
Penargyl soils--are very deep and form in till over shale residuum bedrock
Pennval soils--are very deep and form in colluvium
Pigeonroost soils--form from igneous and high-grade metamorphic bedrock
Pineville soils--are very deep and form in colluvium
Quakertown soils--are deep to bedrock
Rayne soils--are deep and very deep to bedrock
Shelocta soils--are deep and very deep and form in colluvium or colluvium and residuum
Syenite soils--form from residual granite bedrock
Wist soils--are very deep to bedrock and form from glauconite bearing fluviomarine deposits
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
MLRA(s) using this series: 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 147
Landscape: Upland
Landform: Ridge, hill, and hillslope
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, head slope, nose slope, or side slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, or backslope
Parent Material Origin: Nearly horizontal, interbedded gray and brown acid siltstone, shale, and
sandstone
Parent Material Kind: Residuum
Slope: 0 to 70 percent
Elevation: 91 to 1097 meters (300 to 3600 feet)
Frost-free period: 120 to 180 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 7 to 14 degrees C. (46 to 57 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 914 to 1270 millimeters (36 to 50 inches)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Beech soils--occur on footslopes and are moderately well drained
Berks soils--occur on similar landscapes, do not have an argillic horizon, and have more coarse fragments
in the solum and substratum
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Cavode soils--occur on similar landscapes and are somewhat poorly drained
Clarksburg soils--occur on footslopes and are moderately well drained
Dekalb soils--occur on similar landscapes, have sandier textures, and have more coarse fragments in the
solum and substratum
Ernest soils--occur on footslopes and are moderately well or somewhat poorly drained
Muskingum soils--occur on similar landscapes, do not have an argillic horizon, and are deep to bedrock
Rayne soils--occur on similar landscapes and are deeper than 102 cm to bedrock
Shelocta soils--occur on similar landscapes and are deeper than 102 cm to bedrock
Upshur soils--occur on similar landscapes, have finer textures in the solum and substratum, and are deep
and very deep to bedrock
Vandalia soils--occur on footslopes, have finer textures in the solum and substratum, and are very deep to
bedrock
Wellston soils--occur on similar landscapes and are deep and very deep to bedrock
Westmoreland soils--occur on similar landscapes and are deep and very deep to bedrock
Wharton soils--occur on similar landscapes, are moderately well drained, and are deep and very deep to
bedrock
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible through high
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: High
Permeability Class (obsolete): Moderate
Shrink-Swell Class: Low
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Hayland, pasture, cropland, and woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--Grass-legume hay, corn, soybeans, wheat, or oats. Where
wooded--Oaks, maple, hickory, and yellow-poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Pennsylvania, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Tennessee,
Virginia, and West Virginia
Extent: Large, over 6 million acres, at the time of this revision
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE:
VIRGINIA
MORGANTOWN, WEST
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Indiana County, Pennsylvania, 1931.
REMARKS:
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 20 cm (Ap horizon)
Argillic horizon--the zone from 20 to 61 cm (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons)
Lithic contact--the zone starting at 79 cm (R horizon)
Series control section--the zone from 0 to 79 cm
ADDITIONAL DATA:
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Characterization sample 61PA063056 is from the Type Location, and was used as the basis for placing
this series in the active CEC class.
Characterization data is available from the Pennsylvania State Soil Characterization Laboratory for the
following pedons: 75PA003001, 61PA063054, 65PA003008, S1965PA063180
Characterization data is available from The Ohio State Soil Characterization Laboratory for the following
pedons: KX-043, PR-004, PR-005, ho-011, cs-019, cs-020, cs-024, mn-w15, mn-w20, at-W03, lw-s01,
ws-023, ws-w08, ws-w10, ws-w34, ws-w35, As-007, Sk-025, bt-w02, AS-7, CA-W20, CA-W21, CS-W9,
CS-W10, CS-W11, BT-S2, BT-W2, JF-16, MS-W1, MS-W2, MS-S4, TU-1, MN-8, MN-10, MN-26,
MN-W3, MN-W9, MN-W43, SK-25, PR-4, PR-5, WS-W34, WS-W35
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
72.0
GLENDORA
LOCATION GLENDORA
MI+MN OH WI
Established Series
Rev. NWS-LWB-WEF-MLK
08/2012
GLENDORA SERIES
The Glendora series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in sandy
alluvium. These soils are on nearly level areas or slight depressions, including old drainageways, and on
flood plains in river valleys. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm
(34 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 7.8 degrees C (46 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Mollic Psammaquents
TYPICAL PEDON: Glendora sandy loam, on a slope of 1 percent in an undisturbed area on a flood plain.
(Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
A--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); black (10YR 2/1) sandy loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine
granular structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches)
thick]
Cg--20 to 53 cm (8 to 21 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sand; single grain; loose; common fine
roots; black (10YR 2/1) loamy sand and organic bands 0.3 to 2 cm (1/8 to 1 inch) thick; common medium
faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
C1--53 to 107 cm (21 to 42 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sand;
single grain; loose; common fine roots; black (10YR 2/1) organic bands less than 0.6 cm (1/4 inch) thick;
neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
C2--107 to 158 cm (42 to 62 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sand; single grain; loose; black (10YR 2/1)
organic bands 0.3 to 1 cm (1/8 to 1/2 inch) thick; neutral.
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TYPE LOCATION: Kalamazoo County, Michigan; about 1 mile southwest of the village of Fulton; about
1,200 feet north and 50 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 20, T. 4 S., R. 9 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to carbonates: deeper than 46 cm (18 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 0 to 10 percent clay and 70 to 100 percent sand
Series control section: has an irregular decrease in organic carbon
A horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: sandy loam, mucky sandy loam, fine sandy loam, mucky silt loam, loam, loamy fine sand, loamy
sand, fine sand, sand, mucky sand, mucky loamy sand, mucky loamy fine sand, mucky loamy fine sand,
or mucky loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent gravel and cobbles
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline
C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y
Value: 2 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: typically sand or fine sand, but includes loamy sand and loamy fine sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent gravel and cobbles
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline
Organic bands have colors similar to the A horizon. Some pedons do not have organic bands. Thin lenses
of gravelly sand are below a depth of 100 cm (40 inches) in some pedons.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Kanza, Kingsville, Marlake, Pay, Plev, Tobico, and Vestaburg
series. Kanza and Plev soils are in warmer areas that have a mean annual temperature greater than 11.1
degrees C (52 degrees F). Kingsville soils do not have an irregular decrease in organic carbon in the series
control section. Marlake soils are in drier areas that have a mean annual precipitation of less than 737 mm
(29 inches). Pay and Vestaburg soils have more than 3 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the
series control section. Tobico have carbonates within a depth of 46 cm (18 inches) and do not have an
irregular decrease in organic carbon in the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Glendora soils are in nearly level areas or slight depressions, including old
drainageways, and on flood plains in river valleys. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The Glendora soils
formed in sandy alluvium. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 991 mm (29 to 39 inches). Mean
annual temperature ranges from 5.0 to 11.1 degrees C (41 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 115 to 220
days. Elevation is 175 to 470 meters (575 to 1,540 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Abscota, Algansee, Cohoctah and Sloan
soils. The moderately well drained Abscota and the somewhat poorly drained Algansee soils are on
slightly higher landscape positions and are in a drainage sequence with Glendora soils. Cohoctah soils are
on landscape positions similar to those of the Glendora soils on flood plains and have a sand content that
averages less than 70 percent in the particle-size control section. Sloan soils are on landscape positions
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similar to those of the Glendora soils on flood plains and have a clay content that averages 22 to 35
percent in the particle-size control section.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly
drained. Depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) between
September and June in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic
conductivity is high or very high. These soils are frequently or occasionally flooded for brief to very long
duration. These soils are subject to occasional ponding up to 15 cm (0.5 feet) for brief duration.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are pastured or forestland. Some areas are cultivated. Corn and
hay are the principal crops. Native vegetation is American elm, white ash, swamp white oak, and quaking
aspen.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 89, 96, 97, 98, 99, 105, and 111B in southern Michigan,
northern Ohio, south-central Wisconsin, and southeastern Minnesota. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (A horizon).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
73.0
GLENFORD
LOCATION GLENFORD
OH+PA WV
Established Series
Rev. GMS-JRS-LER
02/2012
GLENFORD SERIES
The Glenford series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in stratified Wisconsinan
age glaciolacustrine or stream sediments on lake plains, stream terraces, and outwash plains and terraces.
Permeability is moderate or moderately slow in the upper part of the subsoil and moderately slow in the
lower part of the subsoil and the substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. The mean annual
precipitation is about 36 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Glenford silt loam, on a 3 percent slope in an idle field at an elevation of about 1,140
feet above msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
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Ap -- 0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular
structure; friable; many roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick.)
BA -- 7 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; common roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick.)
Bt1 -- 10 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; few roots; thin patchy dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films in voids and on
faces of peds; common fine distinct light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) masses of iron accumulation in the
matrix; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2 -- 17 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic
structure parting to weak thick platy; firm; few roots; thin patchy clay films in voids and on faces of peds;
few medium very dark brown (10YR 2/2) soft iron and manganese oxide accumulations; few fine distinct
light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses
of iron accumulation as rinds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon
ranges from 20 to 33 inches.)
BC -- 30 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to
weak thin platy structure; friable; few roots; few clay enriched areas in upper part of horizon; few fine
prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; brownish yellow (10YR
6/6) and yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation as rinds and stains; moderately acid; clear
wavy boundary. (0 to 25 inches thick.)
C -- 42 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam, with few lenses of very fine sand; weak
thick platy structure; friable; common fine and medium prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) areas of
iron depletion in the matrix; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation as rinds; slightly
acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Portage County, Ohio; Brimfield Township, about 0.5 mile south of Kent, 800 feet
south of the intersection of Sunnybrook Road (County Highway 11) and Melroy Road (Township Road
92) along Sunnybrook Road, then 250 feet west. T. 2 N., R. 9 W. USGS Kent, Ohio topographic
quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 7 minutes, 45 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 21 minutes, 54
seconds W., NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The solum thickness ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Rock fragments
are typically absent, but range up to 3 percent in the BC horizon and 10 percent in the C horizon.
Stratification is evident within the series control section.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. An A horizon, when
present, is 1 to 4 inches thick and has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.
Structure is weak or moderate, very fine to medium, granular or angular blocky. Reaction ranges from
very strongly acid to moderately acid. Areas that have been limed are slightly acid or neutral.
Some pedons have an E horizon that is 2 to 8 inches thick and has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and
chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is silt loam. Structure is weak or moderate, fine or medium, subangular or
angular blocky. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.
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Some pedons have a BE horizon with hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silt
loam. Structure is weak or moderate, fine or medium, subangular or angular blocky. Reaction ranges from
very strongly acid to moderately acid. Some pedons have a B/E horizon.
The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is silty clay
loam or silt loam. Some pedons have strata of loam, very fine sandy loam or fine sandy loam. Structure is
moderate or strong, fine to coarse, subangular or angular blocky, or weak, medium or coarse, prismatic, or
thin to thick platy. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid. Some pedons have a thin
layer with slight brittleness in the middle or lower part of the Bt horizons.
The BC horizon has texture of silt loam or silty clay loam, with strata of fine sandy loam in some pedons.
Structure is weak, coarse subangular or angular blocky, or very coarse prismatic, or thin to thick platy.
Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is commonly
stratified silt, silt loam, or silty clay loam. Some pedons have strata of loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam
or silty clay, or lenses of very fine sand or fine sand. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly
alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Appleriver, Blair, Bunkum, Fishhook, Freeburg, Geff, Keene,
Muren, Reesville, Sugarvalley, Torox, and Xenia series. Appleriver, Keene, Muren, Reesville and Xenia
soils lack stratification in the series control section. Blair, Fishhook, and Geff soils have a thicker solum.
Bunkum and Freeburg soils have higher mean annual temperatures. Sugarvalley and Torox soils have
carbonates within 60 inches.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Glenford soils formed in stratified Wisconsinan age glaciolacustrine or
stream sediments derived from materials high in sandstone and shale. Glenford soils are on summits,
shoulders and side slopes on lake plains, and on risers and treads on terraces of streams and outwash
plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 29 to 43 inches, and
mean annual temperature ranges from 47 to 52 degrees F. The frost free period is 133 to 198 days, and
elevation ranges from 720 to 1,100 feet above msl.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The Glenford series is a member of the drainage sequence
that includes the well drained Mentor, somewhat poorly drained Fitchville, poorly drained Sebring, and
very poorly drained Luray soils. Chagrin, Lobdell, and Orrville soils are on adjacent flood plains and have
lower silt content. Caneadea and Canadice soils are on adjacent lacustrine areas and have higher clay
content. Wheeling, Chili, Bogart, and Jimtown soils are on nearby gravelly outwash. Nearby upland soils
derived from till include Wooster, Rittman, Ellsworth, and Pierpont soils and members of their drainage
sequences.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. The potential for surface runoff ranges
from low to very high. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow in the upper part of the subsoil and
moderately slow in the lower part of the subsoil and the substratum. Depth to the top of an intermittent
apparent seasonal high water table is from 1.0 to 2.0 feet from December to April in normal years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas have been cleared and used for cropland or permanent pasture.
Corn, small grains, and hay are the principal crops. Some areas are still in woodland. Many areas near
cities are in nonagricultural uses. Native vegetation was deciduous forest.
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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern, eastern and southern Ohio, southwestern Pennsylvania
and northwestern West Virginia. MLRA's 99, 111, 114, 121, 124, 126, 139 and 140. The series is of large
extent with a total of about 129,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930.
REMARKS: This revision reflects taxonomic classification updates of the 8th Edition of Keys to Soil
Taxonomy. It is anticipated that the Glenford soils correlated in MLRA's other than those in Region R
may be recorrelated as new series in future MLRA update activities.
Diagnostic horizons and features in this pedon include:
1. Ochric epipedon - from a depth of 0 to 7 inches (Ap horizon).
2. Argillic horizon - from a depth of 10 to 30 inches (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons).
3. Aquic conditions - from a depth of 17 to 80 inches.
4. Udic moisture regime.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedon PG-5 for characterization data on the typical pedon, from Portage
County, Ohio; analysis by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
74.0
GLYNWOOD
LOCATION GLYNWOOD
OH+IN MI
Established Series
Rev. RAR-RMG-JAG
04/2007
GLYNWOOD SERIES
The Glynwood series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep or
deep to dense till. They formed in a thin layer of loess and the underlying till. These soils are on ground
moraines and end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 40 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914
mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Glynwood silt loam, on a convex, 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation
of 260 meters (854 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry;
weak fine granular structure; friable; many roots; few fine faint black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese
oxide concretions in the matrix; 2 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to 10
inches) thick]
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E--18 to 23 cm (7 to 9 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak very thin platy structure; friable; many
roots; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine
distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese oxide concretions and faint dark brown (10YR 3/3) iron and
manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; many worm casts; 1 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt
wavy boundary. [0 to 8 cm (3 inches) thick in cultivated pedons and 8 to 20 cm (3 to 8 inches) thick in
undisturbed pedons]
BE--23 to 30 cm (9 to 12 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak medium
prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and fine subangular blocky; firm; common roots; many
faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) and brown (10YR 5/3) skeletans on faces of peds; common medium distinct
and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 1 percent
gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick]
2Bt1--30 to 41 cm (12 to 16 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay; moderate medium
prismatic structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; firm; common roots; many faint dark
yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) skeletans
on faces of prisms; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix;
many fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent
gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
2Bt2--41 to 51 cm (16 to 20 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; moderate and strong
medium prismatic structure parting to strong coarse angular blocky; firm; common roots; many faint dark
yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; few faint pale brown (10YR 6/3)
skeletans on faces of prisms; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the
matrix; many fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1
percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
2Bt3--51 to 58 cm (20 to 23 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate
medium prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse angular blocky; firm; few roots; many faint brown
(10YR 5/3) and dark brown (10YR 3/3), and distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of
peds and in pores; many fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the
matrix; 2 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon
is 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches).]
2BC1--58 to 69 cm (23 to 27 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; weak coarse
prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; few roots; common faint brown
(10YR 4/3) and distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common fine
distinct and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix;
many fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 3 percent
gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
2BC2--69 to 81 cm (27 to 32 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak coarse
prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; very firm; few roots; very few faint dark
brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common faint pale brown (10YR 6/3)
carbonate coatings on faces of prisms; few distinct gray (10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings overlying the pale
brown coatings in a dendritic pattern; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; many fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions in
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the matrix; 3 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
[Combined thickness of the 2BC horizon is 0 to 41 cm (16 inches).]
2Cd--81 to 203 cm (32 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; massive, with widely
spaced vertical fractures and horizontal platy tendencies; very firm; few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3)
and gray (5Y 5/1) carbonate coatings on faces of fractures; few discontinuous prominent strong brown
(7.5YR 5/6 and 5/8) hypocoats beneath the carbonate coatings; few fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) iron
and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 5 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Auglaize County, Ohio; approximately 5 miles northeast of St. Marys and 1 mile
north of Glynwood, in Moulton Township; about 500 feet east and 900 feet north of the southwest corner
of sec. 17, T. 5 S., R. 5 E.; USGS Moulton, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 36 minutes 00
seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 18 minutes 57 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 727119 easting and
4497824 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the ochric epipedon: 13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 38 to 107 cm (15 to 42 inches)
Thickness of the solum: 63 to 127 cm (25 to 50 inches)
Depth to the densic contact: 63 to 127 cm (25 to 50 inches)
Depth to carbonates: typically 41 to 102 cm (16 to 40 inches), but ranges to 25 cm (10 inches) in severely
eroded pedons
Rock fragments: dominantly limestone and crystalline glacial erratics
Mean annual soil temperature: 10 to 14 degrees C (50 to 57 degrees F)
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: typically silt loam or loam; eroded pedons typically are clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 2.5 to 15 cm (1 to 6 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry)
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
E horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silt loam or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
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Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
BE horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
2Bt or 2Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: silty clay, clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the
lower part
2BC or 2BCg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: silty clay, clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline
Some pedons have a Bt, BC, Cd, or Cdg horizon in areas where the loess mantle is absent. Some pedons
have a 2CB horizon.
2Cd or 2Cdg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: clay loam or silty clay loam
Clay content: 27 to 40 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 22 to 35 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Cardington, Ellsworth, Geeburg, Mortimer, Pert, Shinrock, and
Wyatt series. Cardington, Ellsworth, and Geeburg soils have a calcium carbonate equivalent of less than
22 percent in the lower part of the series control section. Mortimer soils average more than 40 percent
clay in the lower part of the series control section. Pert soils have sola less than 63 cm (25 inches) thick.
Shinrock and Wyatt soils do not have rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Glynwood soils are on ground moraines and end moraines of Wisconsinan
age. Slope gradient is typically 2 to 18 percent, but ranges from 0 to 40 percent. They formed in a thin
layer of loess and the underlying clay loam or silty clay loam till. Some areas do not have a loess mantle.
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Mean annual precipitation ranges from 813 to 1067 mm (32 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature
ranges from 9 to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 170 days. Elevation is 244
to 305 meters (800 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the somewhat poorly drained Blount, well
drained Lybrand, moderately well drained Morley, and very poorly drained Pewamo soils that are in a
toposequence with the Glynwood soils. Blount soils are on flatter or more concave positions. Lybrand and
Morley soils are on higher positions or more sloping areas along drainageways. Pewamo soils are in
depressions and drainageways.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The
depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) between
January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is medium to very high. Saturated
hydraulic conductivity is moderately low in the solum and low in the dense till. Permeability is slow in
the solum and slow or very slow in the dense till.
USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is under cultivation, primarily corn, grass-legume hay,
oats, soybeans, and wheat. A relatively small proportion is in permanent bluegrass pasture or in
woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest, principally ash, beech, elm, hickory, oak, and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West-central Ohio, southern Michigan, and northern Indiana; mainly
in MLRA 111B and less extensively in MLRAs 97, 98, 99, 111A, and 111C. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Miami County, Ohio, 1973.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (Ap, E, BE horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 58 cm (2Bt horizon).
Densic contact: at 81 cm (top of the 2Cd horizon).
Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons between a depth of 30 and 81 cm (2Bt, 2BC horizons).
A limestone substratum phase is recognized. The thin solum phase mapped in earlier surveys does not fit
the series concept. It likely will be recorrelated as a new series when its area of use is updated.
Supporting laboratory data is needed to confirm the presence of densic materials in the 2Cd horizon.
Glynwood map units in lake plain settings will need to be evaluated during MLRA modernization
projects.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil
Characterization Laboratory are available for the following pedons: AG-1 (type location), AG-8, MC-11,
LG-40, MW-16, and SA-30. Laboratory characterization data is also available from the USDA, NRCS,
National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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75.0
GRANBY
LOCATION GRANBY
MI+IA IL IN MN NY OH WI
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-WEF-GLH
08/2012
GRANBY SERIES
The Granby series consists of very deep, poorly drained or very poorly drained soils formed in sandy
outwash or sandy glaciolacustrine deposits on outwash plains, lake plains, and glacial drainageways.
Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean
annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, mesic Typic Endoaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Granby loamy sand, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 190
meters (624 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 25 cm (10 inches); black (10YR 2/1) loamy sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak
medium granular structure; very friable; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [25 to 38 cm (10 to 15 inches)
thick]
Bg1--25 to 41 cm (10 to 16 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky
structure; very friable; few medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix;
slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bg2--41 to 81 cm (16 to 32 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sand; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; very friable; common medium faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) and gray (10YR 5/1) iron
depletions in the matrix; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 30 to
102 cm (12 to 40 inches).]
Cg--81 to 203 cm (32 to 80 inches); light gray (10YR 7/2) sand; single grain; loose; common medium
faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and few medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix;
neutral.
TYPE LOCATION: Ottawa County, Michigan; about 7 miles west and 1/2 mile south of Allendale; 350
feet east and 400 feet north of the center of sec. 28, T. 7 N., R. 15 W.; USGS Borculo topographic
quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 57 minutes 58.42 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 5 minutes 28.51 seconds
W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 574106 easting and 4757467 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: typically 76 to 102 cm (30 to 40 inches), but ranges from 51 to 132 cm (20 to 52
inches)
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
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Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: sand, mucky sand, loamy sand, mucky loamy sand, loamy fine sand, mucky loamy fine sand,
fine sand, mucky fine sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Bw or Bg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 3; or hue of 5Y and chroma of 3 or less with distinct or prominent redoximorphic features;
pedons that do not have a dominant chroma of 2 or less have colors due to uncoated mineral grains
Texture: fine sand, sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline
C or Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: sand, coarse sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline
Clayey substratum phase:
Depth: 152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 inches)
Texture: silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Gumz, Kentland, Loup, and Maumee series. Gumz soils have a
lithologic discontinuity with till in the lower part of the series control section. Kentland soils have an
organic layer in the middle part of the series control section. Loup soils are in drier climates that receive
less than 762 mm (30 inches) of annual precipitation. Maumee soils have a mollic epipedon that is more
than 38 cm (15 inches) thick.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Granby soils are on outwash plains, lake plains, and glacial drainageways.
Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Granby soils formed in sandy outwash or sandy glaciolacustrine
deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual
temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days.
Elevation is 183 to 466 meters (600 to 1,150 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Chelsea, Gilford, Oakville, Pipestone,
Spinks, Tedrow, and Watseka soils, and the competing Gumz soils. The excessively drained Chelsea and
Oakville soils and the well drained Spinks soils are on nearby beach ridges and moraines. The poorly
drained or very poorly drained Gilford and Gumz soils are on similar landforms. The somewhat poorly
drained Pipestone soils are associated with Granby soils at the northern extent of its range and are on
swells. The somewhat poorly drained Tedrow and Watseka soils are on higher positions on the landscape.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained or very poorly
drained. Depth to an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to
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30 cm (1 foot) below the surface for some time in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high. Permeability is rapid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow small grain, hay, corn, soybeans, small fruits,
and vegetables. Some areas are in permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is marsh grasses,
reeds, sedges, aspen, oak, silver maple, elm, and eastern white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Primarily in MLRAs 98 and 99, and to a lesser extent in MLRAs 91B,
95A, 95B, 97, 101, 103, 105, 110, 111B, 111C, 141, 142, and 144A in southern Michigan, northern
Indiana, northern Ohio, southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, northeastern Illinois and New York.
The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Oswego County, New York, 1917.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (10 inches) (Ap horizon).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features immediately below the mollic epipedon and in all underlying
horizons.
Loamy and gravelly substratum phases with loamy or gravelly textures at depths of 102 to 152 cm (40 to
60 inches) are no longer within the series concept.
A till substratum phase is presently recognized in Ohio and may become a new series as subsets with this
phase are updated. The till substrata is dense, has 27 to 42 percent clay, and occurs at depths of 152 to 203
cm (60 to 80 inches).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Records: MI0029 -MAAT<50; MI0395 - MAAT>50; MI0524
- MAAT>50, MUCKY SURFACE; MI0529 - MAAT<50, MUCKY SURFACE; MI0118 - HIGH PPT;
MI0672 - LOW PPT; MI0623 - CLAYEY SUBSTRATUM.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
76.0
GUERNSEY
LOCATION GUERNSEY
OH+MD PA VA WV
Established Series
Rev. DRM
08/2003
GUERNSEY SERIES
The Guernsey series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils formed in colluvium and residuum
from interbedded siltstone, shale, and limestone. These upland soils have moderately slow or slow
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permeability. Slopes range from 2 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 41 inches, and mean
annual temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Guernsey silt loam-on a 20 percent east facing slope in a pasture. (Colors are for
moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate coarse granular
structure; friable; many fine roots; 5 percent small fragments of sandstone; strongly acid; abrupt smooth
boundary.
BE--8 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; common fine roots; many fine pores; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) silt coats on vertical faces
of peds; 2 percent small fragments of sandstone; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 8 inches
thick)
Bt1--15 to 22 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky
structure; firm; common fine roots; common fine pores; common faint brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on
faces of peds; 5 percent small fragments of sandstone; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--22 to 37 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay; common medium prominent
yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation and grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions;
moderate medium subangular and angular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; common faint
brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent small fragments of sandstone; few dark stains
(iron and manganese oxides) on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
Bt3--37 to 54 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay loam; many medium prominent brown (7.5YR
4/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; weak fine subangular blocky
structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay films on faces of peds; 5
percent flat fragments of sandstone and siltstone in most of horizon, but increasing with depth to 40
percent in a thin subhorizon in the lower part; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (Combined
thickness of the Bt horizons is 15 to 55 inches.)
2C--54 to 60 inches; gray (N 5/0) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) shaly silty clay loam; massive, but
platy tendency in the lower part inherited from the soft weathered shale; firm; 25 percent flat fragments of
shale; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 20 inches thick)
2Cr--60 inches; gray (N 5/0) and very dark gray (N 3/0) weathered shale bedrock; cuts with difficulty by
spade.
TYPE LOCATION: Noble County, Ohio; Center Township; 2.75 miles east of Belle Valley; 1090 feet
south and 50 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 23, T. 7 N., R. 9 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Depth to
bedrock is more than 50 inches. Some pedons have free carbonates at a depth greater than 30 inches.
Rock fragments, small flat fragments of sandstone, siltstone, or limestone range from 2 to 15 percent by
volume in the Ap horizon, 2 to 25 percent in the Bt horizon, and 2 to 35 percent in the 2BC and 2C
horizons. A very stony phase is recognized.
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The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5 (6 or more dry), and chroma of 2 to 4. Some pedons
have an A horizon 1 to 4 inches thick that has value of 3 or 4 (5 or 6 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. The Ap
and A horizons commonly are silt loam, but the Ap horizon ranges to silty clay loam. They commonly
are moderately acid to very strongly acid, but the Ap horizon ranges to neutral where limed.
In cultivated pedons the E horizon is generally mixed in the Ap. Undisturbed pedons have an E horizon 3
to 10 inches thick. It is silt loam and is strongly acid or very strongly acid.
The Bt horizon commonly has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 3 to 8. Thin
subhorizons of 5Y or 5YR and chroma of 1 or 2 in the lower part are permitted. Iron depletions of low
chroma are within the upper 10 inches. The Bt horizon is silt loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay; or
shaly or channery analogues of silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay in the lower part. Subhorizons of silt
loam are confined to the upper part. The Bt horizon is very strongly acid to moderately acid in the upper
part, and reaction generally increases with increasing depth ranging to mildly alkaline in the lower part.
Some pedons have a BC, C, or 2Bt horizons.
The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral; value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 6. It
is clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam; or their channery or shaly analogues. It is moderately acid to
moderately alkaline and less commonly strongly acid in the upper part.
Bedrock is weathered or thinly bedded clay shale, siltstone or limestone that is slightly acid to moderately
alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: The Vandergrift series in the same family is the only other competitor.
Vandergrift soils have hue of 5YR or redder throughout the B horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Guernsey soils are dominantly on benches and side slopes on dissected
uplands. Slope gradients commonly are between 8 and 25 percent, but range from 2 to 70 percent, often
in complexes with other soils. In complexes that range to as much as 70 percent slope, Guernsey soils
typically occupy benches on the least sloping part of the complex. Hillside seeps and springs are common
in many areas. The soils formed in colluvium and residuum from interbedded siltstone and shale with
occasional layers of limestone. Slope creep and slippage is common. Mean annual precipitation ranges
from about 37 to 45 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 48 to 54 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brookside and Westmore soils and the
Elba, Gilpin, Library, Sees, Upshur, Wellston, Westmoreland, Woodsfield, and Woolper soils. All of
these soils except Library and Sees have browner or redder subsoils. Brookside soils are on colluvial foot
slopes. Westmore soils are on summits and upper side slopes. Elba soils have free carbonates at less than
30 inches and are on summits and side slopes. Gilpin, Wellston, and Westmoreland soils are more acid
and are less clayey. They are on nearby side slopes and summits (except Westmoreland is more common
on benches). Library soils have grayer subsoils and are on summits and benches. Sees and Woolper soils
have thicker dark colored A horizons and are on colluvial foot slopes. Upshur and Woodsfield soils
formed all or partly in material weathered from red clay shale and are on summits, upper side slopes, and
some benches.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderate well drained. The potential for surface runoff is low to
very high. Permeability is moderately slow or slow.
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USE AND VEGETATION: Much of this soil has been farmed, but is now used for pasture. Possibly
one-third is cultivated, with corn, wheat, oats, and mixed hay the main crops. Some areas are forested.
The original vegetation was hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Guernsey soils occur in southern and southeast Ohio and in areas of
Virginia, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. It is extensive, more than 300,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Guernsey County, Ohio, 1937.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this
pedon are as follows: ochric epipedon--0 to 15 inches (Ap, BE); argillic horizon--15 to 54 inches (Bt1,
Bt2, Bt3).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedons NB-S13 (typical pedon), PR-12, and TU-18 for laboratory data
on the Guernsey series.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
77.0
HACKERS
LOCATION HACKERS
WV+OH
Established Series
RDJ, SLH/Rev. MDJ
09/2014
HACKERS SERIES
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Hackers silt loam - on a 2 percent slope in a meadow at an elevation of about 650
feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/2) silt loam; moderate medium granular structure;
friable; many roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (13 to 28 cm thick (5 to 11 inches))
BA--20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; many roots; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 25 cm thick (0 to 10 inches))
Bt--38 to 97 cm (15 to 38 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak medium and coarse
prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few roots; common
discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (38 to 102 cm thick
(15 to 40 inches))
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BC--97 to 124 cm (38 to 49 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; few roots; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 61 cm thick (0 to 24
inches))
C--124 to 165 cm (49 to 65 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silt loam; massive; friable; moderately
acid. (25 to 61 cm thick (10 to 24 inches))
TYPE LOCATION:
County: Ritchie County
State: West Virginia
USGS Quadrangle: Petroleum, West Virginia
Latitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD83): 39.118412
Longitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD83): -81.276227
Directions to the pedon: near Cisco; about 30 yards east of West Virginia Route 47 and 100 yards south
of bridge across North Fork of Hughes River
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the top of the Argillic: 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 inches)
Depth to the base of the Argillic: 79 to 132 cm (31 to 52 inches)
Solum Thickness: 89 to 165 cm (35 to 65 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 10 percent, by volume, throughout the solum; 0 to 30 percent, by volume,
in the substratum. Fragments are dominantly siltstone and shale.
Soil Reaction: Strongly acid through slightly acid throughout
Range of Individual Horizons
Ap or A horizon:
Color--hue of 10YR through 5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 through 4
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam
BA horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 4, and chroma of 4 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam
Bt horizon:
Color--hue of 2.5YR through 7.5YR, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 3 through 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam
BC horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 4 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
C horizon:
Color--hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 3 or 4
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam, and may be stratified with clay loam,
sandy loam, or fine sandy loam in some pedons
COMPETING SERIES:
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Rush soils--formed in calcareous, stratified sandy and gravelly outwash on outwash plains, kames, and
eskers and have hues of 7.5YR through 2.5Y in the subsoil and have a rock fragment content of 15 to 75
percent in the lower third of the series control section
Russell soils--formed in loess and underlying dense loamy till on till plains and have carbonates within a
depth of 102 to 152 centimeters
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
MLRA(s) using this series: 124 (Western Allegheny Plateau) and 126 (Central Allegheny Plateau)
Landscape: Alluvial plains and valleys
Landform: Flood plains and low stream terraces
Hillslope Profile Position: Not applicable
Geomorphic Component: Treads and risers
Parent Material Origin: Weathered, interbedded red clay shale and siltstone
Parent Material Kind: Alluvium
Slope: 0 to 30 percent
Elevation: 164 to 356 meters
Frost free period: 171 to 209 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 10.2 to 12.5 degrees C. (50 to 55 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 1016 to 1295 millimeters (40 to 51 inches)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Allegheny soils--occur at higher elevations on stream and river terraces and have lower base saturation in
the subsoil
Chavies soils--occur at similar landscape positions and have more sand in the subsoil
Gallia soils--occur in preglacial valleys at higher elevations
Gilpin soils--occur on ridges and side slopes where bedrock is moderately deep
Kanawha soils--occur at similar landscape positions and have more sand in the subsoil
Melvin soils--occur in depressions on uplands and flood plains that are wetter
Monongahela soils--occur at higher elevations on terraces that are wetter and have a fragipan
Moshannon soils--occur at lower elevations on flood plains and lack an argillic horizon
Omulga soils--occur on preglacial valley fill terraces and have a fragipan
Peabody soils--occur on ridges and side slopes where bedrock is moderately deep
Senecaville soils--occur at lower elevations on flood plains that are wetter and lack an argillic horizon
Upshur soils--occur on ridges and side slopes and have more clay in the subsoil
Vandalia soils--occur on foot slopes and colluvial fans and have more clay in the subsoil
Vincent soils--occur at higher elevations on terraces that are wetter
Woodsfield soils--occur on ridges and side slopes and have more clay in the subsoil
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep (Greater than 150 cm), and very transitory (present <1
month)
Index Surface Runoff: Very low through medium
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high or high
Permeability Class (obsolete): Moderate
Shrink-Swell Class: Moderate
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None through occasional; very brief or brief duration
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
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USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Hayland, cropland, and pasture
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--Grass-legume hay, corn, oats, and tobacco. Where wooded-chiefly mixed hardwoods, dominated by oak and poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: West Virginia and Ohio
Extent: Moderate, approximately 18,000 acres at the time of this revision
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE:
VIRGINIA
MORGANTOWN, WEST
SERIES ESTABLISHED: West Fork Soil Conservation District, West Virginia, 1940.
REMARKS:
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 38 cm (Ap and BA horizons)
Argillic horizon--the zone from 38 to 97 cm (Bt horizon)
Series control section-- the zone from 0 to 150 cm
This edit updates the previous format to semi-tabular and updates the Range of Individual Horizons,
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS, COMPETING SERIES, GEOGRAPHIC SETTING,
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS, USE AND VEGETATION, DISTRIBUTION AND
EXTENT, DRAINAGE AND SATURATED CONDUCTIVITY, and REMARKS sections.
Previous revisions: 07/2001-ART, WFH, WJE
ADDITIONAL DATA:
The Ohio State University characterization data pedons are: AT-007, WS-019, LG-022, LG 023
The Pennsylvania State University characterization pedons are: 69PA009005
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
78.0
HANEY
LOCATION HANEY
OH+IN
Established Series
Rev. DRM-GRS-RAR
08/2013
HANEY SERIES
The Haney series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loamy and gravelly
outwash on outwash plains, terraces, and glacial drainage channels. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent.
Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11
degrees C (51 degrees F).
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TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Haney loam, on a convex, 0 to 2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of
255 meters (835 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent fine gravel; neutral; abrupt
smooth boundary. [8 to 28 cm (3 to 11 inches) thick]
BE--20 to 41 cm (8 to 16 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;
firm; common fine roots; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the
matrix; 5 percent fine gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick]
Bt1--41 to 61 cm (16 to 24 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky
structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few fine
distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR
5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 10 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of
peds; common coarse distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 15 percent fine
gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt3--76 to 86 cm (30 to 34 inches); dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly clay loam; moderate coarse
subangular blocky structure; firm; clay bridging between sand grains; few medium prominent light
brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown
(10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 25 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.
[Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 38 to 102 cm (15 to 40 inches).]
C1--86 to 102 cm (34 to 40 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly sandy loam; massive; very
friable; 20 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
C2--102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly sandy loam; massive; very
friable; 30 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Wyandot County, Ohio; approximately 2.75 miles northeast of Sycamore, in
Sycamore Township; 600 feet west and 2100 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 5, T. 1 S., R. 15 E.;
USGS Sycamore, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 59 minutes 14 seconds N. and long. 83
degrees 09 minutes 12 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 76 to 112 cm (30 to 44 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 76 to 112 cm (30 to 44 inches)
Rock fragments: rounded and subrounded glacial pebbles of mixed lithology
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5 (6 or more dry)
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Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
E or BE horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Bt horizon or BC horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 to 6, with chroma of 2 permitted in the lower part
Texture: clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam, or the gravelly analogs of these textures
Rock fragment content: 2 to 34 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral in the upper part and slightly acid to slightly alkaline
C or Cg horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 1 to 8
Texture: sandy loam or loamy sand, or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures; strata of
sand, sandy clay loam, loam, or fine gravel are in some pedons
Rock fragment content: 10 to 40 percent and averages more than 15 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bogart, Centerburg, Cygnet, Houcktown, Jenera, Jugtown, Nicely,
Passport, Reaville, Scattersville, Swampoodle, Thackery, Tuscola, Vallonia, Vanlue, and Williamstown
series. Bogart, Passport, Scattersville, and Swampoodle soils do not have carbonates within a depth of
112 cm (44 inches). Centerburg, Cygnet, Houcktown, Jenera, Nicely, Tuscola, Vallonia, Vanlue, and
Williamstown soils average less than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control
section. Jugtown soils have rock fragments of sandstone, chert, and shale. Reaville soils have a lithic
contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Thackery soils have less than 2 percent rock fragments in
the upper part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Haney soils are on outwash plains, terraces, and glacial drainage channels.
Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. The soils formed in loamy and gravelly outwash overlying gravelly,
loamy, and sandy outwash material. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 813 to 1067 mm (32 to 42
inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Belmore, Digby, and Millgrove soils that
form a toposequence with the Haney soils. The well drained Belmore soils are on higher topographic
positions than Haney soils. The somewhat poorly drained Digby soils and the very poorly drained
Millgrove soils are on lower topographic positions.
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DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The
depth to the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1.0 foot to 2.0 feet)
between January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the solum and high or very high in the underlying
material. Permeability is moderate in the solum and rapid in the underlying material.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, wheat, oats,
and hay, with some tomatoes and sugar beets. Native vegetation is deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West-central Ohio and eastern Indiana; MLRAs 111A, 111B, and
111E. The type location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957.
REMARKS: With the 7/98 OSD revision, the typical pedon of Haney soils was transferred to Wyandot
County and the series will be used only in MLRA 111. Haney soils in MLRA 99 are being converted to
Cygnet or Shawtown series.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 41 cm (Ap, BE horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 41 to 86 cm (Bt horizon).
Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below the ochric epipedon.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
79.0
HARTSHORN
LOCATION HARTSHORN
OH
Established Series
TNR-DRM; Rev. DHK
01/2006
HARTSHORN SERIES
The Hartshorn series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in local alluvium and very gravelly
alluvium is within a depth of 30 inches. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the upper loamy
material and moderately rapid or rapid in the underlying material. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean
annual precipitation is about 40 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 53 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Dystric Fluventic
Eutrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Hartshorn silt loam - meadow. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
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Ap--0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; fine and
medium granular structure; friable; many roots; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. (3 to 8 inches thick)
Bw1--6 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable common roots; 10 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bw2--10 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) gravelly silt loam; weak fine subangular
blocky structure; friable; common roots; 20 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
Bw3--15 to 19 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) very gravelly loam; massive; few faint
dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on gravel; few roots; 40 percent gravel; moderately acid;
abrupt smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizons is 10 to 22 inches.)
2C--19 to 56 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) very gravelly loamy sand; few roots; 50
percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
3R--56 inches; hard sandstone bedrock.
TYPE LOCATION: Monroe County, Ohio; Wayne Township; 340 feet east and 680 feet south of the
center of sec. 20, T. 5 N., R. 6 W., 105 feet south of Wayne Township Road 263, and 265 feet west of
small stream.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 15 to 30 inches. Depth of bedrock
ranges from 40 to 72 inches. Coarse fragments range from 0 to 35 percent in the Ap horizon, 5 to 40
percent in individual horizons in the Bw horizon and 35 to 85 percent in the 2C horizons.
The Ap or A horizons have hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 (5 or 6 dry), and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam,
loam, gravelly silt loam, or gravelly loam. It commonly is medium acid but ranges to neutral.
The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value of 3 to 5; and chroma of 3 or 4. It is silt loam,
loam, or their gravelly or very gravelly analogues; but gravelly and very gravelly textures are most
common in the lower part. It is neutral to strongly acid.
The 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y; value of 3 to 5; and chroma of 3 or 4. It is very
gravelly or extremely gravelly analogues of loamy sand or sand. Some pedons have thin strata of very
gravelly or extremely gravelly analogues of sandy loam and loam. The C horizon is neutral to medium
acid.
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. Similar soils in related families are the
Barbour, Bermudian, Boonesboro, Burnside, Chagrin, Clifty, Skidmore, and Tioga soils. Barbour soils
have less than 60 percent base saturation within a depth of 30 inches and are coarse-loamy in the upper
part of the control section. Bermudian, Chagrin, and Tioga soils lack sandy or sandy-skeletal horizons
within a depth of 40 inches. In addition, Tioga soils are coarse-loamy. Boonesboro soils have bedrock at
depths less than 40 inches. Burnside and Skidmore soils contain more than 35 percent coarse fragments in
the particle-size control section. Clifty soils have less than 60 percent base saturation within a depth of 30
inches.
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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Hartshorn soils occur on narrow flood plains, principally along small streams
near the headwaters of the drainage system. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed in local
alluvium that typically is loamy in the upper part and sandy and gravelly in the lower part. It consists of
sediments washed from soils formed in interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from 38 to 42 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 50 degrees to
54 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Chagrin and the Ashton,
Elkinsville, Hackers, Hayter, Newark, and Nolin series. All of the above soils lack very gravelly textures
within a depth of 60 inches. Chagrin, Nolin, and the somewhat poorly drained Newark soils are on wider
flood plains along larger streams. Ashton, Elkinsville, Hackers, and Hayter soils are on stream terraces or
alluvial fans.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the
upper loamy material and moderately rapid or rapid in the underlying material. The soils are flooded for
brief periods in spring months or as a result of local thunderstorms.
USE AND VEGETATION: Much of this soil is used for pasture. About one-fourth is cultivated with
corn, small grains, and vegetables as the main crops. A few areas are forested.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Occurs in southeastern Ohio and possibly in nearby areas of Kentucky,
West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Monroe County, Ohio, 1970.
REMARKS: The 01/2006 revision updates this soil to the 9th Edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy
(2003). The CEC activity class placement is based on associated soils and not on laboratory data. Class
placement may be revised in the future when laboratory data are reviewed or become available.
Competing series, pedon description (including horizon nomenclature and/or descriptive terms), and other
sections on the OSD were not revised.
Diagnostic horizons recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 6 inches (Ap horizon)
Cambic horizon - the zone from a depth of about 6 to 19 inches (Bw1, Bw2, Bw3 horizons).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Engineering test data published in the Monroe County, Ohio, Soil Survey report
(MN-49).
Previous revision dates: 05/86-TNR, DRM
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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80.0
HASKINS
LOCATION HASKINS
OH+IN IL
Established Series
Rev. RAR-RMG
05/2007
HASKINS SERIES
The Haskins series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that are moderately deep or deep
to dense till. They formed in loamy water-sorted or glaciolacustrine material 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40
inches) thick and in the underlying till. These soils are on lake plains and till plains. Slope ranges from 0
to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual air temperature is
about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Haskins loam, on a nearly level slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 230
meters (755 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak
fine and medium granular structure; friable; common fine roots; 5 percent intermixing of grayish brown
(10YR 5/2) BEg material; 2 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 28
cm (6 to 11 inches) thick]
BEg--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; moderate fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films
on faces of peds; few faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) worm casts and as organic coatings in pores;
few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and many medium faint brown (10YR 5/3) masses of
iron accumulation in the matrix; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron and manganese
oxide accumulation on faces of peds; 2 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0
to 10 cm (4 inches) thick in cultivated pedons and 8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 inches) thick in undisturbed
pedons.]
Btg--33 to 46 cm (13 to 18 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; moderate fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and dark
grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; few faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) worm
casts and as organic coatings in pores; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few
medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few distinct
dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) masses of iron and manganese oxide accumulation on faces of peds; 3 percent
rock fragments; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt1--46 to 61 cm (18 to 24 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces
of peds and lining old root channels; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in
the matrix; common medium faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and common coarse prominent strong
brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2)
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masses of iron and manganese oxide accumulation on faces of peds; 3 percent rock fragments; slightly
acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay loam; moderate fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common prominent dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
clay films on faces of peds and lining old root channels; common medium prominent dark grayish brown
(10YR 4/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and few
medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few prominent dark
brown (7.5YR 3/2) masses of iron and manganese oxide accumulation on faces of peds; 3 percent rock
fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
B'tg--76 to 91 cm (30 to 36 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam with strata of yellowish brown
(10YR 5/6) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots; few
faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds and bridging between sand grains in the
loam material; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and distinct dark yellowish
brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) masses
of iron and manganese oxide accumulation on faces of peds; 5 percent rock fragments in the loam
material and 1 percent rock fragments in the fine sandy loam strata; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
[Combined thickness of the Btg and Bt horizons is 25 to 89 cm (10 to 35 inches).]
2BC--91 to 132 cm (36 to 52 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; weak medium and coarse
subangular blocky structure; very firm; common distinct gray (10YR 6/1) coatings on vertical faces of
peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few medium
distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few medium distinct
light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate concretions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly
effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual irregular boundary. [0 to 46 cm (18 inches) thick]
2Cd--132 to 203 cm (52 to 80 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; massive, with widely
spaced vertical fractures; very firm; few distinct gray (10YR 6/1) coatings on faces of fractures; few fine
distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions and few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)
masses of iron accumulation oriented along fractures; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent;
moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Hancock County, Ohio; approximately 1 mile west-northwest of McComb, in
Pleasant Township; 1,040 feet north and 1,840 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 22, T. 2 N., R. 9
E.; USGS McComb, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 06 minutes 44.6 seconds N., and long.
83 degrees 48 minutes 37.1 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 63 to 140 cm (25 to 55 inches) and typically extends into the underlying till
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 127 cm (20 to 50 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 63 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches)
Depth to the underlying till: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to the densic contact: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolostone, and crystalline lithology
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 3 to 5 (6 or more dry)
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Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 2.5 to 15 cm (1 to 6 inches)
Value: 2
Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
E or BE horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: commonly strongly acid or moderately acid but ranges to very strongly acid
Bt, Btg, B't, or B'tg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: dominantly clay loam or sandy clay loam, or less commonly loam or the gravelly analogs of
these textures; some pedons have thin strata of sandy loam or fine sandy loam, or thin subhorizons with
more than 35 percent clay
Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
2Bt, 2Btg, 2BCtg, 2BC, or 2BCg horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 0 to 4
Texture: clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Clay content: 27 to 42 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
2Cd or 2Cdg horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 0 to 4
Texture: clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Clay content: 27 to 42 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 18 to 30 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Aubbeenaubbee, Baugo, Crosier, Lamberjack, and Shebeon series.
Aubbeenaubbee, Baugo, Crosier, and Shebeon soils have less than 27 percent clay in the lower part of the
series control section. Lamberjack soils have more than 10 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the
series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Haskins soils are on lake plains and on till plains of late Wisconsinan age.
Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Haskins soils formed in loamy water-sorted material 51 to 102 cm (20
to 40 inches) thick and in the underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1067 mm (27
to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free
period is 130 to 200 days. Elevation is 183 to 386 meters (600 to 1300 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the somewhat poorly drained Aurand, very
poorly drained Mermill, and moderately well drained Houcktown and Rawson soils that comprise a
toposequence with the Haskins soils. Aurand soils have a mollic epipedon and are on similar landscape
positions. Mermill soils are on flats or in depressions, and the Houcktown and Rawson soils are on higher
landscape positions. The very poorly drained, clayey Hoytville and Latty soils are on nearby planar
landscapes.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The
depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 to 1.5 feet)
between November and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is low to high. Saturated
hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the loamy material and moderately low or low in the
underlying till. Permeability is moderate in the loamy material and slow or very slow in the underlying
till.
USE AND VEGETATION: A large proportion is under cultivation, primarily corn, soybeans, wheat,
oats, and hay. Some areas are used for tomatoes and sugar beets. Native vegetation is deciduous, mixed
hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98, 99, 111B, 111C, and 139 in northwestern Ohio and
northern Indiana; MLRA 110 in eastern Illinois. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of large
extent, with about 200,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 33 cm (Ap, BEg) horizon.
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 33 to 96 cm (Btg, Bt, B'tg horizons).
Densic contact: at 132 cm (top of the 2Cd horizon).
Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below a depth of 23 cm.
The previous Haskins series concept allowed for fine-textured lacustrine sediments in the 2B and 2Cd
horizons. A new series will be established during modernization projects in MLRA 99 to define these
soils.
An evaluation of existing lab data supports the redefinition of clay content in the till. Further evaluation
for densic materials is needed to better define the series concept.
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The addition of the densic contact is based on data from associated soils. More supporting bulk density
data is needed.
The sandy surface phase correlated in an earlier survey does not meet the series concept. A new series
will be established during modernization projects in MLRA 99 to define these soils.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Representative data mapunit is DMU ID 129997 in MO 11.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
81.0
HAZLETON
LOCATION HAZLETON
PA+KY MD NJ OH VA WV
Established Series
Rev. EAW-AWD-ART
05/2002
HAZLETON SERIES
The Hazleton series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils formed in residuum of acid gray,
brown or red sandstone on uplands. Slope ranges from 0 to 80 percent. Permeability is moderately rapid
to rapid. Mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches. Mean annual air temperature is about 51 degrees
F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Hazleton sandy loam, very stony, from an area of Hazleton channery sandy loam, 0
to 3 percent slopes, in hardwood forest at an elevation of 1880 feet.. (Colors for moist soil unless
otherwise stated.)
Oe--0 to 2 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) partially decayed forest litter; abrupt wavy boundary.
(1 to 2 inches thick)
E--2 to 4 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable, nonsticky,
nonplastic; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy
boundary. (0 to 9 inches thick)
Bhs--4 to 6 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very
friable, nonsticky, slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments; very
strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
Bs--6 to 8 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) channery sandy loam; weak very fine granular structure; very
friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common fine and medium roots; 15 percent rock fragments; very strongly
acid; clear wavy boundary.
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Bw1--8 to 17 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) very channery sandy loam; weak fine subangular
blocky structure; very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common medium and coarse roots; 40 percent rock
fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bw2--17 to 24 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very channery sandy loam; weak fine subangular
blocky structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common medium roots; 45 percent rock fragments; very
strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bw3--24 to 34 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) extremely channery sandy loam; weak fine
subangular blocky structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine roots; 60 percent rock fragments;
very strongly acid; gradual wavy
boundary. (Combined thickness of the B horizon is 24 to 39 inches.)
C--34 to 58 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) extremely channery coarse sandy loam; massive; friable,
nonsticky, nonplastic; 60 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; diffuse wavy boundary. (13 to 22
inches thick)
R--58 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandstone. Excavation difficulty is high. Excavation by
a tile spade is difficult but easily done by pick using over-the-head swing.
TYPE LOCATION: Warren County, Pennsylvania; Watson Township, 0.5 mile southeast of the
intersection of S.R. 3005 and Hearts Content Road (S.R. 2002), 500 feet west of road. USGS Cobham,
PA topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 43 minutes, 19.2 seconds N, Longitude 79 degrees, 15
minutes, 31.2 seconds W. (NAD 83)
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 25 to 50 inches. Depth to lithic contact
ranges from 40 to 80 inches . Rock fragments of angular sandstone, dominantly less than 10 inches in
size, range from 5 to 70 percent in individual horizons of the solum and from 35 to 80 percent in the C
horizon. Boulders, stones, flags and channers cover about 5 to 60 percent of the surface of some pedons.
The control section averages less than 18 percent clay. Reaction ranges from strongly acid through
extremely acid throughout where unlimed.
The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 4. The Ap horizon, where present,
has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 4. The A or Ap horizon is fine sandy loam, sandy
loam, or loam in the fine-earth fraction.
The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 1 to 4. It is fine sandy loam, sandy loam,
or loam in the fine- earth fraction.
The B horizon has hue of 10YR to 5YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. The B horizon has more
than 40 percent sand. The upper part of the B horizon is sandy loam or loam in the fine-earth fraction,
and the lower part may range from loam to loamy sand in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is weak or
moderate, fine to coarse subangular blocky, but can be granular in the Bhs horizon.
The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It ranges from loam to
loamy sand in the fine-earth fraction.
COMPETING SERIES: Dekalb and Wallen are the only other series in this family. They both have lithic
contact 20 to 40 inches below the surface.
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Lehew, Marbleyard, and Hailey are in related families. Lehew and Marbleyard have lithic contact 20 to
40 inches below the surface. Hailey soils formed in cherty limestone residuum and are in a higher cation
exchange activity class.
The Sherando and Varilla series may become competitors as their classification is updated to the eighth
edition of Soil Taxonomy. Sherando soils formed in water sorted materials. Varilla soils formed in
colluvium.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Hazleton soils developed in residuum from acid gray, brown, or red
sandstone and are found on summits, shoulders, and the upper third of backslopes. Slopes are usually
convex with gradients of 0 to 80 percent.. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 36 to 60 inches,
and the mean annual air temperature ranges from 47 to 55 degrees F. The average annual frost free
season is 110 to 180 days.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The competing Dekalb and Lehew soils and the Clymer,
Cookport Edgemont, and Leetonia soils are on the same landscape. Buchanan, Gilpin, Laidig, and Rayne
soils are nearby. Buchanan, Cookport, and Laidig soils have fragipans. Gilpin soils have bedrock within
40 inches. Clymer, Edgemont, and Rayne soils have argillic horizons. Leetonia soils have spodic
horizons.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff potential is
neglegible to high. Permeability is moderately rapid to rapid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most Hazleton soils are in woodland of mixed oaks, maple, cherry and
occasional conifers. Some areas have been cleared for pasture and cropland.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia,
Virginia and possibly Ohio. MLRA's 124, 126, 127, 147, 148.
The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Carbon County, Pennsylvania, 1960.
REMARKS: The Hazleton series was in a mixed mineralogy family until 1995.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1. Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 8 inches (E, Bhs, and Bs horizons).
2. Cambic horizon - the zone from 8 to 34 inches (Bw horizon).
3. Loamy-skeletal feature - greater than 35 percent by volume weighted average rock fragments in the
particle-size control section.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory data is available on the typifying pedon, Pennsylvania State
University sample number S1967-PA-062-001(1-11).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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82.0
HILLSDALE
LOCATION HILLSDALE
MI+IN
Established Series
Rev. RLM-WEF-RAB
08/2012
HILLSDALE SERIES
The Hillsdale series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loamy till on ground moraines and
end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 40 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches),
and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Hillsdale sandy loam, on a convex, 4 percent slope in a cultivated field at an
elevation of 266 meters (873 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine
granular structure; friable; 5 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15
to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick]
EB--20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; 5 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy
boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick]
Bt1--36 to 79 cm (14 to 31 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) sandy loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5
percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--79 to 96 cm (31 to 38 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) sandy loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5
percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt3--96 to 112 cm (38 to 44 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; friable; few distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel and
3 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 8 to 45
inches.)
BC--112 to 213 cm (44 to 84 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; friable; 5 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; neutral.
TYPE LOCATION: St. Joseph County, Michigan; about 2 miles south and 1.5 miles west of Mendon; 60
feet west and 130 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 5, T. 6 S., R. 10 W.; USGS Nottawa
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topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 58 minutes 13.3 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 29 minutes
18.89 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 0625232 easting and 4647597 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 102 to more than 203 cm (40 to more than 80 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 102 to more than 203 cm (40 to more than 80 inches)
Rock fragment content: averages 1 to 14 percent throughout the series control section, although some
individual subhorizons have none
Particle-size control section: averages less than 50 percent fine sand and very fine sand less than 18
percent clay, although some subhorizons can contain more than 18 percent clay
Series control section: averages 50 to 85 percent sand
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4. 6 or more dry
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or loamy sand
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
E horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 to 7
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or loamy sand
EB horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or loamy sand
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or loam
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid
BC horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 8
Texture: sandy loam or loamy sand; some pedons have pockets of sand or loamy sand
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
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Texture: sandy loam or fine sandy loam; some pedons have pockets of sand or loamy sand
Sand content: averages 50 to 85 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Brownsburg, Crumstown, Eleva, Mecan, and Oshtemo series.
Brownsburg soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Crumstown and Oshtemo
soils are not clearly differentiated from the Hillsdale soils because of overlapping properties within the
series control section and because the C horizons in these soils are not always present within the series
control section. In addition, the redoximorphic features in the Crumstown soils are not always present
within the series control section, and the Oshtemo series allows for a loamy substratum phase. Eleva soils
have a paralithic or lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Mecan soils have hue redder than
7.5YR in the upper part of the Bt horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Hillsdale soils are on ground moraines and end moraines. Slope gradients are
mostly 2 to 18 percent but range from 0 to 40 percent. Hillsdale soils formed in loamy till. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to
11.7 degrees C (46 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters
(580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The somewhat poorly drained Teasdale soils and the
poorly drained and very poorly drained Barry soils form a drainage sequence with the Hillsdale soils and
are closely associated. Oshtemo and Spinks soils are associated on low moraines. Oshtemo soils are at
slightly lower elevations and Spinks soils are commonly at slightly higher elevations.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for
surface runoff is negligible to high depending upon the slope. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is
moderately high. Permeability is moderate.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, small grains, soybeans, and legume-grass
hay are the principal crops. Steep areas are in permanent pasture or forest. Wooded areas are in oaks,
hickory and maple. Native vegetation is hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 111B, and 111C in Michigan and Indiana. The series
is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hillsdale County, Michigan, 1924.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 36 cm (14 inches) (Ap, EB horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 36 to 112 cm (14 to 44 inches) (Bt horizon).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for the typical pedon (S01MI-149-001) from
the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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83.0
HOLLY
LOCATION HOLLY
OH IL NY PA WV
Established Series
Rev. RAR-KK-MJ
10/2008
HOLLY SERIES
The Holly series consists of very deep, very poorly and poorly drained soils formed in loamy alluvium on
flood plains. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high through high in the mineral soil. Slope
ranges from 0 through 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 36 inches, and mean annual
temperature is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Holly silt loam - idle. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
A -- 0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;
moderate medium granular structure; friable; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (2 to 8 inches thick.)
Bg1 -- 3 to 9 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
common fine prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear
smooth boundary.
Bg2 -- 9 to 14 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) silt loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;
common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly
acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bg3 -- 14 to 27 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;
common medium and fine prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bg horizons
are 10 through 32 inches.)
C1 -- 27 to 35 inches; gray (N 5/0) loam; massive; friable; common medium prominent yellowish
brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.
C2 -- 35 to 43 inches; dark gray (N 4/0) sandy loam; massive; friable; slightly alkaline; clear wavy
boundary.
2C3 -- 43 to 60 inches; dark greenish gray (5BG 4/1) gravelly sand; single grain; loose; slightly
alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Summit County, Ohio; Bath Township, about 1 1/2 miles northwest of Montrose;
1,100 feet east of Hametown Road and 2,200 feet south of Granger Road, T. 3 N., R. 12 W. USGS West
Richfield, OH topographic quadrangle: Latitude 41 degrees, 8 minutes, 57 seconds N. and Longitude 81
degrees, 39 minutes, 36 seconds W., NAD 1927.
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RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 through 44 inches. Thickness
of loamy alluvium over other materials ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches. The average clay content
in the particle size control section ranges from 18 through 30 percent.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 through 4 (6 or more dry), and chroma of 1 or 2. It is
silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or sandy loam. Structure is commonly weak or moderate, fine to coarse,
granular. In some pedons structure type is subangular blocky. Rock fragment content ranges from 0
through 10 percent by volume. It ranges from strongly acid through neutral.
The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 2 or less. It
commonly is silt loam or loam and less commonly sandy loam or silty clay loam. Thin layers (less than 4
inches) with coarser or finer texture are present in some pedons. Structure is weak or moderate, fine
through coarse, subangular blocky. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 through 15 percent by volume.
It ranges from strongly acid through neutral in the upper part and from moderately acid through neutral in
the lower part.
The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5GY or is neutral, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 0 through 2. It
commonly is silt loam, loam, sandy loam, or clay loam. Below 40 inches the soil typically is stratified and
includes textures of loamy sand, sand, or their gravelly analogues. Thin strata of silty clay loam are in
some pedons. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 through 25 percent by volume. It ranges from
strongly acid through slightly alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: The Hatboro series is in the same family. Hatboro soils have sola with
thicknesses of 30 through 60 inches, and contain an appreciable amount of mica.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Holly soils are on broad flat areas and in slight depressions on flood plains
receiving alluvium from upland areas of low-lime drift and noncalcareous sandstone and shale. Slope
ranges from 0 through 3 percent. Elevation ranges from 570 through 1,170 feet above mean sea level.
Mean annual precipitation is 29 through 43 inches, and mean annual temperature is 47 through 54 degrees
F. The frost-free period is 120 through 198 days.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Carlisle, Chagrin, Chili, Fitchville, Linden,
Lobdell, Middlebury, Orrville, Sebring, Wayland, Wheeling, and Willette soils. Wayland soils with dark
surfaces and Carlisle or Willette soils that formed in organic materials typically are in deeper depressions
in the landscape. The well drained Chagrin soils, moderately well drained Lobdell soils, and somewhat
poorly drained Orrville soils are in a toposequence with Holly soils, all are in higher floodplain positions
than the low lying Holly soils. Chili, Fitchville, Sebring, and Wheeling soils have argillic horizons and
are on terraces of nearby landscapes. In addition, Chili and Wheeling soils formed in stratified outwash
materials, and Fitchville and Sebring soils formed in lacustrine sediments. The Linden series consists of
very deep, well drained soils formed in alluvial sediments washed from nearby uplands that are underlain
by red and brown shales, sandstones, and in some areas, conglomerate. The Middlebury series consists of
very deep, moderately well drained nearly level soils formed in recent alluvium. These soils are on flood
plains.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly and poorly drained.
The potential for surface runoff is negligible through low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately
high through high in the mineral soil. The depth to an intermittent apparent seasonal high water table is
+1.0 through 1.0 from October through June in normal years. Subject to rare through frequent flooding.
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USE AND VEGETATION: Some areas of Holly soils have been cleared and used for pasture or
cultivation. Many areas are used as natural areas for wetland wildlife habitat. Native vegetation is soft
maple, elder, willow, and other trees tolerant of wet sites.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Illinois, Ohio, southern New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia.
MLRA's 101, 114, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 139, 140, 147, and 148. The series is of large extent, about
248,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Coffee County, Tennessee, 1908.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1. Ochric epipedon - 0 through 3 inches (A horizon).
2. Cambic horizon - 3 through 27 inches (Bg1, Bg2 and Bg3 horizons).
3. Aquic conditions - 0 through 60 inches.
Acreage based on 2004 data.
The alkaline phase mapped in an earlier survey likely will be recorrelated as a new series when its area of
use is updated.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
84.0
HOUGHTON
LOCATION HOUGHTON
MI+IA IL IN MN WI
Established Series
Rev. LWB-WEF-RAB
06/2011
HOUGHTON SERIES
The Houghton series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in herbaceous organic
materials more than 130 cm (51 inches) thick in depressions on lake plains, outwash plains, ground
moraines, end moraines, and floodplains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is
about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Euic, mesic Typic Haplosaprists
TYPICAL PEDON: Houghton muck, on a level area in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soils
unless otherwise stated.)
Oa1--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); black (N 2.5/) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 5
percent fiber, a trace rubbed; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; neutral [pH 7.0 in KCl]; abrupt
smooth boundary.
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Oa2--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); black (N 2.5/ ) broken face, very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2) rubbed
muck (sapric material); about 5 percent fiber, a trace rubbed; weak medium granular structure; neutral
[pH 7.0 in KCl]; abrupt smooth boundary.
Oa3--33 to 61 cm (13 to 24 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) broken face, dark reddish brown
(5YR 2/2) rubbed muck (sapric material); about 15 percent fiber, less than 5 percent rubbed; massive,
breaking to thick platy fragments; neutral [pH 7.0 KCl]; abrupt smooth boundary.
Oa4--61 to 81 cm (24 to 32 inches); black (5YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material);
about 10 percent fiber, a trace rubbed; massive; about 1 percent woody fragments; neutral [pH 7.0 in
KCl]; clear wavy boundary.
Oa5--81 to 122 cm (32 to 48 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) broken face, black (5YR 2/1) rubbed
muck (Sapric material); about 20 percent fiber, less than 10 percent rubbed; massive, breaking to thick
platy fragments; neutral [pH 7.0 in KCl]; abrupt smooth boundary.
Oa6--122 to 203 cm (48 to 80 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) broken face and rubbed muck
(sapric material); about 10 percent fiber, less than 10 percent rubbed; massive; slightly sticky; about 15
percent mineral soil; neutral [pH 7.0 in KCl].
TYPE LOCATION: Clinton County, Michigan; about 3 miles northeast of the village of Bath; 200 feet
north and 400 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 12, T. 5 N., R. 1 W.; USGS Bath topographic
quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 49 minutes 43.4 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 52 minutes 56.9 seconds W.;
NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the organic material: more than 130 cm (51 inches)
Organic fibers: derived primarily from herbaceous plants, but some layers contain as much as 30 percent
woody material
Woody fragment content: averages less than 15 percent by volume in the control section
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline throughout
Oa horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5 or 3
Chroma: 0 to 3
Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material), or to lesser extent mucky peat (hemic material) that
has a combined thickness of less than 25 cm (10 inches) or peat (fibric material) that is less than 13 cm (5
inches) thick
Some pedons have coprogenous material or marly material below 130 cm (51 inches).
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Carlisle, Catden, Lena, Peteetneet, Saltese, and Semiahmoo series.
Carlisle soils derived dominantly from woody materials and contain an average of 15 to 30 percent woody
fragments in the control section. Lena soils contain carbonates throughout the control section. Peteetneet
soils are not massive in the bottom tier. Saltese soils have lenses of diatomaceous earth and volcanic ash
within a depth of 130 cm (51 inches). Semiahmoo soils are in areas with warm dry summers and mild
moist winters, and typically are more acidic throughout the control section.
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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Houghton soils are in closed depressions on lake plains, outwash plains,
ground moraines, end moraines, and flood plains. Slope gradients are less than 2 percent. Houghton soils
formed in herbaceous organic materials more than 130 cm (51 inches) thick. Mean annual precipitation
ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees
C (48 to 53 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Adrian, Edselton, Edwards, Moston,
Muskego, Palms, and Willette soils. Edselton and Edwards soils are underlain by marly material at depths
of 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches). Moston, and Muskego soils are underlain by coprogenous material at
depths of 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches). Poorly or very poorly drained mineral soils are commonly
associated along the margins of the bogs.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the
seasonal high water table ranges from 61 cm (2 feet) above the surface in ponded phases to 30 cm (1 foot)
below the surface between September and June in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is very slow
or ponded. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high. Permeability is moderately slow
to moderately rapid.
USE AND VEGETATION: A considerable area of these soils is used for cropland or pasture. Common
crops are onions, lettuce, potatoes, celery, radishes, carrots, mint, and some corn. Native vegetation is
primarily of marsh grasses, sedges, reeds, buttonbrush, and cattails, with some water-tolerant trees near
the margins of the bogs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mostly in MLRAs 95B, 98, 111B, and 111C, and to lesser extent in
MLRAs 89, 95A, 96, 97, 99, 103, 104, 105, 108A, 108B, 108C, 110, 111A, 111C, 111D, and 115C in
Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Roscommon County, Michigan, 1924.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Muck (sapric material): from the surface to a depth of 203 cm (80 inches) (Oa1, Oa2, Oa3, Oa4, Oa5, Oa6
horizons).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record - (MI0024, MI0291 (PONEED), MI0532 (SLOPING),
MI0390 (MAAT>50), MI0383 (FREQUENTLY FLOODED).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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85.0
HOYTVILLE
LOCATION HOYTVILLE
OH+IN MI
Established Series
Rev. DNM-RAR-MHD-DWB
09/2012
HOYTVILLE SERIES
The Hoytville series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that are deep or very deep to dense
till. They formed in till that has been leveled by wave action and are on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0
to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 871 mm (34.3 inches), and mean annual air temperature
is about 10 degrees C (49.5 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Mollic Epiaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Hoytville clay loam, on a nearly level surface in a cultivated field at an elevation of
213 meters (700 feet) above m.s.l. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay loam, grayish brown (10YR
5/2) dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; firm; common fine roots throughout; common fine
distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments
(subangular limestone and shale); slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick]
Btg1--23 to 46 cm (9 to 18 inches); dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) clay; moderate fine and medium subangular
blocky structure; very firm; few fine roots between peds; few distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces
of peds; few distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic stains on faces of peds; common
medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine
distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese threads in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments (subrounded
igneous, and subangular limestone and shale); neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Btg2--46 to 69 cm (18 to 27 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay; weak medium prismatic structure
parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots between peds; common
faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)
masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese threads in
the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments (subangular limestone and shale); neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Btg3--69 to 107 cm (27 to 42 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay; weak medium prismatic structure
parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots between peds; common
faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR
5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese
threads in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments (subrounded igneous, and subangular limestone and
shale); slightly effervescent discontinuously at 94 cm (37 inches); strongly effervescent at 102 cm (40
inches); slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt--107 to 132 cm (42 to 52 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; weak coarse angular blocky
structure; firm; few fine roots between peds; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on vertical
faces of peds; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and
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medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine
distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese threads in the matrix; 3 percent rock fragments (subrounded
igneous, and subangular limestone and shale); strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy
boundary. [Combined thickness of Btg and Bt horizons is 46 to 127 cm (18 to 50 inches).]
BC--132 to 152 cm (52 to 60 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; weak coarse
prismatic structure parting to weak coarse angular blocky; firm; few fine roots between peds; common
distinct gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on vertical faces of prisms; few distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) carbonate
coatings on vertical faces of prisms; few continuous prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) hypocoats
beneath the carbonate coatings; common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the
matrix; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix;
common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese threads in the matrix; common medium distinct light
gray (10YR 7/1) carbonate masses of vertical faces of prisms; 5 percent rock fragments (subrounded
igneous, and subangular limestone and shale); strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy
boundary. [0 to 41 cm (16 inches) thick]
Cd1--152 to 183 cm (60 to 72 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; massive, with
widely spaced vertical fractures; very firm; few distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) carbonate coatings on faces
of fractures; few discontinuous prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) hypocoats beneath the carbonate
coatings; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine
distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct
black (10YR 2/1) manganese threads on faces of fractures; common fine distinct light gray (10YR 7/1)
carbonate masses on faces of fractures; 5 percent rock fragments (subrounded igneous, and subangular
limestone and shale); strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
Cd2--183 to 213 cm (72 to 84 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; massive; very firm; common fine
faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1)
manganese threads in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments (subrounded igneous, and subangular
limestone and shale); strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Wood County, Ohio; Henry Township; Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Northwestern Branch; 2000 feet east and 1000 feet north of the southwest corner of
sec. 18, T. 3 N., R. 10 E.; USGS Hoytville, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 12 minutes
52.45 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 45 minutes 30.26 seconds W., NAD 83
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 102 to 165 cm (40 to 65 inches)
Depth to base of argillic: 102 to 140 cm (40 to 55 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 76 to 140 cm (30 to 55 inches)
Depth to dense till: 127 to 178 cm (50 to 70 inches)
Depth to bedrock: greater than 203 cm (80 inches)
Rock fragments: mixed glacial erratics (limestone, dolostone, shale, igneous and metamorphic lithologies)
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (4 or 5 dry)
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
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Reaction: slightly acid or neutral
Some pedons have an AB or BA horizon
Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral in upper part, neutral to moderately alkaline in lower part
Bt horizon (where present):
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
BC or BCg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Cd or Cdg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Lorain, Miner, and Monee series. Lorain soils have less than 2
percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Miner soils have calcium carbonate
equivalent of less than 15 percent in the lower part of the series control section. Monee soils have an albic
horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Hoytville soils are on lake plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from
0 to 1 percent. Hoytville soils formed in till that has been leveled by wave action. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from 742 to 941 mm (29.17 to 37.06 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges
from 8 to 11 degrees C (47.1 to 51.5 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 205 days. Elevation is 174 to
244 meters (571 to 800 feet) above mean sea level.
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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Nappanee, St. Clair, and Toussaint soils.
The somewhat poorly drained Nappanee soils and the moderately well drained St. Clair soils are in a
catena with Hoytville soils. They are on slight rises, and on back slopes and shoulders of nearby knolls
and ridges. In areas where the Toussaint and Hoytville soils are adjacent, the Toussaint soils are on
slightly lower positions than the Hoytville soils.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. A perched
water table ranges from 30 cm (1 ft) above the surface to 30 cm (1 ft) below the surface from January to
April in normal years. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the upper part of the solum,
moderately low in the lower part of the solum, and low in the substratum. The potential for surface runoff
is negligible or very low. Permeability is moderately slow in the upper part of the solum, slow in the
lower part of the solum, and slow or very slow in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the Hoytville soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans and wheat are
the principal crops. Some areas are used for specialty crops, such as tomatoes and sugar beets. A
relatively small proportion is in woodland. The native vegetation is deciduous swamp forest, primarily
swamp white oak, bur oak, pin oak, elm, hickory, ash, cottonwood, basswood, and soft maple with some
marsh grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Hoytville series occurs primarily in MLRA 99 in northwestern
Ohio, northeastern Indiana, and southeastern Michigan, and to a minor extent in MLRA 96 in west-central
Michigan. The series is of large extent, about 850,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon:
Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (0 to 9 inches) (Ap).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 132 cm (9 to 42 inches) (Btg1, Btg2, Btg3, Bt).
Aquic conditions: from the surface to a depth of 213 cm (84 inches).
Densic contact: at 152 cm (60 inches) (Cd1).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil
Characterization Laboratory is available for WD-84, the typical pedon. Additional laboratory and transect
data is on file at the MLRA Project Office in Findlay, Ohio.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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86.0
HUNTINGTON
LOCATION HUNTINGTON
WV+AL IL IN KY MD MI OH PA TN VA
Established Series
Rev. MDJ
02/2009
HUNTINGTON SERIES
MLRA(s): 111A, 114A, 114B, 115A, 120A, 120B, 120C, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125 126, 128, 147, 148
Depth Class: Very Deep
Drainage Class: Well Drained
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately High to High
Permeability Class (obsolete): Moderate
Landscape: Flood Plains
Parent Material: Alluvium
Slope: 0 to 15 percent but dominantly 0 to 5 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 13 degrees C (56 degrees F)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 990 mm (39 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Fluventic Hapludolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Huntington silt loam, on a 2 percent slope in a hay field. (Colors are for moist soil
unless otherwise noted)
Ap--0 to 27 centimeters (0 to 11 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), (rubbed) silt loam;
moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
(25 to 35 centimeters or 10 to 14 inches thick)
Bwl--27 to 50 centimeters (11 to 20 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; very dark grayish
brown (10YR 3/2) ped faces; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; slightly
acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bw2--50 to 162 centimeters (20 to 64 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; dark brown (10YR 3/3) ped
faces; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots in upper part; slightly
acid; gradual wavy boundary. (combined thickness of Bw horizons is 25 to 150 centimeters or 10 to 50
inches)
C--162 to 175 centimeters (64 to 74 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; massive; friable;
moderately acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Wood County, West Virginia; 225 yards south of Belleville, 450 yards west of State
Route No. 2
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the top of the Argillic, Cambic, Spodic, Fragipan, etc.: 25 to 67 cm (10 to 24 inches)
Solum Thickness: 100 to 175 cm (40 to 70 inches)
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Depth to Bedrock: greater than 200 cm (80 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 150 cm (60 inches)
Depth to Lithologic Discontinuity: Greater than 200 centimeters (80 inches)
Rock Fragment content: Less than 3 percent in the solum. 0 to 30 percent in the C horizon
Soil Reaction: Moderately acid to moderately alkaline (pH - 5.6 to 7.8)
Other soil features: Mica flakes are common in many pedons.
A or Ap horizon
Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1, 2, or 3.
Texture (fine earth fraction)--dominantly silt loam, ranges to silty clay loam and loam.
AB or BA horizon (where present)
Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3 in ped interiors. Ped surface colors
are similar to the matrix colors of the A or Ap horizon.
Bw horizon
Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Ped coatings commonly have value
of 3, but range from 2 through 4.
Texture (fine earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam. Clay content averages less than 30 percent.
C horizon
Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Ped coatings commonly have value
of 3, but range from 2 through 4.
Texture (fine earth fraction)--silt loam, fine sandy loam, loam, fine sand, silty clay loam, and sandy clay
loam. Commonly contains more sand than the Bw horizon and is stratified.
COMPETING SERIES: Dapue is the only other series in this family. Armiesburg and Omadi are in
closely related families. Dapue soils have a thicker solum. Armiesburg soils contain more than 30
percent clay in the Bw horizon. Omadi soils contain free carbonates and have solum thickness of less
than 20 inches.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Geographic Setting: River Valley
Landform: Flood plain
Geomorphic Component: Base slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Toeslope
Parent Material: Alluvium washed from shale, sandstone, and limestone
Slope: 0 to 15 percent
Elevation: 50 to 550 meters (150 to 1800 feet)
Frost-free period: 150 to 200 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 8 to 15 degrees C (47 to 59 degrees F)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 890 to 1400 mm (35 to 55 inches)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Allegheny, Ashton, Chagrin, Dunning,
Kanawha, Lindside, Melvin, Monongahela, Newark, Sciotoville, and Wheeling soils. The Allegheny,
Monongahela. Sciotoville, and Wheeling soils have argillic horizons and are on stream terraces. Ashton
and Kanawha soils are well drained and are on low stream terraces on high flood plains. The Chagrin,
Dunning, Lindside, Melvin, and Newark soils are on flood plains. Chagrin soils are well drained;
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Lindside soils are moderately well drained; Newark soils are somewhat poorly drained; and Melvin and
Dunning soils are poorly drained.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Greater than 150 cm (60 inches)
Index Surface Runoff: Medium
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: moderately high to high
Permeability Class (obsolete): moderate.
Flooding Frequency and Duration: Rare to occasional with brief duration
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Most areas are in crops or pasture.
Original Vegetation: Where cultivated--hay, corn, soybeans. Where wooded--mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Large (approximately 120,000 ha or 300,000 acres)
Extent: West Virginia, Alabama, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois,
Michigan, and Tennessee.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Wheeling area, West Virginia, 1906.
Diagnostic horizons recognized in this profile are:
a. Mollic epipedon - The zone from 0 to 27 cm (0 to 11 inches) (Ap horizon).
b. Cambic horizon - The zone from 27 to 162 centimeters (11 to 64 inches) (Bw1 and Bw2 horizons).
REMARKS: old revision LDS-WFH 12/1999. 2/2009 revision update states where series is mapped and
change formatting.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
87.0
IONIA
LOCATION IONIA
MI+OH WI
Established Series
REV-KEP-WEF
03/2011
IONIA SERIES
The Ionia series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loamy sediments over
gravelly deposits on outwash plains, terraces, valley trains, and ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to
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6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 mm (30 inches), and the mean annual temperature is
about 12.8 degrees C (55 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic
Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Ionia sandy loam, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
stated).
Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate
fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to
23 cm (5 to 9 inches) thick]
E--20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; moderate medium platy structure;
friable; many fine roots; 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches)
thick]
BE--28 to 46 cm (11 to 18 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine roots; 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear
wavy boundary. [0 to 18 cm (7 inches) thick]
Bt1--46 to 58 cm (18 to 23 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium
angular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; few faint brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of
peds; few fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron; 4 percent gravel; very strongly
acid; gradual wavy boundary. [10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 inches) thick]
Bt2--58 to 86 cm (23 to 34 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; strong medium angular blocky
structure; firm; few very fine roots; few faint brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds; common
medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron; few fine faint brown (10YR 5/3) iron
depletions; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [15 to 28 cm (6 to 11 inches) thick]
BC--86 to 96 cm (34 to 38 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine
prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; 4 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt irregular
boundary. [0 to 10 cm (4 inches) thick]
2C--96 to 152 cm (38 to 60 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)
gravelly sand; single grain; loose; 20 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Ionia County, Michigan; about 2.5 miles south of Ionia; 1100 feet west and 25 feet
south of the center of sec. 6, T. 6 N., R. 6 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
Depth to redoximorphic features: 41 to 86 cm (16 to 34 inches)
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
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Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: sandy loam, loam, or silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid
The E horizon is mixed in with the A horizon in some cultivated areas.
E horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: sandy loam, loam, or silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid but ranges to neutral in cultivated areas
BE horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam
Ped surfaces: some pedons have bleached coatings on surface of peds
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid
Bt horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid
BC horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loamy sand, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam, or their gravelly analogues
Redoximorphic feature: commonly have chroma of 2 or less
Special features: in places tongues of BC extend into the 2C horizon from 15 cm to several meters
Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
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2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: sand or gravelly sand
Rock fragment content: 5 to 35 percent
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Ionia soils are on outwash plains, terraces, valley trains, and ground
moraines. Slope gradients range from 0 to 6 percent, but typically are 0 to 2 percent. These soils formed
in loamy sediments over gravelly deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 635 to 889 mm (25 to
35 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 13.9 degrees C (45 to 57 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The Ionia soils are the moderately well drained member
of a drainage sequence that includes the well drained Fox, somewhat poorly drained Matherton, and
poorly drained or very poorly drained Sebewa soils.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Potential
surface runoff is negligible to medium depending on the slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic conductivity
is moderately high in the loamy upper part and high or very high in the substratum. Permeability is
moderate in the loamy upper part of the profile and rapid or very rapid in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for general farming. Principal crops are corn, beans,
small grains, and legume-grass hay. Some areas support a native vegetation of mixed hardwoods
including northern red oak, sugar maple, shagbark hickory, and American beech.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 98, and 111B in southern Michigan, Indiana, western
Ohio, and southeastern Wisconsin. This series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 46 to 86 cm (18 to 34 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below a depth of 46 cm (18 inches).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
88.0
JIMTOWN
LOCATION JIMTOWN
OH
Established Series
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Rev. STP-ELM
05/2011
JIMTOWN SERIES
The Jimtown series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in outwash deposits on
stream terraces, outwash terraces, outwash plains, and beach ridges. Permeability is moderate in the
solum and moderate or moderately rapid in the substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean
annual temperature is about 50 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation is about 38 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aeric Endoaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Jimtown loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, in a cultivated field, at an elevation of about
780 feet above msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap -- 0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium
and fine granular structure; friable; many roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 12 inches
thick.)
Bt -- 10 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weak medium and fine prismatic structure parting to
moderate medium platy; friable; few roots; few faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films on faces
of peds; many faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depleted coatings on faces of peds; common
medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; common medium distinct
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6 and 5/8) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few worm casts;
very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Btg1 -- 20 to 26 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; weak medium and fine subangular blocky
structure; firm; common faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films bridging sand grains; many
medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and
yellowish red (5YR 4/6) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few iron and manganese
concretions; about 5 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
Btg2 -- 26 to 31 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) gravelly loam; weak medium and fine
subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint clay films bridging sand grains; few fine prominent
reddish brown (5YR 4/3) and few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; about 20 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
(Combined thickness of the Bt and Btg horizons is 15 to 35.)
BCtg -- 31 to 37 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very gravelly loam; weak coarse subangular blocky
structure; firm; few faint clay films bridging sand grains; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR
5/6) and few fine prominent reddish brown (5YR 4/3) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix;
about 50 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 25 inches thick.)
C1 -- 37 to 42 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; massive; very friable; common medium faint
light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) areas of iron depletion in the matrix; few fine distinct yellowish brown
(10YR 5/6) soft masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
C2 -- 42 to 49 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose; about 20
percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
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C3 -- 49 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose; about 25 percent rock
fragments; neutral.
TYPE LOCATION: Lorain County, Ohio, Carlisle Township, about 2 miles southwest of Elyria; 500 feet
east of West Ridge Road, 500 feet south of Albrecht Road; T. 5 N., R. 17 W.; USGS Oberlin, Ohio
topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 21 minutes, 00 seconds N. and Longitude 82 degrees, 09
minutes, 10 seconds W. NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon ranges from 25 to 46 inches.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 54 inches. Rock fragments are dominantly sandstone and shale,
with a significant portion of igneous pebbles and cobbles. The particle size control section averages 18 to
27 percent clay and 20 to 55 percent sand.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5 (6 or more dry) and chroma of 1 to 3. Some pedons have
an A horizon up to 5 inches thick that has value of 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) and chroma of 1 or 2. Textures are
loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or their gravelly analogues. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 25
percent. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral.
Some pedons have an E horizon up to 8 inches thick that has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6 (7 or 8
dry), and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture and reaction are like the A horizon.
Some pedons have a BE horizon.
The Bt and Btg horizons have hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 6. Textures
typically are loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or their gravelly and very gravelly analogues. Some
pedons have horizons of fine sandy loam or sandy loam. Some pedons have horizons of silt loam or silty
clay loam to a depth of 24 inches. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 30 percent in the upper part
and from 5 to 60 percent in the lower part. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
The BCtg, BCt, BCg, and BC horizons have hue of 10YR, or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 6.
Textures are loam, sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, and their gravelly, very gravelly, and
extremely gravelly analogues. Rock fragment content averages between 15 and 50 percent but ranges
from 0 to 75 percent. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 6. Textures
are loam, sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, or sand, coarse sand and their
gravelly, very gravelly, and extremely gravelly analogues. Rock fragment content averages between 15
and 60 percent, but ranges from 0 to 85 percent. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral. Some
pedons range to moderately alkaline below 60 inches. Some pedons have carbonates in the lower part.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Angola, Appleton, Ayshire, Burdett, Crawleyville, Darien, Digby,
Mitiwanga, Mongle, Nuhi, Ovid, Shadeland, Sleeth, and Whitaker series. Angola, Mitiwanga, Nuhi, and
Shadeland soils have a lithic contact before 40 inches. Appleton, Darien, and Ovid soils have sola
shallower than 54 inches and are formed in till. Ayshire, Crawleyville, and Whitaker soils have less rock
fragments in the subsoil and substratum. Burdett soils have higher clay content in the substratum. Digby
and Sleeth soils are more alkaline in the substratum. Mongle soils have a higher mean annual temperature.
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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Jimtown soils formed in Wisconsinan Age stratified outwash deposits on
stream terraces, outwash terraces, outwash plains, and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent.
Mean annual precipitation ranges from 29 to 45, mean annual temperature ranges from 48 to 56 degrees
F, frost free days range from 110 to 198 days, and elevation ranges from 700 to 1300.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bogart, Chili, Damascus, Fitchville,
Mahoning, and Wadsworth soils. The well drained Chili and moderately well drained Bogart soils on
higher landscape positions and poorly drained Damascus soils on lower landscape positions and
depressions are in a toposequence with Jimtown soils. The somewhat poorly drained Fitchville soils
formed in silty lacustrine sediments and are on similar positions. The somewhat poorly drained.
Mahoning and Wadsworth soils are adjacent soils on till plains.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to an intermittent apparent
water table is .5 to 1 foot between October and June in most years. Permeability is moderate or
moderately rapid in the solum and in the underlying material. Permeability is slow in the lower part of the
series control section in the till substratum phase. The potential for surface runoff is low.
USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are used for row crops, pasture, and woodland. Native vegetation is
mixed hardwoods where ash, elm, sugar maple, and beech are dominant species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and central Ohio. MLRA's 111, 124, 139, and 140. The
series is of moderate extent, about 57,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Columbiana County, Ohio, 1965.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
a) Ochric epipedon - 0 to 10 inches (Ap);
b) Argillic horizon - 10 to 31 inches (Bt, Btg1, Btg2);
c) aquic conditions - 10 to 60 inches.
A till substratum phase with clay loam or silty clay loam textures is recognized. It will need to be
evaluated during MLRA update activities.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedons CO-156, sample numbers 27801-27811; LR-29, sample
numbers 16495-16502; ST-4, sample numbers 17243-17250; and WN-60 for characterization data;
samples analyzed by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
89.0
KEENE
LOCATION KEENE
OH
Established Series
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Rev. AR-LAT-LER
02/2005
KEENE SERIES
The Keene series consists of deep or very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in a mantle of silty
material up to 36 inches in thickness and in residuum weathered mainly from Pennsylvanian acid shale,
siltstone, coal underclay, and some strata of limestone on uplands. Permeability is moderate or
moderately slow in the upper silty material and is moderately slow or slow in the lower material. Slope
ranges from 1 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches, and mean annual temperature
is about 53 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Keene silt loam, on a south-facing, convex, 6 percent slope in a cultivated field.
(Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak
fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many roots; 2 percent shale fragments; moderately acid; abrupt
smooth boundary. (4 to 10 inches thick)
E--9 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; many roots; many pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 7 inches
thick)
Bt1--12 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; common roots; many small pores in interior peds; few faint yellowish brown (10YR
5/4) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--15 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; common roots; common distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces
of peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 4 to 22
inches.)
2Bt3--20 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; common roots; common distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on
faces of peds; many medium prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and many medium distinct pale
brown (10YR 6/3) redoximorphic features; 5 percent shale fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth
boundary.
2Bt4--25 to 39 inches; mixed yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and gray (5Y 6/1) silty clay loam; moderate
medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky; firm; few roots; common
distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay films on faces of peds; common fine distinct light brownish gray
(10YR 6/2) iron depletions and many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron
accumulation; 10 percent shale fragments less than 6 inches in length; very strongly acid; gradual smooth
boundary. (Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizons is 10 to 30 inches.)
2BC--39 to 52 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) channery silty clay loam; weak medium angular and subangular
blocky structure; very firm; few faint pale brown (10YR 6/3)clay films on vertical faces of peds; few fine
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prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; 25 percent shale fragments less than 6
inches in length; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 16 inches thick)
2Cr--52 to 72 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) weathered shale.
TYPE LOCATION: Coshocton County, Ohio; about 3 1/2 miles northwest of Fresno in Crawford
Township, North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Agricultural Research Service; 50 feet south of
farm lane and 70 feet west of lysimeter battery; about 330 feet west and 150 feet north of the southeast
corner, sec. 25, T. 7 N., R. 5 W.; USGS Coshocton, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees 22
minutes 25 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degees 47 minutes 24 seconds W., NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Depth to
weathered bedrock is 40 to 84 inches. The volume of rock fragments, mainly small shale and siltstone
fragments, ranges from 0 to 5 percent in the A and Bt horizons, 5 to 15 percent in the 2Bt horizon, and 5
to 35 percent in the 2BC and 2C horizons. The particle size control section averages 28 to 35 percent clay.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5 and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3. Some pedons have
an A horizon, 1 to 4 inches thick, that has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 1 or
2. It is very strongly acid to neutral.
The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6 and 6 to 8 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is very
strongly acid to neutral.
A BA horizon or BE horizon occurs in some pedons.
The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6; redoximorphic features
with chroma of 1 to 6 are in the lower part of the horizon in many pedons. It is silt loam or silty clay
loam. It is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 6;
redoximorphic features with chroma of 1 to 6 are throughout. It is silty clay, silty clay loam or clay loam.
It is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
The 2BC horizon and the 2C horizons, where present, have hue of 10YR, 2.5Y,or 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and
chroma of 1 to 4. They are silty clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or clay; or their channery analogues.
Reaction is very strongly acid to slightly acid.
Bedrock commonly is soft weathered shale, siltstone, or coal underclay, but thinly bedded or fractured
siltstone is in some pedons.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Appleriver, Blair, Bunkum, Fishhook, Freeburg, Geff, Glenford,
Muren, Reesville, Sugarvalley (T), Torox, and Xenia series. Appleriver soils are somewhat poorly drained
and the pH of the lower part of the series control section is alkaline and reacts to acid with effervesence.
Blair, Bunkum, Freeburg and Muren soils lack rock fragments in the lower part of the series control
section. Fishhook soils formed in material weathered from glacial till and contain gravel in the lower onehalf of the control section. Geff soils average less than 5 percent rock fragments of shale in the lower part
of the series control section. Glenford soils have stratification within the series control section. Reesville
soils have limestone and crystalline rock fragments in the 2C horizon. Sugarvalley (T) soils have
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carbonates at a depth of 40 to 60 inches. Torox soils have rock fragments that are primarily igneous and
limestone. Xenia soils are slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the 2BC and 2Cd horizons.
Series that were formerly in the same family, but have not been updated to the 8th Edition of the Keys to
Soil Taxonomy include Lykens and Travilah. Lykens soils have evidence of stratification in the series
control section and have C horizons in till that have free carbonates.Lykens soils have more than 10
percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Travilah soils have a lithic contact within a
depth of 40 inches consisting of serpentine.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Keene soils occur on hills, ridgetops and benches of unglaciated disected
uplands in the western and central Allegheny Plateau. They occupy interfluve, side slope, head slope,
nose slope and base slope landscape positions. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. The soils formed in
silty materials up to 36 inches thick, over residuum weathered mainly from interbedded siltstone, shale,
and coal underclay, or in places thin strata of limestone. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 36
to 42 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 50 to 54 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brownsville, Coshocton, Dekalb, Gilpin,
Guernsey, Rayne, and Westmoreland soils. The well drained Brownsville and Dekalb soils are loamyskeletal and are on upper shoulders and back slopes. The Coshocton and Guernsey soils are on similar
landscape positions. The well drained Gilpin, Rayne, and Westmoreland soils have lower base saturation
and are on summits and backslopes.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. The potential for surface runoff is
medium to high. The depth to the top of an intermittent perched seasonal high water table is 1.0 to 2.0 feet
in normal years. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow in the upper silty material and moderately
slow or slow in the lower material.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cropped. Corn, mixed hay, and wheat are the principal crops.
More sloping areas are in forage for hay or pasture, or in woodland. Native vegetation was deciduous
hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Ohio. MLRA 124 and 126. The series is of moderate extent,
about 28,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Little Mill Creek Watershed, Coshocton County, Ohio,
1938.
REMARKS: The 4/98 revison included numerous changes made to all parts of OSD. Pedon description
was updated to current redoximorphic feature terminology.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of 12 inches (Ap and E horizons)
argillic horizon - the zone from a depth of 12 to 39 inches (Bt1, Bt2, 2Bt3, and 2Bt4 horizons)
redoximorphic features at 20 to 52 inches
paralithic contact at 52 inches (2Cr horizon)
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ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to sample pedons CS-11 (OSD type location), MS-25 and TU-11, analyzed
by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.
Revised 3/89-AR,LAT; 04/2000-AR,LAT,LER; 02/2005-DHK
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
90.0
KENDALLVILLE
LOCATION KENDALLVILLE
OH+IN MI
Established Series
Rev. AR-SJH-DBD
04/2007
KENDALLVILLE SERIES
The Kendallville series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches)
of loess and the underlying outwash and loamy till. These soils are on moraines, kames, eskers, and
outwash terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 40 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 940 mm (37
inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Kendallville silt loam, on an undulating, 4 percent slope in a timothy meadow on the
Cable moraine at an elevation of about 369 meters (1210 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist
soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine
granular structure; friable; assumed many fine and common medium roots throughout; moderately acid;
abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick]
Bt1--18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky
structure; firm; assumed common fine and few medium roots throughout; few faint brown (7.5YR 5/4)
clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick]
2Bt2--28 to 38 cm (11 to 15 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; strong fine subangular blocky
structure; very firm; assumed common fine roots; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of
peds; 10 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
2Bt3--38 to 56 cm (15 to 22 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay; strong medium and coarse
subangular blocky structure; very firm; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and
on gravel; 20 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
2Bt4--56 to 76 cm (22 to 30 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; firm; common distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds and on
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gravel; 30 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt
horizons is 25 to 86 cm (10 to 34 inches).]
3BC--76 to 86 cm (30 to 34 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; firm; few distinct dark
brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films in voids; about 3 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick]
3C--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; very firm; about 3
percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Champaign County, Ohio; about 1 mile northeast of Mutual, in Union Township;
3140 feet north of State Highway 161 and 1300 feet east of Madden Road; USGS Urbana, Ohio
topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 05 minutes 29 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 37 minutes 42
seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Thickness of the solum: 63 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches)
Thickness of the loess mantle: commonly less than 30 cm (12 inches), but ranges to 46 cm (18 inches)
Depth to the underlying till: less than 102 cm (40 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 24 to 35 percent clay
Rock fragments: mainly glacial pebbles (gravel) with some cobblestones and boulders, including some
crystalline rocks
Ap horizon
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: silt loam, loam, or sandy loam, and ranges to clay loam in severely eroded pedons
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam, loam, or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
E horizon, where present:
Thickness: 8 to 20 cm (3 to 8 inches)
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: silt loam, loam, or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid
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Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid
2Bt horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: clay, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures
Rock fragment content: 5 to 30 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline
3BC or 3Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loam or clay loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures
Rock fragment content: 2 to 30 percent
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline and is partially leached of carbonates
3C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loam or clay loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures
Clay content: 20 to 30 percent
Rock fragment content: 2 to 30 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and carbonates are present
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bluemount, Douds, Grellton, Kliever, Letort, Lindley, Mandeville,
McHenry, Mifflin, Nodine, Norden, Ott (T), Pecatonica, Plumcreek, Renova, Rockbridge, Theresa,
Westville, Whalan, and Wykoff series. Bluemount, Mandeville, Mifflin, Norden, Ott, and Whalan soils
have a lithic or paralithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Douds, Kliever, Nodine,
Pecatonica, Plumcreek, Renova, Rockbridge, Westville, and Wykoff soils do not have carbonates within a
depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Grellton soils do not have rock fragments within a depth of 102 cm (40
inches). Letort soils do not have glacial pebbles in the lower part of the series control section. Lindley
soils do not have subhorizons in the argillic horizon that have more than 5 percent rock fragments.
McHenry soils do not have textures with less than 55 percent sand in the lower part of the series control
section. Theresa soils do not have a layer of outwash overlying the till.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kendallville soils are on moraines, kames, eskers, and outwash terraces of
Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 40 percent. The soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of
loess and the underlying outwash and loamy till. Climate is humid and temperate. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from 762 to 1016 mm (30 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9
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to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 120 to 180 days. Elevation is 192 to 373 meters
(630 to 1225 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Eldean, Fox, Miami, Miamian, and Ockley
soils. Eldean, Fox and Ockley soils do not have a till substratum within 152 cm (60 inches) and are on
similar landscape positions. Miami and Miamian soils do not have outwash material in the solum and are
on similar landscape positions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The depth to a
seasonal high water table is greater than 183 cm (6 feet). The potential for surface runoff is negligible to
high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate in the solum and
moderately slow in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most Kendallville soils are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans,
wheat, oats, and legume meadow. A small proportion is in permanent pasture or woodlots. Native
vegetation is mixed deciduous hardwoods consisting mainly of oaks, maple, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 111A, 111B, 111D in western Ohio and Indiana, and MLRA
98 in southern Michigan. The type location is in MLRA 111A. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Noble County, Indiana, 1947.
REMARKS: Lab data for the type location (CH-41) shows that the particle-size class is fine textured.
This series needs to be reevaluated under the MLRA concept and a new type location established. Also
the color of the clay films were not in the original description of the 2Bt1 and 2Bt2 horizons so it was
considered the same color as the matrix color. Roots were also not described but were entered in the Ap
and Bt horizons because of the type of the vegetation in the field.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 18 cm (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 18 to 76 cm (Bt, 2Bt horizons).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedons FR-51, PY-24, PY-26, and CH-41 (the type location) for
available laboratory characterization data from the Soil Characterization Laboratory at The Ohio State
University, Columbus, Ohio.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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91.0
KERSTON
LOCATION KERSTON
MI+MN OH
Established Series
Rev. KEP-WEF-MLK
08/2012
KERSTON SERIES
The Kerston series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in 41 to 76 cm (16 to 30
inches) of organic materials overlying alternating layers of organic and mineral materials on flood plains
and glacial drainageways. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm
(32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Euic, mesic Fluvaquentic Haplosaprists
TYPICAL PEDON: Kerston muck, on a 1 percent slope in celery field. (Colors are for moist soil unless
otherwise stated.)
Oa1--0 to 25 cm (10 inches); black (N 2/) broken face, black (10YR 2/1) rubbed muck (sapric material);
less than 5 percent fiber unrubbed and rubbed; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many fine
roots; sodium pyrophosphate black (10YR 2/1); slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [10 to 41 cm (4 to
16 inches) thick]
Oa2--25 to 41 cm (10 to 16 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material);
less than 5 percent fiber unrubbed and rubbed; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many
fine roots; sodium pyrophosphate very dark brown (10YR 2/2); about 5 percent light brownish gray
(10YR 6/2) sand; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 76 cm (30 inches) thick]
C--41 to 46 cm (16 to 18 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sand; many medium faint dark
gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions; single grain; loose; few fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. [5 to 30 cm (2 to 12 inches) thick]
O'a---46 to 56 cm (18 to 22 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material);
about 10 percent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fiber unrubbed and rubbed; massive; few fine roots; sodium
pyrophosphate dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2); moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 51 cm
(5 to 20 inches) thick]
C'--56 to 74 cm (22 to 29 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) fine sand; common medium distinct grayish
brown (10YR 5/2) and many medium very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic stains; single grain; loose;
slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 30 cm (12 inches) thick]
O''a--74 to 86 cm (29 to 34 inches); black (N 2/) broken face, black (10YR 2/1) rubbed muck (sapric
material); about 33 percent fiber, 15 percent rubbed; massive; fiber is grayish brown (10YR 5/2); neutral;
abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 51 cm (20 inches) thick]
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C''--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine sand; few fine faint dark grayish
brown (10YR 4/2) and many medium distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic stains; single grain;
loose; neutral.
TYPE LOCATION: Muskegon County, Michigan; about 1 mile north east of the town of Whitehall; 700
feet east and 50 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 15, T. 12 N., R. 17 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the first C horizon: commonly 41 to 76 cm (16 to 30 inches), but ranges from 41 to 102 (16 to
40 inches)
Surface tier and organic subhorizons:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 0 to 2
Organic material: typically well decomposed muck (sapric material) derived from herbaceous materials;
some pedons contain woody fragments; thickness and sequence of the layers of organic material vary
greatly in these soils and extend through the control section
Reaction: strongly acid to moderately alkaline
C horizon:
Thickness: one or more subhorizons 5 to 30 cm (2 to 12 inches) thick; constitute less than 50 percent of
the upper 81 cm (32 inches) of the profile
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: fine sand to silty clay loam but is dominantly fine sand, sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam; some
pedons have thin layers of marl below a depth of 91 cm (36 inches)
Reaction: strongly acid to moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Mountainview series. Mountainview soils do not have mineral soil
layers within the control section and have a mean annual precipitation of less than 762 mm (30 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kerston soils are in nearly level or slightly depressed glacial drainageways
and flood plains (first bottoms) of slowly flowing streams. They are most extensive near the confluence of
these streams with other bodies of water. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Kerston soils formed in 41 to
76 cm (16 to 30 inches) of organic materials overlying alternating layers of organic and mineral materials.
Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 914 mm (30 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges
from 8.3 to 10.0 degrees C (47 to 50 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Adrian, Cohoctah, and Glendora soils on
flood plains. Cohoctah and Glendora soils do not have organic layers.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the
top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below
the surface between September and June in normal years. The water table is typically the same as that of
the adjacent stream. Potential for surface runoff is negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic
conductivity is moderately high or high in the sapric material and high or very high in the mineral
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material. Permeability of the sapric material ranges from moderately slow to moderately rapid and the
mineral material has rapid permeability.
USE AND VEGETATION: The greater part of this soil is in native vegetation, which consists of marsh
grasses, sedges, reeds, and shrubs. Some areas have a poor quality lowland hardwood forest including
American elm, white ash, cottonwood, red and silver maple. Other areas are drained and planted to high
value crops such as celery, carrots, onions, lettuce, and mint.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 90B, 96, 97, and 98 in lower Michigan, Ohio, and Minnesota.
The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Menominee County, Michigan, 1925.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Muck (sapric material): the surface to a depth of 41 cm (16 inches) (Oa1 and Oa2 horizons).
Fluvaquentic feature: mineral layers at 41 to 46 cm (16 to 18 inches); 56 to 74 cm (22 to 29 inches); and
86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches) below the surface tier.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
92.0
KIBBIE
LOCATION KIBBIE
MI+OH WI
Established Series
Rev. NWS-LWB-RAR
06/2011
KIBBIE SERIES
The Kibbie series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils on lake plains, ground moraines,
outwash plains, and deltas. They formed in stratified loamy and silty glaciofluvial or glaciolacustrine
deposits. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and
mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Kibbie loam, on a 2 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil
unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 cm (7 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;
moderate fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to
23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick]
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E--18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; moderate medium granular structure;
friable; many fine roots; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in
the matrix; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick]
Bt1--28 to 48 cm (11 to 19 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; many fine roots; few lenses of very fine sand 3 to 25.4 mm (1/8- to 1-inch) thick; thin clay
films on faces of peds and in root channels; common medium faint brown (10YR 4/3) iron depletions in
the matrix; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--48 to 86 cm (19 to 34 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; thin lenses of very fine sand and silt loam; thin clay films on faces
of peds and in some root channels; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of
oxidized iron in the matrix; common medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the
matrix; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 86 cm (8 to 34
inches).)
C--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) stratified silt loam, fine sand and very fine sand;
massive; friable; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the
matrix; many medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; strongly
effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Lapeer County, Michigan; about 9 miles east and 2 1/2 miles north of North Branch;
760 feet east and 420 feet north of the southwest corner of southeast quarter of sec. 23, T. 10 N., R. 12 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: typically 71 to 107 cm (28 to 42 inches) but ranges from 61 to 122 cm (24 to 48
inches)
Depth to carbonates: typically 71 to 107 cm (28 to 42 inches) but ranges from 61 to 122 cm (24 to 48
inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 35 percent clay
Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3, 5 or less dry
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy fine sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
E horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loamy fine sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Bt horizon:
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Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, or silt loam; thickness and sequence of strata
of silt loam, fine sandy loam, fine sand, and very fine sand are variable within short horizontal distances
Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral, and includes slightly alkaline in the lower part
Some pedons have a BC or BCg horizon. Some pedons have Bk horizons with colors and textures similar
to that of the C horizon.
C or Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: thickness and sequence of layers of different textures vary within short horizontal distances;
strata are dominantly silt loam to fine sand and range in thickness from 6 mm to more than 38 cm (1/4 to
more than 15 inches); in some pedons strata 6 mm to 8 cm (1/4 to 3 inches) thick ranging from clay to
loamy sand or fine sand are in the lower part of the B horizon and in the C horizon
Rock fragment content: 0 to 1 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Silty clay loam and clay loam till is below 102 cm (40 inches) in some pedons. Sandy substratum phases
that have sand or fine sand below 102 cm (40 inches) are presently. These sandy substratum phases may
have stratified silt loam to sand between the solum and sandy substratum. See REMARKS.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Alida, Ashippun, Lourdes, Marker, Montmorenci, and Symco
series. Alida, Ashippun, Lourdes, Marker, Montmorenci, and Symco soils contain more than 1 percent
rock fragments in some part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kibbie soils are on lake plains, ground moraines, outwash plains, and deltas
of Wisconsin age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Kibbie soils formed in stratified loamy and silty
glaciofluvial or glaciolacustrine deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 914 mm (28 to 36
inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 10.0 degrees C (47 to 50 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The poorly drained or very poorly drained Colwood, the
well drained Sisson, and the moderately well drained Tuscola soils are in a drainage sequence with Kibbie
soils. Conover and Metamora soils are associated where deltas and outwash plains grade into till plains.
The Del Rey and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Lenawee soils are associated on lake plains.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth
to the seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) below the surface from November
to May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic
conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, small grains, beans, and hay are the principal
crops. A small part is in permanent pasture or in woodland. Native vegetation is forests of American elm,
American beech, red maple, and American basswood.
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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95A, 95B, 96, 97, 98, 99, and 111B in southern Michigan,
southeastern Wisconsin, and northwestern Ohio. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Newton County, Indiana; 1943.
REMARKS: The till substratum and sandy substratum phases will become new series when their area of
use is updated.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (11 inches) (Ap and E horizons).
Albic horizon: from a depth of 18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches) (E horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 86 cm (11 to 34 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons).
Aquic conditions: iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less in horizons below a depth of 48 cm (19 inches)
(Bt2 and C horizons).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
93.0
KIDDER
LOCATION KIDDER
WI+IL+MI
Established Series
Rev. HFG-AAC
12/2010
KIDDER SERIES
The Kidder series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in thin loess and in loamy till or just in
loamy till on moraines and drumlins. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is
about 815 mm (32 inches). Mean annual air temperature is about 10 degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Kidder silt loam on a 4 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about
270 meters (885 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, light brownish
gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine and very fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine
fibrous roots; common fine and medium, continuous, mostly exped dendritic pores; neutral; abrupt
smooth boundary. [ 13 to 23 cm (5 to 9 inches) thick]
2BE--18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) and brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak fine
and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine fibrous roots; common very fine and fine
and few medium, continuous, mostly exped, dendritic pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 15 cm
(0 to 6 inches) thick]
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2Bt1--28 to 43 cm (11 to 17 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine fibrous roots; common fine and very fine and few medium,
continuous, mostly exped, dendritic pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores and clay
bridging of sand grains; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
2Bt2--43 to 71 cm (17 to 28 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine fibrous roots; common fine and very fine, continuous, mostly
exped, dendritic pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores and clay bridging of sand grains;
neutral; clear wavy boundary.
2Bt3--71 to 76 cm (28 to 30 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) sandy loam; weak
medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and very fine, continuous, obliquely oriented, inped
and exped pores; very few thin clay films on faces of some peds and faint clay bridging of sand grains;
about 14 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizons
ranges from 33 to 81 cm (13 to 32 inches).]
2C--76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly sandy loam; massive; friable; few
fine and very fine continuous, obliquely oriented pores; about 34 percent gravel; strongly effervescent;
slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Rock County, Wisconsin; about 5 miles north of Milton; about 140 feet north and
2450 feet east of the center of the sec. 1, T. 4 N., R. 13 E. USGS Milton, Wisconsin topographic
quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 50 minutes 15 seconds N., and long. 88 degrees 53 minutes and 44 seconds
W., UTM Zone 16. NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of loess mantle: less than 38 cm (15 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches
Volume of gravel in the solum: 0 to 20 percent, and ranges from 5 to 35 percent in the C horizon.
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the solum, but ranges to moderately acid in the Bt horizon in
some pedons, and is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the C horizon.
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Croma: 2 or 3, colors with moist value of 3 have value dry of 6 or more.
Texture: silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or clay loam, but in some pedons it is loamy fine
sand.
A horizon [less than 13 cm (5 inches) thick]
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam, but in some pedons it is loamy fine sand.
E horizon (where present):
Hue: 10YR
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Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: silt loam, loam or sandy loam, but in some pedons it is loamy fine sand.
2BE or BE horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: silt loam, loam or sandy loam
2Bt or Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 to 6, value and chroma of 3 do not occur together.
Texture: loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam but subhorizons of sandy loam are in some pedons,
especially in the lower part of the solum.
Other features:
The particle-size control section averages between 20 and 30 percent clay. Thin subhorizons with as
much as 40 percent clay are in some pedons. The content of sand coarser than very fine ranges from 35 to
65 percent.
2C or C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or the gravelly analogs. Sand content ranges from 55 to 75
percent.
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 40 percent
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Belmore, Chili, Cliftycreek, Crouse, Gallman,
Greybrook, Hickory, High Gap, Kanawha, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Lumberton, Martinsville, Military,
Ockley, Pignut, Princeton, Relay, Richardville, Riddles, Senachwine, Skelton, Strawn, Turnersburg,
Wawaka, Wawasee, and Woodbine series. Amanda, Cliftycreek, Gallman, Greybrook, Hickory,
Martinsville, Ockley, Richardville, and Riddles soils are more than 102 cm (40 inches) deep to
carbonates. Belmont, Lumberton, Mifflin, Nollville, and Woodbine soils have a lithic contact below a
depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Belmore soils are stratified in the lower part of the series control section.
Chili, Kanawha, Skelton, and turnersburg soils have no carbonates within the series control section.
Crouse soils are more than 40 inches deep to the base of the argillic horizon. Hebron soils are stratified in
the lower part of the series control section. High Gap and Military soils have a lithic contact at 51 to 102
cm (20 to 40 inches). Kosciusko soils are sandy or sandy skeletal in the lower part, within a depth of 102
cm (40 inches). Leroy soils have calcium carbonate equivalent of 60 to 90 percent in the till substratum.
Mandeville and Pignut soils have a paralithic contact at 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches). Senachwine soils
have 52 percent sand or less and more than 7 percent clay in the till substratum. Princeton soils have
lamellae (E & Bt horizon) in the lower part of the series control section. Relay soils have hues of 2.5Y or
yellower throughout. Strawn soils have less than 35 percent sand in the Bt horizon. Wawaka soils are
more than 102 cm (40 inches) deep to the base of soil development. Wawasee soils have 35 to 55 percent
sand in the till substratum.
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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kidder soils are on ground moraines, end moraines, and drumlins. Slope
ranges from 0 to 35 percent. These soils formed in thin loess and in loamy till or just in loamy till. Mean
annual precipitation ranges from 710 to 915 mm (28 to 36 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges
from 7.8 to 12.2 degrees C (46 to 54 degrees F). The frost free period ranges from 135 to 190 days.
Elevation ranges from 213 to 396 meters (700 to 1300 feet).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Griswold, McHenry, Pardeeville, and
Rotamer soils. Griswold and Rotamer soils are nearby on similar slopes, but have mollic epipedons.
McHenry soils are nearby where the loess mantle is 15 to 30 inches thick. Pardeeville soils are nearby
where the surface layers are dark-colored, but less than 25 cm (10 inches) thick.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for
surface runoff ranges from negligible to very high. saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high to
high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometer per second) in the solum and high (14.11 to 42.34 micrometer per second)
in the substratum. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderately rapid in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Many areas are used for cropland. Common crops are corn, soybeans, small
grain, and hay. Some areas are used for pastureland and some are in woodland. Native vegetation is
mixed hardwood forest. Common trees are red oak, white oak, shagbark hickory, and white ash..
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, and northern Illinois.
This soil is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Rock County, Wisconsin, 1970.
REMARKS: A new series needs to be proposed for the moderately well drained phase of this series.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - 0 to 28 cm (0 to 11
inches) (Ap, BE); argillic horizon - 28 to 76 cm (11 to 30 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
94.0
KILLBUCK
LOCATION KILLBUCK
OH
Established Series
Rev. AR-DRM
05/2007
KILLBUCK SERIES
The Killbuck series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in 38 to 102 cm (15 to 40 inches)
of recent alluvium over a buried dark colored soil. These soils are on flood plains. Slope ranges from 0 to
2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 965 mm (38 inches), and mean annual air temperature is
about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
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TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Typic Fluvaquents
TYPICAL PEDON: Killbuck silt loam, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
dry; weak very fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
[15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick]
Bg1--20 to 38 cm (8 to 15 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; common roots; many coarse faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) and common fine
prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bg2--38 to 53 cm (15 to 21 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting
to weak medium subangular blocky; friable; common roots; common fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2)
iron depletions and prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid;
abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 15 to 76 cm (6 to 30 inches).]
2Ab--53 to 84 cm (21 to 33 inches); very dark gray (N 3/) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure
parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; few roots; many faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) coatings on
faces of peds; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly
acid; gradual smooth boundary. [15 to 38 cm (6 to 15 inches) thick]
2Bgb1--84 to 104 cm (33 to 41 inches); dark gray (N 4/) silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic
structure; firm; few roots; many faint gray (N 5/) coatings on faces of peds; common fine prominent
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid;
clear smooth boundary.
2Bgb2--104 to 129 cm (41 to 51 inches); gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure;
firm; few roots; many faint gray (N 5/) coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium prominent
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation; slightly acid; gradual boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bgb horizon is 41 to 91 cm
(16 to 36 inches).]
2Cg--129 to 178 cm (51 to 70 inches); gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay loam; massive; firm; common medium
prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation and common coarse distinct dark gray
(N 4/) iron depletions; moderately acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Wayne County, Ohio; about 6 miles southwest of Wooster; 825 feet west and 2,640
feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 31, T. 15 N., R. 13 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the silty alluvium overlying the 2Ab horizon: 38 to 91 cm (15 to 36 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 102 to more than 178 cm (40 to more than 70 inches)
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry)
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Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 to 4 (3 to 6 dry)
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Bg horizon or Cg horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: dominantly silt loam or silty clay loam, with thin layers of fine or very fine sandy loam in many
pedons
Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
2Ab horizon:
Hue: 10YR or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5 or 3
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline
2Bb or 2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 0 to 2, but subhorizons in some pedons have chroma of more than 2
Texture: commonly silty clay loam or silt loam or less commonly loam or clay loam; below 102 cm (40
inches) some pedons have thin sandy and gravelly strata less than 13 cm (5 inches) thick
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Birds and Southwest series. Birds soils do not have a buried soil
within the series control section. Southwest soils formed recent alluvium overlying glaciofluvial deposits
or glaciolacustrine deposits in depressions on moraines, till plains, and outwash plains in MLRAs 98 and
111.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Killbuck soils are on level or in depressional areas on flood plains. Slope
ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The areas are now flood plains, but some were shallow in post-glacial times.
The regolith in the upper part of the profile is recent alluvium from glaciated uplands. The buried soil is
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of alluvial or lacustrine origin. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 838 to 1092 mm (33 to 43 inches).
Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 12 degrees C (48 to 54 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Algiers, Holly, Sloan, and Wallkill soils on
similar topographic positions; the Chagrin, Lobdell, and Orrville soils on nearby areas of the flood plain;
and the Bogart, Chili, Conotton, Fitchville, Glenford, Lorain, Luray, Mentor, Montgomery, Sebring, and
Wheeling soils. Algiers soils have chroma of 3 in part of the recent alluvium and are fine-loamy. Holly
soils lack a buried dark colored A horizon and are fine-loamy. Sloan soils lack the overlying light colored
recent alluvium and are fine-loamy. Wallkill soils are underlain by buried soils consisting of organic
materials. The well drained Chagrin soils, the moderately well drained Lobdell soils, and the somewhat
poorly drained Orrville soils are fine-loamy. They are on higher topographic positions or along higher
gradient streams. Bogart, Chili, Conotton, Fitchville, Glenford, Lorain, Luray, Mentor, Montgomery,
Sebring, and Wheeling soils are on nearby terraces and formed in outwash or lacustrine material.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained. The potential for
surface runoff is low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately
slow. The soil is subject to occasional or frequent flooding.
USE AND VEGETATION: Many of the larger areas of Killbuck soils have been cleared, drained, and
cultivated. Corn and soybeans are the principal crops. Areas in permanent vegetation are used for pasture
or poor quality woodland. Native vegetation is water tolerant hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and north central Ohio; MLRAs 111E, 114A, 124, and
139. The type location is in MLRA 139. The series is of small extent, about 5,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (Ap horizon).
Buried soil: at 53 cm (top of the 2Ab horizon)
Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons below a depth of 20 cm.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from The Ohio State University Soil
Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, OH, for profile WN-44,the typical pedon.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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95.0
KOKOMO
LOCATION KOKOMO
IN+MI OH
Established Series
Rev. TRZ-TJE
09/2014
KOKOMO SERIES
The Kokomo series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in loamy materials
overlying till. Kokomo soils are in depressions on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean
annual precipitation is about 1016 mm (40 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.6 degrees C
(51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Kokomo silty clay loam, at an elevation of 253 meters (830 feet) above mean sea
level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak fine
and medium granular structure; friable; few fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
A--23 to 41 cm (9 to 16 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium angular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the A
horizon is 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches).]
Btg1--41 to 79 cm (16 to 31 inches); dark gray (5Y 4/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium and fine
subangular and angular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct olive gray (5Y 5/2) clay films
on faces of ped; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings in root channels; common
medium prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and few medium prominent yellowish brown
(10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.
Btg2--79 to 127 cm (31 to 50 inches); olive gray (5Y 5/2) silty clay loam; moderate coarse subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct olive gray (5Y 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; few
distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings in root channels; common coarse prominent strong
brown (7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; 2 percent rock
fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg horizon is 58 to 114 cm (23 to
45 inches).]
2C--127 to 163 cm (50 to 64 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; massive; friable; 2 percent rock
fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Howard County, Indiana; 2,475 feet west and 396 feet south of northeast corner of
sec. 8, T. 23 N., R. 4 E.; USGS Kokomo East, Indiana topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 27 minutes
41.85 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 05 minutes 52.63 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches)
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Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 91 to 178 cm (36 to 70 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 91 to 178 cm (36 to 70 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 40 percent clay
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel throughout the series control section
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, loam, silt loam, or mucky silt loam
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Btg or Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 or 2 in the upper part, and 1 to 4 in the lower part
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay
Clay content: 30 to 45 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
2Cg or 2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: loam
Clay content: 15 to 24 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Calamine, Grannycreek, Lippincott, and Tanglenook series.
Calamine soils have a paralithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Grannycreek are in areas
that receive more than 1067 mm (42 inches) of mean annual precipitation. Lippincott soils have more
than 10 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Tanglenook soils have a
mollic epipedon that is thicker than 61 cm (24 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kokomo soils are in depressions on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2
percent. The soils formed in loamy materials overlying loam till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from
889 to 1067 mm (35 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 12.8 degrees C (48 to 55
degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 190 days. Elevation is 162 to 381 meters (530 to 1250 feet) above
mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brookston, Celina, Crosby, Fincastle,
Miami, Russell, and Xenia soils. The poorly drained Brookston soils are on similar landforms as the
Kokomo soils. The moderately well drained Celina and Xenia soils and the somewhat poorly drained
Crosby and Fincastle soils are on swells on till plains. The moderately well drained Miami and well
drained Russell soils are on swells and knolls on till plains and on shoulders and backslopes on dissected
till plains.
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DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the
top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1.0 foot) above the surface to 15 cm (0.5
foot) below the surface during the winter and spring in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is
negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or moderately low in the loamy materials,
and moderately low in the underlying till. Permeability is moderately slow or slow in the loamy materials
and slow in the underlying till.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn, soybeans, oats, wheat, and hay. Some
areas are in permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous hardwood forest of elm,
maple, and ash.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly in MLRAs 111A and 111D, and to a lesser extent in MLRAs
98, 111B, and 111E in east-central Indiana, southern Michigan, and west-central Ohio. The type location
is in MLRA 111A. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Cass County, Indiana, 1952.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 41 cm (Ap, A horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 41 to 127 cm (Btg horizon).
Aquic conditions: redox features directly below the mollic epipedon.
A stony subsoil, gravelly substratum, and stratified substratum phases are recognized, and will likely
become new series when the subsets of soil surveys with these phases are updated. Drained and undrained
phases are recognized.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory
(KSSL), Lincoln, Nebraska for pedons sampled by the Agricultural Experiment Station at Purdue
University and at The Ohio State University.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
96.0
LAPEER
LOCATION LAPEER
MI+WI
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-WEF
03/2011
LAPEER SERIES
The Lapeer series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in sandy loam till on ground moraines
and end moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32
inches), and the mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees).
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TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Lapeer sandy loam, on a 3 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist
soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
dry; weak coarse granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt
smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick]
E--20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam; moderate medium platy structure;
friable; many fine roots; 2 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches)
thick]
BE--30 to 38 cm 12 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;
firm; many fine roots; 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches)
thick]
Bt1--38 to 61 cm (15 to 24 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; moderate
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct clay films on faces of peds and in root channels;
2 percent cobbles, 2 percent gravel; many fine roots; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--61 to 86 cm (24 to 34 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky
structure; firm; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; common fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt wavy
boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 36 to 66 cm (14 to 26 inches).]
C--86 to 152 cm (34 to 60 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine
roots; two percent cobbles; 2 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Lapeer County, Michigan; about 1 mile south of Almont; 600 feet east and 280 feet
south of the northwest corner of sec. 34, T. 6 N., R. 12 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages less than 18 percent clay, but individual subhorizons may contain
more than 18 percent clay
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or silt loam; may be sandy clay loam in severely
eroded areas
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 2.5 to 8 cm (1 to 3 inches)
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Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 2,
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, or silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid
E horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: sandy loam or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid
BE horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4
Chroma: 3 or 4
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid
Bt horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: sandy loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam.
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid
C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam; pockets of loamy sand or sand are in some pedons
Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Boyer and Wyocena series. Boyer soils have sand as the dominant
texture in the fine-earth fraction in the lower part of the series control section. Wyocena soils do not have
carbonates within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Lapeer soils are on ground moraines and end moraines of Wisconsinan
age. Slope gradients are mainly 2 to 12 percent and range from 0 to about 60 percent. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to
9.4 degrees C (46 to 49 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Barry, Dryden, Gilford, Locke, Mussey,
Oakville, Spinks, and Wasepi soils. The moderately well drained Dryden soils, the somewhat poorly
drained Locke soils, and the poorly drained Barry soils form a common drainage sequence with the
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Lapeer soils. The sandy Oakville and Spinks soils are on slightly higher parts of some moraines. Small
areas of the sandy somewhat poorly drained Wasepi soils and the poorly drained Gilford and Mussey
soils are in drainageways in some of the moraines.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Potential for surface
runoff ranges from negligible to high, depending upon slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is
moderately high. Permeability is moderate.
USE AND VEGETATION: Eighty percent or more of the Lapeer soils on slopes of less than 12 percent
are under cultivation. Principal crops are corn, small grains, beans, and hay. A large part of the steeper
slopes, and a small part of the gentler slopes are in permanent pasture or in woodland. Native vegetation
is forest of oaks, shagbark hickory, and sugar maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 89, 95B, and 98 in Michigan and Wisconsin. This series is of
large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: McHenry County, Illinois, 1960.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 38 cm (15 inches) (Ap, E, and BE horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 38 to 86 cm (15 to 34 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
97.0
LATHAM
LOCATION LATHAM
OH+KY WV
Established Series
DDC, SLH/ Rev. MDJ
04/2013
LATHAM SERIES
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aquic Hapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Latham silt loam - on a 20 percent north-facing convex slope in a forested area.
(Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Oe--0 to 5 cm (0 to 2 inches); partly decomposed mixed hardwood leaf litter.
A--5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;
moderate fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and very fine roots; 10 percent fragments of
siltstone; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (2 to 10 cm thick)
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E--10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate fine subangular
blocky structure; firm; many very fine and few fine roots; 10 percent fragments of siltstone; very strongly
acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 20 cm thick)
Bt1--25 to 43 cm (10 to 17 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; many faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay films on
faces of peds; 5 percent fragments of siltstone; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--43 to 61 cm (17 to 24 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay; common fine prominent
pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) iron depletions and common fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) ironmanganese masses; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; many
distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent fragments of siltstone; very strongly
acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3--61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) channery silty clay; many fine
prominent pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) iron depletions and common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR
5/8) iron-manganese masses; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; very firm; few very fine roots;
many prominent light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay films on faces of peds; 3 percent fragments of
siltstone and 15 percent fragments of soft shale; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined
thickness of the Bt horizon is 38 to 76 cm)
Cr--91 to 116 cm (36 to 46 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)
soft shale interbedded with thin layers of yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) siltstone.
TYPE LOCATION:
County: Pike
State: Ohio
USGS Quadrangle: Waverly North, Ohio
Latitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD 83): 39.152778 N
Longitude (Decimal Degrees, NAD 83): 82.992222 W
Directions to Pedon: About 2 miles north of Waverly, Pee Pee Township, about 5,400 feet north of the
intersection of Prussia Road (CR-46) and Denver Road (CR-47) along Prussia Road, then about 810 feet
southwest.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the top of the Argillic: 2 to 35 cm (1 to 14 inches)
Depth to the base of the Argillic: 40 to 102 cm (16 to 40 inches)
Solum Thickness: 40 to 102 cm (16 to 40 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth Class: Moderately Deep
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 35 to 58 cm (14 to 23 inches), January to April
Rock Fragment content: 0 to 14 percent, by volume, in the A and E horizons and 0 to 30 percent, by
volume, in the B horizons and substratum
Fine-Earth Fraction: 35 to 55 percent clay in the particle size control section
Soil Reaction: Strongly acid through extremely acid in A and E horizons, and very strongly acid or
extremely acid in the Bt, BC, and C horizons, except where limed
Range Of Individual Horizons:
A or Ap horizon:
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Color--hue of 10YR; value of 3 through 5; and chroma of 2 through 4
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam
E horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 10YR; value of 5 or 6; and chroma of 2 through 4
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam
BA or BE horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 10YR or 7.5YR; value of 5 or 6; and chroma of 4 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam
Bt horizon:
Color--hue of 2.5Y through 7.5YR; value of 4 through 6; and chroma of 2 through 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam or silty clay
Redoximorphic features--iron masses in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of
brown, yellow, olive, or gray
BC or C horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 2.5Y or 10YR; value of 5 or 6; chroma of 2 through 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silty clay loam or silty clay
Redoximorphic features--iron masses in shades of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of
brown, yellow, olive, or gray
COMPETING SERIES:
Cruze soils--have a paralithic contact that is greater than 102 centimeters deep.
Flatwoods soils--have a lithic contact between 51 and 102 cm, and have moderately slow permeability.
Halifax soils--are very deep and formed from igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Kanuga soils--are very deep and have moderately slow permeability.
Keyport soils--are very deep and formed in fluviomarine sediments.
Lackstown soils--are very deep and formed from Triassic rocks.
Zoar soils--are very deep and formed in clayey lacustrine sediments.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
MLRA(s): 124 (Western Allegheny Plateau), 125 (Cumberland Plateau and Mountains), 126 (Central
Allegheny Plateau)
Landscape: Uplands
Landform: Hill and hillslope
Hillslope Profile Position: Backslope, shoulder, or summit
Geomorphic Component: Side slope, nose slope, head slope, or crest
Parent Material: Residuum from soft acid shale; in some areas strata of more resistant bedrock, such as
siltstone, are included with the shale
Slope: 0 to 35 percent
Elevation: 150 to 450 meters (490 to 1475 feet)
Frost-Free Period: 176 to 213 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 9 to 13 degrees C. (48 to 55 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 1012 to 1270 mm (40 to 50 inches)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Berks soils--occur on well drained summits and upper shoulders that are loamy-skeletal.
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Brownsville soils--occur on well drained summits and upper shoulders that are loamy-skeletal and have a
lithic contact that is greater than 102 centimeters deep.
Coolville soils--occur on uplands that have a silt mantle and a paralithic contact that is greater than 102
centimeters deep.
Gilpin soils--occur on well drained uplands that are fine-loamy.
Lily soils--occur on well drained uplands that are fine-loamy and siliceous.
Rarden soils--occur on broader summits that have a fine particle-size class and hues redder than 10YR.
Shelocta soils--occur on well drained uplands that are fine-loamy and have a lithic contact that is greater
than 102 centimeters deep.
Steinsburg soils--occur on well drained narrow summits and upper shoulders that are dominated by
sandstone.
Wharton soils--occur on uplands that are fine-loamy and have a paralithic contact that is greater than 102
centimeters deep.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Thin (30 cm-1 m), shallow (25 cm-50 cm), and common (present 3-6
months)
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Medium through very rapid
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately low and moderately high
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Hayland, pasture, cropland, and woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Grass-legume hay, corn, wheat, oats, and mixed hardwood trees dominated by oak
and maple
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southeastern Ohio, West Virginia, and northeastern Kentucky; mainly MLRAs 124, 125,
and 126
Extent: Large, about 700,000 acres at the time of this revision
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: MORGANTOWN, WEST
VIRGINIA
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Adams County, Ohio, 1932.
REMARKS:
Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from 5 to 25 cm (A and E horizons)
Argillic horizon--the zone from 25 to 91 cm (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 horizons)
Redoximorphic depletions with chroma 2 or less--the zone from 43 to 91 cm
Paralithic contact--91 cm
Previous revisions: 10/98-AR,DRM
ADDITIONAL DATA:
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Refer to sample pedon PK-12 (OSD type location) for characterization data, analyzed by The Ohio State
University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. Other sampled pedons include 83P0702,
73KY19-42, 69KY-165-075, 69KY-165-076, and 73KY-089-035. These samples were analyzed by the
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
98.0
LATTY
LOCATION LATTY
OH+MI
Established Series
Rev. DRM-RAR
09/2012
LATTY SERIES
The Latty series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in clayey glaciolacustrine
sediments. These soils are on lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is
about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, nonacid, mesic Typic Endoaquepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Latty silty clay, on a nearly level area in a cultivated field at an elevation of about
223 meters (730 feet) mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay, light brownish gray (10YR
6/2) dry; weak very coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and medium granular;
firm; common fine and few medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 28 cm (6 to 11
inches) thick]
Bg1--25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay; weak medium and fine subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) organic
coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the
matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the
matrix; few fine faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron and manganese concretions in the matrix;
neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Bg2--46 to 86 cm (18 to 34 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting
to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common faint light brownish gray (10YR
6/2) coatings on vertical faces of prisms; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron
depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; few fine faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) iron and manganese
concretions in the matrix; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
Bg3--86 to 104 cm (34 to 41 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay; weak coarse prismatic
structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common faint
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grayish brown (10YR 5/2) coatings on vertical faces of prisms; many coarse prominent yellowish brown
(10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
iron and manganese concretions in the matrix; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined
thickness of the Bg horizon is 61 to 132 cm (24 to 52 inches).]
BC--104 to 135 cm (41 to 53 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on vertical faces of peds;
many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct
light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate concretions in the matrix; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy
boundary. [0 to 38 cm (15 inches) thick]
C1--135 to 157 cm (53 to 62 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; massive; firm; common
faint gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on faces of vertical partings; common medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1)
iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate
concretions in the matrix; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
C2--157 to 203 cm (62 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; massive; firm;
common faint gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on faces of vertical partings; common medium distinct gray
(10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)
masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium
carbonate concretions in the matrix; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Paulding County, Ohio; about 5 miles north-northwest of Antwerp, in Carryall
Township; about 265 feet south and 580 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 4, T. 3 N., R. 1 E.; USGS
Hicksville, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 15 minutes 6 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 45
minutes 51.47 seconds, W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 81 to 152 cm (32 to 60 inches)
Depth to carbonates: typically same as or slightly less than the thickness of the solum and ranges from 81
to 122 cm (32 to 48 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 45 to 60 percent clay and 2 to 15 percent sand
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 10 to 13 cm (4 or 5 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 1
Texture: clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
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Bg or Bw horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 or 2; 3 or 4 below 76 cm (30 inches) in some pedons
Texture: clay or silty clay; some stratification is apparent in most pedons
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
C or Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 8
Texture: clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam
Clay content: 35 to 60 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 25 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Till substratum phase: depth to till is 152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 inches)
2C or 2Cg horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 8
Texture: clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam
Clay content: 27 to 42 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 7 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family. Soils in closely related families include
the Allis and Zipp series. Allis soils are in the acid reaction class, formed in till, and have a lithic contact
within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Zipp soils have a mixed mineralogy class, formed in lacustrine or
slackwater sediments, and typically have a mean annual temperature of more than 12 degrees C (54
degrees F).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Latty soils are on lake plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to
2 percent. The Latty soils are often in a narrow band (1/2 to about 6 miles wide) between the Paulding
soils, derived from glaciolacustrine material with more than 60 percent clay, and the Hoytville soils,
derived from fine-textured till. The soils formed in clayey glaciolacustrine sediments, and in many places
have till below 152 cm (60 inches). Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 991 mm (29 to 39
inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 9 to 12 degrees C (48 to 54 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Fulton and Nappanee soils and the
Hoytville, Paulding, and Toledo, soils. The small areas of somewhat poorly drained Fulton and Nappanee
soils are on slightly higher topographic positions. Fulton soils formed in lake sediments whereas
Nappanee soils formed in till. Hoytville, Paulding, and Toledo, soils are on similar topographic positions
as Latty soils. Hoytville soils formed in till and have a dark colored surface horizon. Paulding soils are
very fine. Toledo soils have a dark colored surface horizon.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to
the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm
(1 foot) below the surface between January and April in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is
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negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low in the solum and low in the underlying
material. Permeability is slow in the solum and very slow in the underlying material.
USE AND VEGETATION: The Latty soils are largely cultivated or used for pasture. Corn, soybeans,
wheat, oats, alfalfa, and grass legume mixtures are the principal crops. Some areas are used for special
crops such as tomatoes and sugar beets. Native vegetation is deciduous swamp forest of swamp white
oak, bur oak, pin oak, elm, silver maple, and occasionally sycamore and basswood. Much of the ground
cover consisted of coarse swampgrass, sedges, and water-tolerant shrubs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98, 99, and 111B in northwestern Ohio and southeastern
Michigan. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of large extent, about 225,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957.
REMARKS: The classification of the Latty series changes from Epiaquepts to Endoaquepts with the
revision (10/2003) based on landform position.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap horizon).
Cambic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 104 cm (Bg horizon).
Aquic conditions: matrix color with chroma of 1 or 2 between 25 and 104 cm and redox depletions and/or
concentrations in all horizons below the Ap horizon.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data are available for the typical pedon, Ohio profile PD-87, and
also for DF-24, HN-94, HN-96, LG-37, LS-10, MR-2, MR-6, PD-S85, and WL-20. A reference with
published information on Latty is: Baker, F.J., Schafer, G.M., and Holowaychuk, N., 1960. Surficial
Materials and Soils of Paulding County, Ohio. Ohio Jour. Sci. 60:365-377.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
99.0
LENAWEE
LOCATION LENAWEE
MI+IN OH
Established Series
Rev. NWS-LWB-WEF
08/2012
LENAWEE SERIES
The Lenawee series consists of very deep, poorly drained and very poorly drained soils formed in
lacustrine deposits. These soils are on lake plains and in depressional areas on moraines, outwash plains,
and glacial drainageways. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm
(32 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F).
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TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, nonacid, mesic Mollic Epiaquepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Lenawee silty clay loam, on a concave,1 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors
are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, very dark gray (10YR
3/1) crushed and smooth, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm;
many roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick]
Bg1--23 to 38 cm (9 to 15 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; weak medium angular
blocky structure parting to fine angular blocky; firm; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR
5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common fine faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions; neutral; clear wavy
boundary.
Bg2--38 to 56 cm (15 to 22 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic
structure parting to medium angular blocky; very firm; faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) coatings on
vertical faces of prisms and faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) stains along root channels; many medium
prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common fine faint gray (10YR 6/1) iron
depletions; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Bg3--56 to 84 cm (22 to 33 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/2) silty clay; weak coarse prismatic structure
parting to medium angular blocky; very firm; prominent gray (5Y 6/1) coatings on vertical faces of prism;
many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common fine prominent
greenish gray (5GY 6/1) iron depletions; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of
the Bg horizon is 25 to 116 cm (10 to 46 inches).]
Cg1--84 to 127 cm (33 to 50 inches); gray (5Y 6/1) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) silt loam; weak
coarse subangular blocky fragments; friable; common medium and coarse prominent yellowish brown
(10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to
64 cm (25 inches) thick]
Cg2--127 to 152 cm (50 to 60 inches); olive (5Y 5/4) and greenish gray (5GY 5/1) silt loam; moderate
thick platy fragments parting to thin platy fragments; friable; many coarse prominent light olive brown
(2.5Y 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; common distinct gray (5Y 6/1) iron depletions; prominent light gray
(10YR 7/1) calcium carbonate concretions imbedded between strata; strongly effervescent; slightly
alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Monroe County, Michigan; about 4 miles south of the town of Erie; 2 miles south
and 3 miles east of Temperance; 1,825 feet north and 390 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 29, T. 8
S., R. 8 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: typically 76 to 107 cm (30 to 42 inches), but ranges from 64 to 140 cm (25 to 55
inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 45 percent clay
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
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Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silty clay loam, mucky silty clay, mucky silty clay loam, silty clay, silt loam, or loam
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline
Bg horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay containing layers or strata of silt loam, clay, or very fine
sand
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
Some pedons have BC horizons.
C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y, or 5GY
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: dominantly silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam; strata of clay, silty clay, very fine sand, or
sand are common
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Ziegenfuss series. Ziegenfuss soils do not have stratified textures
within the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Lenawee soils are on lake plains and in depressional areas on moraines,
outwash plains, and glacial drainageways. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Lenawee soils formed in
lacustrine deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to 37 inches). Mean annual
temperature ranges from 8.3 to 11.7 degrees C (47 to 53 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brookston, Celina, Colwood, Del Rey, Fox,
Hoytville, Miami, Morley, Shinrock, and Toledo soils. The moderately well drained Shinrock and the
somewhat poorly drained Del Rey soils are in a drainage sequence with Lenawee soils. Brookston,
Colwood, Hoytville, and Toledo soils are other associates. Brookston soils are on lake plains where the
lacustrine sediments are thin. Colwood soils have a mollic epipedon. Hoytville and Toledo soils have
illitic mineralogy. Celina, Fox, Miami, and Morley soils are on nearby moraines.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Poorly drained and very poorly
drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or
moderately low. Permeability is moderately slow or slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, small grain, soybeans, and hay are the
principal crops. A small part, especially areas where artificial drainage is not adequate for cultivation, is
in permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is hardwoods; chiefly American elm, white ash, red
maple, and swamp white oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, 99, and 111B in southern Michigan, northern Indiana,
and northwestern Ohio. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of large extent.
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MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lenawee County, Michigan, 1957.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon).
Cambic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 84 cm (9 to 33 inches) (Bg horizon).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features in all horizons below the ochric epipedon.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
100.0
LINDSIDE
LOCATION LINDSIDE
WV+IN KY MD OH PA TN VA AL
Established Series
Rev. MDJ
02/2009
LINDSIDE SERIES
MLRA(s): 111, 114, 115, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 133, 134, 147, 148
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high to high
Permeability Class (Obsolete): Moderate
Landscape: River Valley
Parent Material: Alluvium
Slope: 0 to 3 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 12 degrees C (54 degrees F)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1117 millimeters (44 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Lindside silt loam - cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil.)
Ap--0 to 20 centimeters (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; moderate fine granular
structure; friable; few roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick)
BA--20 to 43 centimeters (8 to 17 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure;
friable; few roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick)
Bw--43 to 75 centimeters (17 to 30 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few roots; many fine and medium
distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron and few fine and medium distinct grayish brown
(10YR 5/2) iron depletions on faces peds; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (10 to 30 inches
thick)
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BC--75 to 112 centimeters (30 to 44 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; moderate coarse subangular
blocky structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few roots; common medium
distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron
depletions on faces peds; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 inches thick)
C--112 to 165 centimeters (44 to 65 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) weakly stratified silt loam and
light silty clay loam; massive; firm; few black concretions; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR
5/2) iron depletions and distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron on faces of peds;
moderately acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Wood County, West Virginia; Boaz, about 150 yards east of Ohio River, 1 1/2 miles
north of Keller Lane.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the top of the Cambic: 15 to 50 centimeters (6 to 20 inches)
Solum Thickness: 63 to 150 centimeters (25 to 60 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 165 centimeters (65 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 35 to 60 centimeters (14 to 24 inches)
Rock Fragment content: 0 to 5 percent within a depth of 100 centimeters (40 inches) and from 0 to 30
percent below
Soil Reaction: strongly acid to mildly alkaline in the upper part, unless limed, and from moderately acid
to mildly alkaline in the lower part of the profile
Ap horizon
Color--hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Dry value is 6 or more.
Undisturbed areas have a thin A horizon with hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to
3.
Texture (fine earth fraction)--silt loam, silty clay loam, or loam.
BA, Bw, and BC horizons
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6, above a depth of 50 centimeters (20
inches) and 1 to 4 below. Some pedons have moist value of 3 and chroma of 2 where dry value is 6 or
more.
Texture (fine earth fraction)--silt loam or silty clay loam, and in some pedons there are thin strata of very
fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or clay loam.
C horizon
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4, except chroma of 6 and 8 are allowed
if colors are mixed.
Texture (fine earth fraction)--silty clay loam, silt loam, loam, clay loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy
loam, and sandy loam and may be stratified.
COMPETING SERIES: The Boonewood, Hontas and Senecaville series are in the same family.
Boonewood soils are moderately deep with depth to the bedrock range from 50 to 100 centimeters (20 to
40 inches). They formed in alluvium derived from limestone, siltstones, shales, and other silty material.
The Hontas soils have subhorizons less than 100 centimeters (40 inches) with chroma of 2 or less. They
formed in silty alluvium. Senecaville soils have hue of 5YR or redder throughout the B horizon, they
formed in alluvium from dominantly interbedded shale and siltstone, and some interbedding of sandstone.
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The Dockery, Hamblen, Hamlin, Huntington, Lobdell, Nolin, Rahm, Ray, Steff, Teel, Wakeland, and
Weaver series are similar soils in related families. Dockery, Rahm, and Wakeland soils do not have a
cambic horizon. Hamblen, Lobdell, and Weaver soils have more than 15 percent coarser particles than
very fine sand in the particle-size control section. Hamlin and Teel soils have less than 18 percent clay in
the particle-size control section. Huntington soils have a mollic epipedon. Nolin and Ray soils do not
have low chroma mottles within a depth of 60 centimeters (24 inches) of the surface. Steff soils have less
than 60 percent base saturation in all subhorizons between a depth of 25 to 75 centimeters (10 and 30
inches) below the soil surface.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Landscape: River Valley
Landform: Flood Plain
Geomorphic Component: Base slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Toe slope
Parent Material: Alluvium from limestone uplands
Slope: 0 to 3 percent
Elevation: 30 to 550 meters (100 to 1800 feet)
Frost Free Period:150 to 255 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 8 to 14 degrees C (45 to 57 degrees F)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 90 to 140 centimeters (35 to 55 inches)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Ashton, Chagrin, Clarksburg, Dunning,
Huntington, Linden, Melvin, Newark, Nolin, Sciotoville, and Wheeling soils. Ashton, Sciotoville, and
Wheeling soils are on terraces and have argillic horizons. Chagrin soils are well drained. Dunning and
Melvin soils are poorly drained. Huntington soils formed in alluvium on flood plains. Linden are very
deep, well drained soils formed in alluvial sediments washed from nearby uplands that are underlain by
red and brown shales, sandstones, and in some areas, conglomerate. Newark soils are somewhat poorly
drained. Clarksburg soils have a fragipan. Nolin formed in alluvium derived from limestones, sandstones,
siltstones, shales, and loess
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained.
Internal Free Water Occurrence: 38 to 75 centimeters (15 to 30 inches)
Index Surface Runoff: Low to medium
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class: Moderately high to high
Permeability Class (Obsolete): Moderate
Flooding Frequency and Duration: Occasionally and brief
Ponding Frequency and Duration: Occasional but may be frequent in places and brief
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: Farming
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--row crops and pasture. Where wooded--mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Large
Extent: West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Alabama.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
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SERIES ESTABLISHED: Monroe County, West Virginia, 1925.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1. Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 43 centimeters (0 to 17 inches) (Ap and BA horizons).
2. Cambic horizon - the zone from 43 to 75 centimeters (17 to 30 inches) (Bw horizon).
Rev. KOS-ART-WJE-AWD-MS 02/2008. 2008 Pedon description and competing series updated.
2/2009 Update was to remove Missouri from and add Alabama to states where used and format
description.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
101.0
LINWOOD
LOCATION LINWOOD
MI+IN OH VT
Established Series
Rev. ESC-LWB-MLK
08/2012
LINWOOD SERIES
The Linwood series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in highly decomposed woody,
organic materials underlain by loamy till at depths of 41 to 130 cm (16 to 51 inches). These soils are in
drainageways and depressions on end moraines, ground moraines, outwash plains, and lake plains. Slope
ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual
temperature is about 8.3 degrees C (47 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, euic, mesic Terric Haplosaprists
TYPICAL PEDON: Linwood muck, on a level area in permanent pasture. (Colors are for moist soil
unless otherwise stated.)
Oa1--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); about 10
percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; many roots; woody
fiber; about 5 percent coarse woody fragments; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
Oa2--23 to 46 cm (9 to 18 inches); black (10YR 2/1) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material);
about 40 percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few roots;
woody fiber; about 5 percent coarse woody fragments; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
Oa3--46 to 64 cm (18 to 25 inches); black (5YR 2/1) broken face muck (sapric material); dark reddish
brown (5YR 2/2) rubbed; about 30 percent fiber, 5 percent rubbed; moderate thick platy structure; friable;
woody fiber; about 5 percent coarse woody fragments; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
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Cg--64 to 152 cm (25 to 60 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) loam; massive; firm; common medium prominent
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; few snail shells; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Huron County, Michigan; about 1 mile northeast of Bad Axe; 750 feet west and
1,850 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 17, T. 16 N., R. 13 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the C horizon: typically 51 to 102 cm (20 and 40 inches), but ranges from 41 to 130 cm (16 to
51 inches)
Organic material: dominantly muck (sapric material); some pedons have layers of mucky peat (hemic
material) or peat (fibric material) within the muck (sapric material) in the subsurface and bottom tiers; the
combined thickness of the mucky peat (hemic material) is less than 25 cm (10 inches), and the peat (fibric
material) is less than 13 cm (5 inches); the fiber is derived primarily from woody material
Some pedons have a mucky silt loam overwash up to 23 cm (9 inches) thick on the surface.
Surface tier:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y, or is neutral
Chroma: 0 to 2, broken face and rubbed; less commonly the chromas of broken faces differ from the
chromas of rubbed and pressed faces by one or two units
Rubbed fiber content: less than 10 percent
Woody fragment content: less than 1 percent to 20 percent by volume
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline but some subhorizons range to very strongly acid
Subsurface tier:
Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 0 to 3, broken face and rubbed; less commonly the chromas of broken faces differ from the
chromas of rubbed and pressed faces by one or two units
Special feature: in some pedons, the organic material in the layer above the C horizon is stratified with
about 10 to 15 percent by volume of mineral material
Woody fragment content: less than 1 percent to 20 percent by volume
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline but some subhorizons range to very strongly acid
Ab horizon, where present above the C horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Cg horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sandy loam to silty clay loam; a few pedons have thin strata less than 25 cm (10 inches) thick of
sand, loamy sand, or clay
Clay content: averages less than 35 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline
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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Klossner, Medo, Natchaug, Palms, Philbon, and Shalcar series.
Klossner and Palms soils formed mainly in herbaceous fibers. Medo soils have sandy textures in the
lower part of the series control section. Natchaug soils have a mean annual precipitation of more than 940
mm (37 inches). Philbon soils have peat and mucky peat in the upper 30 cm (12 inches). Shalcar soils
have a 2Bg horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Linwood soils are in drainageways and depressions on lake plains, end
moraines, ground moraines, and outwash plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Linwood soils formed
in former lakes or ponds that range in size from a few acres to several hundred acres. The soils formed in
highly decomposed woody, organic materials underlain by loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges
from 711 to 940 mm (28 to 37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 10.0 degrees C (45 to
50 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Carlisle, Edwards, and Willette soils.
Carlisle soils do not have a mineral substratum. Edwards soils are underlain by marl at depths less than
130 cm (51 inches). Willette soils contain more than 35 percent clay in the C horizons at depths less than
130 cm (51 inches).
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Depth to the
top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) below
the surface between November and June in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible or very
low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the organic layers and moderately
high in the underlying loamy material. Permeability is moderately slow to moderately rapid in the organic
layers and moderate or moderately slow in the loamy material.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of this soil are in natural vegetation of alder, aspen, willow,
dogwood, elm, ash, red maple, and a few conifers. Some areas have been drained and are used for pasture
and truck crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 94A, 94C, 96, 97, 98, 99, 111A, 111B, 111D, 124, 142, and
143 in lower Michigan, Ohio, western Indiana, and Vermont. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and other features recognized in this pedon are:
Muck (sapric material): from the surface to a depth of 81 cm (32 inches) (Oa1, Oa2, and Oa3 horizons).
Terric feature: mineral material from a depth of 64 to 152 cm (25 to 60 inches) (Cg horizon).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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102.0
LOBDELL
LOCATION LOBDELL
OH+IN NY PA TN VA WV
Established Series
Rev. AR-DRM
05/2011
LOBDELL SERIES
The Lobdell series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in recent loamy
alluvium. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderate or moderately rapid in the underlying
material. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 38 inches, and mean annual
temperature is about 50 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Fluvaquentic Eutrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Lobdell silt loam - on a nearly level area in woodland. (Colors are for moist soil
unless otherwise stated.)
A -- 0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak
medium granular structure; friable; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (1 to 6 inches thick.)
Bw -- 3 to 23 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;
moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (8 to 36 inches thick.)
BC -- 23 to 31 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; massive; friable; common medium prominent light
brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 14 inches thick.)
Cg1 -- 31 to 52 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt loam; massive; friable; common medium distinct
brown (10YR 4/3) masses of iron accumulation; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.
Cg2 -- 52 to 60 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) sandy loam; massive; friable; common coarse prominent
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; moderately acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Summit County, Ohio; Twinsburg Township, one mile north of Twinsburg Village
Center; 2100 feet west of State Route 91; 100 feet east of Tinkers Creek. (Note-county not sectionized.)
USGS Twinsburg, OH topographic quadrangle; Latitude 41 degrees, 19 minutes, 34 seconds N. and
Longitude 81 degrees, 26 minutes, 53 seconds W., NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 50 inches. Depth to
carbonates is greater than 40 inches. Content of rock fragments in the A horizon is 0 to 5 percent, and in
the Bw and C horizons commonly is 0 to 15 percent. Rock fragments are predominantly sandstone,
siltstone, or shale.
The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 to 4 (4 to 6 dry), and chroma of 1 to 3. Many
pedons have an Ap horizon up to 10 inches thick that has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 (6 dry), and
chroma of 2 or 3. The A or Ap horizon commonly is silt loam or loam and less commonly sandy loam or
fine sandy loam. It is strongly acid to neutral.
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The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y; value of 4 or 5; chroma of 3 or 4. Redoximorphic
features of low chroma at a depth of 15 to 24 inches. Some pedons have thin layers that have value of 2 or
3, and chroma of 2. The Bw horizon commonly is silt loam or loam, and less commonly has subhorizons
of sandy loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam; the particle size control section is 18 to 30
percent clay and 15 to 40 percent sand coarser than very fine. It is strongly acid to neutral.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 1 to 8. It commonly
is silt loam or loam and less commonly sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or fine sand. It ranges
from highly stratified to relatively uniform. Horizons below 40 inches may include thin sandy gravelly
and stony layers. It is moderately acid to neutral.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Flatrock and Weaver series. Flatrock soils are predominantly of
limestone, dolostone, and crystalline lithology. Weaver soils are more alkaline in the C horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Lobdell soils are on nearly level flood plains receiving loamy alluvium from
upland areas of sandstone, shale, and low lime glacial drift. The slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. These
soils mainly are in areas of Wisconsinan or Illinoian glaciation, but also are in unglaciated valleys. Mean
annual precipitation ranges from about 34 to 43 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about
47 to 57 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Chagrin, Holly, and Orrville
soils and the Canfield, Cardington, Chili, Conotton, Mahoning, Rittman, and Wheeling soils. Chagrin,
Holly, and Orrville soils are in toposequence with Lobdell soils. The well drained Chagrin soils are better
drained and are on higher landscape positions than Lobdell soils. The poorly drained or very poorly
drained Holly soils and somewhat poorly drained Orrville soils are in lower landscape positions than
Lobdell soils. Canfield, Cardington, Mahoning, and Rittman soils commonly are on nearby till plains.
Chili, Conotton, and Wheeling soils have argillic horizons and are on nearby terraces.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. The potential for surface runoff is very
low or low. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderate or moderately rapid in the underlying
material. Subject to rare to frequent, brief flooding.
USE AND VEGETATION: Some areas of the soil are used for cultivation, chiefly corn, small grain, hay,
and improved pasture. Other areas are in woodland or permanent pasture. The native vegetation consists
of deciduous forest, chiefly beech, ash, elm, sugar maple, and sycamore.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern and southern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, western New York,
Kentucky, Indiana, West Virginia, and Virginia. MLRA's 101, 111, 124, 125, 126, 127, 139, 140, and
147. The series is of large extent, about 116,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
a. Ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 7 inches (Ap and part of the Bw horizon);
b. Cambic horizon - the zone from about 3 to 23 inches (Bw horizon).
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Acreage based on 2004 data.
08/2005-The competing series have been compared by the 9th edition of Keys to Soils Taxonomy.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
103.0
LOCKE
LOCATION LOCKE
MI+WI
Established Series
Rev. WEF
06/2011
LOCKE SERIES
The Locke series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in sandy loam till on
ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32
inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Locke fine sandy loam, on a south-facing, concave, 2 percent slope in a cultivated
field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR
5/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid;
abrupt smooth boundary. [16 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick]
Bt1--23 to 36 cm (9 to 14 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; common faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and very dark brown (10YR 2/2)
clay films on faces of peds; many medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses of oxidized
iron; many medium faint brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions; about 6 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth
boundary.
Bt2--36 to 61 cm (14 to 24 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; common faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), and
common distinct gray (10YR 6/1) clay films on faces of peds; few fine faint and distinct dark yellowish
brown (10YR 4/4 and 4/6) masses of oxidized iron; few fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron
depletions; about 2 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of
the Bt horizon is 20 to 66 cm (8 to 26 inches).]
Btk--61 to 94 cm (24 to 37 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weak thick platy structure parting to
moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; common faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films on
faces of peds; common distinct gray (10YR 6/1) lime pendents on rock fragments; many medium faint
and distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4 and 4/6) masses of oxidized iron; many medium faint
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grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; about 4 percent gravel; strongly effervescent on ped coats;
moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. [0 to 36 cm (14 inches) thick]
C--94 to 152 cm (37 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam; massive; friable; common
medium distinct gray (10YR 6/1) masses of carbonates; many medium faint light yellowish brown (10YR
6/4) masses of oxidized iron; many medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; about 4
percent gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Hillsdale County, Michigan, about 4 miles west of the village of Reading; 940 feet
east and 80 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 19, T. 7 S., R. 4 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Rock fragment content: 2 to 15 percent gravel and 0 to 6 percent cobbles throughout
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the upper part of the solum and neutral to moderately alkaline in the
lower part
Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 25 percent clay and is moderately acid to moderately alkaline
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam
E horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam
Some pedons have EB horizons.
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam
Btk horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
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Texture: sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam
C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: sandy loam or fine sandy loam, but pockets and lenses of sand or loamy sand are in some pedons
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Macomb series. Macomb soils have more than 20 percent gravel in
the lower part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Locke soils are on ground moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope gradients are
commonly between 0 and 2 percent and range from 0 to 6 percent. They formed in sandy loam till. Mean
annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 914 mm (30 to 36 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from
8.3 to 10.0 degrees C (47 to 50 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Barry, Brady, Dryden, Gilford, Kidder,
Lapeer, and Wasepi soils. The well drained Lapeer and Kidder soils, the moderately well drained Dryden,
and the poorly drained Barry soils are in the same drainage sequence. Wasepi and Brady soils and the
poorly drained or very poorly drained Gilford soils are in nearby narrow drainageways.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth
to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) at some time in normal
years. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately
high. Permeability is moderate.
USE AND VEGETATION: A large part is cropped to beans, corn, hay, or small grains. A small part is in
permanent pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is forest of American basswood, red maple, white ash,
northern red oak, and white oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 98, and 111B in southern Michigan and south-central
Wisconsin. This series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lapeer County, Michigan, 1966.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 94 cm (9 to 37 inches) (Bt and Btk horizons).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon.
ADDITIONAL DATA: See National Soil Survey Laboratory sample S84MI-059-001 for laboratory data,
Lincoln, NE.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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104.0
LORDSTOWN
LOCATION LORDSTOWN
NY+NJ OH PA VT
Established Series
Rev. MGC-JWW-ERS
05/2011
LORDSTOWN SERIES
The Lordstown series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed till and cryoturbated
material derived from siltstone and sandstone on bedrock controlled landforms of glaciated dissected
plateaus. They are nearly level to very steep soils on hillsides and hilltops in glaciated bedrock controlled
uplands. Slope ranges from 0 to 90 percent. Mean annual temperature is 48 degrees F., and mean annual
precipitation is 39 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Lordstown channery silt loam in an idle area. (Colors are for moist broken soil unless
noted otherwise.)
Ap -- 0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) channery silt loam; weak fine granular structure;
very friable; many fine roots; 20 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (5 to 11
inches thick.)
Bw1 -- 5 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) channery silt loam; weak very fine subangular
blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots; many fine pores; 20 percent rock fragments; strongly
acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bw2 -- 16 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) grading with depth to brown (10YR 5/3) channery
silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine pores; few fine roots; 30 percent rock
fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizons is 6 to 27
inches.)
C -- 26 to 30 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) very channery loam; massive; friable; few thin clay coats
on coarse fragments; few fine roots; 40 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0
to 14 inches thick.)
2R -- 30 inches; thin bedded gray sandstone and siltstone bedrock, jointed and with shattered sections,
few fine roots penetrate in cracks.
TYPE LOCATION: Tompkins County, New York, five miles northeast of Ithaca, 0.56 mile southeast of
Highway 13 on Pine Woods Hill Road, 300 feet south of road. Elevation 1450 feet. Ithaca East, NY
USGS topographic quadrangle; Latitude 42 degrees, 28 minutes, 05 seconds N. and Longitude 76
degrees, 23 minutes, 15 seconds W. NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of solum and depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40
inches. Rock fragments are dominantly flat angular fragments and flagstones and occupy 10 to 35 percent
of the volume in the Ap horizon and 20 to 60 percent in the B and C horizons, but the weighted average
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for the control section is less than 35 percent. Reaction is very strongly acid through neutral in the surface
layer, very strongly acid through moderately acid in the subsoil and strongly acid or moderately acid in
the substratum.
The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 through 4. Texture
of the fine-earth fraction is loam or silt loam. Structure is weak or moderate fine granular. Consistence is
friable or very friable. Some pedons have thin black A horizons and reddish Bhs horizons where
unplowed.
Some pedons have an E horizon with hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3.
Texture is fine sandy loam in the fine earth fraction.
The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 6.
Texture of the fine-earth fraction is loam or silt loam. Structure is weak or moderate, very fine to medium
subangular blocky or granular. Consistence is friable or very friable.
The BC horizon, if present, has colors and textures similar to the B or C horizon. It has weak subangular
blocky or platy structure. Consistence is friable or firm.
The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR through 5Y, value of 3 through 6, and chroma of 2 through 4 with or
without redoximorphic features. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is fine sandy loam to silt loam. It is
massive or has weak plate-like divisions. Consistence is friable or firm.
The 2R layer consists of massive thick to thin beds of siltstone or sandstone interbedded with shale. The
rock is jointed and is commonly fractured along joint planes within the upper 3 to 6 feet.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Ashe, Brookfield, Buladean, Cardigan, Charlton, Chestnut,
Delaware, Dutchess, Edneyville, Flatbush (T), Foresthills (T), Gallimore, Greenbelt (T), Hazel, Newport,
Riverhead, Sharpcrest (T), Soco, St. Albans, Stecoah, Steinsburg, and Yalesville series in the same
family. Ashe, Buladean, Chestnut, Edneyville, Gallimore, Hazel, Soco, Steinsburg, and Stecoah soils are
commonly used in MLRAs outside of LRRs R and S.
Ashe soils have granite bedrock at 20 to 40 inches. Brookfield, Buladean, Chadakoin, Charlton, Chestnut,
Dutchess, Edneyville, Flatbush (T), Foresthills (T), Greenbelt (T), Newport, Riverhead, and St. Albans
soils are all more than 40 inches deep to bedrock. Cardigan soils have rock fragments dominated by
phyllite. Delaware soils have less than 5 percent rock fragments in the solum and substratum. Hazel soils
formed in Piedmont sediments derived from graywacke and phyllite containing abundant mica.
Sharpcrest (T) do not have an OSD on file to compete. Soco and Stecoah soils are more than 40 inches
deep to hard bedrock and formed in residuum that formed from weathered metasedimentary rocks.
Steinsburg soils have sola less than 20 inches thick. Yalesville soils have 5YR or redder hue in the B and
C horizons.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Lordstown soils are nearly level to very steep soils with slopes ranging from
0 to 90 percent. These soils formed in till and cryoturbated material derived from siltstone and sandstone
on bedrock controlled landforms of glaciated dissected plateaus. Mean annual air temperature ranges from
45 to 50 degrees F., mean annual precipitation ranges from 32 to 45 inches, and the mean frost-free
season ranges from 110 to 145 days. Elevation ranges from 800 to 1800 feet above sea level.
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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the very deep well drained Bath soils, the
moderately deep Mardin soils, and the somewhat poorly drained Volusia soils that occupy associated
deep deposits of till. Shallow somewhat excessively drained Arnot soils, and somewhat poorly drained
Tuller soils, are closely associated on landforms where the soil mantle is thinner over bedrock.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is low to very high.
Permeability is moderate throughout the soil.
USE AND VEGETATION: Large areas on the steep and very steep landforms are in cut-over forest,
composed of American beech, oaks, sugar maple and associated species. Some cleared areas are in
pasture or are used for hay, but mostly they are idle or have reverted to woodland or brush. A limited
acreage is in corn and small grains. Potatoes are grown locally on undulating to sloping areas. Some areas
have been reforested, mainly with red pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The glaciated Allegheny Plateau of southern New York, northern New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio, and Vermont. MLRA's 101, 127, 139, 140, and 142. The series is
extensive.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Trumbull County, Ohio, 1914.
REMARKS: Lordstown is the mesic equivalent of Mongaup. Original classification of Lordstown placed
it in the subgroup Typic Dystrochrepts, but because of changes established in the 8th edition of "Keys To
Soil Taxonomy", this soil now classifies in the subgroup of Typic Dystrudepts. Competing series are
expected to change as similar soils are reclassified. Diagnostic horizons and other features recognized in
the typical pedon are:
(1) Ochric Epipedon - the zone from 0 to 5 inches (Ap horizon).
(2) Cambic horizon - the zone from 5 to 26 inches (Bw horizons).
(3) Udic soil moisture regime.
(4) Estimate CEC activity class to be active based on sampled pedon S91NY077-05 {another pedon
S79NY105-06 was superactive}
Soil Interpretation Record No.: NY0096, NY0097, NY0289
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
105.0
LOUDONVILLE
LOCATION LOUDONVILLE
OH PA IN
Established Series
Rev. DRM-CER
09/2004
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LOUDONVILLE SERIES
The Loudonville series consists of moderately deep well drained soils formed in loamy till and underlain
by sandstone or siltstone within a depth of 20 to 40 inches. These soils have moderate permeability. Slope
ranges from 0 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 37 inches, and mean annual temperature
is about 51 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Loudonville silt loam-on a 7 percent convex slope in a cultivated field, 20 feet from
crest of slope at an elevation of 1,200 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap -- 0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; common rock
fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick.)
BE -- 8 to 13 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; 2 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick.)
Bt1 -- 13 to 25 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure;
friable; many faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on vertical faces of peds, and common faint on other
surfaces; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (6 to 14 inches thick.)
Bt2 -- 25 to 30 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm;
common faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few black stains (iron and manganese
oxides) on faces of peds; 5 percent pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (4 to 16 inches thick.)
2BC -- 30 to 38 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) channery loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; few faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on vertical faces of peds; 25 percent rock
fragments, mostly sandstone; strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. (0 to 18 inches thick.)
2R -- 38 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) siltstone bedrock.
TYPE LOCATION: Columbiana County, Ohio; Middleton Township; about one mile southeast of
Rogers; 50 feet south of county road junction with lane where road turns north; SW1/4 of SE1/4, sec. 8,
T. 7 N., R. 1 W. East Palestine, OH topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees, 47 minutes, 8 seconds
N. and Longitude 80 degrees, 36 minutes, 10 seconds W., NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness and depth to a lithic contact is 20 to 40 inches. The
content of rock fragments (including some glacial erratics) is 0 to 5 percent in the Ap or A horizon, 2 to
25 percent in the Bt horizon, and 10 to 60 percent in 2BC and 2C horizons. The minimum depth to a
horizon with more than 35 percent rock fragments, if present, is 20 inches.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Uncultivated areas have an A horizon
1 to 4 inches thick that has value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. The Ap or A horizon is loam or silt
loam. It is medium acid to very strongly acid.
In most cultivated areas the E horizon is mixed in the Ap, but some pedons have an E horizon up to 4
inches thick. Undisturbed areas have an E horizon 1 to 7 inches thick. The E horizon has hue of 10YR,
value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 or 4.
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The Bt and BC horizons have hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Mottles are
present in the lower few inches of the argillic horizon in some pedons. The Bt is loam, silt loam, clay
loam, or silty clay loam; or their channery analogues. It has weak to strong medium or coarse subangular
blocky structure. It is medium acid to very strongly acid. The BC or 2BC horizon has colors similar to
those of the Bt horizon. It is sandy loam, loam, loamy sand, silt loam, or silty clay loam; or their channery
or very channery analogues. It is medium acid to very strongly acid.
Some pedons have a C or 2C horizon up to 15 inches thick that has similar ranges as the BC or 2BC
horizon.
COMPETING SERIES: These are Alanthus (T), Athol, Burkittsville (T), Cateache, Culleoka, Door,
Duffield, Dumfries, Ebbing, Frondorf, Grayford, Hayter, Kell, Lamotte, Legore, Manassas,
Mechanicsburg, Middleburg (T), Morrison, Myersville, Oatlands, Panorama, Pasturerock (T), Sowego
(T), Spriggs, Sudley, Westmoreland, Wheeling, and Williamsburg series. Burkittsville (T) does not have
an OSD on file to compare. Culleoka, Frondorf, and Oatlands soils do not have glacial erratics in the rock
fragment fraction. Alanthus, Athol, Door, Duffield, Dumfries, Ebbing, Grayford, Hayter, Lamotte,
Legore, Manassas, Mechanicsburg, Middleburg, Morrison, Myersville, Panorama, Pasturerock, Sowego,
Sudley, Westmoreland, Wheeling, and Williamsburg soils do not have a lithic contact within a depth of
40 inches. Cateache, Kell, and Spriggs soils have a paralithic rather than lithic contact within a depth of
40 inches.
Prior competing series that have not been assigned a cation-exchange activity class are the Bolton,
Bookwood, and Washington series. Bolton and Washington soils do not have a lithic contact within a
depth of 40 inches. Bookwood soils have a paralithic contact rather than a lithic contact within a depth of
40 inches.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Loudonville soils are nearly level to very steep and are formed in till which is
moderately deep over sandstone or siltstone. Slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. Loudonville soils formed
in medium textured glacial till of Wisconsinan or Illinoian age although the lower part of some pedons
may be derived from or influenced by the underlying rock. A thin (less than 14 inches) loess mantle is
present in some areas. Mean annual precipitation is about 35 to 40 inches, and mean annual temperature is
50 to 53 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Berks, Dekalb, Gilpin, and Schaffenaker soils are in
nearby areas lacking the till mantle. Canfield, Rittman, and Wooster soils which have fragipan horizons
are adjacent where Wisconsinan till deposits are more than 40 inches thick. Chagrin, Holly, Lobdell, and
Orrville soils are on nearby flood plains. Chili, Conotton, and Wheeling soils which do not have a lithic
contact are on adjacent glacial outwash and terraces. Hanover and Titusville soils which have fragipan
horizons are adjacent where Illinoian till is more than 40 inches thick.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is very low to high
depending on slope. Permeability is moderate.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas on slopes less than 18 percent are cleared and used for cultivated
crops. Corn, small grains, and mixed hay are principal crops. Some areas are pastured. Orchards are
common, especially in areas within a few miles of Lake Erie. Many areas are in nonagricultural uses.
Native vegetation is hardwood forest, dominantly oak and hickory with lesser amounts of hard maple and
ash.
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DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and northeastern Ohio and western Indiana. MLRA's 111, 139,
and 140. The series is of large extent with slightly more than 100,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Huron County, Ohio, 1951.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
ochric epipedon-the zone from the surface to a depth of about 13 inches (Ap, BE horizons);
argillic horizon--the zone from about 13 to 30 inches (Bt1, Bt2 horizons);
lithic contact--at a depth of 38 inches.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data for the Loudonville series include profiles CO-66 (typical
pedon), DL-46, GA-S15, PY-11, RC-12, RO-63, WN-S7, WN-S22, and WN-S24.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
106.0
LOWELL
LOCATION LOWELL
KY+MO OH PA VA
Established Series
Rev. SJB, RAE
01/2010
LOWELL SERIES
The Lowell series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils that formed in limestone residuum
interbedded with thin layers of shale. These soils are on uplands.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Lowell silt loam--on a 4 percent slope in pasture. (Colors are for moist soil unless
otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular structure;
very friable; many fine roots throughout; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick)
Bt1--8 to 16 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay; moderate fine and medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; common fine roots throughout; 5 percent discontinuous faint brown (10YR 4/3)
silt coats on surfaces along pores and root channels; 40 percent discontinuous distinct clay films on
vertical faces of peds; 1 percent fine prominent spherical moderately cemented black (7.5YR 2.5/1) ironmanganese nodules with sharp boundaries in matrix; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--16 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; moderate fine and medium angular blocky
structure; very firm; few fine roots between peds; 60 percent discontinuous distinct clay films on vertical
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faces of peds; 1 percent fine prominent spherical moderately cemented black (7.5YR 2.5/1) ironmanganese nodules with sharp boundaries in matrix and 1 percent fine prominent irregular black (7.5YR
2.5/1) iron-manganese masses with clear boundaries in matrix; moderately acid; gradual smooth
boundary.
Bt3--23 to 41 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay; 5 percent medium distinct irregular
brown (10YR 5/3) and 5 percent medium prominent irregular light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and 5
percent medium faint irregular yellowish red (5YR 4/6) mottles; moderate fine and medium angular
blocky structure; very firm; few fine roots between peds; 60 percent discontinuous distinct clay films on
vertical faces of peds; 1 percent fine prominent spherical moderately cemented black (7.5YR 2.5/1) ironmanganese nodules with sharp boundaries in matrix and 15 percent medium prominent irregular black
(7.5YR 2.5/1) iron-manganese masses with clear boundaries in matrix; 5 percent flat subangular indurated
limestone fragments up to 3 inches across in lower part; neutral; clear smooth boundary. (combined
thickness of the Bt horizon ranges from 25 to 40 inches thick)
BC--41 to 53 inches; mottled yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay; 5 percent prominent
irregular light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and 5 percent medium faint irregular strong brown (7.5YR
5/6)and 5 percent medium distinct irregular light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) mottles; weak medium angular
blocky structure; very firm; few fine roots between peds; 5 percent fine prominent irregular black (7.5YR
2.5/1) iron-manganese nodules with sharp boundaries in matrix and 10 percent medium prominent
irregular black (7.5YR 2.5/1) iron-manganese masses with clear boundaries in matrix; 5 percent medium
faint spherical moderately cemented carbonate nodules in matrix; 5 percent flat subangular indurated
limestone fragments up to 6 inches across; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 20 inches
thick)
R--53 inches; hard light gray limestone and interbedded thin layers of shale.
TYPE LOCATION: Jessamine County, Kentucky; 0.5 miles west of intersection of Park Lane and U.S.
Highway 68; 4.5 miles northwest of Nicholasville. USGS Nicholasville Quadrangle (Latitude: 37
degrees, 56 minutes, 30 seconds North; Longitude: 84 degrees, 36 minutes, 46 seconds East; UTM
Easting 709751 UTM Northing 4202060)
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Depth to
limestone or interbedded limestone, shale and siltstone bedrock ranges from 40 to 80 inches or more.
Flagstones and channers range from 0 to 5 percent in the upper part of the solum, from 0 to 15 percent in
the lower part of the solum and 1 to 50 percent in the substratum. The reaction ranges from very strongly
acid to slightly acid to a depth of 30 inches and from strongly acid to mildly alkaline below 30 inches.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam or
silty clay loam. Some pedons have coatings of peds in the A horizons less than 6 inches thick that are
very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2).
An AB or BA horizon, where present, have hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.
Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam.
The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6.
Texture is silt loam to silty clay. The lower part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,
value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8 with mottles in shades of brown, red, olive, or gray. Texture is silty
clay or clay.
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The BC horizon, has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8, with mottles in
shades of brown, olive, or gray. Texture is silty clay loam to clay.
The C horizon, when present, has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 4 to 8 with
mottles in shades of brown, olive or gray or is a variegation of these colors. Texture ranges from silty
clay loam to clay.
The Cr horizon, where present, is 5 to 20 inches thick, and has soft interbedded shale, siltstone and
limestone. Below this is hard light gray limestone.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Beasley, Brashear, Bratton, Caneyville, Donahue, Eden, Faywood,
Fredonia, Haggatt, Heitt, Markland, Shrouts, and Solway Series. Beasley, Eden, Shrouts, and Solway
soils have paralithic contact at 20 to 40 inches. Brashear soils can be moderately well drained. Bratton
soils have a lithologic discontinuity at 10 to 22 inches. Caneyville, Fredonia, and Heitt, soils have hue
redder than 7.5YR in at least some part of the B horizon. Donahue soils have more than 20 percent sand
in the upper part of the solum. Faywood soils have lithic contact between depths of 20 to 40 inches.
Markland soils have stratified lacustrine C horizons below 20 to 44 inches.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Lowell soils are on upland ridgetops and sideslopes or footslopes and
benches. Slopes range from 2 to 65 percent. These soils formed in residuum, mantled with up to 18
inches of loess in some areas, or slope creep from soils formed in residuum from limestone or interbedded
limestone, shale, and siltstone. The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches and the mean annual
temperature is about 54 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Ashton, Bluegrass, Caleast, Cynthiana,
Donerail, Elk, Fairmount, Faywood, Loradale, McAfee, and Nicholson series. Ashton soils are located on
low stream terraces and alluvial fans, have a dark colored surface layer, and have less than 35 percent clay
in the particle size control section. Bluegrass soils have less than 35 percent clay in the particle size
control section. Caleast soils have a dark colored surface layer. Cynthiana and Fairmount soils have a
solum thickness and depth to bedrock from 10 to 20 inches. Donerail soils have a dark colored surface
layer, are moderately well drained, and have hues of 10YR or yellower in the substratum. Elk soils are
located on stream terraces, and are typically more acid, and have less than 35 percent clay in the particle
size control section. Faywood soils have a solum thickness and depth to bedrock from 20 to 40 inches.
Loradale soils have a dark colored surface layer and have hues of 10YR or yellower in the substratum.
McAfee soils have a solum thickness and depth to bedrock from 20 to 40 inches, have a dark colored
surface layer, and have at least one subsoil horizon a hue of 5YR. Nicholson soils are moderately well
drained with a slowly permeable fragipan in the subsoil.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained, with moderate or rapid runoff.
moderately slow.
Permeability is
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, tobacco, hay, or pasture. Native
forest has upland oaks, hickory, walnut, ash, hackberry, locusts, redbud, and red cedar as the dominant
species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Southeastern Indiana, Southern Ohio, Southwestern
Pennsylvania, and possibly the northern panhandle of West Virginia. MLRA 116A, 121, 126, 128. This
soil series is of large extent.
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MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Garrard County, Kentucky, 1921.
REMARKS: The Lowell Series is mapped in both the Inner and Outer Bluegrass Physiographic Regions
in Kentucky.
Diagnostic horizons in the pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: 0 to 8 inches (Ap)
Argillic horizon: 8 to 41 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3)
Lithic contact @ 53 inches.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization sample 09KY-113-01(1-5) by the University of Kentucky.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
107.0
LURAY
LOCATION LURAY
OH
Established Series
Rev. AR-DRM
05/2007
LURAY SERIES
The Luray series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in silty lacustrine material or
slack water sediments. These soils are on lake plains, terraces, outwash plains, and some local areas on till
plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 940 mm (37 inches), and
mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Luray silty clay loam, on a nearly level area in a cultivated field. (Colors are for
moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak
medium granular structure; firm; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches)
thick]
AB--23 to 36 cm (9 to 14 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry;
strong fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine faint dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) iron
depletions; common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) iron stains and concretions; neutral;
clear irregular boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick]
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Btg1--36 to 51 cm (14 to 20 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic
structure parting to strong fine angular blocky; firm; prominent very dark gray (N 3/) organo-clay films
on faces of peds; common dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) iron concretions and root channel fillings;
neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Btg2--51 to 63 cm (20 to 25 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay loam; weak very coarse [25 to
30 cm (10 to 12 inches) in diameter] prismatic structure parting to moderate medium prismatic which
further parts to weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; prominent dark gray (N 4/) organo-clay films on
faces of larger peds; gray (5Y 5/1) clay films on faces of smaller peds; common coarse prominent
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; few very dark gray (5Y 3/1) and brown
(7.5YR 4/4) root channels; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Btg3--63 to 81 cm (25 to 32 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; dark gray (10YR 4/1) organo-clay films on vertical faces of peds; gray (5Y 5/1) clay films
on horizontal faces of peds; many coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation; weak stratification evident; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg
horizon is 38 to 96 cm (15 to 38 inches).]
Cg1--81 to 114 cm (32 to 45 inches); mottled grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and yellowish brown (10YR
5/4, 5/6, and 5/8) silt loam with few thin strata of very fine sandy loam and silty clay loam; massive;
friable; neutral.
Cg2--114 to 152 cm (45 to 60 inches); gray (N 5/) stratified silt loam and loam; massive; friable;
common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly
effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Ashland County, Ohio; Mohican Township; 600 feet south and 200 feet east of the
northwest corner of sec. 16, T. 21 N., R. 15 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: commonly 25 to 36 cm (10 to 14 inches) but ranges to 46 cm (18
inches) and includes the upper part of the argillic horizon in some pedons
Particle-size control section: averages 25 to 35 percent clay
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry)
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 to 6 (3 in the upper part of some pedons)
Chroma: 0 to 2 to a depth of 76 cm (30 inches) and 0 to 6 below
Texture: commonly silty clay loam or silt loam with subhorizons of silty clay in some pedons
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
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Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 0 to 8
Texture: dominantly silt loam or silty clay loam and commonly has thin strata of loam, fine sandy loam,
or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline; some pedons have carbonates
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Cyclone, Gabriel, Mahalaland, Mahalasville, Ragsdale, and Treaty
series. Cyclone, Mahalasville, and Treaty soils have 2B horizons that contain rock fragments. Gabriel
soils have a mollic epipedon that is thicker than 46 cm (18 inches). Mahalaland soils have more than 2
percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Ragsdale soils formed entirely in
loess and lack stratification in the lower part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Luray soils are in slight depressions or on level areas on lake plains, terraces,
outwash plains, and in small local areas on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. The soils formed
in stratified lacustrine material or slack water sediments of Wisconsinan age with dominant textures of silt
loam and silty clay loam. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 864 to 1016 mm (34 to 40 inches). Mean
annual air temperature ranges from 10 to 12 degrees C (50 to 54 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Fitchville, Glenford, Mentor, and Sebring
soils in a toposequence with Luray soils and the Bennington, Bogart, Canfield, Chili, Conotton,
Damascus, Jimtown, Linwood, Mahoning, Olmsted, and Rittman soils. The somewhat poorly drained
Fitchville soils, the moderately well drained Glenford soils, and the well drained Mentor soils are on
higher landscape positions. The poorly drained Sebring soils are on similar positions as Luray soils but
lack a mollic epipedon. Bennington, Canfield, Mahoning, and Rittman soils are on nearby till plains.
Bogart, Chili, Conotton, Damascus, Jimtown, and Olmsted soils formed in stratified gravelly and loamy
materials. Linwood soils are on similar landscape positions as Luray soils but have organic material
overlying loamy mineral deposits.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to
the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm
(1 foot) below the surface during periods of high rainfall in normal years. The potential for surface runoff
is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately
slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: More than half of the Luray soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, wheat, oats,
and mixed hay are the principal crops. Some areas are pastured and some are wooded. Native vegetation
is swamp grasses and sedges or deciduous swamp forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern to central Ohio; MLRAs 111B, 111E, 114A, 124, and
139. The type location is in MLRA 139. The series is of moderate extent, about 50,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
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Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 36 cm (Ap, AB horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 36 to 63 cm (Btg1, Btg2, horizons).
Aquic conditions: redox features visible in the lower part of the mollic epipedon and in all underlying
horizons.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
108.0
LYKENS
LOCATION LYKENS
OH
Established Series
Rev. AR-DRM
04/2007
LYKENS SERIES
The Lykens series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in silty lacustrine deposits,
a thin layer of loamy water-sorted material, and the underlying loamy till on water modified till plains.
Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean
annual air temperature is about 10 degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Lykens silt loam - cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25
cm (6 to 10 inches) thick]
BE--20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; many fine pores; thin patchy brown (10YR 5/3)
clay films on faces of peds; thin patchy silt coatings on faces of peds; common krotovinas with dark
grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fillings; few fine dark iron and manganese oxide concretions; strongly acid;
clear smooth boundary. [0 to (5 inches) thick]
Bt1--33 to 43 cm (13 to 17 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; strong fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; thin patchy brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of
peds; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--43 to 56 cm (17 to 22 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium prismatic
structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; friable; common fine roots; medium brown
(10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of prisms; thin patchy brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on horizontal faces of
peds; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; many medium distinct yellowish
brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined
thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 53 cm (8 to 21 inches).]
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2Bt3--56 to 74 cm (22 to 29 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam with some thin lenses of sand;
moderate medium prismatic structure; firm; common fine roots; thin patchy light brownish gray (10YR
6/2) clay films on faces of prisms; common coarse dark iron and manganese oxide stains; many coarse
distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in sand lenses; strongly acid in upper part
and moderately acid in lower part; clear wavy boundary. [5 to 38 cm (2 to 15 inches) thick]
3BC--74 to 99 cm (29 to 39 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate coarse
prismatic structure; firm; few fine roots; thin patchy dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of
prisms; many medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; many medium distinct yellowish brown
(10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; 4 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [0 to
38 cm (15 inches) thick]
3C--99 to 152 cm (39 to 60 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; massive; very firm;
many medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR
5/6) masses of iron accumulation; common fine black soft pieces of shale; 4 percent rock fragments that
are slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Crawford County, Ohio; Whetstone Township; about 400 feet east and 900 feet
south of the northwest corner of sec. 16, T. 3 S., R. 17 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 71 to 127 cm (28 to 50 inches)
Thickness of the overlying silty mantle: 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches)
Rock fragments: mainly black shale, crystalline pebbles, and some limestone fragments
Particle-size control section: averages 24 to 35 percent clay and 5 to 15 percent fine sand or coarser
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 (6 dry)
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: commonly silt loam or less commonly loam or very fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry)
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: commonly silt loam or less commonly loam or very fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
E horizon, where present:
Texture: commonly silt loam or less commonly loam or very fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Bt horizon:
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Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam; less than 15 percent fine sand or coarser material
Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid
Some pedons have a BA or B/E horizon.
2Bt or 2BC horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: typically weakly stratified; clay loam or loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures, or less
commonly sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam below a depth of about 76 cm (30 inches)
Rock fragment content: 0 to 25 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
3Bt or 3BC horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline
3C horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, silt loam, or loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 24 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Hartz, Henshaw, Higdon, Ogontz, Sardinia, and Travilah series.
Hartz soils are deeper than 127 cm (50 inches) to carbonates. Henshaw soils do not have rock fragments
in the lower part of the series control section. Higdon and Sardinia soils have sola thicker than 127 cm (50
inches). Ogontz soils have strata with less than 18 percent clay and more than 50 percent sand in the
lower part of the series control section. Travilah soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40
inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Lykens soils are on water modified till plains of late Wisconsinan age. Slope
ranges from 0 to 6 percent. The soils formed in silty lacustrine deposits or slackwater sediments 51 to 91
cm (20 to 36 inches) thick that commonly contain a high amount of very fine sand in the lower part, a
middle layer of loamy water-sorted materials 5 to 38 cm (2 to 15 inches) thick, and the underlying loamy,
low-lime till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 787 to 1016 mm (31 to 40 inches). Mean annual air
temperature ranges from 8 to 12 degrees C (47 to 53 degrees F).
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GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bennington, Cardington, Fitchville,
Glenford, and Tiro soils. The somewhat poorly drained Bennington soils and the Cardington soils are on
nearby till plains that have not been modified by water. The somewhat poorly drained Fitchville soils and
the Glenford soils formed in thicker lacustrine deposits. The somewhat poorly drained Tiro soils formed
in similar materials but are on lower topographic positions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The
potential for surface runoff is low to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the
upper part of the solum and moderately low in the till material. Permeability is moderate in the upper part
of the solum and moderately slow or slow in the lower part of the solum and underlying till.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for cropland or permanent pasture but a few areas are
used for woodland. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and legume grass meadow are principal crops. Native
vegetation is hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North central Ohio; MLRAs 111E and 139. The type location is in
MLRA 111E. The series is of small extent, about 4,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Crawford County, Ohio, 1975.
REMARKS: The Lykens series is marginal to fine-loamy.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in the pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 33 cm (Ap, BE horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 33 to 74 cm (Bt, 2Bt horizons).
Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below a depth of 43 cm.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available for CR-27, the typical pedon, from the Soil
Characterization Laboratory at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
109.0
MACOMB
LOCATION MACOMB
MI+NY
Established Series
Rev. NWS-WEF
06/2011
MACOMB SERIES
The Macomb series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in outwash and the
underlying till on lake plains and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation
is about 813 mm (32 inches), and the mean annual temperature is about 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F).
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TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Macomb loam, cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;
moderate fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. [15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 inches) thick]
E--20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; common fine roots; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of
oxidized iron; 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick]
Bt1--28 to 48 cm (11 to 19 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; common fine roots; continuous brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds and in
pores; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; less than 5 percent
gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. [10 to 23 cm (4 to 9 inches) thick]
Bt2--48 to 74 cm (19 to 29 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay loam; moderate coarse subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; continuous grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds
and in pores; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron and
prominent gray (5Y 6/1) iron depletions; 5 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt irregular boundary. [20 to 51
cm (8 to 20 inches) thick]
2C1--74 to 84 cm (29 to 33 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) very gravelly sand; single grain; loose;
common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron and prominent gray (5Y
6/1) iron depletions; 40 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary.
3C2--84 to 152 cm (33 to 60 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam; massive; firm; common medium
prominent gray (5Y 6/1) iron depletions; 5 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Washtenaw County, Michigan; about 1 1/2 miles north and 1/2 mile east of Delhi
Mills; 660 feet south and 430 feet west of the northeast corner of the southeast 1/4 of sec. 35, T. 1 S., R. 5
E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
E horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
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Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Bt1 horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: clay loam, loam, or sandy clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Bt2 horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: clay loam, gravelly clay loam, sandy clay loam, gravelly sandy clay loam, or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: gravelly sand, gravelly loamy sand, or gravelly sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 20 to 60 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline
3C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: clay loam, loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Locke series. Locke soils have less than 20 percent rock fragments in
the lower part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Macomb soils are on till plains and lake plains that have a thin covering of
gravelly outwash. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent, but typically are 0 to 2 percent. The Macomb soils
formed in outwash and the underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 940 mm (29 to
37 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 10.0 degrees C (45 to 50 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Berville, Blount, Cadmus, Conover, Ionia,
Kendallville, and Matherton soils. The Macomb soils are in a drainage sequence with the well drained
Kendallville soils, the moderately well drained Cadmus soils, and the very poorly drained Berville soils.
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The finer textured Blount soils and the Conover soils, which do not have gravelly 2C horizons, are
associated on till plains. The moderately well drained Ionia soils and somewhat poorly drained Matherton
soils, which are fine loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, are associated where till plains join outwash
plains.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained.
Potential for surface runoff is very low to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high.
Permeability is moderately slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grains, and legume-grass
hay are the principal crops. Some areas are used for permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is
hardwoods; principally American elm, white ash, American basswood, red maple, hickory, and swamp
white oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98 and 111B in southern Michigan. The series is of moderate
extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tuscola County, Michigan, 1926.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap horizon).
Albic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches) (E horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 74 cm (11 to 29 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
110.0
MARENGO
LOCATION MARENGO
OH
Established Series
Rev. JRS-RJG-SJH
04/2007
MARENGO SERIES
The Marengo series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed loamy till on till plains. Slope
ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air
temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Marengo clay loam, on a concave, 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation
of 264 meters (866 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
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Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay loam, dark grayish brown
(10YR 4/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments;
neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
AB--23 to 43 cm (9 to 17 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium
prismatic structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; firm; few fine roots; few fine prominent
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent rock fragments;
neutral; clear smooth boundary.
Bg1--43 to 66 cm (17 to 26 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic
structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common faint very dark
gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium faint dark gray (10YR 4/1)
iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Bg2--66 to 109 cm (26 to 43 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; moderate medium
prismatic structure; firm; few fine roots; many distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organo-clay films on
vertical faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
BC--109 to 173 cm (43 to 68 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate coarse
prismatic structure; firm; many medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; many
medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent rock
fragments; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
C--173 to 211 cm (68 to 83 inches); dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) loam; massive; very firm; many
medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium distinct yellowish brown
(10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in matrix; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent;
moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Fairfield County, Ohio; 2.5 miles east of Carroll, in Greenfield Township; 318 feet
north and 445 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 4, T. 15 N., R. 19 W.; USGS Carroll topographic
quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 48 minutes 02 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 39 minutes 48 seconds W.,
NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 102 to 190 cm (40 to 75 inches)
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 61 cm (10 to 24 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 102 to 203 cm (40 to 80 inches)
Rock fragments: dominantly sandstone, siltstone, and shale fragments
Reaction: upper solum to a depth of 76 cm (30 inches) is moderately acid or slightly acid, and the lower
solum is moderately acid to slightly alkaline
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 2, 2.5 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam
Clay content: silty clay loam and clay loam textures ranges from 27 to 35 percent
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Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent
Bg horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: dominantly clay loam or silty clay loam but includes loam or silt loam
Clay content: 22 to 35 percent
Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent
C horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Redox features: few to many
Texture: loam or clay loam or the gravelly analogs of these textures
Clay content: 15 to 33 percent
Sand content: 35 to 50 percent
Rock fragment content: 2 to 20 percent
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Claremont (T), Clyde, Faxon, Kossuth, Letri, Mound Creek (T),
Reddick, Selma, Selmass, Tripoli, Webster, and Wolcott series. Claremont (T) series does not currently
have an OSD on file. Clyde and Wolcott soils do not have rock fragments dominantly of sandstone,
siltstone, and shale. Faxon and Mound Creek soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40
inches). Kossuth soils have more than 35 percent clay in the upper part of the series control section. Letri
soils have carbonates within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Reddick soils have less than 35 percent sand
in the lower part of the series control section. Selma and Selmass soils have more than 50 percent sand in
the lower part of the series control section. Tripoli soils have less than 2 percent rock fragments in the
upper part of the series control section. Webster soils are in cooler and drier climates, have friable till C
horizons, and typically have thinner sola.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Marengo soils are on till plains of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2
percent. The soils formed in loamy till. Climate is humid and temperate. Mean annual precipitation ranges
from 914 to 1016 mm (36 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 11 to 12 degrees C (51
to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 134 to 175 days. Elevation is 259 to 281 meters (850 to 920 feet)
above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Alexandria, Amanda, Bennington, Canfield,
Cardington, Centerburg, Condit, Luray, Patton, Ravenna, Rittman, Sebring, and Wooster soils. The well
drained Alexandria, Amanda, and Wooster soils and the moderately well drained Canfield, Cardington,
Centerburg, and Rittman soils are on higher landscape positions. The somewhat poorly drained
Bennington and Ravenna soils are on slightly higher landscape positions. The very poorly drained Condit
soils have more clay in the subsoil and are on similar landscape positions. The very poorly drained Luray
and Patton soils and the poorly drained Sebring soils formed in silty lacustrine materials on lake plains.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to
the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from the surface to 30 cm (1 foot) above the
surface between November and June in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow.
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USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the Marengo soils have been drained and are used for the production
of crops such as corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, and mixed hay. Some areas are pastured. Native vegetation
is deciduous swamp forest with elm, red maple, silver maple, pin oak, and ash as dominant species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central, north central, and northeastern Ohio; MLRAs 111E and 139.
The type location is in MLRA 111E. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Licking County, Ohio, 1930.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 43 cm (Ap, AB horizons).
Cambic horizon: from a depth of 43 to 173 cm (Bg, BC horizons).
Aquic conditions: redox features present in the lower part of the mollic epipedon and in all underlying
horizons.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data are available for FA-30, the typifying pedon, and
supporting data is available for pedons AS-2, CO-135, and MH-22 from the Soil Characterization
Laboratory at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
111.0
MARLETTE
LOCATION MARLETTE
MI
Established Series
Rev. LWB-WEF-MLK
08/2012
MARLETTE SERIES
The Marlette series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in till. These soils are on
till plains, ground moraines, and end moraines. Slope ranges from 2 to 12 percent. Mean annual
precipitation is about 838 mm (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48
degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Glossudalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Marlette fine sandy loam, on a 4 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for
moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, gray (10YR 6/1) dry;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; about 1 percent fine gravel; slightly acid; abrupt
smooth boundary. [15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick]
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B/E--23 to 46 cm (9 to 18 inches); 60 percent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay loam (Bt); surrounded by or
penetrated by tongues of light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sandy loam (E); moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of
peds; about 1 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [10 to 36 cm (4 to 14 inches) thick]
Bt--46 to 86 cm (18 to 34 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; common faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 1 percent fine
gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [25 to 71 cm (10 to 28 inches) thick]
BC--86 to 96 cm (34 to 38 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; about 2 percent fine gravel; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of
oxidized iron; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick]
C--96 to 203 cm (38 to 80 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay loam; massive; firm; about 2 percent fine
gravel; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron; slightly effervescent;
slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Mason County, Michigan; about 2 miles southeast of the village of Custer; 1,600 feet
south and 1,650 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 28, T. 18 N., R. 16 W., Custer Township; USGS
Custer, Michigan 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 55 minutes 42.6 seconds N. and 86
degrees 13 minutes 30.8 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 64 cm (25 inches) or more
Depth to carbonates: 64 to 127 cm (25 to 50 inches)
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the upper part of the solum and neutral to moderately alkaline in
the lower part
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent gravel throughout
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 to 5, 6 dry
Chroma: 1 to 3
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 2.5 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam, silt loam, clay loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
E horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 to 7
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
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E part of B/E horizon
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 to 7
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Bt part of the B/E horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
E/B horizon, where present:
Thickness: 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches)
The amount of E material present in the B/E or E/B horizon ranges from 15 to 75 percent.
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Clay content: 25 to 35 percent
Some pedons have Bk horizons with colors and textures similar to those of the Bt horizon.
BC horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loam or clay loam
C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: loam or clay loam
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Cassopolis series. Cassopolis soils do not have carbonates within a
depth of 127 cm (50 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Marlette soils are on till plains, ground moraines, and end moraines of
Wisconsinan age. The Marlette soils formed in till. Slope ranges from 2 to 12 percent. Mean annual
precipitation ranges from 711 to 965 mm (28 to 38 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to
10.0 degrees C (46 to 50 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Capac, Owosso, Metea, and Parkhill soils.
The somewhat poorly drained Capac soils and the poorly drained or very poorly drained Parkhill soils are
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in a drainage sequence with Marlette soils. The well drained Owosso and Metea soils have sand to sandy
loam upper horizons.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to
the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 61 to 183 cm (2.0 to 6.0 feet) between October and
May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is medium or high depending upon slope. Saturated
hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cropped to corn, beans, wheat, and grass-legume hay. A small
part, usually the steeper areas, is in pasture or hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 96, 97, 98, and 99 in central Michigan. The series is of large
extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon).
Glossic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 46 cm (9 to 18 inches) (B/E horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 86 cm (9 to 34 inches) (Bt part of B/E horizon and Bt horizon).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
112.0
MCBRIDE
LOCATION MCBRIDE
MI
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-WEF
08/2012
MCBRIDE SERIES
The McBride series consists of very deep, well drained and moderately well drained soils that are
moderately deep to a fragipan. The McBride soils formed in till and are on ground moraines and end
moraines. Slope ranges from 2 to 45 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32 inches), and
the mean annual temperature is about 6.7 degrees C (44 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, frigid Alfic Fragiorthods
TYPICAL PEDON: McBride sandy loam on a slope of 8 percent on a moraine in a wooded area. (Colors
are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
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A--0 to 5 cm (2 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; very
friable; 2 percent gravel and cobbles; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary [5 to 15 cm (2 to 6
inches) thick]
E--5 to 20 cm (2 to 8 inches); reddish brown (5YR 5/3) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; very friable; 6 percent gravel and cobbles; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8
inches) thick]
Bhs--20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) sandy loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; 4 percent gravel and cobbles; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [8 to 15 cm
(3 to 6 inches) thick]
Ex--33 to 74 cm (13 to 29 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy sand; massive; very hard; 1 percent
gravel and cobbles; brittle when moist; slightly acid; gradual irregular boundary. [0 to 51 cm (20 inches)
thick]
E/Bx--74 to 109 cm (29 to 43 inches); light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) loamy sand (E) surrounding peds of
dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) sandy clay loam (Bt); weak thick platy structure; very firm; thick clay
flows along root channels and in most pores; 2 percent gravel and cobbles; brittle when moist; moderately
acid; gradual irregular boundary. [15 to 51 cm (6 to 20 inches) thick]
Bt--109 to 185 cm (43 to 73 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/3) sandy clay loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; firm; thick clay flows on ped faces and along root channels; 2 percent gravel and
cobbles; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [20 to 89 cm (8 to 35 inches) thick]
C--185 to 282 cm (73 to 111 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/3) sandy loam; massive; friable; 6 percent
gravel and cobbles; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Osceola County, Michigan; about 4 miles northeast of the village of Ashton; 1280
feet west and 300 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 36, T. 19 N., R. 10 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 102 to 190 cm (40 to 75 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 102 to 190 cm (40 to 75 inches)
Depth to the fragipan: 30 to 51 cm (12 to 20 inches)
Ap horizon, where present:
Thickness: 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 2
Texture: sandy loam, loamy sand, or gravelly sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 20 percent gravel and cobbles
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
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Texture: sandy loam, loamy sand, or gravelly sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 20 percent gravel and cobbles
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
E horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 5 to 7
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: sandy loam, loamy sand, or gravelly sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 20 percent gravel and cobbles
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
Bhs horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 3
Chroma: 2 or 3
Ortstein content: a few massive chunks of weakly cemented to indurated ortstein are in some pedons.
Texture: sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 20 percent gravel and cobbles
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
Bs horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 20 percent gravel and cobbles
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
Ex horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: sandy loam or loamy sand
Structure: moderate to strong, medium to thick platy structure
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent gravel and cobbles
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
E part of the E/Bx horizon: occurs as thick coating surrounding peds of B and as vertical tongues
extending from the Ex into the lower Bt horizon
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: sandy loam or loamy sand
B part of the E/Bx horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy loam or sandy clay loam
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Structure: moderate or strong, medium or thick platy structure, or is massive
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent gravel and cobbles
Brittleness: the brittle matrix constitutes 60 percent or more of this horizon
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
Bt horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy loam or sandy clay loam
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent gravel and cobbles
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
C horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy loam; pockets or strata up to 5 cm thick of sand or loamy sand are in some pedons
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent gravel and cobbles
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The McBride soils are on ground moraines and end moraines of Wisconsinan
Age. Slope gradients typically are of 2 to 18 percent, but range from 2 to 45 percent. These soils are
formed in till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 813 mm (28 to 32 inches). Mean annual
temperature ranges from 6.1 to 7.8 degrees C (43 to 46 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Coral, Ensley, Montcalm, and Nester soils.
The somewhat poorly drained Coral and the poorly drained Ensley soils are in the same drainage
sequence. The well drained, sandier Montcalm soils and the finer textured Nester soils are nearby in most
areas.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Potential
for surface runoff is medium to very high depending upon slopes. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high
in the upper part, moderately low in the fragipan, and moderately high in the lower part of the pedon.
Permeability is moderately rapid in the upper part, slow in the fragipan, and moderately slow in the lower
part of the pedon.
USE AND VEGETATION: A large part of the milder slopes is cropped to small grains, legume-grass
hay, corn, and navy beans. Potatoes comprise a major acreage in some areas. Other areas are in woodland
or permanent pasture. Tree species include chiefly sugar maple, American beech, northern red oak, and
American basswood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 94A, 96, and 98 in the northern half of the lower peninsula of
Michigan. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
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SERIES ESTABLISHED: Sanilac County, Michigan, 1955.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 5 cm (2 inches) (A horizon).
Albic horizon: from a depth of 5 to 20 cm (2 to 8 inches) (E horizon).
Spodic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches) (Bhs horizon).
Fragipan: from a depth of 33 to 109 cm (13 to 43 inches) (Ex and E/Bx horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 109 to 185 cm (43 to 73 inches) (Bt horizon).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
113.0
MECHANICSBURG
LOCATION MECHANICSBURG
OH
Established Series
Rev. MFB-DRM-LER
08/2005
MECHANICSBURG SERIES
The Mechanicsburg series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils formed in Wisconsinan or
Illinoian Age till 20 to 36 inches thick and material weathered from the underlying fractured, fine grained
sandstone or siltstone on uplands. These soils have moderate permeability in the till-derived material and
moderately rapid permeability in the underlying residuum, above bedrock. Slope ranges from 2 to 25
percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 37 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees
F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Mechanicsburg silt loam, on a west-facing, convex, 5 percent slope in a cultivated
field at an elevation of 1060 feet msl.(Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap -- 0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine granular
structure; friable; many fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6
to 10 inches thick.)
BA -- 9 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; common fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0
to 7 inches thick.)
Bt1 -- 14 to 27 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure;
firm; few fine roots; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films onn faces of peds; few fine dark ironmanganese concretions; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
(Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 8 to 27 inches.)
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2Bt2 -- 27 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) channery loam; weak coarse subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few faint brown (10YR 5/3) clay films on faces of peds; few fine
dark iron-manganese concretions; 20 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0
to 8 inches thick.)
2C -- 32 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) extremely channery loam; massive; friable; few fine
roots in vertical and horizontal fractures between displaced rock fragments; 80 percent channers about 4
to 10 inches in length; very strongly acid in upper part grading to moderately acid at 60 inches. (0 to 36
inches thick.)
2R -- 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fractured hard siltstone bedrock with fractures more than
4 inches apart and little rock displacement.
TYPE LOCATION: Wayne County, Ohio; Wayne Township, about 1 mile south of Mechanicsburg; 2110
feet east and 780 feet north of the southwest corner, sec. 19, T. 16 N., R. 13 W.; U.S.G.S. Wooster, Ohio
topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees, 50 minutes, 44 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 59
minutes, 8 seconds W., NAD 1983.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum and depth to material weathered from
fractured bedrock typically is 20 to 36 inches; but the solum extends to 60 inches in some pedons, and
depth to underlying residuum is as much as 50 inches. The lithic contact is at a depth of 40 to 72 inches.
Rounded rock fragments of mixed lithology and mainly less than 4 centimeters in diameter are 0 to 10
percent in the Ap, A, and E horizons and 1 to 20 percent in Bt and BC horizons; thin flat fragments of
siltstone or fine grained sandstone are 15 to 50 percent in 2Bt and 2BC horizons and 60 to 90 percent in
the 2C horizon.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Some undisturbed
pedons have a thin A horizon 1 to 4 inches thick that has value of 2 to 4 and chroma of 1 or 2; and have
an E horizon 1 to 7 inches thick that has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. The Ap or A
and the E horizons commonly are very strongly acid or strongly acid but the Ap horizon ranges to neutral.
The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loam, silt loam,
clay loam, silty clay loam, or their gravelly analogues. It is very strongly acid to moderately acid. BC
horizons are in some pedons.
The 2Bt and 2BC horizons have hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4.
They are channery, very channery, flaggy, or very flaggy analogues of silt loam, loam, very fine sandy
loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. They are very strongly acid to moderately acid.
The 2C horizon has similar color and reaction range as the 2BC horizon but is extremely channery or
extremely flaggy analogues of silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam.
2Cr horizons are permitted above the lithic contact.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Alantus (T), Athol, Burkittsville (T), Cateache, Culleoka, Door,
Duffield, Dumfries, Ebbing, Frondorf, Grayford, Hayter, Kell, Lamotte, Legore, Loudonville, Manassas,
Middleburg, Morrison, Myersville, Oatlands, Panorama, Pasturerock (T), Sowego (T), Spriggs, Sudley,
Westmoreland, Wheeling, and Williamsburg series. Alanthus (T) soils contain a significant amount of
metabasalt and greenstone rock fragments. Athol, Door, Duffield, Ebbing, Middleburg, Morrison,
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Wheeling, and Williamsburg soils typically have thicker sola. Ebbing soils also have less than 60 percent
rock fragments in the C horizon. The Burkittsville (T) soil does not have an OSD to compete. Cateache,
Culleoka, Frondorf, Kell, Loudonville, and Spriggs soils have a lithic contact within 40 inches. Dumfries,
Grayford, Hayter, Lamotte, Manassas, Myersville, Oatlands, Panorama, Sowego (T), and Sudley soils
have a higher mean annual temperature. Dumfries soils also have bedrock at greater than 20 feet.
Grayford soils also have 10 percent or less rock fragments in the 2Bt horizon. Lamotte soils also have less
than 10 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Legore soils contain a
significant amount of diabase and diorite rock fragments. Pasturerock (T) soils have less than a 10 degree
centigrade difference between mean summer and mean winter temperatures. Westmoreland soils do not
have a lithologic discontinuity between 20 and 40 inches.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Mechanicsburg soils formed in medium textured Wisconsinan Age or
Illinoian Age till 20 to 36 inches thick and material weathered from the underlying acid, fine grained
sandstone, or siltstone. They are on upland interfluves, head slopes, nose slopes and side slopes. Slope has
a plane or convex surface and ranges from 2 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about
35 to 39 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from about 49 to 53 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Berks, Bogart, Brownsville, Canfield, Chili,
Luray, Rittman, Sebring, and Wooster soils. Berks and Brownsville soils are loamy-skeletal and are on
nearby areas that do not have a till mantle. The moderately well drained Bogart and Chili soils formed in
stratified loamy, sandy, and gravelly materials and are on nearby terraces and outwash plains. The
moderately well drained Canfield, moderately well drained Rittman, and Wooster soils have fragipan
horizons and are on similar landscape positions where deposits of till are thicker than 40 inches. The very
poorly drained Luray soils and poorly drained Sebring soils formed in lacustrine sediments and are in
depressions or are on nearby stream terraces.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is low to high.
Permeability is moderate in the till-derived material and moderately rapid in the underlying residuum,
above bedrock.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas on slopes less than 18 percent are cultivated. Corn, oats, wheat,
mixed hay, and pasture are the principal crops. Some more sloping areas are used for woodland and
habitat for wildlife. Natural vegetation is hardwood forest, consisting mainly of sugar maple, oak, and
hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern Ohio. MLRA 114 and 139. The series is of moderate
extent, about 24,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Wayne County, Ohio, 1981.
REMARKS: Mechanicsburg soils were formerly mapped as Loudonville soils in some earlier surveys.
Field investigations indicate that the upper contact of the underlying bedrock in some areas is fractured
with more than 10 percent soil material between displaced rock fragments. Roots extend considerable
distance into such fractures. A thin loess mantle is present in some areas.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
a) Ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 9 inches (Ap horizon).
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b) Argillic horizon - from a depth of about 14 to about 32 inches (Bt1 and 2Bt2 horizons).
Notes: 02/2000 revision included numerous changes made to the OSD.
Acreage based on 2004 data.
07/2005-The competing series were compared by the 9th Edition of Keys to Soils Taxonomy.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedon WN-S94 for characterization data on the typical pedon, from
Wayne County, Ohio, and LC-1, WN-S22, and WN-S24; samples analyzed by The Ohio State University
Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
114.0
MELVIN
LOCATION MELVIN
KY+AR MD MO OH PA TN VA WV
Established Series
Rev. JCJ
11/2007
MELVIN SERIES
The Melvin series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils formed in silty alluvium on flood plains and
in upland depressions. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Melvin silt loam--cultivated. (Colors are for moist soils unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;
common fine and medium roots; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses as iron
accumulations; common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; slightly
alkaline; clear smooth boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick)
Bg1--9 to 20 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; common fine and and medium roots; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)
masses as iron accumulations; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bg2--20 to 30 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and
common medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) masses as iron accumulations; moderately acid; gradual
wavy boundary. (Bg is 10 to 30 inches thick)
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Cg--30 to 62 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam; massive; firm; few irregularly shaped
black (10YR 2/1) manganese and iron concretions; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)
masses as iron accumulations; moderately acid. (10 to 45 inches thick)
TYPE LOCATION: Livingston County, Kentucky; 1.42 miles southwest of Iuka; 1.13 miles southwest
of the intersection of KY Highway 93 and Jake Dukes Road, 2,185 feet south of intersection of Corinth
Church Road and Jake Dukes Road; 300 feet east of Corinth Church Road in field. USGS Quad: Grand
Rivers; Latitude: (37 degrees, 4 minutes, 6 seconds N); Longitude: (88 degrees, 14 minutes, 47 seconds
W).
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to bedrock is 60 or more inches.. Coarse fragments, mostly
rounded pebbles, ranges from 0 to 5 percent to a depth of 30 inches and below this depth individual
subhorizons can range from 0 to 20 percent by volume. Content of iron and manganese concretions
ranges from 0 to 2 percent throughout. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to mildly alkaline
throughout the profile. A few flakes of mica are in some pedons.
The Ap and A horizon have hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is a silt
loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or silty clay loam.
The Bg horizon has hue of 10YRto 5Y or is neutral, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 or less.
Redoximorphic features in shades of brown, black, and red range from none to common. Texture is silt
loam or silty clay loam.
The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 or less.
Redoximorphic features in shades of brown, black, and red, range from none to many. Some pedons are
an evenly mottled pattern in shades of gray, brown, and red. Texture is silt loam, silty clay loam or loam.
Below a depth of 40 inches, some pedons have stratified layers with variable textures.
COMPETING SERIES: TheWayland series is the only other member of the family. Wayland soils
formed in alluvium from areas of Wisconsin glaciation.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Melvin soils are on nearly level to depressed parts of flood plains and in
upland depressions. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils formed in silty alluvium derived from
soils formed from limestone, shale, siltstone, sandstone, and loess. Near the type location the mean
annual temperature ranges from 53 to 59.4 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation ranges from 40 to
53.9 inches.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Dunning, Huntington, Lindside, Newark,
and Nolin series. Dunning and Huntington soils have a mollic epipedon. In addition, the Huntington
soils are well drained. The Dunning soils have fine texture. Lindside, Newark, and Nolin soils are the
better drained members in a drainage catena with Melvin.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Poorly drained. Runoff is negligible. Permeability is moderate.
Most areas are subject to flooding or ponding.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in pasture and woodland. These soils, where previously
drained, are used for corn, sorghum, soybeans, and hay. Many areas are used for wetland wildlife habitat.
Native vegetation consists of water-tolerant hardwoods, chiefly water oak, pin oak, and swamp white oak,
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American sycamore, black willow, alder, sweet and blackgums, red maple, box elder, and cottonwood.
Some areas were in canebrakes.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee,
Virginia, West Virginia, and possibly Arkansas and Missouri. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lauderdale County, Alabama; 1931.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - 0 to 9 inches (Ap).
Cambic horizon - 9 to 30 inches (Bg)
Aquic conditions - 0 to 62 inches. (Ap, Bg, Cg1, Cg2).
ADDITIONAL DATA: S82KY-055-007.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
115.0
MERMILL
LOCATION MERMILL
OH+IN
Established Series
Rev. RAR-RMG
09/2012
MERMILL SERIES
The Mermill series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils on lake plains and till plains. They
formed in loamy glaciolacustrine or water-sorted material 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) thick and in the
underlying till. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 inches),
and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Epiaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Mermill loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a cultivated field at an elevation of
228 meters (749 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)
dry; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and medium granular;
friable; common fine roots; 1 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [18 to 23
cm (7 to 9 inches) thick]
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Btg1--23 to 36 cm (9 to 14 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak fine and medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; few
distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds; common medium
prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)
masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium faint very dark grayish brown
(10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent rock
fragments; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Btg2--36 to 53 cm (14 to 21 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds;
common medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of
iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments;
neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Btg3--53 to 71 cm (21 to 28 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy clay loam; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; thin strata of fine sandy loam; common distinct gray
(10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the
matrix; common fine and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common medium and
coarse faint brown (10YR 5/3) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and medium
distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions
in the matrix; 1 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt
horizon is 28 to 84 cm (11 to 33 inches).]
2Btg4--71 to 91 cm (28 to 36 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of
peds; many medium and coarse distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and common fine and medium
prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine and
medium faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide
concretions in the matrix; few medium faint light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate concretions in the
matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [15 to
30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick]
2BC--91 to 145 cm (36 to 57 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; weak medium and
coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots in the upper part; common distinct gray (10YR
5/1) coatings on faces of peds; common fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the
matrix; common medium and coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in
the matrix; few medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) calcium carbonate concretions in the matrix; 5
percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual irregular boundary. [8 to 56
cm (3 to 22 inches) thick]
2C--145 to 203 cm (57 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; massive, with widely spaced vertical
fractures; firm; few distinct gray (10YR 5/1) coatings on faces of fractures; common fine and medium
distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions and few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of
iron accumulation oriented along fractures; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline.
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TYPE LOCATION: Hancock County, Ohio; about 1.75 miles northeast of McComb, in Portage
Township; 1,520 feet north and 2,180 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 18, T. 2 N., R. 10 E.;
USGS Hoytville, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 07 minutes 41.8 seconds N. and long. 83
degrees 45 minutes 25.9 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 61 to 152 cm (24 to 60 inches) and typically extends into the till
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 53 to 107 cm (21 to 42 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 inches)
Depth to till: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Rock fragments: glacial pebbles, primarily of limestone, dolostone, and crystalline lithology
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3 (5 or less dry)
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sandy clay loam, silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Some pedons have a BEg horizon.
Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam; some pedons have thin subhorizons of sandy clay to fine
sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
2Btg, 2Bt, 2BCg, or 2BC horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 0 to 4
Texture: clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Clay content: 27 to 42 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
2C or 2Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: clay, silty clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Clay content: 27 to 42 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and carbonates are present
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COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Mermill soils are on lake plains, and less commonly on till plains of late
Wisconsinan age. They have a plane or concave surface with a slope gradient of 0 to 2 percent. The soils
formed in 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of loamy glaciolacustrine or water-sorted material and in the
underlying till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual
air temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days.
Elevation is 183 to 244 meters (600 to 800 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Aurand, Haskins, Houcktown, and Rawson
soils. These soils form a toposequence with Mermill soils. The somewhat poorly drained Aurand and
Haskins soils are on slightly higher landscape positions. The moderately well drained Houcktown and the
well drained Rawson soils are on higher or more sloping landscape positions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to
the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm
(1 foot) below the surface between December and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is
negligible or very low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the loamy material and
moderately low or low in the underlying till. Permeability is moderate in the loamy material and slow or
very slow in the underlying till.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the Mermill soils have been drained and are used for cropland.
Principal crops are corn, soybeans, oats, wheat, alfalfa, tomatoes, and sugar beets. Native vegetation is
deciduous swamp forest with swamp white oak, bur oak, pin oak, elm, hickory, and ash.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 99 in northwestern Ohio and northeastern Indiana, and to a
lesser extent in MLRAs 111B, 111C, and 139 in west-central Ohio and northern Indiana. The type
location is in MLRA 99. The series is of large extent, over 130,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957.
REMARKS: Some acreage of the Mermill series is being converted to the Alvada and Aurand series
during modernization projects. The previous Mermill series concept allowed for fine-textured lacustrine
sediments in the 2B and 2C horizons. A new series will be established to address these soils during
modernization projects in MLRA 99. An evaluation of existing lab data supports the redefinition of the
clay content in the till.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 91 cm (Btg, 2Btg horizons).
Aquic conditions: redox features in all horizons below a depth of 23 cm.
Representative data mapunit is DMU ID 130014 in MO 11.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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116.0
METAMORA
LOCATION METAMORA
MI+IN OH
Established Series
Rev. NWS-WEF
08/2012
METAMORA SERIES
The Metamora series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy glaciofluvial
or lacustrine deposits and the underlying loamy till on lake plains, near-shore zones (relict), till plains,
and low moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 813 mm (32
inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Udollic Epiaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Metamora sandy loam, on a southwest-facing, 2 percent slope in a cultivated field.
(Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)
dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to
23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick]
Eg--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sandy loam; weak coarse granular
structure; friable; many fine roots; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of
oxidized iron; about 3 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 15 cm (6 inches) thick]
Bg--33 to 71 cm (13 to 28 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; many medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)
masses of oxidized iron (50 percent of the color); about 3 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [8
to 61 cm (3 to 24 inches) thick]
2Btg--71 to 91 cm (28 to 36 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; clay films on faces of peds; many medium prominent yellowish
brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; about 5 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [15 to
41 cm (6 to 16 inches) thick]
2Cg--91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam; massive; firm; common medium
prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; about 5 percent gravel; slightly
effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Shiawassee County, Michigan; about 7 miles north of the town of Owosso; 1,360
feet east and 1,380 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 13, T. 8 N., R. 2 E.; lat. 43 degrees 05
minutes 47.6 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 10 minutes 55.8 seconds W., WGS 84.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40 inches)
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Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel throughout; 0 to 3 percent cobbles in the 2Bt and 2C
horizons
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral in the upper part of the solum and slightly acid or neutral in the lower
part
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loamy sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
E horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 to 7
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loamy sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Bg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: dominantly sandy loam or loamy sand, but includes sandy clay loam or loam
2Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam
Redoximorphic features: account for over 40 percent of the matrix color in at least one subhorizon
2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Metamora soils are on lake plains, near-shore zones (relict), till plains, and
low moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. The Metamora soils formed in loamy glaciofluvial or
lacustrine deposits and the underlying loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 1016 mm
(28 to 40 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 6.7 to 9.6 degrees C (44 to 49 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Blount, Brookston, Conover, Corunna,
Owosso, and Pewamo soils. Metamora soils are in a drainage sequence with the well drained Owosso and
poorly drained Corunna soils. They are associated in the landscape with the Blount, Brookston, Conover,
and Pewamo soils. These soils do not have the coarser textured A and Bg horizons.
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DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth
to the top of an apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (6 to 18 inches) between
March and May and in October and November in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is very low to
medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the in the A and Bg horizons and moderately high in
the 2Bt and 2C horizons. Permeability is moderately rapid in the A and Bg horizons and moderate or
moderately slow in the 2Bt and 2C horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: The greater part is under cultivation to corn, soybeans, small grain, or forest.
A few areas are used for vegetable production. A smaller part is in permanent pasture and hay. Native
vegetation is forests of American elm, white ash, hickory, American basswood, and red maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 97, 98, and 99 in southern Michigan, northern Indiana, and
northwestern Ohio. This series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ionia County, Michigan, 1965.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon (mollic intergrade): from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (9 inches) (Ap horizon).
Albic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches) (Eg horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 71 to 91 cm (28 to 36 inches) (2Bt horizon).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon.
A dense substratum phase is currently recognized in MLRA 99. Further evaluation is needed to determine
the presence of densic materials in Metamora soils in other MLRAs.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
117.0
METEA
LOCATION METEA
IN+IL MI WI
Established Series
Rev. RAB-GLH-DAG
07/2011
METEA SERIES
The Metea series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in wind or water laid sandy material
and the underlying till on moraines and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual
precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50
degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, active, mesic Arenic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Metea loamy fine sand, on a 4 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of
244 meters (800 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
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Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine sand, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;
weak fine granular structure; very friable; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to
10 inches) thick]
E--23 to 71 cm (9 to 28 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sand; single grain; loose; moderately
acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [36 to 76 cm (14 to 30 inches) thick]
Bt1--71 to 81 cm (28 to 32 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; friable; common brown (10YR 4/3) clay bridging between sand grains; 3 percent gravel;
moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick]
2Bt2--81 to 112 cm (32 to 44 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; 4
percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [25 to 76 cm (10 to 30 inches) thick]
2C--112 to 203 cm (44 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; massive; friable; 4 percent gravel; slightly
effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Marshall County, Indiana; about 4 miles south and 3 miles west of Plymouth; 700
feet south and 1,600 feet west of the center of sec. 25, T. 33 N., R. 1 E.; USGS Plymouth, IN topographic
quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 16 minutes 45.4 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 21 minutes 46.3 seconds W.,
NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 553357 easting and 4569962 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Thickness of the sandy material: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 to 5, more than 5.5 dry
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sand, or fine sand
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
E horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sand, or fine sand
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid
Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loam
Clay content: 12 to 22 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
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Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid
2Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 8
Texture: clay loam or loam
Clay content: 24 to 35 percent
Silt content: less than 60 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid, but ranges to neutral in the lower part when there is more than
one subhorizon
2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 3 to 8
Clay content: 15 to 24 percent
Texture: loam or fine sandy loam
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Delton, Okee, Ormas, and Prissel series. Delton soils average more
than 35 percent clay in the lower part of the argillic horizon. Okee soils contain less than 24 percent clay
in the lower part of the argillic horizon. Ormas soils contain more than 10 percent gravel in the lower part
of the argillic horizon and are underlain by gravelly or very gravelly sand. Prissel soils have a sandy
mantle that is thicker than 102 cm (40 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Metea soils are on moraines and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 25
percent. Metea soils formed in 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of wind or water laid sandy material and
the underlying loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches).
Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150
to 180 days. Elevation is 183 to 466 meters (600 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Aubbeenaubbee, Barry, Brookston, Chelsea,
Crosier, Markton, Moon, Miami, Owosso, Plainfield, Rensselaer, Riddles, Selfridge, Spinks, and
Wawasee soils. The somewhat poorly drained Aubbeenaubbee, Crosier, Markton, and Selfridge soils are
on footslopes of glaciated uplands. The poorly drained Barry and Brookston soils and the poorly drained
or very poorly drained Rensselaer soils are in depressions of glaciated uplands. The excessively drained
Chelsea and Plainfield soils, and the well drained Spinks soils are on summits and backslopes of glaciated
uplands and are sandier in the lower part of the series control section. The moderately well drained Moon
soils are on backslopes and have redoximorphic features within 102 cm (40 inches) of the surface. The
moderately well drained Miami soils, and the well drained Owosso, Riddles, and Wawasee soils are on
summits and backslopes of glaciated uplands.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Potential for surface
runoff is negligible to very high, depending on the slope and depth to till. Saturated hydraulic
conductivity is high or very high in the upper sandy material and moderately high in the underlying loamy
till. Permeability is rapid in the upper sandy material and moderate or moderately slow in the underlying
loamy till.
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USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are cropped to corn and soybeans. Small grain and hay are also grown.
Many small areas are used for pasture or woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 95B, 97 98, 99, 108A, 110, 111B, and 111C in northern
Indiana, southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, and southern Michigan. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fulton County, Indiana, 1941.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 71 cm (28 inches) (Ap, E).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 71 to 112 cm (28 to 44 inches) (Bt1, 2Bt2).
Arenic subgroup: from the surface to a depth of 71 cm (28 inches) (Ap, E).
NASIS Data Mapunit ID 155031 represents Metea in complex with Moon on 1 to 5 percent slopes.
NASIS Data Mapunit ID 401581 represents Metea in complex with Riddles on 1 to 5 percent slopes.
NASIS Data Mapunit ID 125312 represents Metea in complex with Riddles on 5 to 10 percent slopes,
eroded.
NASIS Data Mapunit ID 125313 represents Metea in complex with Riddles on 10 to 18 percent slopes,
eroded.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Transect data (T99IN-099-001) for the typical pedon is on file in MLRA project
office, Plymouth, Indiana. Transect shows 90 percent Metea soils and 10 percent Ormas soils.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
118.0
MIAMI
LOCATION MIAMI
IN+IL MI OH WI
Established Series
Rev. GRS-MLW-TJE
09/2014
MIAMI SERIES
The Miami series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to dense
till. Miami soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess or silty material and in the underlying
loamy till. They are on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 1016
mm (40 inches), and mean annual temperature is 11.1 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Miami silt loam, on a convex, 3 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of
about 268 meters (880 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
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Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine
granular structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) thick]
Bt1--20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate fine
subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and as
linings of some pores; 1 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 20 cm (0
to 8 inches) thick]
2Bt2--33 to 58 cm (13 to 23 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; strong coarse
subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and as
linings of some pores; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
2Bt3--58 to 79 cm (23 to 31 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate coarse
subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and as
linings of some pores; common fine and medium spherical very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron-manganese
masses in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined
thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 30 to 51 cm (12 to 20 inches).]
2BCt--79 to 91 cm (31 to 36 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak coarse prismatic structure; friable;
common distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common fine and medium
irregular very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron-manganese masses in the matrix; common medium faint light
brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregular iron depletions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; slightly
effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear irregular boundary. [0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches) thick]
2Cd--91 to 200 cm (36 to 79 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; massive; very firm; few fine irregular
very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron-manganese masses in the matrix; common medium faint grayish brown
(10YR 5/2) irregular iron depletions in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent;
moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Hendricks County, Indiana; 3 miles east of Danville; 800 feet west and 300 feet
south of the northeast corner of sec. 6, T. 15 N., R. 1 E.; USGS Brownsburg, Indiana topographic
quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 46 minutes 31.5 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 27 minutes 37.2 seconds W.,
NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 546217 easting and 4402976 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the loess or silty material: 0 to 46 cm (0 to 18 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
Depth to densic contact: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to bedrock: greater than 203 cm (80 inches)
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 to 5 moist, 6 dry
Chroma: 1 to 4 moist, 2 or 3 dry
Texture: loam or silt loam, or less commonly fine sandy loam or sandy loam; severely eroded pedons are
silty clay loam or clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
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Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
E horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam or silt loam, or less commonly fine sandy loam or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Bt or 2Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or clay loam in the upper part and clay loam in the lower part
Clay content: averages 27 to 35 percent
Sand content: ranges from 15 to 40 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid in the upper part and ranges to neutral in the lower part
BCt, 2BCt, CB, or 2CB horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam or less commonly fine sandy loam, but may be clay loam in the upper part
Clay content: averages 15 to 25 percent
Sand content: ranges from 20 to 60 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
Cd or 2Cd horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y, or less commonly 7.5YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam or less commonly fine sandy loam
Clay content: averages 10 to 20 percent
Sand content: ranges from 20 to 60 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Moist bulk density: 1.75 to 2.00 g/cc
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 50 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Adamstown, Beech, Blakeslee, Cazenovia, El Dara, Funkstown,
Hilton, Kidami, Mt. Zion, Pevely, Rainsville, Rawson, Richland, Shawtown, Summitville, and
Vaughnsville series. Adamstown and Blakeslee soils are deeper than 102 cm (40 inches) to carbonates.
Beech soils average more than 5 percent rock fragments in the upper part of the series control section.
Cazenovia, Mt. Zion, and Richland soils have more than 10 percent rock fragments in the lower part of
the series control section. El Dara soils are more acid than slightly alkaline in the lower part of the series
control section. Funkstown soils have more than 10 percent rock fragments in the second part of the series
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control section. Hilton and Shawtown soils average less than 27 percent clay in the argillic horizon.
Kidami soils do not have a densic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Pevely soils have a lithic
contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Rainsville soils are more than 102 cm (40 inches) to the
base of the argillic horizon. Rawson soils average more than 20 percent clay in the lower part of the series
control section. Summitville soils have a subhorizon in the Bt horizon with hue redder than 7.5YR.
Vaughnsville soils have hue redder than 10YR in the upper part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Miami soils are on till plains. Slope gradients are dominantly 0 to 25 percent,
but range to 60 percent. Miami soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess or silty material and
in the underlying loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches).
Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to 12.2 degrees C (46 to 54 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140
to 180 days. Elevation is 183 to 366 meters (600 to 1200 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Brookston, Conover, Crosby, Crosier,
Cyclone, Kokomo, Treaty, and Williamstown soils. The Miami soils are in a drainage sequence with the
moderately well drained Williamstown soils on summits and shoulders; the somewhat poorly drained
Conover, Crosier, and Crosby soils on lower lying summits; and the poorly drained Brookston, Cyclone,
and Treaty soils and the very poorly drained Kokomo soils in depressions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to
the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 61 to 91 cm (2.0 to 3.0 feet) between
December and April in normal years. Potential for surface water runoff is medium on the gentle slopes
and high on the steeper slopes. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the solum and
moderately low or low in the underlying dense till. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the
solum, moderately slow in the lower part of the solum, and slow or very slow in the underlying dense till.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay. Much of
the more sloping part is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is deciduous forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Indiana, southern Michigan, central and northern Illinois, southeastern
Wisconsin, and western Ohio; mainly in MLRAs 111A and 111D, and lesser extents in MLRAs 95B, 97,
98, 108A, 110, 114A, and 115C. The type location is in MLRA 111A. The series is of large extent, more
than 1,300,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Montgomery County, Ohio, 1910.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 79 cm (Bt, 2Bt horizons).
Densic contact: at 91 cm (top of 2Cd horizon).
Moderately permeable substratum, gravelly substratum, and heavy substratum phases are recognized, and
may become new series when the subset soil surveys with these phases are updated.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data is available from the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory
(KSSL), Lincoln, Nebraska. Data for pedons sampled by the Agricultural Experiment Station at Purdue
University and at The Ohio State University are also available from KSSL.
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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
119.0
MILLGROVE
LOCATION MILLGROVE
OH+IN
Established Series
Rev. RMG-DNM-RAR
12/2011
MILLGROVE SERIES
The Millgrove series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils on outwash plains and terraces. They
formed in loamy and gravelly outwash overlying sandy, gravelly, and loamy outwash deposits. Slope
ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual air
temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Millgrove silt loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a cultivated field at an
elevation of 303 meters (995 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium
subangular blocky structure parting to weak medium granular; friable; few medium tubular pores; few
gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 33 cm (8 to 13 inches) thick
BA--23 to 30 cm (9 to 12 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak fine
subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine vesicular and tubular pores; common medium distinct
yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; few gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick]
Btg1--30 to 43 cm (12 to 17 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; few fine vesicular and few medium vesicular and tubular pores; few faint dark gray
(10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings on
vertical faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and common fine
prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few gravel; slightly
acid; clear smooth boundary.
Btg2--43 to 53 cm (17 to 21 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; friable; few fine vesicular and tubular pores; many faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on
faces of peds; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings on vertical faces of peds; common
medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent
gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
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Btg3--53 to 76 cm (21 to 30 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky
structure; firm; few fine roots; few fine vesicular and tubular pores; many faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay
films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings on faces of peds; common
medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)
masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
Btg4--76 to 104 cm (30 to 41 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; few fine vesicular and tubular and few medium tubular pores; common faint dark gray
(10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses
of iron accumulation in the matrix; 5 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. [Combined
thickness of the Btg horizon is 38 to 79 cm (15 to 31 inches).]
BCg--104 to 127 cm (41 to 50 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; firm; few fine vesicular and tubular pores; few faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films
on faces of peds; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and common medium prominent
strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 10 percent gravel; slightly alkaline;
gradual smooth boundary. [0 to 25 cm (10 inches) thick]
C1--127 to 150 cm (50 to 59 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam; massive; friable;
common fine strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) weathered sandstone fragments; 15 percent gravel; slightly
effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
C2--150 to 188 cm (59 to 74 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly sandy loam; massive; friable; common
medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) weathered sandstone fragments; 30 percent gravel; slightly
effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
C3--188 to 203 cm (74 to 80 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly loamy sand; massive; very
friable; 30 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Morrow County, Ohio; approximately 3.5 miles northwest of Denmark, in Canaan
Township; 1920 feet east and 1188 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 5, T. 5 S., R. 17 E.; USGS
Caledonia, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 38 minutes 02 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees
55 minutes 52 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches); includes the upper part of the B horizon
in some pedons
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 66 to 140 cm (26 to 55 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Rock fragments: mainly glacial pebbles of mixed lithology
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry)
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam, clay loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
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BA horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 to 4
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline
Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6 (3 when the mollic epipedon includes the upper part)
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures;
sandy loam is in the lower part in some pedons
Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent in the upper part and 5 to 40 percent in the lower part
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
BCg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of
these textures
Rock fragment content: 5 to 40 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline
Cg or C horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: typically sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, or loam or the gravelly and very gravelly
analogs of these textures; commonly stratified with sand, coarse sand, loamy coarse sand, fine sand, or silt
loam or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures
Clay content: averages 5 to 18 percent
Sand content: averages 40 to 85 percent
Rock fragment content: 10 to 40 percent, and averages more than 15 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
A till substratum phase is recognized that has till below 152 cm (60 inches).
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Barry, Brookston, Clackamas, Cordova, Forestcity, Hamel,
Jameston, Navan, Navunon, Nosoni, Oceanhouse (T), Radioville, Rensselaer, Tallmadge, and Westland
series. Barry, Brookston, Cordova, Navunon, Radioville, and Rensselaer soils average less than 15
percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Clackamas soils have more than 40
percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Forestcity, Hamel, and Nosoni soils
have a mollic epipedon that is more than 61 cm (24 inches) thick. Jameston and Navan soils have more
than 18 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Tallmadge soils have a lithic contact
within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Westland soils average more than 85 percent sand in the lower part
of the series control section. No OSD on file for Oceanhouse.
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GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Millgrove soils are on outwash plains and terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 2
percent. They formed in loamy and gravelly outwash overlying sandy, gravelly, and loamy outwash
deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 864 to 1067 mm (34 to 42 inches). Mean annual
temperature ranges from 9 to 13 degrees C (49 to 55 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 180 days.
Elevation is 213 to 305 meters (700 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Belmore, Digby, and Haney soils. Belmore,
Digby, and Haney soils are in a toposequence with Millgrove soils. The well drained Belmore soils are on
the highest landscape positions or on dissected areas near drainageways. The somewhat poorly drained
Digby soils are on slightly higher landscape positions. The moderately well drained Haney soils are on
intermediate landscape positions between areas of Belmore and Digby soils.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to
the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm
(1 foot) below the surface between November and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff
is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the solum and high in the
underlying material. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderately rapid in the underlying
material. The rarely flooded phase is subject to flooding from late fall to spring.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all areas are drained and used for cropland. Principal crops are corn,
soybeans, oats, wheat, alfalfa, tomatoes, and sugar beets. Native vegetation is deciduous swamp forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 99 and 111B in central and west-central Ohio, and MLRAs
111A, 111B, and 111C in northeastern Indiana. The type location is in MLRA 111B. The series is of
moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Paulding County, Ohio, 1957.
REMARKS: Till and lacustrine substratum phases and a rarely flooded phase are recognized. These
phases will need to be evaluated as potential new soils during future MLRA update projects.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (Ap, BA horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 127 cm (Btg, BCg horizons).
Aquic conditions: redox features visible in all horizons between the depths of 23 and 127 cm.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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120.0
MILLSDALE
LOCATION MILLSDALE
OH+IL IN MI
Established Series
Rev. RAR-RMG-KEM
04/2007
MILLSDALE SERIES
The Millsdale series consists of moderately deep, very poorly drained soils formed in till overlying
limestone or dolostone. They are on till plains, lake plains, and terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent.
Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11
degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Argiaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Millsdale silty clay loam, on a planar surface in a cultivated field at an elevation of
253 meters (830 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry;
moderate fine and medium granular structure; firm; common fine and few medium roots; 1 percent rock
fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
A--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak
medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and few medium roots; few medium distinct
dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few fine faint dark brown
(7.5YR 3/2) moderately cemented iron and manganese oxide concretions in the matrix; 1 percent rock
fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the A horizon is 25 to 58 cm (10 to
23 inches).]
Btg1--33 to 61 cm (13 to 24 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay; moderate medium subangular
blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; common faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on
faces of peds; few faint very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings lining worm and old root channels;
common fine faint gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct dark
yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and few medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; few very dark gray (10YR 3/1) krotovinas; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral;
gradual wavy boundary.
Btg2--61 to 69 cm (24 to 27 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure
parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; common fine and few medium roots; common faint
gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings
lining worm and old root channels; few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common fine
and medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few
very dark gray (10YR 3/1) krotovinas; 2 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Btg3--69 to 89 cm (27 to 35 inches); gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam; weak medium prismatic structure
parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; common fine and few medium roots;
common faint gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1)
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organic coatings lining worm channels; common fine faint gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix;
few medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and many medium and coarse prominent strong
brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; few very dark gray (10YR 3/1) krotovinas;
3 percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg horizon is 13 to
76 cm (5 to 30 inches).]
2R--89 cm (35 inches); light gray (10YR 7/2) limestone.
TYPE LOCATION: Hancock County, Ohio; about 3.5 miles northeast of Vanlue, in Biglick Township;
about 2,500 feet west and 460 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 36, T. 1 N., R. 12 E.; USGS
Alvada, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 00 minutes 18 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 25
minutes 47 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 58 cm (10 to 23 inches)
Thickness of the solum, depth to the base of the argillic horizon, and depth to the lithic contact: 51 to 102
cm (20 to 40 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 45 percent clay
Rock fragments: glacial erratics, primarily of limestone, dolostone, and crystalline lithology
Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (5 or less dry)
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, loam, or silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral
BA horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or is neutral
Value: 2, 2.5 or 3 (5 or less dry)
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, loam, or silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral
Btg or Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or is neutral
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 0 to 2, with chroma of 3 or 4 allowed in the lower part
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral in the upper part and neutral to moderately alkaline in the lower part
Some pedons have a BC or BCg horizon.
2Btg, 2Bt, 2BCg, or 2BC horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y
Value: 4 to 7
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Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent, primarily limestone or dolostone
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral in the upper part and neutral to moderately alkaline in the lower part
2C or 2Cg horizon, where present:
Thickness: less than 1/5 the thickness of the solum
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: loam or clay loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent, primarily limestone or dolostone
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Pewamo series. Pewamo soils do not have a lithic contact within a
depth of 102 cm (40 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Millsdale soils are on till plains, lake plains, and low terraces of late
Wisconsin age. In some areas, they are on monadnocks on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent.
Millsdale soils formed in till overlying limestone or dolostone. Mean annual precipitation ranges from
686 to 1067 mm (27 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7 to 13 degrees C (45 to 55
degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 180 days. Elevation is 213 to 305 meters (700 to 1000 feet) above
mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the well drained Milton soils and the somewhat
poorly drained Randolph soils that form a toposequence with the Millsdale soils.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. The depth to
the top of an intermittent apparent high water table ranges from 30 cm (1 foot) above the surface to 30 cm
(1 foot) below the surface between November and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff
is negligible to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderately
slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay are the principal
crops. Some areas are used as permanent pasture or as woodland. Native vegetation is deciduous forest,
primarily ash, beech, elm, and maple, or was wet prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Millsdale soils occur primarily in MLRA 111B in western and
central Ohio and in central and northern Indiana, and to a lesser extent in MLRA 99 in northwestern Ohio
and southeastern Michigan and in MLRAs 108A and 110 in northern Illinois. The series is of moderate
extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Will County, Illinois, 1912.
REMARKS: In the past, Millsdale soils have ranged to include soils that are outside the current concept
represented by the type location description. In Illinois, soils lacking argillic horizons have been included
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in the series; in Indiana, the series has ranged to include soils that are in the fine-loamy particle-size
family.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 33 cm (Ap, A horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 33 to 89 cm (Btg horizon).
Lithic contact: at 89 cm (top of the 2R layer).
Aquic conditions: redox features visible in lower part of the mollic epipedon and throughout the argillic
horizon.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil
Characterization Laboratory is available for HK-40, the previous typical pedon.
Representative data mapunit is DMU ID 130016 in MO 11.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
121.0
MINOA
LOCATION MINOA
NY+MI NJ OH
Established Series
Rev. FZH-WEH-PSP
06/2011
MINOA SERIES
The Minoa series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in deltaic sediments. They
are nearly level or gently sloping soils on lowland lake plains. Permeability is moderate in the solum, and
moderate or moderately rapid in the substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent, mean annual
temperature is about 49 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 39 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Dystric Eutrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Minoa fine sandy loam in a idle field on a 2 percent slope. (Colors are for moist soil
unless otherwise noted.)
Ap -- 0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam; light brownish gray (10YR
6/2) dry; weak medium, granular structure; very friable; many roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth
boundary. (7 to 10 inches thick.)
Bw1 -- 10 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy very fine sand; very weak very fine granular
structure; very friable; common roots; many pores; few fine faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)
masses of iron accumulation and few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions within the
matrix; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
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Bw2 -- 14 to 22 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) loamy very fine sand; weak medium platy structure
parting to weak very fine subangular blocky; firm in place, very friable when removed; few fine roots;
common fine and medium pores; many medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) and dark yellowish
brown (10YR 4/4)masses of iron accumulation and faint reddish gray (5YR 5/2) iron depletions within
the matrix; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizon is 8 to 23
inches.)
BC -- 22 to 38 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy very fine sand; very weak medium platy
structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine pores; 2 bands of lamellae, 1 inch and 2 inches thick
respectively, of brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam with few medium pores that have patchy clay linings
on surfaces along pores; many medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and prominent
yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation within the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy
boundary. (0 to 16 inches thick.)
C -- 38 to 72 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) weakly stratified very fine and fine sand that has
thin bands, 1/4 to 1/2 inch thick, of brown (10YR 5/3) silt; massive; slightly firm in places, very friable
when removed; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and distinct dark yellowish
brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation within the matrix that decrease in size and number with
increasing depth; slightly acid at a depth of 40 inches, neutral at a depth of 50 inches, and slightly alkaline
at 65 inches.
TYPE LOCATION: Onondaga County, New York; town of Manlius, 800 feet east of Fremont Road,
2,050 feet south of the New York Thruway, 500 feet north of private road, and 900 feet north of Butternut
Creek. USGS Syracuse East, NY topographic quadrangle;. Latitude 43 degrees, 05 minutes, 16 seconds
N. and Longitude 76 degrees, 01 minutes, 40 seconds W. NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Carbonates are
at depths of 40 to 72 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Rock fragments, mostly fine
gravel, range from 0 to 5 percent through the soil.
The Ap horizon has hue of 5YR through 2.5Y, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is silt loam, loamy
very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, loam, or fine sandy loam. It has fine or medium granular structure,
and very friable or friable consistence. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral, unless heavily
limed. Unplowed areas have A and E horizons, that are 2 to 5 inches thick.
The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 2 through 4. It has
faint or distinct redoximorphic features with chroma of 2 where matrix color has chroma greater than 2. It
is silt loam through sandy loam. The Bw horizon is massive, or has granular or subangular blocky
structure. It has very friable through firm consistence. Reaction ranges from moderately acid through
neutral.
The BC horizon has hue of 5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, chroma of 2 through 4, and is
mottled. It is silt loam through loamy very fine sand and commonly contains a few fine sandy loam and
very fine sandy loam lamellae. It is massive or has very weak or weak granular, subangular blocky or
platy structure. It ranges from loose to firm consistence. Reaction ranges from moderately acid through
neutral.
The C horizon has hue of 5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 1 through 4. It is silt
loam through loamy fine sand, above 40 inches with thin lamellae ranging from silty clay to fine sand.
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Some pedons are fine sand through silty clay below depths of 40 inches. Reaction ranges from moderately
acid through moderately alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: The Bomoseen series is the only competing series in the same family. Bomoseen
soils formed in till and have more than 5 percent rock fragments.
Canandaigua, Galen, Junius, Kibbie, Lamson, Metamora, Mino, Morocco, Munson, Niagara, Raynham,
Stafford, Tedrow, Wallington, Walpole, Wareham, and Williamson are similar soils in related families.
Canandaigua and Niagara soils have fine silty particle-size control sections. In addition, Niagara soils
have an argillic horizon. Galen soils have sufficient lamellae to have an argillic horizon. Junius, Morocco,
Stafford, Tedrow, Walpole, and Wareham soils have sandy particle-size control sections. Kibbie and
Metamora soils have argillic horizons. Lamson soils have chroma of 0 or 1 on the faces of peds or in the
soil matrix immediately below the Ap or A horizon. Mino soils are frigid. Munson, Raynham,
Wallington, and Williamson soils have coarse silty particle-size control sections. In addition, Wallington
and Williamson soils have a fragipan.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Minoa soils occupy nearly level or gently sloping deltas of former
glacial lakes. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent. The regolith is dominated by very fine sandy containing
small quantities of clay and moderate amounts of weatherable primary minerals. The mean annual
temperature ranges from 46 to 53 degrees F., mean annual precipitation ranges from 28 to 50 inches, and
the mean growing season ranges from 140 to 200 days.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the well drained Arkport, the moderately well
drained Galen, and the poorly drained and very poorly drained Lamson soils that are in a drainage
sequence with Minoa. The Claverack, Cosad, Granby, Junius, Niagara, Odessa, Raynham, Rhinebeck,
Stafford, Wallington, Walpole, and Wareham soils also formed in glacial-lacustrine deposits. Claverack
and Cosad soils formed in sandy deposits overlying clayey lake sediments Granby, Junius, Stafford,
Walpole, and Wareham soils contain more sand in the substratum with textures of loamy fine sand or
coarser. Niagara, Raynham, and Wallington soils formed in silty deposits. In addition, Wallington soils
contain a fragipan. Odessa and Rhinebeck soils formed in clayey lacustrine sediments.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is very
low to very high. Permeability is moderate in the solum, and moderate or moderately rapid in the
substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas have been cleared. Areas remaining in cultivation are pastured or
are used to grow hay, small grains, corn, beans, and truck crops. A considerable acreage is reverting to
brush and woodland, supporting dogwoods and other shrubs. Aspen, white ash, cherry, white pine,
Northern whitecedar, Eastern redcedar, red and sugar maple, and hemlock dominate in existing
woodlands.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Erie-Ontario plain and Mohawk, Hudson, and St. Lawrence valleys of
New York, Champlain valley of New York and the lake plains of Ohio, Michigan, and New Jersey.
MLRAs 98, 99, 101, 139, 140, 142, 144A, and 148. The series is moderately extensive.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: St. Clair County, Michigan, 1969.
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REMARKS: Excluded from the series are soils previously called Minoa, which are calcareous at depths
of less than 40 inches and which are currently unclassified. Such areas have been correlated as
taxadjuncts. Chroma of 2 in the matrix of the Bw horizon is believed to be inherited colors.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in the typical pedon are:
a. Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 10 inches (Ap horizon).
b. Cambic horizon - the zone from 10 to 22 inches (Bw horizon).
c. Eutrudepts great group - base saturation greater than 60 percent (by NH40Ac) in some subhorizon
between depths of 10 and 30 inches (Bw2 and BC horizons).
d. Aquic Dystric subgroup - redoximorphic features with chroma of 2 or less within the upper 24 inches
of the soil and lack of free carbonates within 40 inches of the soil surface.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
122.0
MORLEY
LOCATION MORLEY
IN+IL MI OH WI
Established Series
Rev. JAG-TJE
07/2011
MORLEY SERIES
The Morley series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to dense
till. Morley soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess and in the underlying clay loam or silty
clay loam till. They are on till plains and moraines. Slope ranges from 1 to 18 percent. Mean annual
precipitation is about 940 mm (37 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.6 degrees C (51
degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Morley silty clay loam, on a convex, 9 percent slope in a cultivated field at an
elevation of 259 meters (850 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise
stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); 80 percent dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and 20 percent dark yellowish
brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium granular structure;
friable; common fine roots; 1 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [8 to 30 cm (3 to
12 inches) thick]
Bt1--23 to 43 cm (9 to 17 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; weak coarse prismatic
structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very firm; common fine roots; many distinct
brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt coatings on
faces of peds; 1 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
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Bt2--43 to 51 cm (17 to 20 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay; weak coarse prismatic
structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very firm; common fine roots; many distinct
brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3--51 to 74 cm (20 to 29 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films
on faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the
matrix; few medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 5 percent gravel;
strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 30
to 76 cm (12 to 30 inches).]
Cd1--74 to 91 cm (29 to 36 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic
structure parting to weak very thick platy; very firm; very few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
clay films and common distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coatings on vertical faces of cracks;
common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 9 percent gravel;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. [13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches) thick]
Cd2--91 to 203 cm (36 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic
structure; very firm; few distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coatings on vertical faces of cracks;
common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 9 percent gravel;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Adams County, Indiana; about 2 1/4 miles southeast of Berne; 1,580 feet west and
1,360 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 15, T. 25 N., R. 14 E.; USGS Berne, Ind. topographic
quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 37 minutes 16 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 55 minutes 24 seconds W.,
NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 675653 easting and 4498771 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to densic contact: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Thickness of the loess: 0 to 46 cm (0 to 18 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 50 percent clay, 15 to 25 percent sand, and 1 to 5 percent rock
fragments
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
A horizon: (where present)
Thickness: less than 15 cm (6 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
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Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: clay loam or clay, or less commonly silty clay loam or silty clay
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly alkaline
Cd horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: clay loam or less commonly silty clay loam
Clay content: averages 27 to 35 percent
Silt content: less than 50 percent
Sand content: 18 to 30 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Moist bulk density: 1.70 to 2.00 g/cc
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 30 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Alexandria, Brushcreek, Lairdsville, Lucas, Ozaukee, Schoharie,
and St. Clair series. Alexandria soils do not have a densic contact within 102 cm (40 inches). Brushcreek
soils have a paralithic contact between 102 and 152 cm (40 and 60 inches). Lairdsville soils have a lithic
or paralithic contact within 102 cm (40 inches). Lucas soils have more than 35 percent clay in the lower
part of the series control section. Ozaukee soils average more than 50 percent silt in the lower part of the
series control section. Schoharie soils have hue redder than 10YR in the middle and lower parts of the
series control section. St. Clair soils average more than 50 percent clay in the particle-size control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Morley soils are on till plains and moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges
from 1 to 18 percent. Morley soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess and in the underlying
clay loam or silty clay loam till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1016 mm (30 to 40
inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 6.7 to 11.1 degrees C (44 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free
period is 130 to 180 days. Elevation is 177 to 466 meters (580 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Blount, Glynwood, Lybrand, and Pewamo
soils. The somewhat poorly drained Blount soils and the moderately well drained Glynwood soils are on
slightly higher lying swells on dissected till plains or on lower lying shoulders and backslopes of
moraines. The well drained Lybrand soils are on more sloping backslopes. The very poorly drained
Pewamo soils are in depressions on till plains.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to
the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 61 to 107 cm (2 to 3.5 feet) between
January and April in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is low to very high. Saturated hydraulic
conductivity is moderately high or moderately low in the solum and low in the substratum. Permeability
is moderate to slow in the solum and very slow in the substratum.
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USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn, soybeans, and small grain. Some areas are
used for hay and pasture, and a few areas are used for woodland. Native vegetation is mixed deciduous
hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Indiana, southern Michigan, northwestern Ohio, eastern
Illinois, and southeastern Wisconsin; mainly in MLRAs 111B, 110, and 99, and less extensively in
MLRAs 95A, 95B, 97, 98, 108A, 111A, 111C, 111D, 111E, and 115C. The type location is in MLRA
111B. The series is of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Will County, Illinois, 1952.
REMARKS: There is limited data available on the clay mineralogy which shows both illitic and mixed.
This series will be classified with illitic mineralogy, but as additional data is analyzed it could be changed
to mixed.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (Ap horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 74 cm (Bt horizon).
Densic contact: at 74 cm (top of the Cd1 horizon).
Aquic conditions: redox features present in horizons below a depth of 51 cm.
NASIS Data Mapunit ID 401649 represents the 12 to 18 percent slope, severely eroded phase in northern
Indiana.
NASIS Data Mapunit ID 401647 represents the silt loam surface, 2 to 6 percent slope, eroded phase in
northern Indiana.
NASIS Data Mapunit ID 401648 represents the silt loam, eroded phase in northern Indiana.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data is available for the typical pedon (AD8003) from the
Purdue University Soil Characterization Laboratory, AES Bulletin No. 360, Vol. 7, Pg. 93.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
123.0
MORRISTOWN
LOCATION MORRISTOWN
OH+IL KY
Established Series
SLH-DJB Rev. MDJ
12/2012
MORRISTOWN SERIES
MLRAs: 113 (Central Claypan Areas), 114B (Southern Illinois and Indiana Thin Loess and Till Plain,
Western Part), 115B (Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes, Western Part), 120A (Kentucky and
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Indiana Sandstone and Shale Hills and Valleys, Southern Part), 124 (Western Allegheny Plateau), 126
(Central Allegheny Plateau) and 139 (Lake Erie Glaciated Plateau)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, calcareous, mesic Typic Udorthents
TYPICAL PEDON: Morristown gravelly clay loam, stony, on a 3 percent convex slope, seeded to grasslegume pasture. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.)
Ap--0 to 13 cm (0 to 5 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) gravelly clay loam, gray (10YR 6/1) dry;
moderate medium granular structure; slightly hard; common roots; common pores; 20 percent by volume
gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 18 cm thick)
C1--13 to 46 cm (5 to 18 inches); variegated dark gray (5Y 4/1) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4 and
5/6) very gravelly clay loam: massive; slightly hard; common roots; 40 percent by volume gravel and
cobbles; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
C2--46 to 94 cm (18 to 37 inches); variegated dark gray (5Y 4/1), light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)
and black (N 2/0) very gravelly clay loam; massive; firm; 40 percent by volume gravel and cobbles;
strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
C3--94 to 152 cm (37 to 60 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very gravelly loam; massive; friable;
40 percent by volume gravel and cobbles; slightly effervescent; mildly alkaline. (Combined thickness of
the C horizon is 152 cm or more.)
TYPE LOCATION:
State: Ohio
County: Belmont
USGS Quadrangle: Fairview
Latitude: 40.086583 N NAD 83
Longitude: 81.187278 W NAD 83
Direction: Kirkwood Township, about 3,800 feet south and 1,600 feet east of the northwest corner of sec.
22, T. 9 N., R. 6 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Depth Class: Very Deep
Rock Fragment Content: The A or Ap horizon ranges from 15 to 50 percent, by volume, where
unreclaimed and up to 15 percent where reclaimed. The C horizon ranges from 35 to 80 percent, by
volume, averaging 40 percent.
Rock Fragment Size: 2 mm to 25 cm, but can include stones and boulders
Rock Fragment Type: Limestone and shale with some medium-grained sandstone, siltstone and coal
Fine-Earth Fraction: Averages 18 to 35 percent clay in the control section
Soil Reaction: Slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Range of Individual Horizons:
A horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 1 through 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--clay loam, silty clay loam, silt loam or loam
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C horizon:
Color--hue of 5YR through 5Y, value of 2 through 6, and chroma of 0 through 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam or silty clay loam
COMPETING SERIES:
Janelew soils--Janelew soils form from calcareous regolith of greater than 65 percent mudstone with
small amounts of sandstone, limestone, siltstone and shale. The particle-size control section ranges from
23 to 35 percent clay and 7 to 23 percent fine and coarser sand. The percent of fine and coarser sand is
commonly less than 15 percent.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Landscape: Hills
Landform: Hillslope
Anthropogenic Features: Surface mine, spoil bank, spoil pile and reclaimed land
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope and toeslope
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope, head slope, nose slope, free face and base slope
Parent Material: Coal extraction mine spoil derived from calcareous regolith, dominantly limestone and
shale with some medium-grained sandstone and siltstone
Slope: 0 to 90 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 9 to 13 degrees C. (48 to 56 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 889 to 1143 mm (35 to 45 inches)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Fairpoint soils--occur on similar landscape positions derived from nonacid surface mine overburden
Bethesda soils--occur on similar landscape positions derived from acid surface mine overburden
Culleoka soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone, limestone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands
Elba soils--formed in residuum from limestone, shale and siltstone on undisturbed uplands
Guernsey soils--formed in residuum from siltstone, shale and limestone on undisturbed uplands
Lowell soils--formed in residuum from limestone and shale on undisturbed uplands
Westmoreland soils--formed in residuum from siltstone, sandstone and limestone on undisturbed uplands
Gilpin soils--formed in residuum from shale, siltstone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands
Upshur soils--formed in residuum from shale and siltstone on undisturbed uplands
Brookside soils--formed in colluvium from siltstone, shale, sandstone and limestone on undisturbed
uplands
Vandalia soils--formed in colluvium from shale, siltstone and sandstone on undisturbed uplands
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: None
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Very high
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Low through moderately high in the upper part, and very low through
moderately high in the lower part
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Wildlife habitat and recreational areas. The rough topography and coarse fragment content of
unreclaimed areas make it impractical for agriculture and difficult for standard forest harvesting practices.
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Some reclaimed areas are used for hay or pasture, and increasingly, are also used for homesites.
Reclaimed areas typically exhibit higher bulk densities, much lower saturated hydraulic conductivities
and low organic matter in the surface horizon, making establishment of vegetation difficult.
Dominant Vegetation: Unreclaimed areas are naturally seeded deciduous forests with a few barren areas.
Reclaimed areas are usually open grassland, including some legumes. A few reclaimed areas have been
planted to trees, but mortality is high because of soil compaction.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Ohio, Illinois and Kentucky
Extent: Large, about 158,000 acres identified at the time of this revision
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Belmont County, Ohio, 1978
REMARKS: Morristown soils were previously mapped as a variety of strip mine spoil and udorthents
units.
Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 13 cm (Ap horizon)
Series control section--the zone from 0 to 200 cm
Previous revisions: 6/01-DRM,TNR,KKH
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data and engineering test data is available for pedons BT-21
(typical pedon), BT-22 and BT-23; analyzed by The Ohio State University Soil Characterization
Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.
Additional characterization data is available for pedons MS-16, MS-18, MS-19 and MS-20.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
124.0
MUSKINGUM
LOCATION MUSKINGUM
KY+AL IL IN OH TN WV
Established Series
Rev. RPS:SEM:JDM
01/2011
MUSKINGUM SERIES
The Muskingum series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils formed in
residuum weathered from interbedded siltstone, sandstone and shale. Slopes range from 2 to 75 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
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TYPICAL PEDON: Muskingum channery silt loam -- forested. (Colors are for moist soil unless
otherwise stated.)
0i--1 to 0 inch; loose, undecomposed hardwood leaf litter; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy
boundary. (0 to 2 inches thick)
A--0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) channery silt loam; moderate medium granular
structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 20 percent siltstone channers; very strongly acid;
clear smooth boundary. (1 to 5 inches thick.)
Bw1--4 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery silt loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 15 percent siltstone channers; very
strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bw2--12 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery silt loam; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine to coarse roots; 25 percent siltstone channers; very
strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (Thickness of the Bw horizon ranges from 10 to 25 inches.)
C--24 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very channery loam; massive; friable; few
medium and fine roots; 35 percent siltstone fragments 0.1 inch to 6 inches long; very strongly acid; abrupt
smooth boundary.
R--30 inches; olive sandstone.
TYPE LOCATION: Pike County, Kentucky; about 7.2 miles east of the community of McVeigh; on a
shoulder slope with warm aspect in the head of Johns Creek; about 125 yards west of an unimproved road
to Dicks Knob; 37 degrees, 29 minutes, 41 seconds N. Latitude and 82 degrees, 13 minutes, 56 seconds,
W. Longitude; USGS Jamboree Quadrangle; NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness and depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches.
Fragments of shale, siltstone or sandstone, mostly channers, range from 5 to 30 percent in the solum and
35 to 80 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile,
except the upper layers where limed.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. An E
horizon is present in many pedons and has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 2 to 4. Fine-earth
texture of the A and E horizons is silt loam, loam or fine sandy loam.
The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 or 6. Fine-earth
texture is silt loam or loam. A few faint clay films are present in some pedons.
The C horizon has colors and textures similar to the lower B horizon. Lithochromic mottles in
shades of brown, yellow, red or gray are common in some pedons. A Cr horizon is present in many
pedons and is more common in areas of shale or siltstone bedrock.
The R horizon is commonly hard sandstone, siltstone, or shale but grades to a more fractured and
rippable condition in some areas.
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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Ayersville and Citico series. Ayersville soils formed in residuum
weathered from Triassic aged siltstone, mudstone, and shale. Citico soils formed in colluvium weathered
from metasedimentary rocks such as phyllite, slate, and slightly metamorphosed shale, siltstone or
sandstone.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Muskingum soils are in rugged topography on dissected plateaus. Slopes
range from 2 to 75 percent. These soils formed in residuum weathered from interbedded shale, siltstone
and sandstone. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 35 to 55 inches and mean annual air temperatures
from 50 to 57 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Dekalb, Gilpin, Jefferson, Kimper, Lehew,
Lily, Marrowbone, Petros, Ramsey and Sharondale soils. Dekalb, Lehew, Petros and Sharondale soils are
loamy-skeletal. Gilpin, Jefferson and Lily soils are fine-loamy and they have argillic horizons.
Marrowbone soils are coarse-loamy. Ramsey soils are loamy. Kimper soils have umbric surface horizons
and Sharondale soils have mollic surface horizons. Petros and Ramsey soils are less than 20 inches deep
over bedrock. Jefferson, Kimper and Sharondale soils are more than 40 inches deep over bedrock.
Dekalb, Jefferson, Lehew and Lily soils have siliceous mineralogy.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained with moderate permeability.
USE AND VEGETATION: Gentle slopes are used for growing corn, wheat and hay. Most areas are in
mixed forest of oaks, yellow poplar, hickory and maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana,
Illinois and Tennessee. The series is of large extent, but is being reduced in size as new series are adopted.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Monroe County, Indiana, 1922.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - 0 to 4 inches (A horizon)
Cambic horizon - 4 to 30 inches (Bw and C horizons)
Responsibility for the Muskingum series is transferred from Tennessee to Kentucky in2008.
Classification has remained the same.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization sample S83KY-195-016; National Soil Survey Laboratory,
Lincoln, Nebraska.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
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125.0
NAPPANEE
LOCATION NAPPANEE
OH+IL IN MI
Established Series
Rev. RWJ-WEF-MLK-RAR-DWB
05/2012
NAPPANEE SERIES
The Nappanee series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that are moderately deep or
deep to dense till. They formed in clayey till on wave-worked till plains, till-floored lake plains, till
plains, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36
inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Nappanee clay loam, on a planar surface in a cultivated field at an elevation of 229
meters (750 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap1--0 to 10 cm (0 to 4 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;
weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium and coarse granular; firm; many
fine and coarse roots throughout; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; 4 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.
Ap2--10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay loam; moderate medium and
coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and medium granular; firm; many fine and
coarse roots throughout; common fine distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation in the
matrix; 4 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Ap
horizon is 15 to 28 cm (6 to 11 inches).]
Bt1--25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; moderate fine and medium
subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and coarse roots between peds; many distinct dark
grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds;
many medium and coarse distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common
medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine
distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; common dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
krotovina; 4 percent rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--46 to 61 cm (18 to 24 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; moderate medium and coarse
subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots between peds; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2)
and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; many medium and coarse distinct grayish
brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR
5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese
concretions in the matrix; common dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) krotovina; 4 percent rock fragments;
neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3--61 to 74 cm (24 to 29 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay; weak medium and coarse
prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots
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between peds; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; common distinct light
gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coatings on faces of peds; many medium and coarse distinct grayish brown
(10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix;
common fine distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) masses of carbonate accumulation in the matrix; 4 percent
rock fragments; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
Bt4--74 to 96 cm (29 to 38 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay; moderate medium and
coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots
between peds; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds; common
distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) carbonate coatings on faces of peds; many medium and coarse distinct
grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)
masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese
concretions in the matrix; common fine distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) masses of carbonate accumulation
in the matrix; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
[Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 25 to 91 cm (10 to 36 inches).]
BC--96 to 137 cm (38 to 54 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak coarse
prismatic structure parting to weak medium and coarse subangular blocky; very firm; few fine roots
between peds; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; many distinct
grayish brown (10YR 5/2) carbonate coatings on vertical faces of peds; common distinct light gray
(10YR 7/2) carbonate coatings on faces of peds; many medium and coarse distinct grayish brown (10YR
5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron
accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix;
6 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual irregular boundary. [10 to
41 cm (4 to 16 inches) thick]
Cd1--137 to 183 cm (54 to 72 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; massive, with widely spaced
vertical partings; horizontal platy tendencies in the matrix; very firm; few fine roots along vertical
partings; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) carbonate coatings on faces of vertical partings and along
horizontal plates; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions on faces of vertical partings
and along horizontal plates; common fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of
iron accumulation on faces of vertical partings and along horizontal plates; common fine distinct black
(10YR 2/1) manganese concretions on faces of vertical partings and along horizontal plates; 6 percent
rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual irregular boundary.
Cd2--183 to 203 cm (72 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; massive, with widely spaced
vertical partings; horizontal platy tendencies in the matrix; very firm; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1)
carbonate coatings on faces of vertical partings and along horizontal plates; common medium and coarse
distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation on faces of vertical partings and
along horizontal plates; few fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions on faces of vertical
partings and along horizontal plates; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Putnam County, Ohio; approximately 2.6 miles east-southeast of Leipsic, in Van
Buren Township; 1,370 feet south and 362 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 34, T. 2 N., R. 8 E.;
USGS Leipsic, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 05 minutes 26.70 seconds N. and long. 83
degrees 56 minutes 13.70 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
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Thickness of the solum: 61 to 152 cm (24 to 60 inches)
Depth to densic contact: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Depth to carbonates: typically 61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches) but ranges from 46 to 102 cm (18 to 40
inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 45 to 55 percent clay and 10 to 25 percent sand
Rock fragments: typically glacial erratics of mixed lithology, primarily shale, limestone, and igneous
gravel
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 to 5 (6 or 7 dry)
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline
A horizon, where present:
Thickness: 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 inches)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline
Some pedons have an E or BE horizon.
Bt or Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: clay loam, clay, or silty clay; thin subhorizons of silty clay loam are in some pedons
Clay content: 35 to 60 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly alkaline
Btk or Bk horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silty clay or clay
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline
BC or BCg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay
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Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Cd or Cdg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: dominantly silty clay loam or clay loam, but includes silty clay or clay
Clay content: 27 to 42 percent
Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent
Some pedons have a C or Cg horizon above the Cd or Cdg horizon with similar properties.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bennington, Blount, Del Rey, Fulton, Kimmell, and Mahoning
series. Bennington and Del Rey soils do not have a densic contact within the series control section. Blount
soils average less than 45 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Fulton soils do not have rock
fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Kimmell soils are on outwash-floored till plains
and are underlain by horizons containing more than 85 percent sand. Mahoning soils have a calcium
carbonate equivalent of less than 15 percent in the lower part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Nappanee soils are on wave-worked till plains, till-floored lake plains,
till plains, and moraines of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. These soils formed in
clayey till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 914 mm (30 to 36 inches). Mean annual air
temperature ranges from 8.4 to 12 degrees C (47 to 53 degrees F). Mean summer temperature is about 21
degrees C (70 degrees F). Frost-free period is 140 to 182 days. Elevation is 174 to 244 meters (571 to 800
feet) above mean sea level in MLRA 99.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The moderately well drained St. Clair soils, the very
poorly drained Hoytville and Toussaint soils, and the poorly drained Ziegenfuss soils are in a drainage
sequence with the Nappanee soils. St. Clair soils do not have layers with chroma of 2 immediately below
the surface horizon. Hoytville, Toussaint, and Ziegenfuss soils have surface horizons that are darker
colored. In some areas, Blount soils are associated with Nappanee soils. In MLRA 99, Blount soils are on
nearby moraines at elevations above 244 meters (800 feet).
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The
depth to the top of an intermittent perched high water table ranges from 15 to 61 cm (0.5 to 2 feet)
between November and May in normal years. The potential surface runoff ranges from negligible to very
high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the upper part of the solum, moderately low
in the lower part and low in the substratum. Permeability is moderate or moderately slow in the upper part
of the solum, slow in the lower part, and slow or very slow in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: A large part is under cultivation. Corn, oats, wheat, soybeans, clover, and
alfalfa are the principal crops. Some areas are in pasture. Native vegetation is forest of American beech,
red maple, pin oak, American basswood, and American elm.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Ohio, southern Michigan, northeastern Indiana, and
northern Illinois. Dominant acreage is in MLRA 99 (about 164,000 acres), with lesser acreages in
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MLRAs 95B, 98, 110, 111B, and 111C. The type location is in MLRA 99. The series is of large extent,
about 230,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Van Buren County, Michigan, 1922.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 25 cm (Ap1, Ap2 horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 25 to 96 cm (Btg horizon).
Densic contact: at 137 cm (top of the Cd1 horizon).
Aquic conditions: iron depletions in all horizons between the depths of 25 and 183 cm.
A large amount of acreage on moraines is currently mapped as Nappanee and should be re-evaluated
during future MLRA update work.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil
Characterization Laboratory is available for several pedons, including PT-037 (the typical pedon).
Laboratory characterization data is also available from the USDA-NRCS, National Soil Survey
Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. Transect data is available for the type location delineation (137HGVA34T01).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.
126.0
NEWARK
LOCATION NEWARK
KY+IL IN MO OH PA TN VA
Established Series
Rev. WHC:JCJ
03/2007
NEWARK SERIES
The Newark series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in mixed alluvium from
limestone, shale, siltstone, sandstone, and loess. The soil is on nearly level flood plains and in
depressions. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Fluventic Endoaquepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Newark silt loam--cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine
roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (4 to 10 inches thick)
Bw--9 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few fine
roots; many fine and medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; few small flakes of
mica; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (4 to 16 inches thick)
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Bg--15 to 32 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky
structure; very friable; many medium distinct brown (10YR 4/3) masses of iron accumulations; few small
flakes of mica; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (5 to 30 inches thick)
Cg--32 to 52 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt loam; massive; very friable; few weakly
cemented irregularly shaped black (N2.5/0) and dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) manganese and iron nodules;
common coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and common medium distinct brown (10YR 5/3)
masses as iron accumulations and common medium faint light gray (10YR 7/2) clay depletions; few small
flakes of mica; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (15 to 50 inches thick)
C--52 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam with thin strata of loam and silty clay loam; massive;
very friable; few weakly cemented, irregularly shaped black (N2.5/0) and dark brown (7.5YR 3/3)
manganese and iron nodules; many medium and coarse distinct gray (10YR 6/1)