Appraisal and Evaluation of Energy
Utilization and Efficiency
in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Volume 2: Energy Efficiency Audit: Case Studies
2014
Blank color only
Managed By:
Prepared by:
Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH
Confidentiality Statement
Disclaimer
All content included in this report, such as text,
logos, small icons and images, is the property of
King Abdullah University of Science and
Technology (KAUST). No part of this report may
be reproduced in any form without the prior
written permission of KAUST.
The study in this report was conducted by a
third-party consultant and, as such, does not
express the opinion of KAUST. KAUST does not
take any responsibility for the contents of this
report, does not make any representation as to
its accuracy or completeness, and expressly
disclaims any liability therein for any loss arising
from, or incurred in reliance upon, any part of
this report.
Volume 2
i
KAUST Industry Collaboration Program (KICP) Partners
ii
Volume 2
KAUST Industry Collaboration Program (KICP) Partner
Volume 2
iii
Acknowledgments
This 2013/2014 KICP strategic study, Appraisal and Evaluation of Energy Utilization and Efficiency in
Saudi Arabia: Supply and Demand Impacts, Business Opportunities, and Technological and Economic
Considerations, was led by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), in
collaboration and with contribution from several other organizations. The King Abdullah University for
Science and Technology (KAUST) Industry Collaboration Program (KICP) and Economic Development
would like to extend their gratitude to all who contributed to this strategic study. Special thanks to the
following distinguished contributors:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dr. Naif Alabbadi, General Director, Saudi Energy Efficiency Center
Mr. Jean Michel Merzea, Vice President, Total Innovative Energies Solutions, Total
Mr. Saleh A. Al-Agili, VP, National Industrial Clusters Development Program (NICDP)
Dr. Ramzy Obaid, Professor of Electrical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University
Dr. Aqil Jamal, Researcher, Saudi Aramco
Dr. Muhammad Asif, Professor of Architectural Engineering, King Fahd University for Petroleum
and Minerals (KFUPM)
Dr. Raed Bkayrat, Vice President of Business Development, First Solar Inc.
Dr. Mohammed-Slim Alouni, Professor of Electrical Engineering, KAUST
Eng. Bertrand Rioux, Researcher, King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center
(KAPSARC)
Eng. Mohammed Al-Tamimi, Researcher, Research, Development, & Innovation, King Abdullah
City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (K.A.CARE)
Mr. Ahmed AlMohaimeed, Vice President & General Manager, Advanced Electronic Company
Eng. Aiman Baker, Utilities Manager, KAUST
Eng. Abdullah Al-Ghumaiz, Development Manager, Advanced Electronic Company
Eng. Waleed Al-Rumaih, General Manager, Imdad Energy
Mr. Guy Chaperon, CEO, Al Safwa Cement Company
Eng. Imad Albadry, General Manager, Al-Shurfa Restaurant
We also extend our sincere gratitude to the following organizations that provided meaningful input to
the study:
•
•
•
•
iv
Electricity & Cogeneration Regulatory Authority
National Grid Company
Saudi Electricity Company
University of Dammam
Volume 2
Preface
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the few countries that have both abundant hydrocarbon
resources and high renewable energy potential. While it is well positioned in terms of energy security,
the Kingdom faces some major challenges: one of the highest energy consumption per capita rates in
the world, as well as a high rate of increase in energy consumption. Worldwide, improving energy
efficiency is considered to have the highest short-term payoff in reducing energy consumption. So, it
comes as no surprise that this topic was chosen for the annual KICP Strategic Study by the KAUST
Industry Advisory Board (KIAB) members. The findings of this year’s study are of critical importance
from the perspective of combatting anthropogenic climate change as well as stabilizing energy demand
in the face of population growth—without hampering economic prosperity.
This, KICP’s fourth annual strategic study is entitled, Appraisal and Evaluation of Energy Utilization and
Efficiency in Saudi Arabia: Supply and Demand Impacts, Business Opportunities, and Technological and
Economic Considerations. The study reviews and evaluates the current and future energy supply and
demand in the Kingdom. It involves:
•
•
•
Assessment of the current energy waste in the industrial sector
Energy consumption audits in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors
Evaluation of smart grid technologies, including efficient integration of renewable energy
resources, adaptation, and regulations.
There are many options available to policy makers, scientists, and the private sector to improve energy
efficiency and flatten consumption. These options enable meeting the needs of the Kingdom’s growing
population, without inhibiting its robust economic growth. The KICP Strategic Study explores many of
the more promising ones, informing critical decision-making in both the public and private sectors.
This study estimates the potential energy that can be generated from waste heat in the three main
industrial sectors (saline water, petrochemicals, and power generation) is equivalent to 3,500 MWth.
Energy audits were conducted in select industrial sectors, including power, water, cement, paper,
petrochemicals, food, and textiles. The study concluded that up to 141 MW can be re-generated from
the current wasted heat, assuming efficiency rate between 10 percent and 25 percent were achieved.
By 2040, the energy efficiency in the most pessimistic (10 percent) and optimistic (25 percent) scenarios
is projected to translate to cumulative potential energy savings of 2,050 TWh and 4,413 TWh,
respectively.
Smart grid energy efficiency solutions were also considered in the scope of this study. Smart grid
technologies represent new business opportunities, integrating ICT solutions with legacy power
systems, power station control units, network distribution lines, transmission, and renewable energy.
Energy efficiency audits form the foundation of the report and represent the most accurate, credible
data collected in the Kingdom to date. These audits involved data collection both in the industrial sector
and on the household level, based upon load profile metering. The study does not stop at data
collection but presents further analysis, load profile evaluation, and proposed energy efficiency
measures and priorities to curtail consumption.
Renewable energy solutions, including solar (i.e., PV, CPV, and CSP), wind, geothermal, hydroelectric,
and wave energy were assessed in this report. Renewable energy applications in seawater desalination
and rooftop peak shaving case studies were also discussed and evaluated.
The benefits of applying the recommendations of the KICP Strategic Study are not limited to energy
savings and efficient capital utilization. The study identifies opportunities for strengthening the
Kingdom’s human capital base, enhancing academic research, and achieving “triple bottom line”
business outcomes.
Amin Shibani,
Vice President, Economic Development
Volume 2
v
Energy Efficiency Audit:
Case Studies
Case Studies Summary
The objective of the energy efficiency audit case studies is to establish the baseline of the current
energy efficiency (EE) rating and to identify areas for improvement or energy savings in Saudi Arabia’s
commercial buildings and industrial sectors. The focus has been placed on medium-size clients with
exemplary replication potential and expected high specific energy consumption based on typical
samples for existing regional economics. These were found mainly at three locations, including the West
Coast area around the city of Jeddah, the Central Economic area around the city of Riyadh, and the East
Coast area around the cities of Dammam, Dhahran, and Khobar. The original plan was to execute seven
to 10 energy audits in various sectors. The following table describes the six facilities that were
shortlisted from an original list of 30 facilities.
Riyadh
Facility
Company
Business Status
Jeddah
Quality
Commercial Trade and Services
Hospitals
Hotels
M-Hotel, Riyadh
89 rooms,
210 beds,
120 staff,
12% admin
Small, well
committed
Shopping Malls
Restaurants
Al-Shurfa
Restaurant
Industrial Production
ACP Cement
Jeddah
1,200 m2,
110 staff
Company
Business Status
Pilot F, Hospital,
Jeddah
Enmar, Hotel
Jeddah
Medium-size,
300 beds
200 rooms,
400 beds,
15% admin
A Mall in Jeddah,
KSA,
Corniche Road
240,000 m2,
240 staff
Well committed
Al-SAFWAH- Lafarge 1.5 Mtons/year,
Cement Factory
900 staff
The agreed-upon business areas to be considered were commercial trade and services (e.g.,
restaurants, hotels, hospitals, shopping malls) and industrial production (e.g., cement production,
plastic production, and seawater desalination) as described in the preceding table. The stakeholders
agreed to concentrate on small- and medium-enterprise (SME) clients in the Kingdom because these
clients were representative of actual economic development and because this sector avoided
duplication of work with the KSA oil and gas industries.
Specific commercial sites with rather high energy consumption and suitable SME size have been
commonly identified and selected with the assistance of national/local trade agencies and MoCT and
with the support of the KAUST/KICP-PM. The pre-selected, committed clients were visited and
investigated based on an in-depth EE audit. Resulting savings have been identified by comparing Saudi
consumption with international consumption standards.
The results of the energy audits were compared to Germany and world standards as well as to best
practices in the field of energy. Detailed analysis of these studies and the results of the energy
assessments are summarized in Volume 1, Chapter 7: Study Findings and Conclusions,
Recommendations, and Business Opportunities.
Volume 2
vii
Table of Contents
Case Study Summaries
Case Study 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia....................................................... CS 1-1
1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. CS 1-1
1.2 Summary of Energy-Efficiency Measurements........................................................... CS 1-1
1.2.1 Energy Audit ........................................................................................................ CS 1-1
1.2.2 ACP Energy Efficiency Proposed Measures......................................................... CS 1-2
1.2.2.1 Short-Term Measures ......................................................................... CS 1-4
1.2.2.2 Medium-Term Measures .................................................................... CS 1-5
1.2.2.3 Long-Term Measures .......................................................................... CS 1-6
1.3 Existing Status........................................................................................................... CS 1-7
1.3.1 Overview of Global Cement Plants ..................................................................... CS 1-7
1.3.2 ACP General Data ................................................................................................ CS 1-8
1.3.3 ACP Process Overview ........................................................................................ CS 1-8
1.3.4 Energy Supply and Consumption ........................................................................ CS 1-9
1.3.5 Existing Meters and Data Basis ......................................................................... CS 1-11
1.3.6 Energy Costs and Consumption ........................................................................ CS 1-14
1.3.7 Water Supply Consumption and Costs ............................................................. CS 1-20
1.3.8 Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors .................................................................... CS 1-20
1.3.9 Former Activities Regarding Energy Efficiency ................................................. CS 1-22
1.3.10 Planned Activities Regarding EE Issues ............................................................. CS 1-22
1.3.10.1 Precalcination with Alternative Fuel ................................................ CS 1-22
1.3.11 Who Benefits from EE? ..................................................................................... CS 1-23
1.4 Results .................................................................................................................... CS 1-23
1.4.1 Raw Mill Replacement by Vertical Mill ............................................................. CS 1-23
1.4.2 New Bag Filters Combined with VSD ................................................................ CS 1-24
1.4.3 Cooling and Waste Heat Technology ................................................................ CS 1-25
1.4.3.1 Process Cooling ................................................................................. CS 1-27
1.4.3.2 ORC Waste Heat Usage .................................................................... CS 1-27
1.4.3.3 Absorption Chiller with Waste Heat ................................................. CS 1-28
1.4.3.4 Increase the Internal Target Temperature ....................................... CS 1-30
1.4.4 Lighting .............................................................................................................. CS 1-30
1.4.5 Water Consumption .......................................................................................... CS 1-30
1.4.6 Optimization of Electrical Machines ................................................................. CS 1-31
1.4.6.1 Using Energy-Efficient Drives ........................................................... CS 1-31
1.4.6.2 Using VSDs ........................................................................................ CS 1-32
1.4.6.3 Maintenance of Drives ..................................................................... CS 1-33
1.4.7 Reduction of Pressured Air for Bag-Filter Cleaning and VSD ............................ CS 1-33
1.4.8 Development and Implementation of an Energy-Monitoring System ............. CS 1-36
1.4.8.1 Measurement-Point Concept ........................................................... CS 1-37
1.4.8.2 Assessment of Investment and Savings ........................................... CS 1-38
1.4.9 Load-Management System ............................................................................... CS 1-39
1.4.10 Base-Load Reduction ........................................................................................ CS 1-39
1.4.11 Implementation of an EnMS ............................................................................. CS 1-39
1.4.12 Specification for the Purchase of Machinery and Equipment .......................... CS 1-41
1.4.13 Sensitization of Employees ............................................................................... CS 1-41
Case Study 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Traditional Middle-Class
Family Restaurant in the Riyadh City Center ....................................................... CS 2-1
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. CS 2-1
2.1.1 Technical Assessment ......................................................................................... CS 2-2
viii
Volume 2
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.1.2 Energy Efficiency Optimization Measures .......................................................... CS 2-2
2.1.3 Energy Efficiency Assessment ............................................................................. CS 2-4
Business Description ................................................................................................. CS 2-4
2.2.1 Al-Shurfa Restaurant Site Specifications ............................................................. CS 2-4
2.2.2 Estimated Climate Impact: Temperature and Humidity ..................................... CS 2-6
2.2.3 Building Construction Analysis ............................................................................ CS 2-6
Occupancy Rates, Power Consumption, and Outside Temperature Analysis .............. CS 2-7
2.3.1 Modeling of the Electricity Demand ................................................................... CS 2-8
Proposed Energy Efficiency Measures ..................................................................... CS 2-11
2.4.1 Short-Term Measures ....................................................................................... CS 2-11
2.4.2 Medium-Term Measures .................................................................................. CS 2-11
2.4.3 Long-Term Measures ........................................................................................ CS 2-11
2.4.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis of EE Measures ............................................................... CS 2-11
EE Legislation and Health and Safety Policy Issues................................................... CS 2-12
Impact Analysis on the Country’s Economy ............................................................. CS 2-13
Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ..................................................................... CS 3-1
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. CS 3-1
3.2 Enmar Hotel Business ............................................................................................... CS 3-1
3.2.1 Proposed Energy Efficiency Measures ................................................................ CS 3-2
3.2.1.1 Short-Term Measures ......................................................................... CS 3-4
3.2.1.2 Mid-Term Measures ........................................................................... CS 3-4
3.2.1.3 Long-Term Measures .......................................................................... CS 3-5
3.2.1.4 Cost and Benefit Analysis of EE Measures.......................................... CS 3-5
3.2.1.5 Health and Safety Policy ..................................................................... CS 3-5
3.2.2 Existing Status ..................................................................................................... CS 3-6
3.2.2.1 Fact Sheet for Enmar Hotel ................................................................ CS 3-6
3.2.2.2 Energy Supply and Consumption........................................................ CS 3-8
3.2.2.3 Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors ................................................... CS 3-18
3.2.3 Results ............................................................................................................... CS 3-18
3.2.3.1 Cooling Technology .......................................................................... CS 3-18
3.2.3.2 Lighting ............................................................................................. CS 3-23
3.2.3.3 Water Consumption ......................................................................... CS 3-24
3.2.3.4 Optimization of Electrical Machines ................................................. CS 3-27
3.2.3.5 Development and Implementation of an Energy Monitoring
System .............................................................................................. CS 3-28
3.2.3.6 Base Load Reduction ........................................................................ CS 3-30
3.2.3.7 Reactive Power Reduction................................................................ CS 3-30
3.2.3.8 Implementation of an EnMS............................................................. CS 3-31
3.2.3.9 Sensitization of Employees ............................................................... CS 3-33
3.2.3.10 Optimizing the Building Envelope .................................................... CS 3-33
3.2.3.11 Shading at Southern-Side Windows ................................................. CS 3-33
3.2.3.12 Establish Increased Roof Insulation .................................................. CS 3-33
Case Study 4: Case Study 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ....................................................... CS 4-1
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. CS 4-1
4.2 Technical Fact Sheet.................................................................................................. CS 4-1
4.2.1 Proposed Energy Efficiency Measures ................................................................ CS 4-2
4.2.2 Hotel Aspect and Opportunities ......................................................................... CS 4-3
4.3 Business Description ................................................................................................. CS 4-3
4.3.1 Location and Specifications ................................................................................ CS 4-4
4.3.2 Climate Impact—Temperature and Humidity .................................................... CS 4-5
4.3.3 EE Construction Analysis ..................................................................................... CS 4-6
Volume 2
ix
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6
Occupancy Rates, Power Consumption, and Outside Temperatures Analysis ... CS 4-7
Modeling of the Electricity Demand ................................................................... CS 4-8
Short-Term Measures ......................................................................................... CS 4-9
4.3.6.1 Medium-Term Measures .................................................................... CS 4-9
4.3.6.2 Long-Term Measures ........................................................................ CS 4-11
4.3.6.3 Cost and Benefit Analysis of EE Measures........................................ CS 4-11
4.3.7 EE Health and Safety Policy Issues .................................................................... CS 4-11
4.3.8 EE Recommendations ....................................................................................... CS 4-12
Case Study 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ............................................................................... CS 5-1
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. CS 5-1
5.1.1 Energy Efficiency Optimization Measures .......................................................... CS 5-2
5.1.1.1 Short-Term Measures ......................................................................... CS 5-5
5.1.1.2 Medium-Term Measures .................................................................... CS 5-5
5.1.1.3 Long-Term Measures .......................................................................... CS 5-5
5.2 Existing Status........................................................................................................... CS 5-6
5.2.1 Description and Specifications ............................................................................ CS 5-6
5.2.2 Energy Supply and Consumption ........................................................................ CS 5-6
5.2.2.1 Electrical Supply.................................................................................. CS 5-6
5.2.2.2 Existing Meters and Data Basis......................................................... CS 5-12
5.2.2.3 New Prepaid Meters in 2014 ............................................................ CS 5-14
5.2.2.4 Energy Consumption ........................................................................ CS 5-14
5.2.2.5 Energy Cost ....................................................................................... CS 5-28
5.2.3 Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors .................................................................... CS 5-28
5.2.4 Who Benefits from Energy Efficiency?.............................................................. CS 5-28
5.3 Results .................................................................................................................... CS 5-29
5.3.1 Cooling Technology ........................................................................................... CS 5-29
5.3.1.1 Absorption Chiller with Waste Heat Usage ...................................... CS 5-32
5.3.1.2 Increasing the Internal Temperature ............................................... CS 5-33
5.3.1.3 Using Cold Night Air in Winter.......................................................... CS 5-33
5.3.1.4 Refrigerated Shelves ......................................................................... CS 5-33
5.3.1.5 Temperatures in Refrigerated Shelves and Freezers ....................... CS 5-34
5.3.2 Lighting .............................................................................................................. CS 5-34
5.3.2.1 Lighting in the Mall ........................................................................... CS 5-34
5.3.2.2 Lighting in the Supermarket ............................................................. CS 5-35
5.3.2.3 Lighting in Smaller Stores ................................................................. CS 5-36
5.3.3 Water Consumption .......................................................................................... CS 5-36
5.3.3.1 Domestic Water ................................................................................ CS 5-36
5.3.4 Optimization of Electrical Machines ................................................................. CS 5-37
5.3.4.1 Using Energy-Efficient Drives ........................................................... CS 5-37
5.3.4.2 Using Variable-Speed Drives............................................................. CS 5-38
5.3.4.3 Maintenance of Drives ..................................................................... CS 5-38
5.3.5 Development and Implementation of an Energy Monitoring System .............. CS 5-38
5.3.5.1 Measurement Point Concept ........................................................... CS 5-39
5.3.5.2 Assessment of Investment and Savings ........................................... CS 5-40
5.3.6 Peak Load Management System ....................................................................... CS 5-41
5.3.7 Base Load Reduction ......................................................................................... CS 5-44
5.3.8 Improvement of the Power Factor ................................................................... CS 5-44
5.3.9 Implementation of an Energy Management System ........................................ CS 5-45
5.3.10 Specification for the Purchase of Machinery and Equipment .......................... CS 5-47
5.3.11 Sensitization of Employees ............................................................................... CS 5-48
5.3.12 Optimizing the Building Envelope ..................................................................... CS 5-48
x
Volume 2
5.3.12.1 Shadowing at Southern Wall Windows and at Specific Southern
Roof Areas ........................................................................................ CS 5-48
5.3.12.2 Increasing Roof Insulation ................................................................ CS 5-49
Case Study 6: Case Study 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Midsize, Traditional
Clinics and Hospital in the City-Coast Area, Jeddah ............................................. CS 6-1
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. CS 6-1
6.1.1 Jeddah Hospital: Local Service Component ........................................................ CS 6-3
6.2 Business Description ................................................................................................. CS 6-4
6.2.1 Hospital Data ....................................................................................................... CS 6-4
6.2.2 Location and Construction Specifications ........................................................... CS 6-5
6.2.3 Climate Impact, Temperature, and Humidity Analysis ....................................... CS 6-6
6.2.4 Existing Supply Structure and Metering ............................................................. CS 6-7
6.2.5 EE Building Construction Analysis ....................................................................... CS 6-8
6.3 Occupancy Rates, Power Consumption, and Outside Temperature Analysis .............. CS 6-9
6.4 Modeling (LP Analysis) of the Electricity Demand .................................................... CS 6-10
6.5 Proposed Energy Efficiency Measures ..................................................................... CS 6-13
6.5.1 Short-Term Measures ....................................................................................... CS 6-13
6.5.2 Medium-Term Measures .................................................................................. CS 6-13
6.5.3 Long-Term Measures ........................................................................................ CS 6-13
6.5.4 Cost and Benefit Analysis for the EE Measures ................................................ CS 6-13
6.6 Environmental Impact and Health and Safety Policy ............................................... CS 6-13
6.7 Replication Case Basis Seen for Similar Hospital Service Clients in KSA .................... CS 6-15
6.8 Conclusion and Recommendation ........................................................................... CS 6-15
Volume 2
xi
List of Tables
Table CS 1-1:
Table CS 1-2:
Table CS 1-3:
Table CS 1-4:
Table CS 1-5:
Table CS 1-6:
Table CS 1-7:
Table CS 1-8:
Table CS 1-9:
Table CS 1-10:
Table CS 1-11:
Table CS 1-12:
Table CS 1-13:
Table CS 1-14:
Table CS 1-15:
Table CS 1-16:
Table CS 1-17:
Table CS 1-18:
Table CS 1-19:
Table CS 1-20:
Table CS 1-21:
Table CS 1-22:
Table CS 1-23:
Table CS 2-1:
Table CS 2-2:
Table CS 2-3:
Table CS 2-4:
Table CS 2-5:
Table CS 3-1:
Table CS 3-2:
Table CS 3-3:
Table CS 3-4:
Table CS 3-5:
Table CS 3-6:
Table CS 3-7:
Table CS 3-8:
Table CS 3-9:
Table CS 3-10:
Table CS 3-11:
xii
Media Data for ACP and W-Company...................................................................... CS 1-1
Monthly ACP Consumption and Production Rate for 2012 ..................................... CS 1-2
Top Public Construction Firms in Saudi Arabia ........................................................ CS 1-2
EE Measures and Expected Payback Times ............................................................. CS 1-3
Power Consumption Savings Potential, Implementable Measures ......................... CS 1-4
Price List for All Media Used at ACP ...................................................................... CS 1-18
Monthly Costs According to Staff Interviews ........................................................ CS 1-18
Water Usage at ACP ............................................................................................... CS 1-20
Ball Mill Replacement Only for Raw Mill and All Mills ........................................... CS 1-24
Bag Filter and VSD Replacement Effects ................................................................ CS 1-24
Climate Data for Jeddah, 1961–1990..................................................................... CS 1-25
Average Temperatures and Corresponding Estimated Percentage of Cooling
Consumption .......................................................................................................... CS 1-25
Assumption for Cooling Capacity of Split Units at ACP .......................................... CS 1-26
ACP Calculation Example for Implementing ORC into Cement Plants................... CS 1-28
Cooling Demand Assumption from Chapter 5 ....................................................... CS 1-29
Estimated Savings by Using Absorption Chillers .................................................... CS 1-29
Savings Attained by Increasing the Temperature .................................................. CS 1-30
Savings by Energy-Efficient Drives ......................................................................... CS 1-31
Average Power Demand of Known Drives and Fans without VSDs ....................... CS 1-32
Savings from Using VSDs ........................................................................................ CS 1-33
Effect of Pressured Air Reduction and a New VSD-Driven Compressor ................ CS 1-36
Parent Pneumatic Control ..................................................................................... CS 1-36
Estimated Cost Savings from Implementing an EnMS at ACP ............................... CS 1-41
Basic Technical Fact Sheet and References for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant,
Riyadh ...................................................................................................................... CS 2-2
Proposed EE Measures for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh ................................. CS 2-3
Summary of Cooling Demand for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant with 3,800 CDDs
for Riyadh, Likely Estimated to Be Approximately 9.2 MWh-th ............................. CS 2-7
Load Modeling for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant Power Demand by Sector and
Load Analysis ............................................................................................................ CS 2-9
EE Proposals Identified for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant in Riyadh ............................ CS 2-12
Overview of Potential Savings ................................................................................. CS 3-2
Savings Potential ...................................................................................................... CS 3-3
Result of Modeling for Enmar Hotel Power Demand by Sector and Time-Load
Analysis, Sorted by Percentage ................................................................................ CS 3-9
Official Prices for Electrical Energy ........................................................................ CS 3-12
Electricity Consumption and Cost of Enmar Hotel in 2010 .................................... CS 3-13
Electricity Consumption and Cost of Enmar Hotel in 2011 .................................... CS 3-13
Electricity Consumption and Cost of Enmar Hotel in 2012, and a Whole Mall
in Jeddah, KSA for Comparison .............................................................................. CS 3-13
Enmar Hotel Consumption Model 2012, Sorted by Percentage............................ CS 3-15
Prices for Electricity in KSA .................................................................................... CS 3-18
Average Temperatures and Corresponding Estimated Percentage of Cooling
Consumption, Source: NOAA ................................................................................. CS 3-19
Air Chiller Types and Small Devices for the Enmar Hotel ...................................... CS 3-21
Volume 2
Table CS 3-12:
Table CS 3-13:
Table CS 3-14:
Table CS 3-15:
Table CS 3-16:
Table CS 3-17:
Table CS 3-18:
Table CS 3-19:
Table CS 3-20:
Table CS 4-1:
Table CS 4-2:
Table CS 4-3:
Table CS 4-4:
Table CS 5-1:
Table CS 5-2:
Table CS 5-3:
Table CS 5-4:
Table CS 5-5:
Table CS 5-6:
Table CS 5-7:
Table CS 5-8:
Table CS 5-9:
Table CS 5-10:
Table CS 5-11:
Table CS 5-12:
Table CS 5-13:
Table CS 5-14:
Table CS 5-15:
Table CS 5-16:
Table CS 5-17:
Table CS 5-18:
Table CS 5-19:
Table CS 5-20:
Table CS 6-1:
Table CS 6-2:
Table CS 6-3
Table CS 6-4:
Table CS 6-5:
Table CS 6-6:
Volume 2
Calculated Number of Absorption Chillers for the Enmar Hotel and Cumulated
Waste Heat Demand from a Mall in Jeddah, KSA for Chillers and HW Production CS 3-22
Estimated Savings by Using Absorption Chillers .................................................... CS 3-22
Savings by Increasing the Target Temperature ..................................................... CS 3-23
Lighting Replacement by LED................................................................................. CS 3-24
Savings Potential for Lighting................................................................................. CS 3-24
Electric Boiler Replacement for HW ...................................................................... CS 3-25
Savings by Using VSDs ............................................................................................ CS 3-28
Reactive Power Reduction ..................................................................................... CS 3-30
Savings Potential by Implementing an EnMS, Including Monitoring..................... CS 3-32
Basic Technical Fact Sheet and References of the Considered M-Hotel, Riyadh .... CS 4-1
Summarized Cooling Demand for the M-Hotel With 3,800 CDDs for Riyadh.......... CS 4-6
Load Modeling for the M-Hotel Power Demand by Sector and Load
Grouping .................................................................................................................. CS 4-8
EE Proposals Identified for the M-Hotel in Riyadh ................................................ CS 4-12
Overview of the Potential Savings ........................................................................... CS 5-2
Economic Figures of Measures ................................................................................ CS 5-3
Comparison of CO2 Emissions with and without Generators ................................. CS 5-8
Estimation of the Power Demand of the Entire Mall............................................. CS 5-12
Electricity Consumption and Cost of Three Large Clients in 2012 ......................... CS 5-15
Electricity Consumption of Large Client No. 4 and Calculations for Total
Consumption in 2012 ............................................................................................. CS 5-17
Electricity Consumption of Four Large Clients in 2010 .......................................... CS 5-20
Electricity Consumption of Four Large Clients in 2011 .......................................... CS 5-22
Electricity Consumption of Four Large Clients in 2013 .......................................... CS 5-24
Climate Data for Jeddah, 1961–1990a (Source: NOAA, via Wikipedia) ................. CS 5-29
Average Temperatures and Corresponding Estimated Percentages of Cooling
Consumptiona ........................................................................................................ CS 5-29
Estimated Savings by Using Absorption Chillers .................................................... CS 5-32
Savings by Increasing the Temperature ................................................................. CS 5-33
Savings by Using Intelligent Light Controlling ........................................................ CS 5-34
Savings from Energy-Efficient Drives ..................................................................... CS 5-37
Savings from Using Variable-Speed Drives ............................................................ CS 5-38
Savings Potential by Implementing an Energy Monitoring System ....................... CS 5-41
Savings Potential by Implementing a Peak Load Management System ................ CS 5-44
Savings by Compensation of Reactive Power ........................................................ CS 5-45
Savings Potential by Implementing an Energy Management System ................... CS 5-47
Technical Fact Sheet of the Pilot Hospital, Jeddah .................................................. CS 6-1
Proposed EE Measures at Pilot Hospital, Jeddah .................................................... CS 6-2
Technical Fact Sheet for the Pilot Jeddah Hospital .................................................. CS 6-4
The Summarized Cooling Demand for the Pilot Hospital with 3,900 CDD
for Jeddah City Has Been Estimated at Around 115.8 GWh-th Annually ................ CS 6-9
Modeling of the Annual Power Demand at Pilot Hospital by Sector, Capacity,
and Time ................................................................................................................ CS 6-11
EE Proposals Identified and Benefits Achievable for the Pilot Hospital
in Jeddah ................................................................................................................ CS 6-14
xiii
List of Figures
Figure CS 1-1:
Figure CS 1-2:
Figure CS 1-3:
Figure CS 1-4:
Figure CS 1-5:
Figure CS 1-6:
Figure CS 1-7:
Figure CS 1-8:
Figure CS 1-9:
Figure CS 1-10:
Figure CS 1-11:
Figure CS 1-13:
Figure CS 1-12:
Figure CS 1-15:
Figure CS 1-14:
Figure CS 1-17:
Figure CS 1-16:
Figure CS 1-18:
Figure CS 1-19:
Figure CS 1-20:
Figure CS 1-21:
Figure CS 1-22:
Figure CS 1-23:
Figure CS 1-24:
Figure CS 1-25:
Figure CS 2-1:
Figure CS 2-2:
Figure CS 2-3:
Figure CS 2-4:
Figure CS 2-5:
Figure CS 2-6:
Figure CS 2-7:
Figure CS 3-1:
Figure CS 3-2:
Figure CS 3-3:
Figure CS 3-4:
xiv
Saving Potentials and Their Economic Value ........................................................... CS 1-3
Short-Term Measures .............................................................................................. CS 1-4
German Employee Survey Conducted in 2010 (Data Source: kfw Bank of
NRW [Germany], 2010) ............................................................................................ CS 1-5
Global Behavior of the Cement Market (Source: VDZ Germany) ............................ CS 1-7
Process Flow of a Cement Plant with Rotary Furnace (Source: ökobau.dat
from http://www.nachhaltigesbauen.de/baustoff-undgebaeudedaten/oekobaudat.html) ......................................................................... CS 1-9
Relative Consumption Rate 2012, ACP .................................................................. CS 1-10
The Engine Room Containing Five W-Company Motors........................................ CS 1-10
Sankey Diagram of Energy Production .................................................................. CS 1-11
One of the Three Main Transformers .................................................................... CS 1-12
Power Plant 2012 Daily HFO Consumption (Below) and Power Generation
(Above) ................................................................................................................... CS 1-13
The Control Room .................................................................................................. CS 1-14
Kiln Consumption in Liters/Hour............................................................................ CS 1-15
HFO Consumption by ACP in Tons/Month............................................................. CS 1-15
Raw Mill Consumption in kWh............................................................................... CS 1-16
cc Burner Consumption in Liters/Hour .................................................................. CS 1-16
CM1 Consumption in kWh ..................................................................................... CS 1-17
CM2 Consumption in kWh ..................................................................................... CS 1-17
Electricity Consumption at ACP in kWh/Month..................................................... CS 1-19
Monthly Water Consumption in Tons, 2012 ......................................................... CS 1-21
Tire Components (Source: VDZ Germany, 2013) ................................................... CS 1-22
Average Temperatures and Corresponding Estimated Percentage of Cooling
Consumption .......................................................................................................... CS 1-26
Waste Heat Use via ORC: A Simple Description..................................................... CS 1-28
Compressor Rooms ................................................................................................ CS 1-34
Start and Stop Times for All Grids .......................................................................... CS 1-35
The Plan-Do-Check-Act Circle of an EnMS ............................................................. CS 1-39
Front View of the Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh ...................................................... CS 2-1
Main Benefits of Implementing EE Proposals for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant,
Riyadh ...................................................................................................................... CS 2-3
Schematic of the Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh ....................................................... CS 2-5
Metered Temperature Band and Humidity Data from Riyadh Airport,
September 2012 to September 2013 ...................................................................... CS 2-6
Business Data, Outside Temperature, and Monthly Power/Water
Consumption for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, 2012 ...................................... CS 2-8
Power Consumption Shares for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant in Riyadh ...................... CS 2-9
Power Distribution Shares for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant in Riyadh ....................... CS 2-10
Saving Potentials in SR ............................................................................................. CS 3-2
Short-Term and Long-Term Measures, Savings, and Complexity of
Implementation ....................................................................................................... CS 3-3
Basic Ground Scheme of the Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Provided by Management ..... CS 3-7
Monthly Relative Outside Temperature, Occupancy Rate, Power Consumption,
and Water Consumption at Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, for the Year 2012;
Volume 2
Figure CS 3-5:
Figure CS 3-6:
Figure CS 3-7:
Figure CS 3-8:
Figure CS 3-9:
Figure CS 3-10:
Figure CS 3-11:
Figure CS 3-12:
Figure CS 3-13:
Figure CS 3-14:
Figure CS 4-1:
Figure CS 4-2:
Figure CS 4-3:
Figure CS 4-4:
Figure CS 4-5:
Figure CS 4-6:
Figure CS 4-7:
Figure CS 5-1:
Figure CS 5-2:
Figure CS 5-3:
Figure CS 5-4:
Figure CS 5-5:
Figure CS 5-6:
Figure CS 5-7:
Figure CS 5-8:
Figure CS 5-9:
Figure CS 5-10:
Figure CS 5-11:
Figure CS 5-12:
Figure CS 5-13:
Figure CS 5-14:
Figure CS 5-15:
Figure CS 5-16:
Figure CS 5-17:
Figure CS 5-18:
Volume 2
Consumption Data from a Mall in Jeddah, KSA Reporting and from a
Respective Mall in Jeddah, KSA Staff Interviews ..................................................... CS 3-8
Enmar Hotel Main Feeder ...................................................................................... CS 3-10
Power Generation a Mall in Jeddah, KSA (Hourly Values) ..................................... CS 3-11
Energy Balance of the Year 2012 for a Mall in Jeddah, KSA and the Distribution of
about 8 Percent to the Enmar Hotel ...................................................................... CS 3-14
Electrical Consumption in Percentage for 2012 for Enmar Hotel .......................... CS 3-16
Monthly Electricity Consumption of Enmar Hotel in 2012, Starting
September 1, 2012 (Left), Ending August 2013 (Right) ......................................... CS 3-17
Climate Data for Jeddah 1961–1990, Source: NOAA ............................................. CS 3-18
Average Temperatures and Corresponding Estimated Percentage of
Cooling Consumption ............................................................................................. CS 3-19
Comparative Type of Larger Cooling Packages on the Roof of a Mall in
Jeddah, KSA ............................................................................................................ CS 3-20
A Mall in Jeddah, KSA and Enmar Hotel Using Waste Heat for HW and Absorption
Chillers ................................................................................................................... CS 3-26
The Plan-Do-Check-Act Circle of an EnMS ............................................................. CS 3-31
List of Proposed EE Measures for the M-Hotel, Riyadh ........................................... CS 4-2
Main Benefits from EE Proposals for the M-Hotel, Riyadh...................................... CS 4-3
Basic Ground Scheme of the M-Hotel, Riyadh......................................................... CS 4-4
Metered Temperature Band and Humidity Data at Riyadh Airport,
September 2012 to September 2013 ...................................................................... CS 4-6
Relative Business Data, Outside Temperature and Monthly Power/Water
Consumption for the M-Hotel, Riyadh 2012............................................................ CS 4-7
Power Consumption Shares for the M-Hotel, Riyadh.............................................. CS 4-9
Power Distribution Shares for the M-Hotel, Riyadh .............................................. CS 4-10
Short-Term Measures, Savings, and Complexity of Implementation ...................... CS 5-4
Long-Term Measures, Savings, and Complexity of Implementation ....................... CS 5-4
The Three 12-MVA Transformers ............................................................................ CS 5-7
One of the Two Generator Rooms Containing Nine Generators ............................. CS 5-7
Technical Specifications of the Generators ............................................................. CS 5-8
Generators in Generator Station 9, Its Sum, and the Overall Sum of All
18 Generators (Hourly Values) ................................................................................ CS 5-9
Generators in Generator Station 4 and Its Sum .................................................... CS 5-10
Sum of All Generators from Gate 4 and Gate 9 ..................................................... CS 5-11
Utility Meter in One of the RMUs .......................................................................... CS 5-13
One of the MDP Meters with Pulse Outputs ......................................................... CS 5-13
Feed-In into the Units, Also with Meters with Pulse Outputs ............................... CS 5-14
Electricity Consumption of the Large Clients, Other Clients, and Sum of a
Mall in Jeddah, KSA in 2012 ................................................................................... CS 5-18
Energy Balance of the Year 2012 for a Mall in Jeddah, KSA .................................. CS 5-19
Electricity Consumption of Four Large Clients in the Last 3.5 Years...................... CS 5-26
Total Electricity Consumption of All Four Large Clients (Top, Stacked; Bottom,
Percentage Portions) ............................................................................................. CS 5-27
Average Temperatures and Corresponding Estimated Percentages of Cooling
Consumption .......................................................................................................... CS 5-30
Larger Cooling Packages on the Roof..................................................................... CS 5-31
Smaller Split Devices on the Roof .......................................................................... CS 5-31
xv
Figure CS 5-19:
Figure CS 5-20:
Figure CS 5-22:
Figure CS 5-21:
Figure CS 5-23:
Figure CS 5-24:
Figure CS 5-25:
Figure CS 6-1:
Figure CS 6-2:
Figure CS 6-3:
Figure CS 6-4:
Figure CS 6-5:
Figure CS 6-6:
xvi
Halogen Lamps in the Mall .................................................................................... CS 5-35
Intensive Lighting in the Supermarket ................................................................... CS 5-36
Sample Graphic of Peak Power Reduction ............................................................ CS 5-42
Sample Load Curve ................................................................................................ CS 5-42
Sample Graph of Peak Power Reduction (Magnified) ........................................... CS 5-43
The Plan-Do-Check-Act Circle of an Energy Management System ........................ CS 5-46
Thin Roof Insulation ............................................................................................... CS 5-49
Main Benefits from EE Proposals for the Jeddah Pilot Hospital .............................. CS 6-3
Metered Temperatures and Humidity Data at Jeddah Airport,
September 2012 Through September 2013 ............................................................ CS 6-7
Existing Supply Structure and Metering .................................................................. CS 6-7
Analytical Comparison of Relative Outside Temperature, Occupancy Rate,
and Monthly Power Consumption at the Pilot Hospital in Jeddah for 2012
(36.571 MWhel Total) ............................................................................................ CS 6-10
Analyzing the Annual Power Consumption Shares for the Pilot Hospital
in Jeddah, 2012 ...................................................................................................... CS 6-11
Analyzing the Daily/Weekly Power Consumption at the Pilot Hospital,
Jeddah .................................................................................................................... CS 6-12
Volume 2
Abbreviations
€
°C
a
ABB
AC
acc
ACHSI
ACM
ACP
ACPFP
ACS
ADB
AEC
AMI
APC
a-Siμc-Si
BAT
BAU
bbl
Bbbl
Bbbl/d
Bcm
Bcm/a
b/d
Bn
BO
Boe/d
BOO
BOS
cp
CAPEX
cc
CCGT
CDD
CDM
CDSI
CdTe
CEE
CFL
CHP
CI
CIGS
CIS
CM
Volume 2
EURO
Degree Centigrade
Year
Asea Brown Bovery
Air Conditioner/Conditioning
According
Australian Council for Healthcare Standards International
Associate for Computing Machinery
ALSAFWA Cement Plan
Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics
Absorption Chiller System
Asian Development Bank
Advanced Electronics Company
Automated Metering Infrastructure
Active Power Control
Amorphous-Microcrystalline Silicon
Best Available Technology
Business As Usual
Barrel
Billion Barrels
Billion Barrels per Day
Billion Cubic Meters
Billion Cubic Meters per Year
Barrels per Day
Billion
Business Opportunity
Barrels of Oil Equivalent per Day
Build-Own-Operate
Balance of System
Power Coefficient
Capital Expenditure
Cement-per-Clinker
Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine
Cooling Degree Days
Clean Development Mechanism
Central Department for Statistics and Information
Cadmium Telluride
Central and Eastern European
Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Combined Heat and Power
Confidence Interval
Copper Indium Gallium Selenide
Copper Indium Selenide
Cement Mill
xvii
CNG
CO2
COC
COE
COP
CPV
c-SI
CSP
CT
DCS
Deg C
DFO
DG
DIN
DNA
DNI
DRI
DSM
EAF
EC
ECRA
EDD
EDP
EE
EER
EGS
EMS
EnMS
EnPI
EPC
EPI
EPIA
EQuIP
ESCO
ESD
EU
EUROSTAT
EV
EVA
FACTS
FOB
FS
GCC
GCP
GDP
xviii
Compressed Natural Gas
Carbon Dioxide
Chamber of Commerce
Cost of Generating Energy
Coefficient of Performance
Concentrating Photovoltaics
Crystalline Silicon
Concentrating Solar Power
Current Transformers
Digital Control System
Degree Centigrade
Diesel Fuel Oil
Diesel Generator
Deutsches Institut für Normung
Designated National Authority
Direct Normal Irradiance
Direct-Reduced Iron
Demand-Side Management
Electric Arc Furnace
Energy Converter
Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority
Energy Data Development
Eight Development Plan
Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficiency Ratio
Enhanced Geothermal System
Energy Audit and Management System
Energy Management System
Energy Performance Indicator
Engineering, Procurement, and Construction
Energy Performance Indicator
European Photovoltaic Industry Association
Evaluation and Quality Improvement Program
Energy Services Company
EU Directive on Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services
European Union
Statistical Office of the European Commission
Electric Vehicle
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate
Flexible AC-Transmission Systems
Free-on-Board
Feasibility Study
Gulf Cooperation Council
Grid Connection Points
Gross Domestic Product
Volume 2
GE
GHG
GHI
GIZ
GJ/t
GNP
GT
HFO
HH
HRSG
HTF
HVAC
HVDC
HW
I&C
I/O
IAC
ICB
IEA
IEEJ
IPP
ISCC
ISE
ISO
IWPP
JCI
JCIA
JICA
KACARE
KAPSARC
KAUST
KFUPM
KIAB
KPI
KSA
kV
KWKG
LBNL
LCOE
LED
LFO
LNG
LOE
LPG
LTS
Volume 2
General Electric Company
Greenhouse Gas
Global Horizontal Irradiation
Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH
Gigajoule per Ton
Gross National Product
Gas Turbine
Heavy Fuel Oil
Household
Heat Recovery Steam Generator
Heat Transfer Fluid
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
High Voltage DC
Hot Water
Instrumentation and Control
Input/Output
International Advisory Council
Incandescent Bulb
International Energy Agency
Institute of Energy Economics, Japan
Independent Power Producer
Integrated Solar Combined Cycle
Institute for Solar Energy Systems
International Organization for Standardization
Independent Water and Power Producer
Joint Commission International
Joint Commission International Accreditation
Japan International Cooperation Agency
King Abdullah Center for Atomic and Renewable Energy
King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
KAUST Industry Advisory Board
Key Performance Indicator
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Kilo Volt
Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungs-Gesetz
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Levelized Cost of Electricity
Light-Emitting Diode
Light Fuel Oil
Liquified Natural Gas
Level of Effort
Liquid Petroleum Gas
Long-Term Strategy
xix
LWPC
Mboe/d
MDP
MED
MENA
min
Mio
MJ/m3
MoE
MOEP
MOPMR
MOWE
MSF
NAMA
NCV
NDA
NEEAP
NEEP
NG
NGO
NICDP
Nm3
NOAA
NRC
NWC
O&M
OECD
OEM
OLTC
OPEC
OPET
OPEX
ORC
PF
PFC
PV
PV-RO
R&D
RE
RMU
RO
RPC
SASO
SBC
SCADA
xx
Levelized Water Production Cost
Million Barrels of Oil Equivalent per Day
Main Distribution Point
Multiple-Effect Desalination
Middle East and North Africa
Minute
Million
Megajoules per Cubic Meter
Measure of Effectiveness
Ministry of Economy and Planning
Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources
Ministry of Water and Energy
Multi-Stage Flash
National Appropriate Mitigation Actions
Net Calorific Value
Non-Disclosure Agreement
National Energy Efficiency Action Plans
National Energy Efficiency Program
Natural Gas
Nongovernmental Organization
National Industrial Clusters Development Program
Normal Cubic Meter
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Research Council
National Saudi Water Company
Operation and Maintenance
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Original Equipment Manufacturer
On-Load Tap-Changer
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Organizations for the Promotion of Energy Technologies
Operational Expenditure
Organic Rankine cycle
Power Factor
Power Factor Compensation
Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic-Powered Reverse Osmosis
Research and Development
Renewable Energy
Ring Main Unit
Reverse Osmosis
Reactive Power Control
Saudi Standard Organization
Saudi Building Code
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
Volume 2
SCE
SEC
SEDC
SEEC
SEER
SEGS
SGAM
SGBC
SI
SIDF
SIEE
SM
SO2
SR
SWCC
SWOT
t
TFC
TL
TO
ToR
ToU
TPES
TPP
Tri-Gen
UAE
UN
UNDP
UNFCCC
UNSD
UNSNA
VSC
VSD
WACC
WE
WEC
Volume 2
Saudi Council of Engineers
Saudi Electricity Company
Solar Energy Development Center
Saudi Energy Efficiency Center
Strategic Energy and Economic Research
Solar Energy Generating System
Smart Grid Architecture Model
Saudi Green Building Council
System International of Units
Saudi Industrial Development Fund
Energy-Economic Information System
Smart Meter
Sulfur Dioxide
Saudi Ryal
Saline Water Conservation Corporation
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
Ton (Metric)
Total Final Consumption
Team Lead
Time of Operation
Terms of Reference
Time of Use
Total Primary Energy Supply
Thermal Power Plant
Trigeneration
United Arab Emirates
United Nations
United Nations Development Program
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United Nations Statistics Division
United Nations System of National Accounts
Variable-Speed Controller
Variable-Speed Drive
Weighted Average Cost of Capital
Western Europe
Wind Energy Converter
xxi
Case Study 1:
Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Case Study 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
1.1 Introduction
This audit report verifies energy consumption in the commercial/industrial and residential sectors of
Saudi Arabia and considers different regions, commercial client structures, consumer behavior, and
climate impact.
This report provides a first assessment of the energy efficiency (EE) of the Alsafwa Cement Plant (ACP).
The objective is to identify the areas and technical devices in which savings are suspected or are
obviously present.
To provide a review of technical details in this energy audit, we would need to contact specialist
companies (e.g., a company for mill design or Organic Rankine Cycle [ORC] implementation) and would
require extensive documentation. However, for analysis of the essential saving potentials of ACP, this
energy audit is sufficient.
Because the energy costs of the ACP are largely determined by the cost of electricity and heavy fuel oil
(HFO), this energy audit focuses on the potential savings in these areas.
The plant is located in the northwest coast region of Jeddah and began operations in 2011. The
administration office is located in Jeddah, separated from the production site. The plant has no external
power connection and operates with electricity supplied from its own power plant (about 45 MW
installed capacity) on a contracting basis with W-Company as an island operator. W-Company is also
responsible for the maintenance at the power plant.
The KICP team visited the operating room of the control center room (CCR), the production plant, and
the power plant in general. The full-scope supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system
noted that there remains nothing more to measure, but the load profiling has probably been discussed
and verified.
During several on-site inspections, the main technical installations were inspected and analyzed and
their operations were analyzed along with several documents, which were provided by the ACP
management.
1.2 Summary of Energy-Efficiency Measurements
1.2.1
Energy Audit
In Germany, the energy performance indicator (EnPI) regarding specific heat and power consumption
for power plants in total (qG) is 3,065.56 kJ/kgCement. Normally, 90 percent of total demand is used for
fuel consumption; this means that for fuel (qF) only, the specific demand is qF = 2759 kJ/kgCement (source:
VDZ 2012b Germany). The rest (10 percent) is electrical demand qE.
The percentage of energy used divided between electricity and fuel differs by only 2 percent more for
electricity in ACP, but the absolute values for qE and qF differ more. That means that in general, there is
potential to decrease the demand in KSA (theoretically, 21.94 percent for electric power and
4.42 percent for HFO consumption per kgCement), but the segmentation of energy is comparable to
Germany. The EnPIs have been calculated using the media data in Table CS 1-1 and Table CS 1-2.
Table CS 1-1:
Volume 2
Media Data for ACP and W-Company
CS 1-1
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 1-2:
Monthly ACP Consumption and Production Rate for 2012
The system border for the calculation in Table CS 1-2 considered only the area of the cement plant, not
the captive power plant. Therefore, it is easier to compare the system with existing plants in other
countries.
Considering that cement production in Saudi Arabia is expected to reach more than 66 million tons per
year in 2015 (Saudi report, 2013), the need for energy-efficient cement plants is high. ACP is an example
of an already well-performing plant in this sector. A next step should be to investigate the top public
construction firms involved in cement production, such as those listed in Table CS 1-3.
Table CS 1-3:
Top Public Construction Firms in Saudi Arabia
Source: Saudi Arabia Report, 2013, and Construction Week Online,
August 2012.
1.2.2
ACP Energy Efficiency Proposed Measures
The greatest amount of energy is used for burning HFO to treat the raw material for clinker production.
Because of the high theoretical-optimization potential of 21.94 percent for electrical demand, the
investigation focused more on this than on the HFO consumption element. Nevertheless, because of
the self-generated power, the HFO is influenced directly by implementation of EE measures regarding
electricity demand.
CS 1-2
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The following data show all investigated energy savings potential for ACP, by consumption savings
(Table CS 1-4) and by cost savings (Figure CS 1-1).
Table CS 1-4:
Figure CS 1-1:
EE Measures and Expected Payback Times
Saving Potentials and Their Economic Value
The bubble diagram in Figure CS 1-2 shows only short-term measures for savings. All others can be
considered for future projects in Saudi Arabia.
Volume 2
CS 1-3
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 1-2:
Short-Term Measures
Considering the payback time, all implementable measures in total would save approximately
10 percent of the ACP’s annual power consumption. So, excluding the absorption chiller system (ACS),
the ORC, and the raw mill measures, the realistic savings potential is 10 percent, according to the
assumptions and calculations made (Table CS 1-5).
Table CS 1-5:
Power Consumption Savings Potential, Implementable Measures
One factor to control the existing efficiency regarding HFO and power consumption is to observe the
cement-per-clinker (cc) ratio. From information received from ACP management, the achieved value in
2013 was cc = 1.18, compared with the existing average value for the KSA cement industry of cc = 1.10.
The value is predicted to reach cc = 1.22 in 2014 and cc = 1.30 in 2 years.
1.2.2.1
Short-Term Measures
These measures can be implemented easily and require little effort.
User Behavior in General
User behavior has a big influence on consumption rates in nearly every company. When employees do
not identify with the job they perform, their behavior becomes indifferent. Nevertheless, most people
are motivated to change, but often their workload is too great for a sustainable result. The result of a
2010 survey in Germany underlines this point (Figure CS 1-3).
CS 1-4
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 1-3:
German Employee Survey Conducted in 2010 (Data Source: kfw Bank of NRW [Germany], 2010)
Furthermore, most employees think that the money should flow into more important investments. This
impression alone shows the lack of knowledge that exists about sustainable behavior regarding
ecological issues and its connection to the economy. User behavior is part of implementing an energy
management system (EnMS), according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 50001,
so the energy savings are included in Sections 1.4.11 to 1.4.13.
Pressured Air
The energy-saving potential per 1 bar reduction in the pressured air grid produces compressed air that
is approximately 7 percent higher than usual. Because of this high percentage, every part of the existing
grid has to be checked regarding the necessity of the existing pressure. Detailed calculations can be
seen in Section 1.4.7.
Parent Pneumatic Control
This measure is recommended because the existing systems use the same bandwidth for pressured air
and start at the same time to load the grid. Controlling this behavior would save 12 percent of the total
compressor energy consumption.
Increase the Internal Temperature
Compared with other energy-related issues, this measure has a low impact on the ACP. There are too
few offices in the ACP, and the cooling demand is only 0.82 percent of the total electrical power
demand. Nevertheless, the amortization rate for internal temperature is only half a year, so it should be
seriously considered. Detailed calculations can be seen in Section 1.4.3.4.
1.2.2.2
Medium-Term Measures
These measures are worthwhile to implement for the plant. With long-term thinking, they will be more
efficient as soon as the energy price rises slightly in KSA.
New Bag Filters Combined with Variable-Speed Drive
Using a controlled, variable-speed drive (VSD) for the fan behind the bag filters and installing a new bag
filter technology instead of needle-felt filters will contribute about 30 percent energy savings for the
drives plus a reduction of pressurized air from 6 bars to 4 bars for the cleaning cycles. The decline of
2 bars provides about 14 percent of the energy savings.
Volume 2
CS 1-5
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The cleaning cycles will be fewer than current cycles, because the system has a much higher de-dusting
rate per cleaning cycle. Table CS 1-10 shows the results of the energy savings.
Variable-Speed Controller for Fans and Other Drives
Implementing variable-speed controller (VSC) technology must be calculated carefully. A VSC is far from
being the most economical option for each application or engine. The drives of the raw mill and cement
mills, for instance, can only be operated at fixed speeds. Other drives, such as for compressed air, could
be replaced easily, but doing so largely depends on their load. Compressors running full time are not
worth designing a VSC for. Furthermore, the drive itself should fit the changing frequencies. Considering
only these influences, the rest of the known non-VSC motors could save around 6 percent in electrical
energy per year. Calculations can be seen in Section 1.4.6.2.
Implementation of an Energy-Monitoring System
Data monitoring can document only the existing state. This measure is not an EE measure simply
because it is implemented. It is just a tool, and because of the structured data it is able to obtain, it is
useful for implementing and controlling an EnMS. It can contribute up to 5 percent in savings,
depending on the company, and is part of a sustainable running EnMS.
Implementation of an Energy Management System
Using an EnMS for continuous EE work can result in energy savings of up to 20 percent after it is first
implemented, depending on the existing system and company structure. ACP is already optimized in
some areas of energy consumption. For example, clinker cooling, preheating, and precalcination
contribute considerably to the use of a shorter rotary kiln, resulting in lower thermal radiation loss and
decreased HFO consumption. Here, the saving potentials through implementation alone will be much
smaller than normal—3 percent can be conservatively assumed. Further results can be observed in
Section 1.4.11.
1.2.2.3
Long-Term Measures
The following potential savings will not be recommended for the existing plant because of amortization
time but should be considered for new plants in KSA generally.
ORC Waste Heat Usage
The ORC is one method of using a lower waste-temperature (<300 °C) level for power generation. Even
if ACP had a higher waste heat level than it does now, the cost of investment would be much too high
because of the low consumption costs for industrial partners in the high-energy-consumption sector of
KSA. The ORC process could save from 12 percent to 30 percent of the total electrical-energy
consumption with a thermal coefficient of performance (COP) of 18 percent to 22 percent. Details are
available in Section 1.4.3.2.
Absorption Chillers for Cooling
Use of an ACS is not an option yet but may be in the future if cooling demand increases (e.g., more
office buildings). Details are available in Section 1.4.3.3.
Raw Mill and Cement Mill Replacement
Instead of using the existing ball mills, it is common to install a vertical mill for raw milling purposes.
Even the cement mills, which also have ball mill technology, can be replaced by vertical mill technology.
The assumption that vertical mills require more maintenance than roll presses, for instance, is just the
opposite in practical application. Unfortunately, no single cement mill has been replaced in KSA with
vertical mills because of the high investment costs. Nevertheless, the savings potential—from
15 percent to 30 percent—is great enough to consider this technology in the future.
Sometimes, the savings mentioned cannot simply be added together because they influence each
other. For example, reducing the amount of time the lighting operates may not reduce savings because
it requires more frequent replacement of lamps.
CS 1-6
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
1.3 Existing Status
1.3.1
Overview of Global Cement Plants
Cement cannot be produced without primary commodities and conversion of materials; it also requires
the use of fuels and current. In Germany, for instance, the energy consumption for the German cement
industry was 49 percent in 2010, according to the Federal Statistical Office. It is the highest value of all
industries in Germany, although the energy plant efficiency was greater than 70 percent.
Because of the robust construction activity in Saudi Arabia in recent years, cement production could not
keep up with demand, resulting in shortages. Cement export was prohibited in 2012. Because the entire
production had to be sold domestically, domestic sales in 2012 increased by 14 percent. From 2005 to
2010, the output of the local cement manufacturers increased by 65 percent and climbed to
53.3 million tons in 2012 (published by Yamana Saudi Cement; Source: Economic Report from Built
Industry Saudi Arabia, March 2013, VDMA).
Observing the growth from a global perspective, the production and consumption of cement rose,
especially in Asia. The world market share expanded by about one-third from 1990 to about 80 percent
in 2010 (see Figure CS 1-4). China accounts for more than half of the total global cement consumption;
by comparison, Europe accounts for around 8.5 percent. Saudi Arabia remains in ninth place in the
world, after Turkey and Indonesia (Source: Global Cement Report, 2013).
South Korea
Figure CS 1-4:
Volume 2
Global Behavior of the Cement Market (Source: VDZ Germany)
CS 1-7
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
1.3.2
ACP General Data
Name of the client:
Alsafwa Cement Company
Address:
Saudi Arabia
Audit location:
Jeddah
500,000 square meters
Occupied total production area and available
administration service space:
Operating at this location:
Since 2008 (see below for further comments)
Staff in total (production plant, headquarters):
350 employees
Staff production plant:
191 employees, 20–25 in shift work (2 shifts)
Staff power plant:
33 employees (3 shifts)
Remarks for plant maintenance:
40 days total off/year for maintenance services
Building type:
Concrete base
Number of floors:
2
1.3.3
ACP Process Overview
A general view of the standard cement production process is provided in Figure CS 1-5.
The ACP plant is running in a two-shift system and differs in specific parts; the process has the following
structure (numbers are the design values for 100 percent load):
1. Mining and preblending of 1,600 tons/h, transported by conveyor belts to storage
2. Storage (two piles, each 30,000 tons: one for production, one as a backup from mining, thus
ensuring a continuous workflow)
3. Crushing to gravel (4,000 tons/d limestone, d = 40–50 mm, 1,000 tons/d additional material)
4. Raw milling (ball mill), 410 tons/h maximum, 1,200 tons/h circulated by cyclone system)
5. Separation/homogenization
6. Preheating and precalcination (difference from the preceding picture, cc burner, HFO
consumption: 11,080 kg/h, preheated air input [from grate cooling]: 103,800 Nm³/h, 740 °C)
7. Burning to clinker (rotary kiln, fuel [HFO] consumption: 8,300 kg/h, 5,230 tons/d cc storage,
1.69 kg raw material produces 1 kg clinker) rotating furnace (doutside = 5.20 m, dinside = 4.60 m),
double-walled kiln, in parallel with a tube for recuperative heat from grate cooling for
preheating, about half the diameter (2 m)
8. Cement milling (two ball mills, 150 tons/h in sum, 1,500,000 tons/a total production
[1,482,131 tons/a for 2012])
9. Storage (three silos, plus one additional silo under construction, divided into four parts)
10. Mixing (after flowchart 11: 10 different mills with 350 tons/h transport maximum to produce
different products and particle sizes, placed in parallel for higher mass flow rate)
11. Filling, loading, and transportation.
CS 1-8
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 1-5: Process Flow of a Cement Plant with Rotary Furnace (Source: ökobau.dat
from http://www.nachhaltigesbauen.de/baustoff-und-gebaeudedaten/oekobaudat.html)
ACP is currently able to produce three different types of clinker for products: sulfate-resisting Portland
cement, ordinary Portland cement, and Portland pozzolanic cement. It is a common dry cement
production process. Generally, the former established wet processes from the 1970s are not in use
anymore, and the proportion of grate preheater systems in Germany declined from 30 percent to
14 percent.
1.3.4
Energy Supply and Consumption
The largest amount of energy is used for grinding purposes and for the furnace. The cement factory
needs 450 tons/d HFO. Tanks for 20 days’ reserve are installed. The power plant consumes 150 tons/d
HFO from the ACP plant, and reserve tanks exist locally, with a capacity of 2 days. The daily
consumption does not affect the reserve. Based on the ACP monthly consumption rate shown in Table
CS 1-2, the monthly consumption is presented in Figure CS 1-6 as a percentage of the yearly
consumption rate of ACP.
The power is supplied by a power plant in the same area. The operator is W-Company Power
Contracting Co. Ltd., and the owner is ACP. As the contractor, W-Company is responsible for electrical
power, operation, and maintenance. It does not order fuel (HFO).
Volume 2
CS 1-9
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 1-6:
Relative Consumption Rate 2012, ACP
Five W-Company engines, each with 9.4 MW of electrical power, are installed and shown in
Figure CS 1-7. Three to four motors are in operation. The fifth engine is reserved for emergencies. The
peak load is between 30 and 34 MW, and the specific power production is about 4 kWh per liter. The
fuel source is HFO, which contains about 9.65 kWh per liter. This means that the COP is 41.45 percent.
Figure CS 1-7:
CS 1-10
The Engine Room Containing Five W-Company Motors
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The power plant feeds into an 11-kV grid with 131.22-A and generates a 400-V/3608.44-A basis grid for
the plant. Substations exist for local transformation. The balance of the grid is described by cos phi =
0.8, and the power factor is 0.96.
About 7 percent of the produced electrical energy is self-demand, which is too high in comparison with
other power plants. Heating the fuel requires 1 percent to 2 percent of this 7 percent. For better
illustration, a Sankey diagram is shown in Figure CS 1-8.
Figure CS 1-8:
Sankey Diagram of Energy Production
Normally, the percentage of auxiliary energy consumption ranges between 2 percent and 3 percent.
The generator refrigerant output temperature is about 85 °C. This refrigerant is recovered by air chillers
down to 40 °C (assuming that the average outside temperature is 35 °C [no shadow]). There are 30
ventilators for each generator (150 total). Thus, a heat recovery potential of 45 K remains unused. This
could be a source for absorption chillers if a large application for cooling is possible (see also Section
1.4.3).
The self-generated power by HFO grants it independence from the utility in KSA, and the fifth block is
free for preventing blackouts. The purification process in the power plant has not yet been investigated.
1.3.5
Existing Meters and Data Basis
The local utility (W-Company) provides three transformers for three phases with 11 kV/400 V and
131.22/3608.44 A.
One main meter is on the cement plant side, and the 15-minute load curve on total electrical
consumption was pending delivery. Meters for consumer groups are in the substations but not for
single consumers. ACP has already provided load curves in 15-minute .csv format for HFO (rotary kiln
and cc burner). Regarding electricity consumption, ACP delivered the three biggest consumers (raw mill,
cement mill 1 [CM1], and CM2). See Figure CS 1-9.
Volume 2
CS 1-11
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 1-9:
One of the Three Main Transformers
The power plant delivered a daily file from 2012 for HFO consumption and electricity generation. After
import into the JEVis Monitoring System, it shows the graphs presented in Figure CS 1-10 for the past
year for each of the five generators.
Single consumers are measured via the programmable logic controller (PLC). The data are available in
seconds, minutes, hours, etc. The PLC still requires 15-minute values from more significant consumers,
at least over 1-month periods (the readouts can be done every day separately or all in a row).
In the control room, a SCADA system (real-time process values) is installed (Figure CS 1-11). This system
is designed for real-time process control. It has no ability to generate monthly reports or to store all
retrieved raw data in a database for future purposes, such as EnPI development and control.
To implement a data monitoring system, it is recommended that a detailed overview for the existing
metering concept be obtained. The meter plan, including the submeters, is still pending.
CS 1-12
Volume 2
Figure CS 1-10: Power Plant 2012 Daily HFO Consumption (Below) and Power Generation (Above)
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Volume 2
CS 1-13
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 1-11: The Control Room
1.3.6
Energy Costs and Consumption
The main energy consumers for ACP of HFO are:
•
•
Calcination burner: 11,080.00 kg/h
Kiln burner: 8,300.00 kg/h.
Costs for HFO are taken from the following factsheet:
The ACP HFO consumption can be seen in the diagram for 2012, shown in Figure CS 1-12.
Therefore, the kiln and cc burners’ consumption for the last month recorded looks like the load curve in
Figure CS 1-13 (based on the 15-minute data provided).
The main electricity consumers for ACP (see also energy monitoring system) are:
•
•
Fans: 150–440 kW
Mill drives: 912–5300 kW.
See Figure CS 1-14 to Figure CS 1-17.
CS 1-14
Volume 2
Volume 2
Figure CS 1-13: Kiln Consumption in Liters/Hour
Figure CS 1-12: HFO Consumption by ACP in Tons/Month
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CS 1-15
CS 1-16
Figure CS 1-15: Raw Mill Consumption in kWh
Figure CS 1-14: cc Burner Consumption in Liters/Hour
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Volume 2
Volume 2
Figure CS 1-17: CM1 Consumption in kWh
Figure CS 1-16: CM2 Consumption in kWh
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CS 1-17
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The large raw mill has a 5 MW motor, like CM1 and CM2, but there is no VSD or continuous operation
because of a fixed milling frequency and continuous material input. The large ventilators and pumps
have VSD. A hard copy (screenshot) with consumption data is printed out manually three times a day.
The data of big consumers are available in the PLC. We obtained 15-minute data from all three big mills
in the plant. Other data (e.g., for fans and big drives) were not obtained. The PLC runs with seven large
Siemens controllers at ACP.
The energy costs for electrical power have been calculated for 2012 because no monthly data has been
delivered (Table CS 1-6). The price used was obtained by phone interviews with locally employed staff.
It may be that the W-Company power plant has different prices for power consumption or has no
invoices because the power is self-produced from HFO.
Table CS 1-6:
Price List for All Media Used at ACP
According to monthly consumption (see Table CS 1-7), a sum of 15.97 million Saudi Ryal has been
calculated.
Table CS 1-7:
Monthly Costs According to Staff Interviews
The waste heat of the power plant is not used, although it could be used for absorption chillers (see
Chapter 1 on page 1-28 for details). We recommend checking the economics for installing additional
absorption chillers, perhaps via the contractor.
Figure CS 1-18 demonstrates the monthly electricity demand for 2012.
CS 1-18
Volume 2
Figure CS 1-18: Electricity Consumption at ACP in kWh/Month
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Volume 2
CS 1-19
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
1.3.7
Water Supply Consumption and Costs
The company is supplied by a water network and water tanks. The tanks are inside the ACP premises.
The hot water supply is generated via gas or electric boilers. The total consumption is 1300–1500 m³/d.
These values have been confirmed by the controls in place but would mean that about 45 deliveries of
30 tons/d arrive via trucks.
The daily water consumption is about 700 tons/d for spraying into the exhaust gas (312.650 Nm³/h) that
comes from the preheating process and cools it from 310 °C down to 160 °C for further limestone
powder treatment. Table CS 1-8 shows all other water usage and the saving potential if ORC technology
(Chapter 1 on page 1-27) was used.
Table CS 1-8:
Water Usage at ACP
One m³ of water delivered by trucks costs about 10 Saudi Ryal (=€2/m³, €0.002/l).
With these values, the following consumption costs have been calculated:
The delivery of monthly ACP data from 2012 shows the water consumption profile, presented in Figure
CS 1-19.
1.3.8
Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors
The factors for electricity are calculated and estimated from official institutions. The following factors
for electricity are published at theclimateregistry.org:
•
•
•
•
2009: 757 g of carbon dioxide (CO2)/kWh (Source: http://www.theclimateregistry.org)
2010: Data not available
2011: Data not available
2012: Data not available.
For this report, we use the value from 2009.
With these values, the following CO2 emissions resulted in 2012:
•
Electricity consumption in 2012 was 159.7 GWh = 159,687,000 kWh, which caused 120,883 tons of
CO2.
Other energy media with CO2 emissions are HFO, light fuel oil, and lube oil.
CS 1-20
Volume 2
Figure CS 1-19: Monthly Water Consumption in Tons, 2012
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Volume 2
CS 1-21
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
1.3.9
Former Activities Regarding Energy Efficiency
The following technologies should be analyzed because they minimize the list of new EE technologies
required in future implementations.
ACP’s technical standard is good. The plant has been equipped with a four-cyclone preheating system,
moved four years ago to the current production area. It is equipped with a calciner and tertiary air duct
grate cooler. The cyclone preheating requires a smaller kiln and, therefore, can be more cheaply
operated.
The slightly lower energy losses in this construction result from the lower heat dissipation of the rotary
kiln. With the same number of cyclone stages, increased gas losses will result.
The calciner enables smoother kiln operation—an important prerequisite for low fuel consumption—
and contributes at the same time to an integrated reduction of emissions. ISO 50001 is not
implemented (in contrast to ISO 9001) and not yet planned but is recommended (see Section 1.4.11).
1.3.10 Planned Activities Regarding EE Issues
The process engineers of ACP have planned the following activities.
1.3.10.1 Precalcination with Alternative Fuel
At the beginning of 2014, the existing precalcination step was planned whereby so-called alternative
fuels (e.g., solid waste, tires as pellets or cut-ups) will be used as feed. Burning untreated tires is not
recommended because of less specific surfaces for the burning process and its dynamics. Therefore, it is
recommended that Incineration Directive 2000/76/EC, “Central Europe,” for emissions
(http://www.central2013.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Document_Centre/OP_Resources/Incin
eration_Directive_2000_76.pdf) be followed.
The use of alternative fuels offers two advantages over other recycling methods. First, these materials
become dried in the process of being integrated into the rotary kiln. Second, all chemical components
can be used for cement production.
Figure CS 1-20 shows the components of tires.
Figure CS 1-20: Tire Components (Source: VDZ Germany, 2013)
Other Plans
The process engineer is also thinking about optimizing the quarrying operation by raw mill feed
improvement with the kiln and clinker cooler to increase cement production capacity. However, these
activities should be investigated in detail with regard to their influences on EE issues. More data and
details need to be made available for each step.
CS 1-22
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
1.3.11 Who Benefits from EE?
One important question is which parties participate in consuming less energy.
In the following section, key aspects will be discussed. Of course, the reality is a bit more complex.
The generators belong to the contractor, W-Company. The contractor also takes care of the
maintenance. The more operating hours the generators are running, the more maintenance is
necessary and the more HFO the generators consume. Therefore, the contractor has little interest in
saving energy.
This means that initially, the areas and building sectors that belong to ACP should be analyzed. A model
must be developed in which both parties—the cement plant and the contractor—have advantages. For
example, when the contractor, through lower energy consumption, has fewer maintenance costs, it can
pass a part of these savings on to ACP. The cement plant can, in turn, pass a part of its savings on to the
pricing of its products to achieve greater competitiveness.
1.4 Results
In the following sections, the possibilities for saving energy are described in more detail.
1.4.1
Raw Mill Replacement by Vertical Mill
Four types of milling exist in the cement industry: ball mills, vertical mills, roll mills, and horizontal mills.
Ball mills demand the most electrical energy and are increasingly being replaced by other technologies.
One method could be to replace the ball mill with a combination of two mills: one common roll mill and
a smaller ball mill for refining the particle size. Replacing the original raw mill could result in an energysavings potential ranging from 7 percent to 15 percent.
The preferred method here is to use a vertical mill instead of the ball mill, because it is the most
frequently installed technology worldwide for new cement plant technology (42 percent for cement
milling and 34 percent for raw milling; Source: www.zkg.de). Vertical mills can be mass-flow controlled
from 100 percent down to 30 percent and, in comparison with ball mills, have an electrical energysaving potential up to 16 percent 1 or more, depending on the material used (e.g., medium hardness of
the raw material and medium milling of 12 percent; R = 0.09 mm). Therefore, the calculations in Table
CS 1-9 have been combined with a load factor of 80 percent.
The amortization rate of this technology cannot be implemented from an economic point of view at
ACP. It can only remain a recommendation for future cement plants planned in KSA because of the high
investment cost of €7.5 million per device (according to interviews with company staff) and the low
price for electricity.
1
Calculation made by installed raw mill (4900 kWh/410t) in comparison to 100 kWh/t cement for vertical mills, Source: www.zkg.de
Volume 2
CS 1-23
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 1-9:
1.4.2
Ball Mill Replacement Only for Raw Mill and All Mills
New Bag Filters Combined with VSD
New bag-filter products (e.g., Viledon, www.freudenberg-filter.de) provide an electrical-energy savings
of 30 percent compared with common needle-felt bag filters (Source: interview with the original
equipment manufacturer [OEM]) by reducing the pressure loss up to 200 Pa, decreasing the pressured
cleaning air from the existing 4.5 bars to 3.5 bars, and using a VSD for the fans behind the two filters.
This new filter technology is also able to reduce significantly the cleaning cycles for the installed tubes.
All designated savings are based on rough assumptions by the OEM, because the OEM needs detailed
data for a more accurate product proposal. The Microsoft Excel spreadsheet with the requested data
was delivered to ACP for completion with the needed data but did not make it into this study because
of time constraints. Table CS 1-10 shows the potential savings for bag-filter implementation.
Table CS 1-10: Bag Filter and VSD Replacement Effects
The payback time for implementation of bag filters and VSDs should not be long, but because the real
price for the filters is unavailable (the assumption has been made for using filters made in China plus
VSD installation costs), it is just an indication of what is possible. Nevertheless, employing such
technology would be a good cost-effective measure, especially for new cement plants, in KSA.
Furthermore, it should be mentioned that the existing drives do not run steadily. They will adjust
automatically by adjusting the bumper. So, the effect of implementing VSDs will not be that high.
CS 1-24
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
1.4.3
Cooling and Waste Heat Technology
In ACP, the cooling processes can be divided into building cooling/climate conditioning and production
plant cooling systems. Table CS 1-11 shows the average temperature in Jeddah and the estimated
corresponding consumption of the cooling devices per month. The humidity ranges between 40 percent
and 45 percent.
Table CS 1-11: Climate Data for Jeddah, 1961–1990
(Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA])
To estimate the necessary average consumption for cooling the offices, the daily mean temperatures
from Table CS 1-11 are used in Table CS 1-12.
Table CS 1-12: Average Temperatures and Corresponding Estimated Percentage of Cooling Consumption
(Source: NOAA)
No composite cooling system has been installed, because complete cooling is realized with single
devices. In all of ACP, about 180 split units are installed. Two types of split units are installed on site.
Calculating with a demand for type 01 of 2.85 kW and 2.1 kW for type 02, the results can be seen in
Figure CS 1-21. This would entail a daily demand of 3.000 kWh of electrical energy; 498 kW of power
demand of all split units correlates with only about 0.82 percent of the maximum power generation of
the power plant. All in all, a cooling demand of 4,601,520.00 kWh/a can be estimated from the previous
assumptions, resulting in an electrical demand of 1,314,720 kWh/a (Table CS 1-13).
Volume 2
CS 1-25
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 1-21: Average Temperatures and Corresponding Estimated Percentage of Cooling Consumption
Table CS 1-13: Assumption for Cooling Capacity of Split Units at ACP
CS 1-26
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The cooling demand depends on the number of occupied offices.
The advantages of independent split cooling units are:
•
•
Easy and flexible to install
Easily expandable.
The disadvantages of independent split cooling units are:
•
•
•
No economic possibility for using heat recovery
Higher losses than a single combined device
Higher maintenance requirements.
A composite cooling system results in saving potentials from 15 percent to 20 percent compared with
single cooling devices. A replacement by absorption chillers is discussed in Chapter 2.
The cooling units have no heat recovery systems. With modern cooling devices, at least 50 percent and
typically more of the input energy can be recovered as heat energy. In a warm country, such as Saudi
Arabia, there is normally not much need for heating energy.
1.4.3.1
Process Cooling
The optimization of the clinker cooler serves to better use waste heat from the hot clinker, because it
leads to better preheated combustion air. The newest technology will achieve COPs of up to 75 percent
for cooling purposes. This percentage is equal to heating savings for the precombustion air and means
less HFO consumption. For future projects, it has to be verified what cooling technology in which
technical state has already been implemented.
Most of the energy contained in the exhaust gases is used for drying raw materials or other materials
such as blast furnace slag. This is the most efficient way to use waste heat. If more heat is available
despite the measure mentioned, it could be used to generate process steam, if it is practical for the
neighborhood.
1.4.3.2
ORC Waste Heat Usage
In 2012, the first cement plant using the ORC process was successfully built in Germany; it implemented
waste heat recovery for generating power by using the ORC process principle, which has led to
electrical-energy savings of up to one-third of the total power demand (http://www.ingenieur.de/
Themen/Energieeffizienz/Abhitzekraftwerk-Stromkosten-um-30-Prozent-senken).
Germany is one of the latest countries to combine ORC with waste heat in cement plants; more than
500 plants around the world have already been equipped with that technology. Normally, exhaust air,
like in this plant, is completely cooled down from 310 °C to 160 °C. This is a high amount of energy
waste that can be used for power generation. Furthermore, part of the air emitted from the grate
cooler could be used for this purpose. Figure CS 1-22 shows the principle of waste heat use.
Volume 2
CS 1-27
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 1-22: Waste Heat Use via ORC: A Simple Description
ACP has limestone with a water-mass fraction of 1 percent. This is nearly perfect for using the ORC
technology, because the material does not need to dry. Water-mass fractions above 5 percent would
not be economical for that EE measure. The thermal COP would be around 20 percent and could
replace 30 percent of the power plant’s total electrical-energy consumption. As Table CS 1-14 shows,
the low costs of electricity hinder the investment. It would take more than 32 years to pay back. For
“next-generation cement plants,” it is strongly recommended that ORC be installed to reduce electricalenergy demand of power plants in a sustainable way.
Table CS 1-14: ACP Calculation Example for Implementing ORC into Cement Plants
1.4.3.3
Absorption Chiller with Waste Heat
ACSs use the physical-absorption process to get cooling-power waste heat from another process to
regenerate absorptive capacity. Thus, the necessary energy to produce cold is, in principle, free of
charge if waste heat is available.
CS 1-28
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The currently used split devices are working with electrical energy. We assume that the electrical power
for complete cooling is about 0.82 percent of the total electrical consumption of ACP. Absorption
chillers need less electrical power for pumping the necessary liquids in the absorption process.
Therefore, the operating costs are low if an ACS can be operated with waste heat.
Unfortunately, absorption chillers are expensive, and the reconstruction of the existing devices would
not be economical. Therefore, we recommend keeping this issue in mind for reconstruction work and
new acquisitions.
One possibility for operating ACSs would be to use the 85 °C waste heat from the power plant
generators. If it is possible to replace all existing chillers with absorption chillers and operate them with
the waste heat of a mass-flow fraction of one big power plant generator, the theoretical savings
potential would be about 94 percent of the electricity costs for cooling (Table CS 1-15).
Table CS 1-15: Cooling Demand Assumption from Chapter 5
Using the assumption that four 440-kW absorption chillers can supply 100 percent of the ACP cooling
demand (1,743 kW; see Table CS 1-15) in the yearly average, the calculation in Table CS 1-16 has been
conducted.
Table CS 1-16: Estimated Savings by Using Absorption Chillers
In general, absorption chillers are expensive, and this technology will not be applicable for ACP.
Nevertheless, the payback rate mainly depends on the price for resources, and this measure should be
observed for the future in KSA, especially if the demand for cooling increases and possibilities exist to
Volume 2
CS 1-29
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
provide it to the neighborhood. A further measure would be to provide process steam to industrial
neighbors.
According to information from ACP management, ACP plans to implement a prototype of an adsorption
desalination cooling system in cooperation with KAUST and King Abdullah Scientific Center.
1.4.3.4
Increase the Internal Target Temperature
In some areas of the ACP offices, it is quite cold—almost too cold compared with European practice. In
warm countries like Saudi Arabia, it is often common to cool the building intensively. In Europe, to save
energy, buildings are not that extremely air conditioned.
Because each degree Celsius less of cooling saves about 7 percent of energy, it becomes clear that some
savings potential is to be had. The calculation in Table CS 1-17 shows the amount of savings for
electricity to meet cooling demands if the temperature were increased by 1 °C inside the whole building
complex. This measure would be amortized immediately, because no investment is required.
Table CS 1-17: Savings Attained by Increasing the Temperature
1.4.4
Lighting
Compared with other power demands, new lamp technology will be negligible in ACP. Replacement
would be undertaken only for image. Well-lit offices make workspaces more comfortable.
However, energy consumption depends mainly on the type of lamps used. Modern light-emitting diode
(LED) lamps, for example, offer light as good as halogen lamps but consume significantly less energy.
Using lighting on a demand basis also saves energy. In addition, energy-efficient lamps save on
additional cooling energy because the more energy-intensive a lamp, the more heat emission it causes.
In ACP, no LED lamps are installed. These should be considered when reconstructions take place,
because LED lamps save up to 50 percent.
1.4.5
Water Consumption
In principle, the water in the ground has a temperature of about 28 °C, which would be warm enough
for hand washing. But because of Legionella, the water must be heated regularly. Therefore, different
water heaters are integrated into the system.
It is important to find possibilities for heating the water with waste heat (e.g., from large air
conditioning devices or the waste heat from kilns or generators). Currently, how much energy is needed
to heat the water is not known; therefore, no savings potential could be calculated.
CS 1-30
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
1.4.6
1.4.6.1
Optimization of Electrical Machines
Using Energy-Efficient Drives
Generally, the EE class should be kept in mind when purchasing new drives. If a motor has a high power
input or many operating hours, replacement can be economical. Replacing standard motors with highefficiency motors is economical, especially for devices that have long running times. A note about this
should be added to the specifications for procuring equipment. Ventilation systems, exhaust systems,
and pumps especially tend to operate for more hours, and the use of high-efficiency motors in these
devices is economical.
The heat loss from electric motors can be reduced by using high-quality materials and low
manufacturing tolerances. Today, manufacturers typically install EFF2 motors. Older devices usually
represent only the EFF3 standard. An EFF1 motor is especially recommended for installations that have
more than 3,000 operating hours annually.
Energy-efficient motors usually offer a 5 percent to 7 percent higher efficiency factor. The price is
20 percent to 30 percent higher than for standard drives. In combination with long operating hours, this
leads to significant energy reduction and cost savings.
The following EE classes are available:
•
•
•
•
IE1 = Standard efficiency (>90 percent)
IE2 = High efficiency (>94 percent)
IE3 = Premium efficiency (>96 percent)
IE4 = Super premium efficiency (>97 percent).
Because of the lower temperature and better manufacturing quality, the lifetime of the motors is also
increased.
Further positive aspects of energy-efficient motors are:
•
•
•
•
Increased reliability
Decreased maintenance costs
Increased power factor
Reduced noise levels.
The sample calculation in Table CS 1-18 shows that because of low electricity prices, the payback period
is long. The larger the engine and the more hours it is in operation, the shorter the payback time.
Table CS 1-18: Savings by Energy-Efficient Drives
Volume 2
CS 1-31
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
1.4.6.2
Using VSDs
A motor usually has one or two fixed-speed levels, which causes the motor to consume 50 percent or
100 percent electrical power. In combination with a VSD controller (also called a VSC), a motor saves
considerable energy. With such a controller, the motor speed can be controlled exactly according to the
demand (e.g., 35 percent, 63 percent, or 75 percent).
If, for example, the demand were for 60-percent power, a two-step engine must run at 100-percent
speed. In combination with a VSD, the motor can be regulated to 60-percent speed, theoretically
resulting in a 40-percent savings. In practice, the saving is less because of losses and the energy
consumption of the VSC, but on average, a VSD can save 30 percent in energy. Because of their high
cost, VSDs are only economical for bigger drives.
The calculation in Table CS 1-19 and Table CS 1-20 list examples for all known drives (10 devices) at ACP
that have no VSC, an average power demand of 323 kW, and an assumed 8,064 operating hours.
Table CS 1-19: Average Power Demand of Known Drives and Fans without VSDs
The larger the engine and the more hours it is in operation, the shorter the payback period. The list in
Table CS 1-20 was provided by ACP, which is not yet equipped with VSD technology. This means that
there could be a dedicated potential to save energy by applying only the VSD, but this should be
investigated further, because some motors cannot be upgraded or do not have a designated frequency
for providing the same quality.
CS 1-32
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 1-20: Savings from Using VSDs
1.4.6.3
Maintenance of Drives
Many types of motors need regular maintenance to maintain their EE. Measurements show that up to
5 percent of energy costs can be saved through better maintenance of drives. Of course, good
maintenance also increases the reliability and lifetime of the mechanism.
1.4.7
Reduction of Pressured Air for Bag-Filter Cleaning and VSD
Implementing compressors for VSC after they have already run for 5 years (such as at ACP) could incur
more costs than buying a new machine that has been designed for VSC use. Most screw compressors
that have not been designed for that purpose crash a short time after VSC implementation, because the
bearing cannot hold back the pressure while changing the frequency.
ACP has seven compressors for the bag-filter cleaning system. Four of them run full time for the CM
area, and three of them run full time in the raw mill area, but the same target pressure is designated for
all compressors in their grid (see Figure CS 1-23).
This means that all of the same grids start and stop at the same time depending on the system state in
each grid (see Figure CS 1-24).
Volume 2
CS 1-33
Figure CS 1-23: Compressor Rooms
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CS 1-34
Volume 2
Figure CS 1-24: Start and Stop Times for All Grids
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Volume 2
CS 1-35
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
It has been decided that only one compressor should be replaced by a VSD-driven Atlas Copco machine
plus storage, and the other three compressors will keep running full time. Table CS 1-21 shows the
results. Reducing the pressured air grid by 1 bar will result in about a 7 percent savings for the
electricity demand. In combination with new bag filters, the cleaning pressure can be reduced by 1 bar
minimum.
Table CS 1-21: Effect of Pressured Air Reduction and a New VSD-Driven Compressor
The payback time is too high for a VSD in this case, but implementing a parent pneumatic control
system would be an appropriate solution for preventing many uploads and unloads (see Table CS 1-22).
The estimated cost would be €10,000 for each pressure grid plus installation costs; the payback time
would be less than 2 years.
Table CS 1-22: Parent Pneumatic Control
1.4.8
Development and Implementation of an Energy-Monitoring System
To get a good overview of energy flows, an energy-monitoring system is needed. This system can be
implemented quite easily after conducting a metering-point concept.
CS 1-36
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Through continuous energy-data control, a high transparency for energy consumption processes is
achieved. This allows management to identify errors and non-optimized processes quickly to prevent
unnecessary energy consumption and high costs over a long period. A control system helps to reduce
energy costs significantly by using different analyzing functions, such as reporting tools, visualization
tools, benchmarking tools, and alarm management.
An energy-monitoring system for the management and evaluation of energy consumption should cover
the following points:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Automatic periodic or continuous readouts of the energy and process data of the connected
systems
Automatic monitoring, analyzing, calculating, and visualizing of these data
Alarms for critical or unusual events (e.g., exceeding limit values), with escalation and prioritization
of alarms
The possibility of comparing energy and process data from different sources
Long-term achievement of all data and a possible export to other systems
A report tool for providing a short summary of relevant data (e.g., to top management, energy
managers)
Visualization of the individually developed performance indicators of the organization.
At every design step, the requirements of ISO 50001 should be considered. The first step is to conduct a
measurement-point concept.
1.4.8.1
Measurement-Point Concept
An essential prerequisite for the development of an effective energy-monitoring system is good
preparation. This includes a measurement-point concept for the analyses of which company locations
should install or expand measurement actions. The main reason for conducting this analysis is to ensure
a maximum of transparency with the lowest possible investment.
In general, the principle of measurement design is from rough to fine. This means first of all that the
essential consumers or areas should be recognized in the concept; the second step (if necessary) can be
planned for several areas, additional meters, or measuring techniques.
Thus, a measurement concept occurs in three intensity levels:
1. Connect the meters of major consumers or areas to the system
2. Connect the remaining meters, which are already available
3. Install additional meters at important areas.
The main components of an energy-monitoring system for collection, storage, and analysis of the
significant energy data are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Different meters for different types of media
Current transformers for electricity meters, if necessary
Additional input/output (I/O) modules, with several digital or analog inputs, if necessary
Data logger for collecting all data and for temporarily storing it
Database for archiving all long-term data
Energy monitoring software for analysis, visualization, alarms, and more.
In smaller properties, single points can be measured and read out individually with independent data
loggers, and the results then collected from the energy-monitoring system. But in a large system, linking
all measurement points by using a bus system is usually the better choice.
A bus system has the significant advantages of easy expandability, bundling of different functions in one
network, easier cabling in larger networks, lower installation costs, and lower communication costs.
Volume 2
CS 1-37
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Within a measuring-point concept, an individual-system solution for the needs of the organization
should be created according to the following dimensions:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Determination of the key measurement points and further interesting data points
Significant and necessary measurement intervals and best methods of measurement
Optimal installation locations, meter types, protocols, etc.
Minimal wiring and installation effort
Optimal integration of the solution into the existing infrastructure
Definition of data transfer and interfaces according to the existing infrastructure
Consideration of modular extensibility
Consideration of the requirements of the ISO 50001 standard.
When buying new equipment, it should be kept in mind that the equipment needs to be set with the
appropriate interfaces or measurement technology.
1.4.8.2
Assessment of Investment and Savings
The overall cost of an energy-monitoring system varies considerably. The cost depends predominantly
on the number and type of measured points, but the installation costs and the cost of the software also
have to be considered.
For the software, free, open source solutions are available.
If the infrastructure (e.g., cables, routers, and switches) is already present, the installation costs are
lower.
An existing rule of thumb roughly estimates an overall price of about €800 (4,000 Saudi Ryal) for each
new measurement point. However, the existing meter structure at ACP is, in principle, good. Every unit
has its own meter, and most of the meters have digital outputs. They can be read at any time.
Therefore, the costs are much lower, because many of the existing meters can be used further.
But the use of the currently collected data is for real-time observation only. There are no plans to use
these data, for instance, to increase the transparency of monthly energy invoices. The engineers
normally only take care of the current load and not the consumption details, although this would be
possible with an energy-monitoring system. Currently, only a SCADA system is in operation.
The higher the consumption of energy in a medium, division, department, or a plant, the more accurate
and more frequently the data should be recorded. In low-energy areas, a weekly manual reading may
be sufficient, but in high-consumption areas, continuous recording and monitoring are mandatory.
Implementing an energy-monitoring system and effectively working with the resulting energy data
could result in a potential savings of 5 percent to 15 percent of the annual energy costs of the
organization. Because ACP already has a good meter structure, it is possible with a modern energymonitoring system to achieve a conservative estimate of 3 percent savings of the total energy
consumption in combination with an EnMS (Chapter 1-39).
However, these savings cannot be compared with the other potentials mentioned, because the energymonitoring system is not saving “active” use. It simply shows the potential for savings. Energymanagement software helps to implement the measures identified and control its success. It helps also
to identify further potentials and find new failures faster. A well-placed alarm can especially avoid many
unnecessary costs.
To share costs over several years, an energy monitoring system can be established in different steps, for
example:
1. Short-Term Measure. Establish an energy-monitoring system for the main meters, and
substitute only the important meters with digital meters for readout.
CS 1-38
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2. Middle-Term Measure. Expand the measurement concept to a deeper, reasonable level, and
establish an optimized building automation system in combination with the energy monitoring
system.
3. Long-Term Measure. Extend these systems for all ACP process and building units.
1.4.9
Load-Management System
A load-management system for peak-load limitation is meaningful when an extra price for the peak load
has to be paid (or when the load peaks cause other problems). The current situation at ACP is not
affected by those circumstances, because the system is working automatically. The power plant will
turn on or off additional motors manually, if needed.
1.4.10 Base-Load Reduction
A base-load analysis is an investigation of the continuous load of a branch. Often, machines or devices
consume electricity continuously and unnecessarily. These consumers will be detected by a base-load
analysis. To estimate whether a base-load analysis is meaningful, the detailed load curves are necessary.
1.4.11 Implementation of an EnMS
Analogous to the management systems for quality (ISO 9001) and environmental standards (ISO 14001)
for the energy sector, the international standard DIN EN ISO 50001 for energy management has been
adopted.
The main objective of an EnMS is to assist organizations in building sustainable systems and processes
to improve their EE. Systematic energy management leads to reduction of energy consumption, energy
costs, and greenhouse gas emissions. An EnMS in an organization is a process of continuous
improvement and thus an important component for achieving the ambitious international climate
targets of the future.
To create an incentive for the implementation of an EnMS, funding programs have been set up in many
countries. In some countries, implementation in large companies is even required by law or connected
with tax relief. See Figure CS 1-25.
Figure CS 1-25: The Plan-Do-Check-Act Circle of an EnMS
Volume 2
CS 1-39
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
However, an EnMS not only should be a duty for a company but also should be used for planning the
reduction of energy consumption and therefore energy costs. It can also be used effectively to convey a
positive image of the company to the public. It is important that an EnMS be a “living” system and that
the employees work with it. Otherwise, the desired goals and successes are difficult to reach.
In contrast to ISO 9001 and ISO 14001, an EnMS finances itself through its continuous improvement
process. This means that the savings normally exceed the costs of implementing the system.
The following items are necessary to implement a sustainable EnMS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Define the energy policy and objectives of the organization
Form an energy management team
Prepare project plans, resource plans, schedules, budget plans, and so forth
Analyze EnMS-relevant functions, processes, consumers, and energy flows
Develop individual energy performance indicators
Conduct EE analyses and measure-point concepts
Install adequate measurement technology
Implement and maintain an energy-monitoring system
Train the staff involved in parallel with the implementation of the EnMS
Develop individual energy evaluations and specific energy reports
Conduct internal audits and consult with management
Regularly conduct management reviews
Support the continuous improvement process
Conduct a precertification according to DIN EN ISO 50001
Gain certification by accredited certifiers.
A well-implemented and “living” EnMS will lead to further savings over time. It can reduce energy costs
by 5 percent to 20 percent, depending on the type of company and its current status in EE.
To estimate the savings potential of an EnMS, we calculated with savings of 3 percent only through a
living EnMS, shown in Table CS 1-23. So, the results can be compared with implementing a monitoring
system.
The costs for the implementation of an EnMS at ACP are difficult to predict. Too many factors play a
role. Key issues are the current status and the amount of work the company can afford by itself. For
example, if the company has already implemented an environmental-management system according to
ISO 14001, the implementation of an EnMS will be easier to realize and will be less expensive because
of similar documentation structures.
Many activities for implementing an EnMS can be handled by the company’s personnel rather than by
external consultants. However, company personnel also incur costs; if experienced external experts
work twice as efficiently, this also can be profitable.
The main costs of EnMS implementation are driven by the:
•
•
•
•
Effort involved in creating the documentation
Effort needed to conduct the EE analysis
Hardware and software for the energy controlling system
Certification.
A rough estimate for the complete cost of implementing an EnMS at ACP is €30,000–50,000 (150,000–
250,000 Saudi Ryal). For the calculation, the middle range has been used.
CS 1-40
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 1: Alsafwa Cement Plant, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 1-23: Estimated Cost Savings from Implementing an EnMS at ACP
1.4.12 Specification for the Purchase of Machinery and Equipment
The EE of new machinery and equipment should be included in the purchase decision. The differences
in the power consumption can reach up to 50 percent. Thus, less expensive equipment can be
significantly more expensive over the years than energy-efficient equipment.
Often, the fuel consumption and maintenance costs over the lifetime of a machine are significantly
higher than the machine’s cost. In general, for every purchase, more efficient alternatives should be
investigated, such as:
•
•
•
•
•
Energy-saving PCs instead of conventional desktop PCs
LED lighting instead of standard lamps, halogen lamps, or energy-saving lamps
Energy-efficient electric drives instead of pneumatic drives
Natural ventilation instead of air conditioning or electrical ventilation
Hot water heating systems with heat recovery instead of electrical heating.
1.4.13 Sensitization of Employees
Employees who work consciously with energy and pay attention to EE can significantly contribute to
savings. Employees should understand the company’s energy goals and know the contribution that each
individual can make. Employees should be motivated according to the motto, “We can achieve
something together.” Information about the current energy consumption and the progress and
successes of previous efficiency measures are important for this.
To further increase the motivation of employees on EE, they could participate in the savings. Part of the
savings could be an “energy-saving bonus,” or an event for employees (possibly CO2-neutral) could be
organized with the money.
Idea competitions in which good ideas for EE are awarded are a good way to motivate employees.
Employees should be informed about energy-efficient behavior at their workplaces. The target should
be the creation of a culture of energy-efficient behavior in the company.
Volume 2
CS 1-41
Case Study 2:
Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
CASE STUDY 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Case Study 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia:
A Traditional Middle-Class Family
Restaurant in the Riyadh City Center
2.1 Introduction
The Riyadh branch of the Al-Shurfa Restaurant is a highly regarded middle-class, traditional Saudi
service facility with approximately 400 seats in the dining rooms and 15 separate apartments for guests
(Figure CS 2-1). It offers approximately 16 hours of service per day.
Figure CS 2-1: Front View of the Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh
The restaurant has been in operation since 2005. It opened just before the publication of the new Saudi
Building Energy Code (SBC), which defined minimum standards for heating and cooling insulation and
efficient operation of new private and public construction.
The estimated cooling demand of the restaurant, in accordance with the SBC, was 4,200 cooling degree
days (CDD). To adapt the expected savings results as close as possible to international consumption
standards, the following ISO standards were followed: ISO 9000 for sound management organization,
ISO 14000 for environmental preparedness, and ISO 50001 for sound energy management. Best
available technologies (BAT) were applied for alternative energy efficiency (EE) proposals in the
monitored client facility only.
Volume 2
CS 2-1
CASE STUDY 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2.1.1
Technical Assessment
The estimate of the thermal cooling demand of the restaurant, in accordance with the SBC monitoring
procedures, used 3,800 CDDs for the specific climate demand (calculated to be approximately 9.2 MWhth annually), corresponding to an occupied building volume of the three main service floors of
approximately 11,200 m3 (Table CS 2-1).
Table CS 2-1: Basic Technical Fact Sheet and References for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh
Item
Type of restaurant
Technical size
Power consumption,
2012
Specific power
consumption
Water consumption,
2012
Specific water
consumption
HW preparation
Guests/mo
Description
Area/Volume
m2/m3
Characterization
Multi-facility restaurant
1 main building, 2 floors, massive
construction, uninsulated walls + roof
2.463
Maximum 400 seats Midsize
9,600 m2
~110 employees in 2
11,200 m3
shifts
MWh/yr
510
kWh/m2/yr
4,920
m3/yr
50
l/guest-days
Own water wells,
normal consumption
Exclusively from power
5,000 (summer) and 4,000 (winter)
76%/bed-days
Occupancy rate
~40% above mean
EU level
The described technical-economic production and consumption patterns characterize the Al-Shurfa
Restaurant as a well-positioned and active market player in the restaurant service business. It is an
energy- and water-intensive facility. The specific electric power consumption for restaurant
services has been estimated at approximately 510 kWh/m2 per year and reported specific water
consumption is approximately 0.350 m3/seat per day on average. These figures highlight those
restaurant services that have the highest specific consumption levels and would benefit the most
from EE analysis.
2.1.2
Energy Efficiency Optimization Measures
Seven pilot EE measures were analyzed, all in the electricity consumption sector. Electricity makes up
approximately 95 percent of the restaurant’s energy demand (Table CS 2-2).
The main benefits of implementing EE measures were detected in the electricity consumption sector of
the restaurant (Figure CS 2-2). An increased specific demand for cooling, ventilation, hot water (HW)
preparation, and lighting had been analyzed in previous years.
The biggest savings, with a rather short payback time, for the power factor compensation measures
could be achieved when assuming a tariff for reactive power by 50 percent from active power.
The identified savings proposals may result in a technically more efficient restaurant operation,
as well as an increase in business due to reduced service costs and increased services in the
restaurant and apartments.
To adapt the expected savings results as closely as possible to international consumption standards, the
following ISO standards were followed: ISO 9000 for sound management organization, ISO 14000 for
environmental preparedness, and ISO 50001 for sound energy management. Also, BATs were applied for
alternative EE proposals in the monitored client facility only.
CS 2-2
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 2-2: Proposed EE Measures for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh
Considered Consumption Sector electricity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exchange ICB lamps for energy-saving
LED lamps (100 ICB by 60W w LED by
10W)
AC package (9x30 kW) operation better
adapted to outside temperature and
hospital occupation
Installation of PF compensation for
achieving cosphi >0.9 (existing cosphi
assumed to be 0.76)
VSD inverter load regulation of all big
(water pump) motors, example for 8
pumping motors by 2.5 kW
Solar-thermal roof or window shading
HW collectors for sanitary HW
preparation
PV roof (and/or) wall-shading installation
with direct HVAC feeding of specification
AC units per building
Install trigeneration unit by 50 kW-el/55
kWth to replace SEC-power import and
10 electric HW boilers (2.5 kW-3l) with
usage of a new heat buffer (1000I) for
permanent HW supplies
TOTAL
EE Measure
Replace old ICBs with new
LED lamps
Physical
Savings
Cost
Savings
Payback
kWh/a
EUR/a
Years
12500
562.5
2.1
263250
11.846
1.1
353000
15.405
1.15
29000
1220
2.15
Install at min 20 m2
collectors by 2 sqm
24000
960
5.2
Install at min 40 m2 PV
panels by 1 sqm
10000
420
8.3
472500
15800
4.43
AC optimization via PLC
programming tool per main
feeder
PF compensation with
condenser unit (87,6 kVA-r)
installation at main SEC cable
feeder
VSD installations at motor
supply board
Install a pilot 50 kW-el
trigeneration and connect to
HW and AC supplies
MWh-el
1.101
Figure CS 2-2: Main Benefits of Implementing EE Proposals for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh
Volume 2
CS 2-3
CASE STUDY 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2.1.3
Energy Efficiency Assessment
In the case of the midsize Al-Shurfa Restaurant, the KICP team expects to receive technologically
comparable results from different restaurant sites at three main economic regions in Saudi Arabia and
ideas about which sectors could be best investigated for future EE proposals.
The Al-Shurfa Restaurant has 400 seats in three main guest rooms and 15 separate apartments, a
maximum of approximately 350 guest-days, and an approximately 4,800 m2 restaurant/restaurant
service area. It represents a typical small-to-medium-sized restaurant for KSA.
There are, at minimum, 50 to 60 similar restaurants (by size and business structure) in Riyadh and more
than 150 throughout the country. It is hoped that an internationally based comparative efficiency
analysis will provide a more complete picture of KSA average restaurant service standards compared
with international and regional restaurant business standards and identify which sectors could be
improved by organizational or technological efficiency proposals.
The dissemination of this assessment may have an impact in KSA via replication of the Al-Shurfa
management experience from EE investment implementation.
2.2 Business Description
The Al-Shurfa Restaurant is located in the city–region of Riyadh on Makkah Road close to the King
Khalid Library. It is a neighbor of the FIAT and car dealerships. The restaurant was founded in 2005.
Construction of the two-story restaurant (three main rooms, with a maximum of 400 seats) started in
2005, and the restaurant has been operational since 2006.
With a reported annual occupancy rate of 76 percent on average over approximately 2 years, the
restaurant runs efficiently and has a well-known reputation throughout Riyadh and KSA.
2.2.1
Al-Shurfa Restaurant Site Specifications
The restaurant covers approximately 2,250 m2 (on average, 50 x 45 qm) per floor and needs to be airconditioned to a client-regulated temperature level between 20 °C to 25 °C by means of existing one- or
two-room apartment-connected air conditioners, established at the side walls (splitting units) and on
the roof of the restaurant (AC packages) (See Figure CS 2-3).
The restaurant has a reception lobby. The main floors, kitchen, and stairways are climatized (water
cooled) via two main air chillers on top of the restaurant roof, which feeds cooled air via air blowers and
suitable water circulation at the base of the big water reserve tank in the restaurant’s ground floor (90
m3 by approximately 16 grdC).
The restaurant was constructed with a brick-filled concrete skeleton that holds the static loads of each
floor area. There seems to be suitable outside heat insulation at the outside walls fixed under the
plastic surface cover plates. No specific noise insulation was included.
The restaurant provides shade from outside walls that slope down to ground level by approximately 5
percent to 7 percent. The reported heat (sun) protection of the flat restaurant roof (outside the extra
water tank housing) seems to be of a poor insulation standard and could be easily improved using a
suitable modern mineral insulation material.
The restaurant has three main guest dinner rooms (approximately 250 m2 each) and 15 apartments
(90 m2 each) for families. Each guest dinner room and apartment is equipped with a separate power
switchboard and is supplied by a separate analogous power meter. The main feed-in points have a
digital ADDAD-2 meter in parallel, probably for Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) online metering and
power factor (PF) analysis.
CS 2-4
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 2-3: Schematic of the Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh
Each guest dinner room and apartment has a separate lavatory and is equipped with one or two air
conditioners (AC splitting units) for cooling, mainly supplied from Fuji-Thailand (1 kW fan, 4.3 kW
compressor) and installed on the flat roof of the restaurant. The air conditioners are connected to the
rooms via two main concrete pipes (riser-cable connectors) that also house water supply pipes and
electric feeding cables.
The water supply for each room and apartment has been similarly arranged using two temporary water
storage tanks on the roof, each at 4 m3 and placed inside a separate roof housing. The water is pumped
up to the roof tanks from a 50 m3 underground tank, which is supplied partly by central water pipes
from NWC Riyadh and partly by water tank trucks.
The electricity supply for each restaurant room is wired with main feeding cables through the riserconnectors. The electricity supply is based on the ground floor, where the two main grid transformers
(13.8 kV/0.4 kV, 1 MVA capacity) have been installed in a separate SS unit room to feed each room by
separate cable through a respective switchboard and an analog metering unit.
For emergency purposes, a diesel generator of 70 kVA capacity serves the main consumers (e.g.,
elevator motors, lighting, and water pumps) in case of grid supply problems to guarantee the operation
of the main water tank (300 m3) emergency pump with a 30 kW capacity for a limited time.
The restaurant has a main kitchen on each floor, which mainly uses liquid petroleum gas (LPG) in 20 kg
metal bottles. There is no on-site laundry service; all used textiles and service staff clothing are given to
an outside laundry service. This water and energy demand consumes an average of 3 l of water per
kilogram of linen and approximately 5 kWh of electricity per kilogram of linen, the (virtual) energy
demand used in this report.
Volume 2
CS 2-5
CASE STUDY 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
The Al-Shurfa Restaurant employs approximately 110 staff members. There are 93 staff members who
work in the restaurant and provide room service in two shifts. Restaurant administration makes up the
remaining 17 staff members, which is approximately 15 percent of the total staff.
The restaurant management reports an average monthly occupation rate during service hours (11:00
a.m. to 12:00 midnight) of 70 percent–80 percent for all available rooms during the past two years,
corresponding to approximately 15,000–20,000 guests per year.
The restaurant management has reported generally positive business growth during the past 3 to 4
years, with only a small impact from the international financial crisis during 2008–2009. This reflects
good marketing and the sound reputation of the restaurant’s services throughout the country.
2.2.2
Estimated Climate Impact: Temperature and Humidity
The reported annual outside temperature schedule and the humidity data have the biggest impact on
the typical cooling demand for residential and commercial buildings inside Riyadh. The usual target
temperature in KSA is 18 °C to 20 °C, whereas the SBC recommends a regional and season-dependent
target temperature above 20 °C.
As seen in Figure CS 2-4, data from Riyadh Airport, which is geographically and meteorologically
representative of the Al-Shurfa Restaurant, shows a strong correlation between the outside
temperature and the cooling demand for this type of commercial building in Riyadh, especially during
March and September.
Figure CS 2-4: Metered Temperature Band and Humidity Data from Riyadh Airport, September 2012 to
September 2013
The existing outside wall construction of the restaurant seems to be sufficient to reach and guarantee a
rather stable inside temperature of a minimum of 22 °C during autumn and winter (November through
March) without extra heating. The existing outside roof insulation seems to be insufficient in relation to
SBC requirements but could be compensated for by overestimated operation times of the existing air
chillers, especially in the lobby and floor areas.
The humidity impact is mainly during winter, when it reaches approximately 60 percent. It may be more
precisely controlled by considering the respective dew points for classic air conditioning during spring
and summer.
2.2.3
Building Construction Analysis
The construction of the Al-Shurfa Restaurant (by date of foundation) should have followed the new SBC
601 standard from 2007, but the design had been made and approved some years before this standard
was in force.
CS 2-6
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
In Table CS 2-3, a very rough model of the restaurant’s physical cooling demand has been used to
calculate a model energy demand for cooling on the basis of CDDs, using given construction figures and
estimated U values. The cooling demand for the restaurant, with 3,800 CDDs (for a target temperature
of 18 °C) in Riyadh, was likely estimated to be approximately 9.2 MWh-th annually.
Table CS 2-3: Summary of Cooling Demand for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant with 3,800 CDDs for Riyadh,
Likely Estimated to Be Approximately 9.2 MWh-th
Construction item
Concrete (frame) skeleton
Brick filling of nonstatic walls
Roof construction, flat without cooling insulation
Slow-insulated outside walls and concrete roof
construction
Windows and balcony doors
Floors and corridors, stairways per floor
Diff. group sizes for restaurant single rooms (40
qm), smaller (90 qm) + bigger apartments
Two main riser canals for cables, AC connection,
and water supplies (ca 1 m Ø)
Kitchen operation impact
Lobby reception—simple glass roof impact
Two restaurants, 180 m2
Workshop + warehouse services out of the
restaurant
2 air chiller units on roof with circulating water
pumps
35 AC units on roof, 30 kBTU
18 AC units on roof 2.6 kBTU
Transformer station with switchboard and 7 main
meters
TOTAL
Est. volume
(m3/m2)
Section cooling
demand
(kWh-th/yr)
U value
(W/m2*K)
%
2000.0 m
19600.0 m3
2,400 m2
2,100 m2
2.20
1.32
2.6
1.15
100%
100%
90%
90%
1.464
2.722
860 m2 (24%)
970 m2
3 floors,
2,200 m2
2.1
78%
0.800
2.1
78%
2.200
(base ground)
2 floors,
approximately
5 m length
140 m2
260 m2
380 m2
2.9
100%
0.500
2.3
2.8
2.1
100%
100%
50%
100%
1.100
1.000
1.400
0.500
3
20 kW
95%
Technical losses
95%
95%
100%
2.1
Summarized
restaurant
cooling demand
1.200
9.20 MWh-th/a
The model used is a simplified balancing procedure for the cooling demand resulting from the
normalized (averaged) CDD demand in temperatures and duration for the existing construction frame
without considering inner energy gains impacts. This roughly corresponds to an AC power consumption
share of approximately 58 percent, estimated from the total restaurant electricity demand by 2.4 MWhel reported for 2012. It clearly indicates high building energy losses (roof and walls) and low
performance efficiencies of the cooling units.
2.3 Occupancy Rates, Power Consumption, and Outside
Temperature Analysis
The occupancy rates, the monthly average outside temperatures, and the average monthly power and
water consumption values for Al-Shurfa Restaurant for 2012 were calculated from reported business
figures and are presented in Figure CS 2-5. The figure shows the reported relationship between the
Volume 2
CS 2-7
CASE STUDY 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
restaurant occupancy rates and the average outside temperatures as demand drivers and the reported
monthly power and water consumption as supply values for the restaurant.
Figure CS 2-5: Business Data, Outside Temperature, and Monthly Power/Water Consumption for the
Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, 2012
The reported average restaurant occupancy rate (used rooms) was 76 percent during 2012. There
seems to be no strong or clear impact of restaurant occupancy rates on the monthly power and water
demand. However, there is a strong direct correlation between the average outside temperature and
the monthly power consumption values. This means that during times of no occupation, the AC target
temperature in the restaurant rooms/apartment units could be switched off. A better option would be
to set minimum target temperatures in the rooms in relation to their daily sun-side exposure duration
through a centralized EMS system.
2.3.1
Modeling of the Electricity Demand
The modeling for the power demand is in accordance with capacity values observed during the site visit
and discussed with the maintenance department, but it could not be finished due to incomplete
information.
The reported total and specific electricity consumption of the Al-Shurfa Restaurant of 2,449 MWh/yr
(246 kWh/m2/yr) corresponds to the upper band of the international specific restaurant energy
consumption level with comparable climate conditions and occupancy rates.
From the consumption model/reporting in Table CS 2-4, the main shares for electricity consumption can
be derived (Figure CS 2-6).
Figure CS 2-6 clearly shows a dominant consumption impact for AC of approximately 58 percent from
total electricity consumed for the restaurant during 2012. Consequently, the greatest opportunity for
energy savings is in AC electricity consumption, partly through upgrading the generation capacities (COP
ratio) and partly through changed AC operation modes, depending on the outside and inside target
temperatures and on the occupation rates of the rooms and apartments in the restaurant. The internal
power distribution flows (Figure CS 2-7) also show the dominant share of the AC consumption.
CS 2-8
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 2-4: Load Modeling for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant Power Demand by Sector and Load Analysis
Consumption model of energy-electricity relevant equipment for Al-Shurfa restaurant Riyadh Year 2012
Electric Demand Sector
Electricity Consumer
Op
Op.
Annual
Max
Days/
Hours/a
Unit
Capacity Capacity Week Hours/ Cap. (Installed Consumption
Number kW/kVA 75,0% occ.-rate Day Factor
load)
kWh
AC splitting units
10
AC big package units
9
Ground floor restaurant Air chillers main restaurant
4
Exhaust fans main restaurant
2
Lighting main restaurant 150
15
m2
Water pump deep well
2
Water pumping tanks
8
Water pumping em pump
1
Ground floor kitchen
Kitchen lighting
45
Kitchen heater+steam
12
Electric cooking devices
12
Refrigerator units
10
Kitchen ventilation
10
Kitchen bakery
2
HW service boilers
5
First floor premises
Central LUD lighting
100
5 extra VIP rooms
AC fans per room unit
5
Refrigerator units
10
Electric HW boilers
5
Lamps-bulbs rooms
120
LEDs lobby + stair + floors
80
VIP+ family rooms
Extra services ACs
5
Extra kitchen services
5
Extra refrigerator units
5
Service room fans
10
Extra kitchen services
5
HW service boilers
5
Outside parking
Outside parking lighting
30
Garden/tent lighting
20
Garden tent ACs
3
Garden tent refrigerators
2
Prov. model total
Reported av. total
Year 2012
3,5
37,4
5,5
1,5
0,1
26,3
252,5
22
3
1,5
7
7
7
7
7
14
14
16
16
23
0,85
0,95
0,95
0,95
0,95
4,332
4,841
5,533
5,533
7,953
113.704,5
1.222.160,9
121.721,6
16.598,4
11.930,1
25
1,2
20
0,1
2,5
6,5
1,4
1,5
4,5
1,8
0,1
3,5
1,4
1,5
0,1
0,02
3,5
5,5
1,6
1,2
6,5
2,5
0,1
0,1
4,5
1,6
37,5
9,6
20
4,5
30
78
14
15
9
9
10
13,1
14,0
5,63
12
1,6
17,5
19,3
8
12
32,5
12,5
3
2
13,5
2,2
7
7
1
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
7
3
7
kW
kW
16
12
12
16
16
16
22
16
8
16
24
16
24
16
16
22
16
16
24
12
18
22
24
20
12
2,1
0,95
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,85
0,9
0,9
0,95
0,9
0,95
0,9
0,5
0,8
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,85
0,9
0,9
0,95
0,8
0,8
0,6
0,25
5320
3780
4536
4536
4536
4284
6237
4536
2394
4536
7182
4536
4368
3185,3
4536
7207,2
3240
3240
6426
3402
5108
7315
20160
5824
1080
7140
199.500,0
36.288,0
10.800,0
20.412,0
11.340.0
27.846,0
8.731,8
6.804,0
10.773,0
40.824,0
71.820,0
15.876,0
6.115,2
17.917,2
54.432,0
11.531,5
11.340,0
17.820,0
10.281,6
4.082,4
33.169,5
18.287,5
60.480,0
11.648,0
14.580,0
22.818,0
2.432.502
2449.474
235,5
306,9
8000
spec cons:
trafo/cable losses
total VAC
total w-pumping
total cooking+bakery
total lightning
A/C-cons.-share ~ 63%
HW preparation
refrigerators
Total cons.: 2 449 MWh
Figure CS 2-6: Power Consumption Shares for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant in Riyadh
Volume 2
CS 2-9
CS 2-10
Figure CS 2-7: Power Distribution Shares for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant in Riyadh
air conditioning
system
kitchen refrigerator
CASE STUDY 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2.4 Proposed Energy Efficiency Measures
2.4.1
•
•
•
•
•
Instruct all restaurant room service staff about the possibilities and prospects of saving energy and
water.
Draft and regularly update a small brochure for staff and guests that reports expected and achieved
energy and water savings.
Turn down or turn off AC in empty rooms or apartments.
Turn down or turn off all lights in empty conference and service rooms.
Emphasize awareness and collection of EE proposals from restaurant staff and guests.
2.4.2
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Medium-Term Measures
Exchange all original bulbs for EE savings lamps, preferably LEDs (with an approximately 70 percent
expected savings).
Exchange single-glass doors/windows for double-glass doors/windows (as has been done on the
ground floor, street side).
Replace unregulated motors with VSD-regulated motors or install suitable VSD units on existing
motors.
Explore options for suitable building energy management via a centralized temperature control for
all rooms, connected to the reception computer.
Establish suitable heat insulation on the flat roof during the next renovation phase.
Analyze the inductive load in the restaurant, control existing cos(phi) (especially if below 0.85), and
draft measures to reduce inductive restaurant load onto a cos(phi) value by approximately 0.95.
Increase the power import capacity via SEC cables and avoid future penalty payments set by the
Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority (ECRA) and requested by SEC.
2.4.3
•
Short-Term Measures
Long-Term Measures
Install a suitable CHP-MG Genset of, at minimum, 50 kW and, at maximum, 70 kW of electrical
capacity (payback 3.6–4 years).
Upgrade the CHP-Genset for absorption cooling via intelligent heat usage (HW) and absorption
cooling management for climatization of the central lobby and floor space (approximately 1300 m3
cooling space).
Upgrade the quality (specific energy consumption as investment target) of any new energyconsuming restaurant equipment such as AC splitting units, HW boilers, refrigerators, and lamps.
Explore options for suitable building energy management, via centralized temperature control in all
rooms and decreased cooling demand in unoccupied rooms, by 60 percent with potential simple
payback in 3–4 years.
2.4.4
Cost-Benefit Analysis of EE Measures
The predictable payback times for EE proposals from Group A will be between 6 months and 2.5 years.
The proposal may achieve values in 2 to 3 years for EE measures in Group B and 3 to 8 years in Group C,
depending on the restaurant’s commitment during implementation and opportunity cost for the saved
energy resources.
Extra benefits from CO2 abatement could be integrated via existing (and predicted) costs for CO2
reduction but at the moment have rather weak economic support because of international CO2 trading
market rules and an oversupply of CO2 certificates.
Volume 2
CS 2-11
CASE STUDY 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 2-5 shows the list of commonly selected and agreed-on priority EE proposals identified for the
Al-Shurfa Restaurant in Riyadh.
Table CS 2-5: EE Proposals Identified for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant in Riyadh
Consumption Sector: Electricity
1 Exchange ICB lamps with energy-saving LED
lamps: 100 ICB 60 W with LED 10 W
2 AC package (9 x 30 kW) operation better
adapted to outside temperature and
restaurant service occupation
3 Installation of PF compensation for achieving
cos(phi) >0,9 (existing cos[phi] assumed to be
0.76)
4
5
6
7
EE Measure
Replace old ICBs with
new LED lamps
AC optimization via
specific PLC programming
tool per main feeder
PF compensation with
condenser unit (87.6
kVA-r) installation at
main SEC cable feeder
VSD inverter load regulation of all big (water
VSD installations at
pump) motors; example for 8 pumping motors motor supply board
by 2.5 kW
Solar-thermal roof or window shading HW
Install, at minimum,
collectors for sanitary HW preparation
20 m2 collectors by 2 m2
PV roof (and/or) wall-shading installation with install, at minimum,
direct HVAC feeding of spec AC units per
40 m2 PV panels by 1 m2
building
Install a co-generation unit of 50 kW-el/55 kW- Install a 50 kW-el Trith to replace SEC power import and 10 electric generation unit and
HW boilers (2.5 kW-el) with use of a new heat connect to HW and AC
buffer (1,000 l) for permanent HW supply
supplies
TOTAL
MWh-el
Physical
Savings
Cost
Savings
Expected
Payback
kWh/yr
EUR
Years
12,200
512
0.9
122,200
3.888
3.1
149,000+
680,000
7.960
1.15
29,000
1,220
2.15
24,000
960
5.2
10,000
420
8.3
225 +
175
MWh-el
9,450
+
6,350
4.4
1.12
2.5 EE Legislation and Health and Safety Policy Issues
The following institutional regulations were identified as potentially having an impact on a planned EE
investment or refurbishment for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant (as a pilot example for KSA), as well as having
institutional and management consequences on an expansion of similar EE refurbishments:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Construction licensing (by MoH) needed for construction of new houses or significant extension into
existing building frames; checking of sufficient SBC climate insulation standards
SEC regulation on installation and operation of own power Gensets (for emergency cases) in
production facilities
ECRA regulation of PF determination and respective SEC compensation inquiries resulting from
client size and specific load situation
Saudi Standard Organization regulation of specific energy consumption and certified determination
of commercial EE labels for new energy equipment
KSA emission control regulations for flue-gas monitoring, water handling, and waste management
for the Al-Shurfa Restaurant
Acceptance of EU ISO 14000 and ISO 50001 certificates with respect to international EMS targets
and for respective health and safety norms.
CS 2-12
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 2: Al-Shurfa Restaurant, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2.6 Impact Analysis on the Country’s Economy
The following analyses of economic sectors in KSA are considered suitable for the promotion of the next
EE interest and dissemination of successful experiences:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Analysis of existing midsize family restaurants in KSA with reference to city regions with similar
energy and water demand and supply structures
Definition of EE proposals by comparison of existing specific sector demand with international
benchmarks
Filing a list of the most suitable EE investments analyzed from the typical pilot restaurant clients
Collection of information (listings) of existing or planned medical centers of healthcare units to be
contacted for dissemination of EE results achieved by KICP-2013
Employment issues seen in restaurant market development in KSA
Demand for secondary legislation to support EE and RE markets in KSA.
A provisional list of approximately 50 midsize restaurants similar to the Al-Shurfa pilot restaurant has
been analyzed regionally along with approximately 150 comparable restaurants for the total KSA
market.
The achievable savings could be approximately 40–50 GWh-el for the regional level and approximately
150 GWh-el on the national KSA level when taking the existing pilot annual electricity demand by
approximately 2.5 MWh as a sizing demand benchmark.
These EE potentials should create a basis for starting operational work on external EE service facilities,
such as energy service companies operating successfully in the European Union, in CEE states, and in
U.S. cities (e.g., New York City).
To assist in a sound implementation and monitoring of the identified EE measures, it is recommended
that energy managers be established by law or specific regulation in those private companies and public
utilities that have a power consumption above 10 MWh annually (at minimum). This means that when
existing fuel prices are increased for any reason, the consumption tariffs will have to be adapted
through the national tariff regulation accordingly.
As a final consideration, a correlation list of needed EE equipment for implementation of the proposed
EE measures in the monitored restaurant and restaurant service sector group against a similar list of
management improvements or technical energy efficiency service equipment could be created.
Volume 2
CS 2-13
Case Study 3:
Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
3.1 Introduction
In the case of the Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, the GIZ project team expects to receive technologically
comparable results from similar selected medium-size hotel sites in three different key economic
regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) (east, west, center); these results may generate replicable
proposals regarding which sectors could be best investigated for future Energy Efficiency (EE) proposals
in KSA's regions and which EE equipment could be recommended for further EE promotion.
An internationally based comparative efficiency analysis will give the team a more comprehensive
figure as to where the average KSA hotel service standard stands compared with international and
regional hotel businesses.
This energy audit provides a first assessment for EE of the Enmar Hotel. The objective is to identify the
areas and technical devices in which savings are suspected or already present.
A very detailed review of technical details is not possible within this audit. For that purpose, we would
need to contact specialist companies (e.g., the maintenance company of the air conditioning [AC] units),
and we would require extensive documentation. However, for analysis of the essential savings potential
for the Enmar Hotel, this energy audit is sufficient.
As energy costs of the Enmar Hotel are largely determined by the cost of electricity, the focus of this
energy audit is on the potential savings in this area.
During several on-site inspections, the main technical installations were inspected and analyzed (as far
as access to them was granted), and their operations were analyzed along with several documents
provided by Enmar Hotel management.
3.2 Enmar Hotel Business
When comparing energy consumption of international hotels, energy performance indicators (EPI) can
be very different. In international comparisons, energy consumption, according to various studies,
ranges from 200 to 600 kWh/m². The location of the hotel has less influence than the construction type,
the year built, and the type of guests.
The Jeddah branch of Enmar Hotel represents a well-presented mid-class, four-star service facility of
about 154 single rooms and 19 apartments for accommodating guests. It has two restaurants and
continuously provides services for about 18,000 guests annually, including medium-size business
trainings, workshops, and conferences.
The hotel has been in operation since 2008, after the new Saudi Building Energy Code (SBC) was
published and introduced. This code defines minimum standards for heat and cooling insulation and
efficient operation of new private and public construction. Because of the absence of secondary
legislation, there were no obligations for the investor to fully follow this standard.
The estimated cooling demand of the hotel was in accordance with a detailed consumption model of
around 4,168 MWh-th/a.
To adapt the expected savings results as closely as possible to international consumption standards, the
following ISO standards were respected: ISO 9001 for sound management organization, ISO 14001 for
environmental preparedness, and ISO 50001 for sound energy management. Best available technology
was also applied to alternative EE proposals in the monitored client facility.
Volume 2
CS 3-1
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
3.2.1
Proposed Energy Efficiency Measures
Table CS 3-1 provides an overview of potential savings.
Table CS 3-1:
Proposed EE
improvementmeasure in sector
El. power
consumption
El. power
consumption
El. power
consumption
El. power
consumption*
El. power
consumption
El. power
consumption
El. power
consumption
[kVArh/a]
Sum
Sum
Overview of Potential Savings
Consumption
Consumption
with EE
Potential
in baseline improvemen savings
situation
t project
(physical)
Description of EE
measures for/cost est.
[kWh/a]
[kWh/a]
[kWh/a]
Absorption chillers for
air chiller replacement
Electric boiler
replacement
LED Technology instead
of Halogen lights
Implementation of an
EnMS
Increase the target
temperature by 1 °C
VSD for large drives
Reduction of reactive
power
Potential
savings
(Cost)
[SR/a]
Expected
payback
[a]
4,168,021
344,731 3,823,291
988,321 5.9535336
647,281
647,281
167,322 2.9882481
19,790 7.4153027
86,566
10,008
76,558
5,786,271
5,496,958
289,314
74,788
3.341089
4,168,021
3,876,260
291,761
75,420
0.013259
5,786,271
5,688,003
98,268
25,402 1.8207038
4,948,023
2,802,484 2,145,539
5,226,472
1,045,294
184,874 2.7045454
1,351,043
SR
270,209
EUR
* Assumption is 5 percent savings and includes additional water savings for payback calculation
The measure for air chiller replacement covers the whole air-conditioned part of the hotel. Figure CS
3-1 illustrates the results for better comparison.
Figure CS 3-1:
Saving Potentials in SR
However, savings are only one side of the equation; investment costs and payback time also need to be
considered. In particular, the complexity of implementation plays an important role. To illustrate this,
Figure CS 3-2 shows the impact of savings and complexity of implementation.
EE measures with short payback time and low complexity are of the most interest. For measures with a
short- to mid-term payback time and higher complexity, a detailed analysis is recommended.
CS 3-2
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The indicated savings often cannot be simply calculated because conflicting factors influence the value.
For example, a reduced operating time of lighting reduces the overall savings because it requires more
frequent replacement of the lamps. (The details of the savings potential follow in Section 3.2.3.)
Considering the age of the hotel, it can be estimated that the elevator drives are already efficient.
Without detailed information, it must be estimated that the implementation of an absorption chiller
system and the electric boiler replacement are too complex for the existing infrastructure. This
conservative approach for this infrastructure does not mean that these measures should not be
considered in other projects; these technologies have a comparatively short payback time in
combination with waste heat. In the end, it is recommended to implement LED and an energy
management system (EnMS) and to increase the target temperature where feasible. All implementable
measures, in sum, lead to a realistic savings potential of 11.4 percent for the hotel, as Table CS 3-2
shows.
Figure CS 3-2:
Short-Term and Long-Term Measures, Savings, and Complexity of Implementation
Table CS 3-2:
Savings Potential
Consumption in
baseline situation
[MWh/a]
All the considered measures
(excluding power factor)
Implementable measures
(LED, EnMS, incr. target temperature)
Potential
savings
(physical)
[MWh/a]
Potential
savings
[%]
5,786.27
5,226.47
90.3%
5,786.27
657.63
11.4%
In general, it must be noted that most of the data have been acquired via interview by phone and on a
short on-site visit to the Enmar Hotel. Further information was not available. The Enmar Hotel is one the
largest clients of at a Mall in Jeddah, KSA. Thus, after signing an NDA with at a Mall in Jeddah, KSA, it
was possible to obtain digital data directly from the mall. No photos were allowed inside the Enmar
Hotel. In this report, pictures from a Mall in Jeddah, KSA are used to enable concept illustration and are
comparable to existing technology at the Enmar Hotel.
Volume 2
CS 3-3
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
3.2.1.1
Short-Term Measures
The internal temperature of the hotel should be checked in all zones. In some areas, the temperature is
quite cold. From a European point of view, temperatures could be slightly increased in most areas.
Reducing reactive power is the next important measure to implement. A possibility to save cooling
power is to control the inside temperature in accordance with the outside temperature. If the outside
temperature is very hot, the inside temperature can be set higher because the perceived temperature
difference is still high.
Teaching all hotel room service staff about the benefits of saving energy and water raises awareness of
energy-related issues. Regularly sending a small company leaflet reporting expected and achieved
energy and water savings to staff and guests increases conservation awareness and is helpful in
conveying a positive image. EE proposals from staff and guests should be considered.
All unused AC units in empty rooms or apartments should be switched down or off. The same is
recommended for all unused lights in empty rooms, including conference and service rooms.
All larger drives should be investigated to determine whether an upgrade with frequency converters
(variable speed drive [VSD]) is possible and economical (e.g., existing pump and elevator motors). The
lack of detailed information and inability to undertake further investigation meant only assumptions
could be made regarding existing engines. These measures should be considered in future hotel
projects.
According to ISO 50001, an EnMS for main power and gas feeders is a first step for introducing an
integrated EnMS into the existing standards for the environment (ISO 14000 and ISO 9000). It has not
been confirmed what kind of building management system or monitoring system is already present.
This should be investigated in the future.
3.2.1.2
Mid-Term Measures
The energy monitoring system recommended under short-term measures should be a part of an EnMS
(the estimated payback is approximately three years and four months) with additional consumers and
units to increase the transparency of consumption further and ensure EE progress every year.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The building automation system should also be adapted and expanded along with the energy
monitoring system. For example, ensure that a demand-oriented and energy-efficient control of
cooling and lighting is part of the building automation system and centralize the system for
responsible staff.
Further savings can be achieved with intelligent lighting that controls dimming according to
individual demand in several zones. Exchange all original electric bulbs for EE lamps, preferably LED
(more than 80 percent expected real savings; see Section 3.2.3.2).
An energy-saving concept should be developed with all involved parties (e.g., contractor, mall,
clients) to clarify how everyone can benefit from the energy savings and ensure that they are all
motivated to achieve these savings.
The purchase of electricity required by the utility (in addition to the electricity produced by
generators) should be minimized. This minimization can be achieved by a peak-load management
system, which limits the peak loads by intelligently shifting consumption.
The replacement of existing single-glass doors and windows with double-glass ones (as done for the
ground floor, street side) provides better insulation, decreasing the cooling load.
Suitable heat insulation should be established on the flat roof during the next rehabilitation phase.
Inductive load in the hotel should be analyzed. Control existing cos(phi), especially if it is below
0.85, and draft measures to reduce the inductive hotel load to a cos(phi) value by about 0.95. By
such measures, import capacity via Saudi Electric Company (SEC) cables would increase, thus
reducing losses and avoiding future penalty payments to SEC.
CS 3-4
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
•
Replacing the centralized hot water (HW) generation with waste heat usage would be a further step
to decreasing electrical power demand for the hotel.
3.2.1.3
Long-Term Measures
Long-term EE measures involved installation of suitable hotel building energy management, including
cooling and ventilation demand, lighting, and HW supplies for all 190 rooms and apartments. The
energy monitoring system should be extended to all major consumers and all units. Outdoor lighting
should also be converted to LED lamps.
For building surfaces that are exposed directly to sunlight, a passive shading system could be
economical. On the southern walls and roof surfaces particularly, the heat load can be reduced with
shading systems (passive and active). Long term, it might also be economical to increase the roof
insulation.
Upgrading one of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA Gen-sets (gate 4 site) for absorption cooling via intelligent and
efficient air ventilation, fuel and heat usage for AC, and HW supplies in all hotel rooms/apartments and
for the kitchen area via specific heat exchangers and chillers will enable a centralized ventilation,
heating, and AC regimen to be implemented for all central HW supplies and for the main lobby and
floor space (around 1,100 m³). All major operation-intensive engines should be replaced with EE ones.
3.2.1.4
Cost and Benefit Analysis of EE Measures
The predictable payback times for EE proposals will range from less than 1 month to 2.5 years; values
may be achieved in 2 to 4 years for EE measures from Section 3.1.1 and 5 to 8 years for EE measures
from Section 3.1.3, depending on internal hotel commitment during implementation (see Figure CS
3-2).
Extra benefits from CO2 abatement (e.g., Clean Development Mechanism certificates) could be
integrated via existing and predicted costs for CO2 reduction, but at the moment, they deliver rather
weak economic support because of international CO2 trading rules.
3.2.1.5
Health and Safety Policy
To support any EE construction, the following legal requirements would have to be respected:
•
•
•
Saudi Standard Organization—EE consumption standards for normative new electric equipment
such as lamps, room refrigerators, AC units, and kitchen processing equipment with the highest star
level are recommended
SBC—The Saudi Building Energy Code from 2007
International HSR certificates existing at Enmar Hotel, Jeddah:
− ISO 9001, existing certificate
− ISO 14001, under development since 2010.
Volume 2
CS 3-5
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
3.2.2
3.2.2.1
Existing Status
Fact Sheet for Enmar Hotel
Name of customer:
Address:
Occupied construction ground square and service space:
Number of floors:
Occupied floor squares (all floors):
Number of single rooms:
Number of family (double-room) apartments:
Maximum number of beds:
Sport gym service area:
Restaurant area:
Wedding rooms:
Office space on ground floor:
Electricity consumption in 2012:
Enmar Hotel (part of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA)
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2,300 m²
7
10,225 m²
154 × 24 m²
19 × 56 m²
340
1 × 600 m²
2 × 700 m²
2 x 900 m²
5 x 250 m²
5.79 GWh (316 kWh/m²)
Business Description
This section details a technical introduction on the existing hotel business as well as a general business
description, KICP-2013 background, site inspection notes, business and consumption data received, and
EE proposals recorded for the Enmar Hotel, Jeddah.
The Enmar Hotel is located in the northwest region of Jeddah city, close to the King Abdulaziz
International Airport and in the direct neighborhood of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA business area. The hotel
company was legally established as a business partner of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA Jeddah Corporation in
2006; the construction of the hotel started in 2007 and was finished in mid-2008. The architecture is a
half-circle frame intended for businessmen, private clients, and family tourists. With a reported average
occupancy rate of 65 percent annually, recorded over a 4-year period, the hotel appears to be operating
efficiently, is a well-established business, and has a good quality of service reputation within the region
and KSA overall.
Hotel Location and Specification
The hotel covers about 2,300 m² square ground (on average 90 × 25 qm) per floor. This area needs to be
air conditioned to a client-regulated target temperature of between 20 °C and 25 °C by means of
existing one- or two-room/apartment-connected ACs, housed on the roof of the hotel.
The hotel reception lobby, main floors, and staircases are conditioned via two main water-cooled air
chillers on top of the hotel roof that feed cooled air via air blowers and suitable water circulation to the
base of the big water reserve tank in the hotel ground floor (100 m³ to around 16 °C)
The hotel was constructed with a brick-filled concrete skeleton that takes the static loads of each floor
area. There appears to be suitable heat insulation on the outside walls below the plastic Enmar Hotel
cover, but no specific noise insulation has been installed specifically for the hotel floor construction.
There is a specific shading effect from the outside walls sloping to ground level by about 5 to 7 percent.
The reported heat and sun protection of the flat hotel roof (outside the extra water tank housing)
seems to be of a poor insulation standard and could be improved easily during any further
rehabilitation via a suitable modern mineral insulation material.
As previously mentioned, the hotel covers about 2,300 m² and comprises 154 single rooms
(approximately 24 m² each) and about 19 apartments (approximately 56 m² each) intended for business
traveler and family purposes (see Figure CS 3-3). Each room and apartment is equipped with a separate
switchboard and is supplied by a separate analogous power meter.
CS 3-6
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Each room or apartment is equipped with one to two AC units for cooling purposes, mainly supplied
from Fuji-Thailand (1 kW fan, 4.5 kW compressor) and installed on the flat roof of the hotel. The units
are jointly connected to the rooms via two main concrete pipes (riser-cable connectors) along with the
water supply pipes and electric feeding cables.
The water supply of each room/apartment has been arranged by the same principle, using two
temporary water storage tanks on the roof, each tank by two units, 4 m³ inside a separate roof housing.
The water is pumped to the roof tanks from a central 50 m³ underground tank, which is supplied partly
by central water pipes from Nation Saudi Water Company in Jeddah and partly by water tank trucks.
Hot water is produced by electricity and centralized for all consumers.
The electricity supply for each hotel room has been wired with main feeding cables through the riser
connectors and starts from the ground floor, where the two main supply cables (0.4 kV, 2 × 1.5 MVA
capacity) have been installed in a separate SS unit room. This room feeds each corridor group with a
separate feeder cable through a respective switchboard and a digital metering unit.
For emergency purposes, a diesel generator of 60 kVA capacity serves the main consumers (e.g.,
elevator motors, lighting, water pumps) in case of grid supply problems. This generator guarantees the
operation of the main water tank’s (300 m³) emergency pump by 20 kW capacity, but only for a limited
time.
The hotel kitchen is operated with liquid petroleum gas (LPG) using a 10 m³ LPG tank outside the hotel
building. There is no laundry service in operation, and all used bed linen and service staff clothing is
reportedly given to an external laundry service.
Figure CS 3-3:
Volume 2
Basic Ground Scheme of the Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Provided by Management
CS 3-7
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The hotel employs about 115 staff, 97 people for restaurant/hotel and room services on two regular
shifts and 18 people who work in hotel administration and represent about 15 percent of personnel.
Hotel management has reported an occupation rate for the Enmar Hotel of 70 to 80 percent monthly
for all available rooms during the past 2 years. This number corresponds to about 15,000 to 20,000
guests per year. A remarkable decline in power demand appeared during Ramadan in August 2012.
Hotel management has reported a generally positive business development during the past 3 to 4 years,
with only a small impact from the international financial crisis during 2008 and 2009. This value reflects
rather good marketing activity and a sound client reputation for general hotel services throughout the
country and the region.
3.2.2.2
Energy Supply and Consumption
Occupancy Rates, Power Consumption, Water Consumption, and Outside Temperature
Analysis
Figure CS 3-4 presents a clear relationship between the monthly hotel power demand and the outside
temperature dynamics according to the monthly occupation rate reported for the Enmar Hotel during
2012. There seems to be a strong impact from the outside temperature on the hotel power demand,
probably because of the associated AC demand. However, no direct correlation exists between the
occupancy rate and monthly power consumption at the Enmar Hotel in 2012. Water consumption is
correlated with the occupancy rate and outside temperature. There is a proportional behavior to
observe (e.g., from June to October) but not overall (see March). This behavior suggests that there must
be other influences on the data, but the lack of information hindered further investigation of this point.
Figure CS 3-4: Monthly Relative Outside Temperature, Occupancy Rate, Power Consumption, and
Water Consumption at Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, for the Year 2012; Consumption Data from a Mall in Jeddah, KSA
Reporting and from a Respective Mall in Jeddah, KSA Staff Interviews
CS 3-8
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Modeling Electricity Demand at Enmar Hotel, Jeddah
Power demand modeling has been drafted in accordance with capacity values seen during the site visit
and discussed with hotel management provisionally. However, modeling could not be finished because
of the absence of expected comments from the maintenance department on potentially missing
consumer and respective consumption dynamics.
The model has been applied to the real consumption data (5,786,271.44 kWh) of Enmar Hotel according
to the consumption list provided by a Mall in Jeddah, KSA.
The reported specific electricity consumption of the Enmar Hotel of 348 kWh/m²a (by provided data
with 316 kWh/m² validated) corresponds to the upper band of specific international hotel energy
consumption levels with comparable climate conditions and occupancy rates.
Table CS 3-3:
Result of Modeling for Enmar Hotel Power Demand by Sector and Time-Load
Analysis, Sorted by Percentage
Electric consumers
Air conditioning
Air conditioning pack
Electric boiler
Transformer cable (1 out of 2)
Air chillers lobby
Water pumping
Extra services conf
Extra services ACs
Service pumps
2/3 elevator motors
Emergency water pump
HW service boilers
Central Halogen lighting
Service rooms
AC fans per unit 2/3
Outside parking lights
Garden tent ACs
Refrigerator
Kitchen ventilation
Garden lighting
Kitchen lighting
Lamps bulb rooms
Halogen lights
Realistic
Part of
consumption based
consumption on invoice [kWh]
36.92%
26.27%
11.19%
5.55%
4.64%
3.07%
1.98%
1.75%
1.42%
1.23%
1.07%
1.05%
0.84%
0.78%
0.48%
0.44%
0.38%
0.38%
0.36%
0.15%
0.06%
0.00%
0.00%
Provided model total [kWh]
Reported av. Total (year 2012)[kWh]
Real consumption data [kWh]
Volume 2
2,136,334.29
1,519,921.63
647,280.91
320,935.83
268,700.43
177,768.61
114,279.82
101,015.20
82,281.47
71,310.61
61,711.10
60,949.24
48,854.62
44,997.68
27,770.00
25,712.96
22,039.68
21,838.87
20,570.37
8,570.99
3,291.26
102.85
33.01
Cost [SR] (0,25858
SR/kWh)
Cost [€]
552,413.32
393,021.33
167,373.90
82,987.59
69,480.56
45,967.41
29,550.48
26,120.51
21,276.34
18,439.50
15,957.26
15,760.25
12,632.83
11,635.50
7,180.77
6,648.86
5,699.02
5,647.10
5,319.09
2,216.29
851.05
26.60
8.54
110,482.66
78,604.27
33,474.78
16,597.52
13,896.11
9,193.48
5,910.10
5,224.10
4,255.27
3,687.90
3,191.45
3,152.05
2,526.57
2,327.10
1,436.15
1,329.77
1,139.80
1,129.42
1,063.82
443.26
170.21
5.32
1.71
6,379,693.20
6,682,200.00
5,786,271.44
CS 3-9
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Electrical Supply
The transformer capacity of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA is 3 × 12 MVA (36 MVA). It transforms the voltage
from 13.8 to 0.4 kV.
In 2013, 18 new 1 MW generators for an independent power supply were installed. The generators
should cover more than 95 percent of electrical consumption. The maximum peak is about 20 MW.
Electrical consumption of the Enmar Hotel has been about 8 percent of the total demand in 2012.
Figure CS 3-5 shows the main feeder for the hotel.
Figure CS 3-5:
Enmar Hotel Main Feeder
Currently, a Mall in Jeddah, KSA is not able to obtain detailed load curves from the generators, but
hourly values are available. Meter and software implementations for acquiring load curves are in
progress. Figure CS 3-6 shows the running times of the generators over a period of 13 days (more
details can be read in a Mall in Jeddah, KSA Case Study 5).
CS 3-10
Volume 2
Figure CS 3-6:
Power Generation a Mall in Jeddah, KSA (Hourly Values)
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Volume 2
CS 3-11
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Existing Meters and Database
As mentioned in the previous section, the Enmar Hotel power distribution, located under the roof of the
hotel, comes from a Mall in Jeddah, KSA. The meters installed there have a read-out connection, but
there was no agreement by the owner for access to that connection. Thus, all data could be received
only via a Mall in Jeddah, KSA (more details can be read in a Mall in Jeddah, KSA Case Study 5).
Energy Consumption
For the calculations in this report, 2012 energy consumption values for Enmar Hotel were considered.
However, consumption will increase in future years and has deviated from previous consumption data
of 2010 and 2011. In general, consumption depends on the number of visitors and the rising number of
clients for a Mall in Jeddah, KSA. The possibility for more guests is made apparent by this fact: In 2012,
about 12 million visitors came to a Mall in Jeddah, KSA, or about 1 million per month. In 2014, possibly
14 million visitors will come.
Consumption values provided in Table CS 3-5, Table CS 3-6, and Table CS 3-7 regarding the Enmar Hotel
have been considered, and calculations are based on the price table shown in Table CS 3-4.
Table CS 3-4:
Official Prices for Electrical Energy
Price calculation in Saudi Ryal
0 - 4000 kWh
4000 - 8000 kWh
> 8000 kWh
0.18 SR/kWh
0.20 SR/kWh
0.26 SR/kWh
Furthermore, the following pages give an overview of the structure of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA concept
and the implementations at the Enmar Hotel itself. According to a Mall in Jeddah, KSA report, the
distribution of consumption leads to the following Sankey diagrams and includes the Enmar Hotel,
which represents 8 percent of the total electricity consumption of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA.
CS 3-12
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 3-5:
Month
debit total
contains 4.000 kWh a 0,18 SR
contains 4.000 kWh a 0,20 SR
remaining cost
price/kWh for remaining
consumption
kWh for remaining cost
total kWh
January
2010
February
2010
27,884 SR
720 SR
800 SR
26,364 SR
0.26 SR
44,571 SR
720 SR
800 SR
43,051 SR
0.26 SR
March
2010
April
2010
May
2010
71,476 SR
720 SR
800 SR
69,956 SR
0.26 SR
70,848 SR
720 SR
800 SR
69,328 SR
0.26 SR
77,932 SR
720 SR
800 SR
76,412 SR
0.26 SR
debit total
contains 4.000 kWh a 0,18 SR
contains 4.000 kWh a 0,20 SR
remaining cost
price/kWh for remaining
consumption
kWh for remaining cost
total kWh
January
2011
February
2011
93,360 SR
720 SR
800 SR
91,840 SR
0.26 SR
121,529 SR
720 SR
800 SR
120,009 SR
0.26 SR
July
2010
153,055 SR
720 SR
800 SR
151,535 SR
0.26 SR
August
2010
133,707 SR
720 SR
800 SR
132,187 SR
0.26 SR
September
2010
115,636 SR
720 SR
800 SR
114,116 SR
0.26 SR
October
2010
117,038 SR
720 SR
800 SR
115,518 SR
0.26 SR
November
2010
88,345 SR
720 SR
800 SR
86,825 SR
0.26 SR
December
2010
76,342 SR
720 SR
800 SR
74,822 SR
0.26 SR
Total 2010
1,098,363 SR
8,640 SR
9,600 SR
1,080,123 SR
91,530 SR
720 SR
800 SR
90,010 SR
0.26 SR
76,003 SR
720 SR
800 SR
74,483 SR
0.26 SR
March
2011
April
2011
79,915 SR
720 SR
800 SR
78,395 SR
0.26 SR
80,937 SR
720 SR
800 SR
79,417 SR
0.26 SR
Electricity Consumption and Cost of Enmar Hotel in 2011
May
2011
101,989 SR
720 SR
800 SR
100,469 SR
0.26 SR
June
2011
120,198 SR
720 SR
800 SR
118,678 SR
0.26 SR
July
2011
147,799 SR
720 SR
800 SR
146,279 SR
0.26 SR
August
2011
155,781 SR
720 SR
800 SR
154,261 SR
0.26 SR
September
2011
120,639 SR
720 SR
800 SR
119,119 SR
0.26 SR
October
2011
112,645 SR
720 SR
800 SR
111,125 SR
0.26 SR
November
2011
119,479 SR
720 SR
800 SR
117,959 SR
0.26 SR
December
2011
120,680 SR
720 SR
800 SR
119,160 SR
0.26 SR
Total 2011
1,329,425 SR
8,640 SR
9,600 SR
1,311,185 SR
Average 2011
110,785 SR
720 SR
800 SR
109,265 SR
0.26 SR
January
2012
Electricity Consumption and Cost of Enmar Hotel in 2012, and a Whole Mall in Jeddah, KSA for Comparison
February
2012
March
2012
April
2012
May
2012
June
2012
July
2012
August
2012
September
2012
October
2012
November
2012
December
2012
Total 2012
Note: The Islamic calendar differs in the length of the months and the total length of the year from the European calendar. To make the consumption of each month comparable, all months were normalized to 30 days
Debit for Islamic month
105,879.00 91,735.00 SR 109,894.00 113,452.00 132,637.00 137,794.00 147,781.00 145,491.00 139,311.00 SR 135,545.00 113,876.00 SR 105,542.00 1,478,937.00
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
Contains 4,000 kWh a 0.18 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
8,640.00 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh a 0.20 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
9,600.00 SR
Remaining cost
104,359.00 90,215.00 SR 108,374.00 111,932.00 131,117.00 136,274.00 146,261.00 143,971.00 137,791.00 SR 134,025.00 112,356.00 SR 104,022.00 1,460,697.00
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
Price/kWh for remaining
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
consumption
kWh for remaining cost
401,381 kWh 346,981 kWh 416,823 kWh 430,508 kWh 504,296 kWh 524,131 kWh 562,542 kWh 553,735 kWh 529,965 kWh 515,481 kWh 432,138 kWh 400,085 kWh 5,618,065 kWh
Total kWh
409,381 kWh 354,981 kWh 424,823 kWh 438,508 kWh 512,296 kWh 532,131 kWh 570,542 kWh 561,735 kWh 537,965 kWh 523,481 kWh 440,138 kWh 408,085 kWh 5,714,065 kWh
Average price per kWh
0.2586 SR
0.2584 SR
0.2587 SR
0.2587 SR
0.2589 SR
0.2589 SR
0.2590 SR
0.2590 SR
0.2590 SR
0.2589 SR
0.2587 SR
0.2586 SR
Days considered in the debit (see
29
29
33
28
32
29
31
29
29
29
29
29
356
below)
Normalized days for comparison
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
360
Consumption with normalized
423,497 kWh 367,221 kWh 386,203 kWh 469,830 kWh 480,278 kWh 550,480 kWh 552,138 kWh 581,105 kWh 556,516 kWh 541,532 kWh 455,316 kWh 422,156 kWh 5,786,271 kWh
days
Volume 2
Average 2010
353,231 kWh 286,473 kWh 301,519 kWh 305,450 kWh 386,419 kWh 456,454 kWh 562,612 kWh 593,312 kWh 458,150 kWh 427,404 kWh 453,688 kWh 458,308 kWh 5,043,019 kWh 420,252 kWh
361,231 kWh 294,473 kWh 309,519 kWh 313,450 kWh 394,419 kWh 464,454 kWh 570,612 kWh 601,312 kWh 466,150 kWh 435,404 kWh 461,688 kWh 466,308 kWh 5,139,019 kWh 428,252 kWh
Table CS 3-7:
Month
June
2010
101,400 kWh 165,581 kWh 269,062 kWh 266,646 kWh 293,892 kWh 461,573 kWh 582,827 kWh 508,412 kWh 438,908 kWh 444,300 kWh 333,942 kWh 287,777 kWh 4,154,319 kWh 346,193 kWh
109,400 kWh 173,581 kWh 277,062 kWh 274,646 kWh 301,892 kWh 469,573 kWh 590,827 kWh 516,412 kWh 446,908 kWh 452,300 kWh 341,942 kWh 295,777 kWh 4,250,319 kWh 354,193 kWh
Table CS 3-6:
Month
Electricity Consumption and Cost of Enmar Hotel in 2010
Average 2012
123,244.75
SR
720.00 SR
800.00 SR
121,724.75
SR
0.26 SR
468,172 kWh
476,172 kWh
0.2588 SR
29.66666667
30
482,189 kWh
CS 3-13
Figure CS 3-7:
Energy Balance of the Year 2012 for a Mall in Jeddah, KSA and the Distribution of about 8 Percent to the Enmar Hotel
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CS 3-14
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Based on the following consumption model and resulting energy use, distribution inside the Enmar Hotel can be visualized for electric power consumption
(see Table CS 3-8). It shows that the main consumers are connected to the AC system. They represent more than 70 percent of the total consumption. Thus,
they hold the main potential for EE measures to be investigated.
Table CS 3-8:
Electric consumers
Unit number
Capacity
kW/kVA
Air conditioning
Air conditioning pack
Electric boiler
Transformer cable (1 out of 2)
Air chillers lobby
Water pumping
Extra services conf
Extra services ACs
Service pumps
2/3 elevator motors
Emergency water pump
HW service boilers
Central Halogen lighting
Service rooms
AC fans per unit 2/3
Outside parking lights
Garden tent ACs
Refrigerator
Kitchen ventilation
Garden lighting
Kitchen lighting
Lamps bulb rooms
Halogen lights
1
28
1
1
3
2
30
5
10
3
1
5
150
35
2
20
3
156
10
25
20
624
167
385
9
177
1500
15
20
40
27.5
20
22.5
30
10
7.5
17.5
9
10
15
0.07
5
2.5
0.8
0.025
0.05
Enmar Hotel Consumption Model 2012, Sorted by Percentage
Single demand
correction after
interview [kW]
1.33
5.50
2.00
7.50
2.00
0.05
0.50
4.50
0.50
5.00
0.50
0.10
0.04
Part of
consumption
36.92%
26.27%
11.19%
5.55%
4.64%
3.07%
1.98%
1.75%
1.42%
1.23%
1.07%
1.05%
0.84%
0.78%
0.48%
0.44%
0.38%
0.38%
0.36%
0.15%
0.06%
0.00%
0.00%
Realistic
consumption based
on invoice [kWh]
Cost [SR] (0,25858
SR/kWh)
Cost [€]
2,136,334.29
1,519,921.63
647,280.91
320,935.83
268,700.43
177,768.61
114,279.82
101,015.20
82,281.47
71,310.61
61,711.10
60,949.24
48,854.62
44,997.68
27,770.00
25,712.96
22,039.68
21,838.87
20,570.37
8,570.99
3,291.26
102.85
33.01
552,413.32
393,021.33
167,373.90
82,987.59
69,480.56
45,967.41
29,550.48
26,120.51
21,276.34
18,439.50
15,957.26
15,760.25
12,632.83
11,635.50
7,180.77
6,648.86
5,699.02
5,647.10
5,319.09
2,216.29
851.05
26.60
8.54
110,482.66
78,604.27
33,474.78
16,597.52
13,896.11
9,193.48
5,910.10
5,224.10
4,255.27
3,687.90
3,191.45
3,152.05
2,526.57
2,327.10
1,436.15
1,329.77
1,139.80
1,129.42
1,063.82
443.26
170.21
5.32
1.71
Real consumption data [kWh]
Volume 2
CS 3-15
Figure CS 3-8:
Electrical Consumption in Percentage for 2012 for Enmar Hotel
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CS 3-16
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 3-9:
Monthly Electricity Consumption of Enmar Hotel in 2012, Starting September 1, 2012 (Left), Ending August 2013 (Right)
Monthly consumption shows seasonal dependencies because of necessary cooling energy in the
summer (see Figure CS 3-9). We assume that the yearly peak in January results from the yearly
additional payments because consumption is calculated from the costs.
Volume 2
CS 3-17
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Energy Cost
Electrical consumption of the complete hotel is about 5.8 GWh/a. Table CS 3-9 shows the prices for a
kWh in KSA.
Table CS 3-9:
Prices for Electricity in KSA
Price calculation in Saudi Ryal
0 - 4000 kWh
4000 - 8000 kWh
> 8000 kWh
0.18 SR/kWh
0.20 SR/kWh
0.26 SR/kWh
For cost reduction calculations, we use an average price of 0.2585 Saudi Ryal per kWh.
3.2.2.3
Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors
The factors for electricity are calculated and estimated from official institutions. The following factors
for electricity are published on theclimateregistry.org:
•
•
•
•
2009: 757 g CO2/kWh (Source: http://www.theclimateregistry.org)
2010: Data not available
2011: Data not available
2012: Data not available.
For this report, we use the value from 2009.
With these values, the following CO2 emissions resulted in 2012: The electricity consumption in 2012
was 5,786,271 kWh, which caused 4,380 tons CO2. LPG is only consumed in small amounts in the
kitchen area and buffet, so it has not been considered further.
3.2.3
Results
In the following sections, energy-saving possibilities are described in more detail.
3.2.3.1
Cooling Technology
Cooling the Enmar Hotel is the most energy-consuming process. Given deviations from the consumption
model, it can be estimated that cooling needs consume about 72 percent of the electrical power. These
data support the idea of replacing all installed equipment with absorption chillers to decrease electrical
consumption and using waste heat from the diesel generators instead.
Figure CS 3-10 shows average temperatures in Jeddah and the estimated corresponding consumption
by cooling devices per month.
Figure CS 3-10: Climate Data for Jeddah 1961–1990, Source: NOAA
CS 3-18
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
To estimate the necessary average consumption for cooling the hotel, the daily mean temperatures
from Figure CS 3-10 were used in Table CS 3-10.
Table CS 3-10: Average Temperatures and Corresponding Estimated Percentage of Cooling
Consumption, Source: NOAA
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Year
Average temperature
Estimated consumption
for cooling
Estimated consumption
for cooling
25.0 °C
23.5 °C
25.1 °C
27.6 °C
29.6 °C
30.3 °C
32.4 °C
32.1 °C
30.7 °C
29.1 °C
27.0 °C
24.7 °C
28.1 °C
5.00%
3.50%
5.00%
8.00%
10.00%
11.00%
12.00%
12.00%
11.00%
10.00%
8.00%
4.50%
100.00%
208,401 kWh/a
145,881 kWh/a
208,401 kWh/a
333,442 kWh/a
416,802 kWh/a
458,482 kWh/a
500,163 kWh/a
500,163 kWh/a
458,482 kWh/a
416,802 kWh/a
333,442 kWh/a
187,561 kWh/a
4,168,021 kWh/a
The amount of 4,168,021 kWh/a consumption for cooling has been delivered by the model for the
reported consumers in the first interview. This represents about 72 percent of the total energy demand.
The diagrams in Figure CS 3-11 illustrate the corresponding calculation.
Figure CS 3-11: Average Temperatures and Corresponding Estimated Percentage of Cooling Consumption
Volume 2
CS 3-19
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The complete cooling is partly run with big, single devices. There is no composite cooling system for all
applications installed. One big unit for 154 rooms and additionally 28 + 3 larger cooling packages are
implemented, plus additional small devices for ventilation.
The air chiller system for the 154 single rooms consumes about 385 kW electrical power. Calculating
with a coefficient of performance of 3.5, the cooling power would be 1,347.5 kW per device.
Cooling demand depends on the number of visitors. The occupation rate is not strictly bound to a
higher rate on weekends. It is connected to the type of guests the Enmar Hotel mainly attracts; to this
end, no information was provided by hotel management.
To make estimations on the internal hotel conditioning (e.g., cooling demand), the reported annual
outside temperature schedule and investigated humidity data were considered to have the biggest
impact on typical cooling demands for residential and commercial buildings inside Jeddah city. The
target temperature in KSA is 20 °C, whereas the SBC announces regional and season-dependent target
temperatures above 20 °C.
Figure CS 3-5 and Figure CS 3-12, which can be considered geographically and meteorologically
representative of the Enmar Hotel, provide evidence that there is most likely a strong impact on cooling
demand for these types of commercial buildings in Jeddah based on the outside temperature, especially
during the months of April and September.
Figure CS 3-12: Comparative Type of Larger Cooling Packages on the Roof of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA
The existing outside wall insulation of the Enmar Hotel seems to be sufficient to reach and guarantee
a stable inside temperature at a minimum of 22 °C without extra heating during the regional
autumn/wintertime between October and March.
CS 3-20
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The existing outside roof insulation of the Enmar Hotel appears to be insufficient with relation to actual
SBC requirements. Currently, this insufficiency is compensated for by overestimated operation of the
existing air chillers, especially for the lobby and floor areas. The humidity impact, with reference to
specific Jeddah conditions, remains an important aspect of the housing climate mainly during winter,
when it still reaches about 60 percent of inside humidity values, but is slightly decreased compared with
outside values. Such is particularly the case when considering the respective dew point for classic AC
compressors during the spring/summer seasons.
With a composite cooling system, there is savings potential from 15 to 20 percent compared with single
cooling devices. Using the estimation modeled determination that about 72 percent of electrical power
is for cooling purposes, the savings potential would range from 5.2 GWh to 6.9 GWh per year.
The current cooling units have no heat recovery systems. With modern cooling devices, at least
50 percent of the input energy can be recovered as heat energy, and normally even more. In a warm
country such as Saudi Arabia, there is usually not much need for heating energy, but the heat can be
used, for example, in absorption chillers.
Absorption Chiller with Waste Heat
Waste heat exists during every burning process. The caloric potential of this heat determines if it is
worthwhile to use. The Enmar Hotel receives power from a Mall in Jeddah, KSA, which is the contractor
(see also a Mall in Jeddah, KSA Case Study 5). Absorption chillers use the physical absorption process to
gain cooling power from the heat brought in. Thus, the necessary energy to produce cold is, in principle,
free of charge if waste heat is available. The use of this source and its benefits should be considered
with the power contractor, as they are the owners of the power distribution.
The currently used cooling packages consume considerable electrical power. Given the model in Table
CS 3-6, it is assumed that electrical power for complete cooling is about 72 percent of electrical
consumption of the Enmar Hotel. Absorption chillers need less electrical power for pumping the
necessary liquids in the absorption process.
Table CS 3-11: Air Chiller Types and Small Devices for the Enmar Hotel
Comment
Number of units
Electrical demand [kW]
Total el. demand [kW]
COP
Total cooling capacity [kW]
Consumption [kWh/a]
Sum cooling capacity [kW]
Sum el. Energy Consumption [kWh/a]
[%] of total cooling demand
Sum cooling Energy [kWh/a]
Air
conditioning
Type 01
Air
conditioning
Type 02
1
385.00
385
3.5
1347.5
2,136,334.29
28
9.00
252
3.5
882
1,519,921.63
Air
conditioning
type 03
3
15.00
45
3.5
157.5
268,700.43
Rest consumers,
lower than 2%
of total
37
3.78
139.7777778
3.5
489.2222222
243,065.02
2,876
4,168,021
100.00%
14,588,075
In the example for calculating the number of necessary engines, a fraction of power per cooling capacity
of 2.36 percent is used (Table CS 3-12).
Therefore, operating costs are very low if an absorption cooling device can be operated with waste
heat. One absorption chiller needs about 178 percent of waste heat to provide 1,440 kW cooling
capacity. Thus, including HW generation, more than one-fifth of the waste heat of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA
can be used for the investigated hotel alone.
Volume 2
CS 3-21
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 3-12: Calculated Number of Absorption Chillers for the Enmar Hotel and Cumulated
Waste Heat Demand from a Mall in Jeddah, KSA for Chillers and HW Production
Absorption chiller capacity for cooling the hotel
Values
Sum of hotel cooling demand [kW]
Cooling capacity of one Abs Chiller [kW]
Waste heat demand of one Abs Chiller [%]
Waste heat demand of one Abs Chiller [kW]
El. power/cooling capacity [%]
Power demand [kW]
New power cooling demand (compared to 2012)
Price one unit [SR]
Price one unit [EUR]
Number of units
2,876.22
1,440.00
178.57%
2,571.43
2.36%
67.97
8.27%
2,942,000 SR
588,400.00 €
2
Annual waste heat demand
Values
Provided waste heat (exhaust) of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA [kWh/a]
Waste heat demand per year for absorption chillers
Waste heat demand hotel from a Mall in Jeddah, KSA, HW [kWh/a]
Sum of used waste heat [kWh/a]
Sum of used waste heat [%]
119,766,818 kWh/a
26,084,349 kWh/a
799,392 kWh/a
26,883,741 kWh/a
22.45%
Absorption chillers are expensive, and the reconstruction of the existing devices would not be
economical in the short term. Therefore, we recommend keeping this solution in mind during
reconstruction works and new acquisitions, particularly if the providing technology has to be changed,
for instance, from cool air distribution to cooling ceilings technology.
Table CS 3-13: Estimated Savings by Using Absorption Chillers
Absorption chillers with waste heat usage of generators
Price for electricity €/kWh
Price for electricity SR/kWh
Electricity consumption per year
Percentage of cooling after consumption model
Thereof used by absorption cooling
Savings potential
Electricity consumption per year for cooling
Waste heat demand per year for absorption chillers
Savings potential (el.) kWh / year
Savings potential €/year
Savings potential SR/year
Savings potential CO2/year
Estimated cost for all absorption chillers, a 1440 KW cooling
power, including reconstruction measures
Payback period
Before
After
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
5,786,271 kWh/a
72.03%
0.00%
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
5,786,271 kWh/a
72.03%
8.27%
4,168,021 kWh/a
344,731 kWh/a
26,084,349 kWh/a
3,823,291 kWh/a
197,664 €/a
988,321 SR/a
2,894,231 kg/a
5,884,000 SR
5.95 years
If it were possible to replace all existing cooling devices with absorption chillers and operate them with
the waste heat of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA generators, the theoretical savings potential would be about
92 percent of the electricity consumption for cooling because the new power demand would be only
CS 3-22
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
about 8 percent. This measure is not realistic in practice, but for future hotel buildings, it is strongly
recommended that this technology, in combination with self-generated power, be considered.
The approximate 6 years of payback will be more or less the minimum for implementation of such a
measure because installation costs cannot be accurately estimated with the data provided. It can also
be assumed that the implementation is too complex for the Enmar Hotel’s current configuration.
Increase the Internal Target Temperature
The hotel should be investigated relative to areas that do not need that much cooling. In warm
countries like Saudi Arabia, it is common to cool the building very intensively. If one considers that each
degree Celsius increase in internal temperature saves about 7 percent energy, it becomes clear that
there are significant savings from increasing the internal target temperature.
The calculations illustrated in Table CS 3-14 show the amount of savings potentially realized if the target
temperature was increased by 1 °C inside the whole building complex.
Table CS 3-14: Savings by Increasing the Target Temperature
Increase the internal temperature
Price for electricity €/kWh
Price for electricity SR/kWh
Electricity consumption per year
Estimated percentage of cooling
Savings potential when increasing the temperature by 1 °C
Electricity consumption per year for cooling
Savings potential (el.) kWh/year
Savings potential €/year
Savings potential SR/year
Savings potential CO2/year
Estimated cost for checking which zones can be increased
Payback period
Before
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
5,786,271 kWh/a
72.03%
0.00%
4,168,021 kWh/a
After
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
5,786,271 kWh/a
72.03%
7.00%
3,876,260 kWh/a
291,761 kWh/a
15,084 €/a
75,420 SR/a
220,863 kg/a
1,000 SR
0.01 years
Another possibility for saving cooling power is to control the inside temperature in accordance with the
outside temperature. If the outside temperature is very hot, the inside temperature can be set higher
because the perceived temperature difference is still high.
3.2.3.2
Lighting
In hotels, many lamps are usually installed to give a welcoming appearance. Although extensive lighting
can be acceptable, we are not able to assess whether the savings from less lighting would be higher
than the possibly lower revenues caused by less extensive lighting.
However, energy consumption depends strongly on the type of lamps used. Modern LED lamps, for
example, offer light comparable to halogen lamps, but LED lamps consume significantly less energy. The
Enmar Hotel has a lot of halogen technology installed, but the amortization time of about 7.5 years to
replace that technology with LED lamps is very long because the sockets of the lamps are not the same,
and therefore complex reconstructions would be necessary.
We recommend that if reconstruction measures are applied in some areas of the hotel, the profitability
of using LED lamps should be calculated. See Table CS 3-15 and Table Table CS 3-16 for these
calculations. In addition, the significantly longer lifetime of LED lamps results in lower maintenance
costs.
Volume 2
CS 3-23
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 3-15: Lighting Replacement by LED
Lighting
Central Halogen lighting
Outside parking lights
Garden lighting
Kitchen lighting
Lamps bulb rooms
Halogen lights
Sum
Unit number
Power
demand
[kW]P
150
20
25
20
624
167
0.05
0.5
2.5
0.8
0.025
0.05
Consumption
2012 [kWh/a]
Percent of total
Enmar Hotel
power
consumption
after model
Consumption
after LED
replacement
[%]
48,854.62
25,712.96
8,570.99
3,291.26
102.85
33.01
86,566 kWh/a
0.84%
0.44%
0.15%
0.06%
0.00%
0.00%
1.50%
11%
12%
12%
15%
22%
11%
10,008 kWh/a
Table CS 3-16: Savings Potential for Lighting
LED types for replacing current lighting
Price for electricity €/kWh
LED 01 [kW] for 0.05kW Halogen replacement
Cost LED 01 [SR]
LED 02 [kW] for 0.5kW Halogen replacement
Cost LED 02 [SR]
5 x LED 02 [kW] for 2.5kW Halogen replacement
Cost 5 x LED 02 [SR]
2 x LED 02 [kW] for 0.8kW Halogen replacement
Cost 2x LED 02 [SR]
1 x LED 01 [kW] for 0.03kW Halogen replacement
Cost LED 01 [SR]
Consumption by LED in future
Consumption 2012
Savings potential per year [kWh]
Savings potential per year [€]
Savings potential per year [SR]
Savings potential per year CO2
Estimated cost for LED technology [SR]
Payback period
LED
0.0517 €/kW
0.0055
37.50 SR
0.06
602.50 SR
0.3
3,012.50 SR
0.12
1,205.00 SR
0.0055
37.50 SR
10,008 kWh/a
86,566 kWh/a
Part sum cost
11,887.50 SR
12,050.00 SR
75,312.50 SR
24,100.00 SR
23,400.00 SR
76,558 kWh/a
3,958 €/a
19,790.16 SR
57,954 kg/a
146,750.00 SR
7.42 years
The second aspect to saving energy in the range of lighting is to ensure it is demand oriented. With an
intelligent lighting control in place, individual areas can be precisely adjusted to the desired light
intensity. Compared with the existing on-off option, an intelligent lighting control can save 15 to
25 percent of energy costs. It might be economical to retrofit an existing intelligent lighting control. This
determination depends on the type of control that is currently in use.
Another point is the lamps’ heat emission. The more energy-intensive a lamp, the more heat it emits.
Thus, EE lamps save additional cooling energy.
3.2.3.3
Water Consumption
The hotel consumes, on average, 1,533.750 m³/month. The relative water distribution over the year can
be seen in Figure CS 3-4.
CS 3-24
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Domestic Hot Water
In principle, groundwater has a temperature of about 28 °C, which is warm enough for hand washing.
To protect against Legionella, water must be heated on a regular basis. Therefore, water is heated in
the central boiler system by electrical power. The hotel needs, in total, about 18,401.4 m³ water per
year, but the HW demand has not been reported by hotel management.
To reduce the necessary power for heating, it could be a useful measure to replace the boiler with a
waste-heat–using system from the generators’ exhaust air running at a Mall in Jeddah, KSA. The exhaust
air itself reaches 200 °C, measured at the pipe without insulation on the outside wall. See Table CS 3-17.
Table CS 3-17: Electric Boiler Replacement for HW
Electric boiler replacement
Price for electricity €/kWh at utility
Electricity cons. Electric boiler [kWh/a]
Total water consumption [t/a]
Heat loss to environment
Exchanged heat [kWh/a]
Average HW consumption (1/3) [t/a]
Heat capacity water [kJ/kg/K]
Average delta T over year [K]
Average temp. groundwater [°C]
Average temp. HW °C
Exchange losses
Waste heat demand for hotel HW [kWh/a]
Energy savings potential
Savings potential
Savings potential CO2
Savings potential in €
Savings potential in SR
Estimated cost for heat exchanger and installation cost
Payback period
Waste heat percentage of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA 2012 for Enmar Hotel HW
Water data
0.0517 €/kWh
647,281
18,405
5%
614,917
6,135
4.18
24
20
43.97869563
30%
799,392
100%
647,280.91 kWh/a
489,991.65 kg/a
33464.42 €/a
167,322.12 SR/a
500,000.00 SR
2.99 years
Value
Diesel input for generation (= 95% of total) [kWh/a]
Power provided by diesel generators
Electrical power distribution (95%) by Diesel Gen [kWh/a]
Assumed COP diesel power generator
Waste heat a Mall in Jeddah, KSA (air cooling)
Waste heat a Mall in Jeddah, KSA (exhaust)
217,757,851
95.00%
65,327,355
30.00%
15.00%
55.00%
Provided waste heat (exhaust) of the a Mall in Jeddah, KSA [kWh/a]
Waste heat demand hotel from a Mall in Jeddah, KSA, HW [kWh/a]
Waste heat demand hotel from a Mall in Jeddah, KSA [%]
119,766,818
799,392
0.67%
For calculating this measure, it has been estimated that the needed HW mass stream consists of
one-third of the available cold water. Figure CS 3-13 gives an overview of the new energy flows after
implementing absorption chillers and heat exchangers for HW.
Volume 2
CS 3-25
Figure CS 3-13: A Mall in Jeddah, KSA and Enmar Hotel Using Waste Heat for HW and Absorption Chillers
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CS 3-26
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
3.2.3.4
Optimization of Electrical Machines
Using EE Drives
Generally, the EE class should be kept in mind when purchasing new drives. If a motor has a high-power
input or long operating hours, replacing the motor can be economical. Replacing standard motors with
high-efficiency motors is economical, especially for devices with high running times (more than
3,000 hours per year). The use of high-efficiency motors is economical, especially for ventilation
systems, exhaust systems, and pumps, which usually operate for long hours.
The heat loss of electric motors can be reduced by using high-quality materials and low manufacturing
tolerances. Today, EFF2 motors are usually installed by manufacturers. Electric motors in older devices
usually represent only the EFF3 standard. An EFF1 motor is especially recommended for installations
with more than 3,000 operating hours in a year.
EE motors usually offer a 5 to 7 percent higher efficiency factor than older devices’ motors. The price is
20 to 30 percent higher than for standard drives. In combination with high operating hours, this leads to
significant energy reduction and cost savings.
The following EE classes are available:
•
•
•
•
IE1 = Standard efficiency (more than 90 percent)
IE2 = High efficiency (more than 94 percent)
IE3 = Premium efficiency (more than 96 percent)
IE4 = Super Premium efficiency (more than 97 percent)
In addition, because of the lower temperature and better manufacturing quality, the lifetime of the
motors increases.
Further positive aspects of EE motors are:
•
•
•
•
Increased reliability
Decreased maintenance costs
Increased power factor
Decreased noise level
Using VSD
A motor usually has one or two fixed speeds, which consume 50 or 100 percent of electrical power. In
combination with a VSD controller (also named variable frequency controller), a motor can save
considerable energy. With such a controller, the motor speed can be controlled exactly in accordance
with demand (e.g., 35 percent, 63 percent, or 75 percent).
If, for example, the demand is 60-percent power, a two-step engine must run on 100-percent speed. In
combination with a VSD, the two-step engine can be regulated to 60-percent speed. Theoretically, in
this example, this measure causes a 40-percent savings. In practice, the energy savings is less because
of losses and the energy consumption of the VSD; however, on average, a VSD can save 30 percent of
energy.
Because of the cost of a VSD, it is only economical for large drives with long operating hours. The
savings calculation in Table CS 3-18 is an example of installing a VSD at the large drives of the Enmar
Hotel. It concerns mostly water pumps and elevator motors (according to the consumption model of
2012), and upgrade costs have been assumed to be 100 EUR/kW. The larger the engine and the more
hours it is in operation, the shorter the payback period.
Maintenance of Drives
Many types of motors need regular maintenance to maintain their EE. Measurements show that as
much as 5 percent of energy costs can be saved through better maintenance of drives. Good
maintenance also increases the reliability and the lifetime of the motor.
Volume 2
CS 3-27
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 3-18: Savings by Using VSDs
Saving potential for variable speed controller at the large drives
Price for electricity €/kWh
Price for electricity SR/kWh
Electricity consumption per year
Estimated percentage of electrical consumption for drives by model
Savings potential through VSD at the large drives
Without VSD
With VSD
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
5,786,271 kWh/a
6.79%
-
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
5,786,271 kWh/a
6.79%
25.00%
-
98,268 kWh/a
5,080 €/a
25,402 SR/a
74,389 kg/a
Savings potential (el.) kWh/year
Savings potential €/year
Savings potential SR/year
Savings potential CO2/year
Estimated cost for VSD for the large drives including installation costs
Payback period
3.2.3.5
46,250.00 SR
1.82 years
Development and Implementation of an Energy Monitoring System
To get a good overview of energy flow, an energy monitoring system is needed. This system can be
implemented quite easily after generating a measurement point concept.
By continuously controlling energy data, a high transparency of the energy-consuming processes is
achieved. This transparency allows monitors to quickly identify errors and non-optimized processes to
prevent unnecessary energy consumption and higher costs over a long period. A controlling system
helps to reduce energy costs significantly by using different analyzing functions, such as reporting tools,
visualization tools, benchmarking tools, and alarm management.
An energy monitoring system for the purpose of managing and evaluating energy consumption should
cover the following points:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Automatic periodic or continuous readouts of energy and process data of the connected systems
Automatic monitoring, analysis, calculation, and visualization of these data
Alarms for critical or unusual events, such as exceeding limit values, with escalation and
prioritization of alarms
Ability to compare energy and process data from different sources
Long-term archiving of all data and ability to export to other systems
A reporting tool for a short summary of relevant data (for top management, energy managers, etc.)
Visualization of the individually developed performance indicators of the organization.
At every system design step, the requirements of ISO 50001 should be considered.
The first step is to conduct a measurement point concept.
Measurement Point Concept
An essential prerequisite for the development of an effective energy monitoring system is good
preparation. This step includes generating a measurement point concept for determining at which
locations of the company measurement actions should be installed or expanded. The main principle in
conducting this step is to ensure maximum transparency with the lowest possible investment.
In general, the principle of measurement point planning is from rough to fine. This means that the
essential consumers or areas should be recognized in the concept; in the second step (if necessary),
additional meters or measuring techniques can be planned for several areas.
A measurement point concept occurs at three intensity levels:
•
•
•
Connection of the meters of major consumers or areas to the system
Connection of the remaining meters, which are already available
Installation of additional meters at “interesting” areas.
CS 3-28
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The main components of an energy monitoring system for collection, storage, and analysis of significant
energy data are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Different meters for different types of mediums
If necessary, current transformers for electricity meters
If necessary, additional I/O modules with several digital or analog inputs
Data logger for collecting and temporarily storing all data
A database for long-term archiving of all data
Energy monitoring software for analysis, visualization, alarms, and more.
In smaller properties, single measured points can be measured and read out individually with
independent data loggers; the results are then collected from the energy monitoring system. But in
large systems, linking all measurement points with a bus system is usually the better choice.
A bus system has the significant advantages of easy expandability, bundling of different functions into
one network, easier cabling in larger networks, lower installation costs, and lower communication costs.
Within a measurement concept, an individual system solution for the requirements of the organization
should be created according to the following points:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Determination of the key measurement points and further interesting data points
Meaningful and necessary measurement intervals and best methods of measurement
Best-suited installation locations, meter types, protocols, etc.
Minimal wiring and installation effort
Optimal integration of the solution into the existing infrastructure
Definition of data transfer and interfaces according to the existing infrastructure
Consideration of modular extensibility
Consideration of the requirements of the ISO 50001 standard.
When buying new equipment, it should be kept in mind whether the potential purchase is equipped
with the appropriate interfaces and/or measurement technology.
Assessment of Investment and Savings
The overall cost of an energy monitoring system varies considerably and depends heavily on the
number and type of measured points. The installation and the costs for the software also have to be
considered. For the software, free, open-source solutions are available. If the infrastructure (e.g.,
cables, routers, switches) is already present, the installation costs are lower. There is an existing rule of
thumb that roughly estimates an overall price of about €800 (4,000 Saudi Ryal) for each new
measurement point.
Although the existing meter structure at Enmar Hotel has not been communicated, according to the age
of the hotel and its standard, it may be in a good position to implement changes. It is assumed that
every unit has its own meter and the meters have digital outputs. They can be read out at any time.
Therefore, the costs are much lower to implement an energy monitoring system because many of the
existing meters can be used.
The currently collected data are, according to a Mall in Jeddah, KSA, for billing only. That means that no
one monitors load curves and consumption details, which would be possible with an energy monitoring
system. The higher the consumption of energy in a medium, division, department, or plant, the more
accurate and more frequently the data should be recorded. In low-energy areas, a weekly manual
reading may be sufficient; in high-consumption areas, a continuous recording and monitoring system is
mandatory.
The implementation of an energy monitoring system and the effective work with the resulting energy
data reveals that the organization’s potential savings ranges from 5 to 15 percent of annual energy
costs. This result derives from the assumption that it is possible, with the insights of a modern energy
monitoring system, to achieve a 5 percent savings of the total consumption.
Volume 2
CS 3-29
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
However, these savings cannot be compared with the other potential savings mentioned because the
energy monitoring system is not saving “active” use but simply showing the potential for savings.
Energy management software helps to implement the measures identified and control their success.
The software also helps to identify further potential for savings and find new failures faster. With a wellplaced alarm system, this software can avoid many unnecessary costs.
To share costs over several years, an energy monitoring system can be established in steps:
1. Short-term measure: Establish an energy monitoring system for the main meters and clients.
2. Mid-term measure: Establish an optimized building automation system in combination with the
energy monitoring system.
3. Long-term measure: Extend these systems for all clients and all buildings in a Mall in Jeddah,
KSA.
3.2.3.6
Base Load Reduction
A base load analysis is an investigation of the continuous load of a branch. Often there are machines or
devices that continuously consume electricity unnecessarily. These consumers will be detected by a
base load analysis. To estimate whether a base load analysis is useful, the detailed load curves of the
hotel are necessary; however, hotel management has not provided these details.
3.2.3.7
Reactive Power Reduction
A huge number of cooling machines causes an inductive load for the internal grid and the reduction of
reactive power; this issue is necessary to consider because of the cos(phi) value. At the Enmar Hotel, an
investment into this technology would have a payback time of approximately 2 years and 7 months, and
thus, is recommended. The savings for that measure are presented in Table CS 3-19. Because of the
missing regulations, it has been assumed that the price for saving reactive power has a factor of about
one-third compared with active power.
Table CS 3-19: Reactive Power Reduction
Savings by compensation of reactive power
Price for active electrical work €/kWh
Price for active electrical work SR/kWh
Estimated price for reactive electrical work €/kWh (third of active price)
Price for reactive electrical work SR/kWh (third of active price)
Electricity consumption per year
Estimated maximum active power load
Full load hours
Voltage level
Power Factor (cos[phi])
Degrees
sin phi
Maximum current (P / (U * cos[phi]))
Reactive power (U * I * sin phi)
Reactive electrical work (U * I * sin phi * full load hours)
Savings through compensation
Without
compensation
With
compensation
0.0517 €/kWh
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
0.0172 €/kWh
0.0172 €/kWh
0.0862 SR/kWh
0.0862 SR/kWh
5,786,271 kWh/a 5,786,271 kWh/a
700 kW
700 kW
8,266 h
8,266 h
400 V
400 V
0.7600
0.9000
40.53 °
25.84 °
0.6499
0.4359
2,303 A
1,944 A
599 kVAr
339 kVAr
4,948,023 kVArh 2,802,484 kVArh
2,145,539 kVArh
Savings potential per year [kWh]
Savings potential per year [€]
Savings potential per year [SR]
Savings potential per year CO2
2,145,539 kVArh
36,975 €/a
184,874 SR/a
1,624,173 kg/a
Estimated cost for an compensation system
Payback period
500,000.00 SR
2.70 years
CS 3-30
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
3.2.3.8
Implementation of an EnMS
Analogous to the management systems for quality (ISO 9001) and environmental standard (ISO 14001)
for the energy sector, the international standard DIN EN ISO 50001 for energy management has been
adopted.
The main objective of an EnMS is to assist organizations in building sustainable systems and processes
to improve their EE. Systematic energy management leads to the reduction of energy consumption,
energy costs, and greenhouse gas emissions. An EnMS in an organization involves a continuous
improvement process (see Figure CS 3-14). An EnMS is thus an important component to achieve the
ambitious international climate targets of the coming years.
Many countries have set up funding programs to create an incentive for the implementation of EnMS.
In some countries, the implementation of the standards in large companies is even required by law or is
connected with tax relief.
Figure CS 3-14: The Plan-Do-Check-Act Circle of an EnMS
An EnMS should not only be a company’s duty but also a way to plan for the reduction of energy
consumption and energy costs. It can also be used effectively to convey a positive image of the
company. It is important that an EnMS is a “living” system and that employees work with it; otherwise,
the desired goals and successes will be difficult to attain.
In contrast to ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 systems, an EnMS is financed through its continuous
improvement process; thus, the savings normally exceed the costs of implementing the system.
The following items are necessary for implementing a sustainable EnMS:
•
•
•
Defining the energy policy and objectives of the organization
Forming an energy management team
Preparing project plans, resource plans, schedules, and budget plans
Volume 2
CS 3-31
CASE STUDY 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Analyzing EnMS-relevant functions, processes, consumers, and energy flows
Developing individual EPI
Conducting EE analyses and measuring point concepts
Installing the most adequate measurement technology
Implementing and maintaining an energy monitoring system
Training staff involved in parallel to the implementation of the EnMS
Developing individual energy evaluations and specific energy reports
Conducting internal audits and consultations with management
Regularly conducting management reviews
Supporting the continuous improvement process
Conducting a pre-certification according to DIN EN ISO 50001
Acquiring certification by accredited certifiers.
A well-implemented and “living” EnMS will lead to continuous further savings. It is able to reduce
energy costs by 5 to 20 percent, depending on the type of company and its EE current status.
To estimate the amount of savings involved in an EnMS, we calculate savings of 5 percent through a
“living” EnMS. Table CS 3-20 highlights the savings.
Table CS 3-20: Savings Potential by Implementing an EnMS, Including Monitoring
Saving potential by implementation of an energy
management system (EnMS)
Price for electricity €/kWh
Price for electricity SR/kWh
Electricity consumption per year
Assumed savings potential 5%
Assumed savings potential in Euro
Assumed savings potential in Saudi Ryal
Assumed savings potential in CO2
Price for water €/m³
Water consumption per year
Assumed savings potential 5%
Assumed savings potential in Euro
Savings potential kWh/year
Savings potential m³/year
Savings potential €/year
Savings potential SR/year
Savings potential CO2/year
Estimated cost for implementing an EnMS
payback period
Before
After
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
5,786,271 kWh/a
0.01 €/m³
18,405 m³/a
-
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
5,496,958 kWh/a
289,314 kWh/a
14,958 €/a
74,788 SR/a
219,010 kg/a
0.01 €/m³
18,405 m³/a
920 m³/a
8 €/a
289,314 kWh/a
920 m³/a
14,965 €/a
74,826 SR/a
219,010 kg/a
250,000.00 SR
3.34 years
The costs for the implementation of an EnMS at Enmar Hotel are difficult to predict. Too many factors
play a role. In essence, the current status of the company and the amount of work the company can
afford will be key issues. For example, if the company has already implemented an Environmental
Management System according to ISO 14001, the implementation of an EnMS can be realized more
easily because of the similarity of existing structures and documentation.
CS 3-32
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 3: Case Study 3: Enmar Hotel, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Many activities for implementing an EnMS can also be handled by personnel and should not be handled
by external consultants. However, personnel also incur costs, and if experienced external experts can
work twice as efficiently, this approach can be profitable.
The main costs of implementing an EnMS are caused by:
•
•
•
•
Effort of creating the documentation
Effort of conducting the EE analysis
Hardware and software for the energy controlling system
Certification.
A rough estimate for the complete cost of implementing an EnMS at the Enmar Hotel, including
monitoring, is 250,000 to 300,000 Saudi Ryal.
3.2.3.9
Sensitization of Employees
Employees who work consciously with energy and pay attention to EE can significantly contribute to
savings. Teach your employees the company’s energy goals and show them the impact one individual
can have. Motivate your employees according to the motto: “We can achieve something together.”
Information about current energy consumption and the progress and success of previous efficiency
measures is also important.
To further increase employee motivation on EE, rewards from savings may be possible. Part of the
savings could be paid out as an “energy-saving bonus,” or an event for employees (possibly CO2-neutral)
could be organized with the money saved. Holding competitions that reward good EE ideas is another
way to motivate employees. Informing and training employees about EE behavior in the workplace
creates a culture of EE behavior in the company.
3.2.3.10 Optimizing the Building Envelope
The Enmar Hotel building is relatively new and can be compared with a Mall in Jeddah, KSA (also built in
2007). Therefore, it can be assumed that the building envelope basically corresponds to the current
state of the art. However, we did not receive any data about the building’s construction. A purely visual
impression suggests that the roof is not optimally insulated. The large glass areas at the front allow
considerable heat input into the building, which increases the need for AC. However, this setup saves
energy for lighting. It is recommended that this part of the building be investigated in the future in more
detail.
3.2.3.11 Shading at Southern-Side Windows
For the building surfaces that are exposed directly to sunlight, a passive shading system could be
economical. The heat load can be reduced significantly with shading measures at the southern walls and
roof surfaces primarily. This measure could save 20 to 30 percent cooling energy.
3.2.3.12 Establish Increased Roof Insulation
Generally, measures related to the building’s envelope, such as better insulation or better heat
protection glazing, will save energy, but these measures have long payback periods.
Volume 2
CS 3-33
Case Study 4:
M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
CASE STUDY 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Case Study 4: Case Study 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
4.1 Introduction
The Riyadh branch of M-Hotel represents a highly promoted mid-class, four-star service facility with 89
rooms and apartments, two restaurants, and about 12 conference rooms for medium-size business
trainings, workshops, and conferences.
The hotel began operation in 2007, just before the publication of the new Saudi Building Code (SBC),
which defines minimum standards for heating and cooling insulation and efficient operation of new
private and public construction.
The estimated cooling demand of the hotel was calculated at 4,100 cooling degree days (CDD) for the
specific climate-cooling demand at M-Hotel, Riyadh, in accordance with the SBC monitoring procedure.
To adapt the expected savings results as close as possible to international consumption standards, the
following International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards were employed: ISO 9000 for
sound management organization, ISO 14000 for environmental preparedness, and ISO 50001 for sound
energy management. Best-available technologies (BATs) were applied for alternative energy-efficiency
(EE) proposals in the monitored client facility only.
4.2 Technical Fact Sheet
The estimated thermal-cooling demand of the hotel was calculated in accordance with the SBC
monitoring procedure and used 4,100 CDDs for the specific climate demand. The demand was
calculated to be about 12.326 GWh-MWh-th/a, corresponding to an occupied building volume of
around 16,000 m3, encompassing the three main service floors. Table CS 4-1 presents the basic technical
facts and references of the M-Hotel.
Table CS 4-1: Basic Technical Fact Sheet and References of the Considered M-Hotel, Riyadh
Item
Type of hotel
Technical size
Power consumption, 2012
Specific power consumption
Water consumption, 2012
Specific water consumption
HW preparation
Guests/month
Cited References:
ISI Fraunhofer
Jeffrey Howard
HVAC Handbook
BINE Study
Prof M. Kubessa
HTWK-Leipzig
World Bank/IFC
EC OPET-CS Network
Volume 2
Description
Area/Volume
m2 /m3
Characterization
Hotel/conferences/gym
One main building, four floors,
massive construction, insulated
walls
3.963
410
16,089
348
Exclusively from power
5,000 (summer)
4,000 (winter)
89 bedrooms
9,600 m2
16,200 m3
76%/bed*days
Occupancy rate
Commercial Facilities Energy
Demand
How to Make an Energy Audit
Recknagel-Sprenger-Schramek
Energy Efficiency in Hotels
BINE Karlsruhe edition
2010
Stanford University
Oldenburgverlag
Web-search analysis
Collected Commercial-Industrial
Energy Benchmarks
Handbook on Energy Efficiency
Benchmarks
Collected Public-CommercialIndustrial Energy Benchmarks
BEA Energy Agency
Publication No. 1289/2001
Publication of John
Wiley and Sons
Publication of EC DG
TREN/OPET network
2009
2008 edition
Karlsruhe,
2010 edition
2006 edition
MWh/annually
kWh/m2*annually
m3/annually
liters/guest*day
Medium-size
120 employees in three
shifts
~40% above mean EU level
Seems oversized
2009 edition; updated in
2011, 2013
1999 edition; updated in
2005, 2010
CS 4-1
CASE STUDY 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
The described technical-economical production and consumption patterns characterize the M-Hotel in
Riyadh as a well-positioned and active market player in the hotel and restaurant service business,
representing an energy- and water-intensive facility with locally high specific energy and water
consumption.
The investigated specific power consumption has been estimated to be about 420 kWh-el/m2*year for
hotel services and 500 kWh-th/seat*year for restaurant services with an average reported specific
water consumption of about 0.350 m3/bed*day.
These figures relate to the hotel services that would have the highest specific consumption levels and,
consequently, the biggest demand for EE analysis.
4.2.1
Proposed Energy Efficiency Measures
In Figure CS 4-1, three groups have been analyzed for application of seven pilot EE measures, all in the
electricity-consumption sector; electricity makes up about 95 percent of the hotel energy demand.
Considered Consumption Sector Electricity
1 Exchange ICB lamps for energysaving LED lamps with same lighting
2 AC operation better adapted to
outside temperature and hospital
occupation
3 Installation of PF suitable PF
compensation unit by 136 kVA-4 for
achieving cosphi >0.95
4 VSD inverter load regulation for all
big (elevator+ pump) motors, pilot
for 3 elevator motors by 3.5 kW
5 a) Energy Management System
(EnMS) for main hotel building
6 b) EnMS for new AC package units
6 Solar thermal roof or window
shading HW collectors for repl
electr. sanitary HW preparation
7 Install trigeneration unit by 50–70
kW-el/55, 45-80 kW-th
TOTAL
Figure CS 4-1:
Physical Cost
CO2-red
Payback
Savings Savings
ton
EE Measure
Replace 200 ICB with cap 60W
by 10W LED lamps
AC optimization via PLC
programming tool per main AC
unit
PF compensation via new
condenser bank
VSD installations at four
elevator motor drives
MWh/a EUR/a
CO2/a
Years
25.000
1,100
18
4.55
78.000
3432
55
3.50
1,060.8 11668,8
750
1.20
11.200
493
8
1.70
204.8
9009
145
1.55
144.0
6336
102
2.21
56.0
2464
40
8.1
Install a pilot 50 kW-el, 45 kWth
570.0
trigeneration system for power
generation, HW, and for cooling
MWh
2,149.8
25080
403
10.4
59,583
1.520
35% savable by optimized
system
Replace 30 splitting AC by four
central AC-chillers
Install at min 40 m2
collectors/bdg by 2 sqm
List of Proposed EE Measures for the M-Hotel, Riyadh
The electricity consumption sector of the hotel/restaurant operation would benefit the most from
implemented EE measures. Because of the existing main supply structure for electricity applications and
because an increased specific demand for cooling, ventilation, hot water (HW) preparation, and lighting
had been analyzed at the hotel in previous years, some reasons for implementing EE measures could be
identified during several site visits and inspections.
The biggest potential savings with rather short payback time could be achieved for the power factor
compensation measures when assuming a target-cosphi by 0.95 and a tariff for reactive power by 50
percent from active power.
CS 4-2
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
The identified savings proposals may assist in more efficient hotel operations and/or an increase in
guests and business because of reduced service costs and increased services in the hotel/restaurant
premises and apartments. Figure CS 4-2 illustrates the main benefits from the EE proposals.
To adapt the expected savings results as close as possible to international consumption standards, the
following ISO standards were employed: ISO 9000 for sound management organization, ISO 14000 for
environmental preparedness, and ISO 50001 for sound energy management. BATs were applied for
alternative EE proposals in the monitored client facility only.
Figure CS 4-2:
4.2.2
Main Benefits from EE Proposals for the M-Hotel, Riyadh
Hotel Aspect and Opportunities
The M-Hotel in Riyadh, with its 89 rooms and apartments, maximum 250 beds, and about 9,800 m2
hotel/restaurant service area, represents a typical small- to medium-sized hotel category for KSA.
An internationally based comparative efficiency analysis should be able to give a more complete picture
of how the KSA average hotel service standard compares with international and regional hotel business
and what sectors could be improved by which organizational or technological efficiency proposal.
After calculating specific hotel consumption figures and comparing them with regional and international
consumption levels for similar business situations, several proposals for EE savings could be made.
They may lead to a reasonable dissemination impact in KSA via replication of the M-Hotel EE investment
implementation experience.
4.3 Business Description
The M-Hotel in Riyadh, located in the northeast region of Riyadh near the international airport and wellknown Granada mall, was founded in 2006. Construction (as a very unusual ship frame) of the fourstory, 89-room, maximum 250-bed hotel started in the same year, and the hotel has been operational
since 2007. The first-floor layout is shown in Figure CS 4-3.
With a reported annual occupancy rate of 60 percent over about 4 years, the hotel could be considered
to be operated efficiently and to have a respected business reputation and service quality in KSA.
Volume 2
CS 4-3
CASE STUDY 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 4-3:
4.3.1
Basic Ground Scheme of the M-Hotel, Riyadh
Location and Specifications
The hotel covers a ground square of about 2,300 m2 (in average 100x25 qm) per floor, which needs to
be air conditioned to a client-regulated temperature level between 20 and 25 °C by means of existing
one- or two-room/apartment connected air conditioners (AC), established on the roof of the hotel.
The hotel reception lobby, main floors, and staircases are acclimatized via two main ACs (water cooled)
on the hotel roof, which feed cooled air via air blowers and suitable water circulation on the base of the
big water reserve tank in the hotel ground floor (100 m3 by around 16 °C).
The hotel was constructed with a brick-filled concrete skeleton that takes the static loads of each floor
area. There seems to be suitable outside heat insulation at the outer walls fixed under plastic surface
cover plates, but no specific noise insulation was included, especially for the hotel floor construction.
A shading effect occurs at the hotel by a slope of the outside walls down to ground level by about
5 percent to 7 percent.
The reported heat (sun) protection of the flat hotel roof (outside the extra water-tank housing) seems
to be poorly insulated and could be improved easily during the next rehabilitation by using a suitable
modern mineral insulation material.
The hotel covers a ground square of about 2,300 m2 per floor and comprises about 30 single rooms (40
m2) and 60 apartments (90 m2) for families.
Each room and apartment was equipped with a separate switchboard and is supplied by a separate
analogous power meter.
Each room or apartment is between 40 and 90 m2 and is equipped with one or two ACs for cooling,
mainly supplied from Fuji-Thailand (1-kW fan, 4.3-kW compressor) and installed on the flat roof of the
CS 4-4
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
hotel. They are connected to the rooms via two main concrete pipes (so-called riser-cable connectors)
jointly with water-supply pipes and electric-feeding cables.
The water supply of each room/apartment has been arranged by the same principle, temporarily using
two water-storage tanks on the roof, each by two units a 4 m3 inside a separate roof housing. The water
is pumped up to the roof tanks from a 50 m3 underground tank, which is supplied partly by central
water pipes from the National Saudi Water Company Riyadh and partly by water-tank trucks.
The electricity supply for each hotel room has been wired again with main feeding cables through the
riser connectors, but starting from the ground floor, where the two main grid transformers (13.8 kV/0.4
kV, 1 MVA capacity) have been installed in a separate SS unit room to feed each room by separate cable
through a respective switchboard and an analogue metering unit.
For emergencies, there is a diesel generator of 70 kVA capacity serving the main consumers (elevator
motors, lighting, water pumps) in case of grid-supply problems, to guarantee especially the operation of
the main water-tank (300 m3) emergency pump by 30 kW capacity for a limited time only.
The hotel kitchen is operated with liquid petroleum gas (LPG) using a 10 m3 LPG tank outside the hotel
building. There is no laundry service in operation; all used bed linens and service staff clothing was
reported to be given to an outside laundry service.
For the respective water and energy demand, an average consumption of 3 liters of water per kg/linen
and about 5 kWh electricity per kg/linen as (virtual) energy demand was used in this report.
The hotel employs about 100 people (93 for restaurant/hotel and room services in two shifts, regularly),
and 17 people work in the hotel administration, about 15 percent of employees.
Hotel management has reported an occupation rate for the M-Hotel, Riyadh, of 70 percent to
80 percent monthly from all available rooms during the past 2 years, corresponding to about 15,000 to
20,000 guests annually.
Hotel management has reported generally positive business development during the past 3 to 4 years,
with only a small impact from the international financial crisis during 2008 and 2009.
This value reflects rather good marketing and a sound reputation of the general hotel services
throughout the country.
4.3.2
Climate Impact—Temperature and Humidity
To make estimates on the internal hotel acclimatization (e.g., cooling demand), the reported annual
outside temperature and the humidity data were considered to have the biggest impacts on typical
cooling demand for residential and commercial buildings in Riyadh.
The usual target temperature in KSA is 20 °C, whereas the SBC recommends a regional and seasondependent target temperature above 20 °C.
As seen in Figure CS 4-4, which could be considered geographically and meteorologically representative
for the M-Hotel, Riyadh, the outside temperature probably has a major impact on the cooling demand
for this type of commercial building in Riyadh, especially from March to September.
The existing outer wall insulation of the hotel seems to be sufficient to reach and guarantee a rather
stable inside temperature of 22 °C at a minimum during the regional autumn/winter time (November to
March) without extra heating.
The existing outside roof insulation of the hotel seems to be insufficient in relation to SBC requirements,
but could be compensated for by additional AC operation times, especially for the lobby and floor areas.
The humidity remains an impact for the housing climate mainly during the winter months, reaching
about 60 percent, but may be higher by considering the respective dew points for the classic AC on the
compressor bases during the spring/summer seasons.
Volume 2
CS 4-5
CASE STUDY 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 4-4:
4.3.3
Metered Temperature Band and Humidity Data at Riyadh Airport, September 2012
to September 2013
EE Construction Analysis
The construction of the hotel with international standards from the late 1990s normally should have
followed the new SBC 601 standard in KSA from 2007, but the hotel had been designed and approved
some years before.
Table CS 4-2, a very rough model for the physical cooling demand at M-Hotel, Riyadh has been used to
calculate a model energy demand for cooling based on normalized CDDs, using given construction
figures, and applying estimated U values as shown in Table CS 4-2.
Table CS 4-2: Summarized Cooling Demand for the M-Hotel With 3,800 CDDs for Riyadh
Construction item
Concrete (frame) skeleton
Brick filling of non-static walls
Roof construction (flat without cooling
insulation)
Plast-insulated outside sloping walls with
shading effect
Windows and balcony doors
Floors and corridors, staircases per floor
Different group sizes for hotel single rooms (40
qm), smaller (90 qm) and bigger apartments
Two main riser canals for cables, AC connection
and water supplies (ca 1m Ø)
Kitchen-operation impact
Lobby simple glass-roof impact
Two restaurants by 160 m2
Two AC units on roof with circulating water
pumps
135 AC units on roof 2.8 kBTU
38 AC units on roof 30 kBTU
Transformer station with switchboard and 89
meters
TOTAL
CS 4-6
Estimated
Volume/Area
(m3/m2)
2,800 m3
9,600 m3
2,400 m2
U value
(W/m2*K)
A/??
2.20
100%
1.32
100%
2.6
90%
2.264
3,300 m2
1.15
90%
2.922
860 m2 (24%)
970 m2
Three floors by
2,300 m2
All five floors, about
15 m length
140 m2
360 m2
360 m2
20 kW
2.1
78%
1.200
2.1
78%
2.9
100%
2.100 (base
ground)
0.600
2.3
2.8
2.1
100%
100%
50%
95%
COP (nom)
COP (nom)
Technical losses
2.8
3.1
95%
95%
100%
Summarized hotel
cooling demand
Section cooling
demand
(MWh-th/a)
2.340
0.500
1.500
0.400
12.326 MWhth/a
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
The model used is a simplified balancing procedure for the cooling demand resulting from the
normalized (averaged) CDD demand in temperatures and duration for the existing construction frame,
not taking into account inner energy gain impacts.
The summarized model cooling demand for the considered M-Hotel, Riyadh with 3,800 average CDDs
(design temperature 18 °C) for Riyadh has been roughly estimated to be around 12.3 MWh-th annually.
This roughly corresponds to an AC power consumption share of about 65 percent, estimated from the
total hotel electricity demand of 3.96 MWh-el reported for 2012.
4.3.4
Occupancy Rates, Power Consumption, and Outside Temperatures
Analysis
Average hotel occupancy rates and monthly average outside temperatures against the average monthly
power and water consumption values at M-Hotel, Riyadh, for 2012 are presented in Figure CS 4-5.
as share of average value for the M-Hotel, Riyadh 2012
Figure CS 4-5:
Relative Business Data, Outside Temperature and Monthly Power/Water
Consumption for the M-Hotel, Riyadh 2012
Figure CS 4-5 shows the reported and expected co-relationship between hotel occupancy rates and
average outside temperatures as demand drivers and the reported monthly power and water
consumption as supply values for the M-Hotel, Riyadh during 2012.
The reported average hotel occupancy rate (used rooms/beds) was a nearly constant 76 percent during
2012.
On one side, there seems to be no strong or clear impact of hotel occupancy rates on the monthly hotel
power and water demand, but on the other side, a strong direct correlation has been analyzed between
the average outside temperature and monthly power consumption values at the M-Hotel during 2012.
This means that during times of nonoccupation, hotel rooms’ target temperature for the ACs operating
per room/apartment unit could be lowered.
Volume 2
CS 4-7
CASE STUDY 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Even better would be the (inside) temperature-dependent AC operation regulation of minimum target
temperatures in the rooms, controlled through a centralized EMS system, in relation to their daily sunside expenditure duration.
4.3.5
Modeling of the Electricity Demand
Modeling for the power demand has been drafted in accordance with capacity values seen during the
site visit and provisionally discussed with the maintenance department, but could not be finished
because of still-expected comments from the maintenance department on potentially missing
consumers and respective consumption dynamics.
The reported total and specific electricity consumption of the M-Hotel by 3,963 MWh/a (404
kWh/m2*a) corresponds to the upper band of international specific hotel energy consumption levels
with comparable climate conditions and occupancy rates.
From consumption model/reporting in Table CS 4-3, the following main shares for electricity
consumption could be derived.
Table CS 4-3: Load Modeling for the M-Hotel Power Demand by Sector and Load Grouping
Consumption Model of Energy-Electricity Relevant Equipment for M-Hotel Year 2012
Electric Demand
Sector
Common hotel
2 main chillers
Kitchen
3 elevator motors
Lobby, floors, stairs
8 AC unit offices
Conference rooms
Workshops
Electricity Consumer
Transformers/PF
AC splitting units
AC package units
Air cooling lobby
Exhaust fans lobby
Water pumping
Em water pump
Kitchen lighting
Kitchen heating+steam
Kitchen ventilation
Kitchen cooking
Kitchen refrigerator
Elevator operation
Central LED lighting
AC fans per office
Refrigerator
Electric boilers
Lamps-bulbs room
LEDs lobby+stair+floors
Extra services ACs
Extra services lights
Outside parking lighting
Service rooms+refrigerator
Service pumps
HW service boilers
Garden tent AC
prov. model total
reported av. total
Op
Max
Op.
Days/
Occ. Hours/a
Annual
Capacity Capacity Week Hours/ Cap. Rate (Installed Consumption
Unit
Number kW/kVA 75,0% occ.-rate Day Factor 79%
load)
kWh
1 out of 2
60
29
2
2
2
1
20
12
6
4
6
3
150
8
89
60+29
89
267
5
35
20
35
10
5
3
1000
4,5
6,3
7,5
2,5
20
30
0,04
2,5
1,5
5,5
1,4
7,5
0,015
3,5
0,07
148
0,72
0,05
4,5
0,1
0,3
0,3
2
2
1,5
252,395
year 2012
477,4
7
213,3
144,3
15
5
9
0,8
30
9
17,4
8,4
17,8
2,3
28
6,23
116,92
50,6
10,5
22,5
3,5
6
10,5
15,8 7
10
3,6
7
7
7
7
1
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
4
5
7
7
7
2
kW
kW
24
22
22
23
23
20
12
16
16
16
10
20
20
24
12
14
14
16
4
20
20
12
10
16
16
12
0,03
0,85
0,85
0,95
0,95
0,95
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,6
0,95
0,9
0,5
0,8
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,8
0,6
262,1
6.807
6.807
7.953
7.953
6650
486
4536
4536
4536
2430
5670
4368
7182
3402
2205
2469,6
4536
1310,4
3240
4050
3402
2835
4536
4480
720
8300
262.080,0
1.451.890,4
982.445,9
119.301,0
39.767,0
59.850,0
14.580,0
3.628,8
11.340,0
6.804,0
42.233,4
47.628,0
77.641,2
16.159,5
95.256,0
13.737,2
288.745,6
229,626,8
13.820,1
14580,0
14.175,0
20.412,0
29.767,5
71.668,8
8.960,0
2.559,6
3.943.489
3.962.468
Figure CS 4-6 clearly shows AC dominant consumption by about 63 percent from total electricity
consumed for the M-Hotel, Riyadh during 2012.
Consequently, the biggest chances for energy savings should be inside the AC electricity consumption
share, partly through possible upgrading of generation capacities (coefficient of performance [COP]
ratio) and partly through changed AC operation modes, depending on the outside and inside target
temperature and occupation rates of the rooms and apartments at the hotel.
CS 4-8
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 4-6:
Power Consumption Shares for the M-Hotel, Riyadh
The internal power distribution flows shown in Figure CS 4-7 for the M-Hotel give an understanding of
the dominant share of the AC consumption.
4.3.6
Short-Term Measures
The following are short-term measures that could be instituted to save energy:
• Instruct all hotel room service staff about possibilities and prospects of saving energy and water
• Regularly draft and update a small company leaflet reporting expected and achieved energy and
water savings to staff and guests
• Turn down (or off) by target temperature all non-used ACs in empty rooms or apartments
• Turn down (or off) all nonused lights in empty conference and service rooms
• Emphasize awareness of and collection of EE proposals from hotel staff and guests
4.3.6.1
Medium-Term Measures
The following are medium-term measures that could be instituted to save energy:
• Replace all original incandescent bulbs with energy-saving lamps, preferably LED (with about
70 percent expected savings)
• Replace single-glass doors/windows with double-glass doors/windows (as done on the street side of
the ground floor)
• Replace unregulated motors with variable speed drive- (VSD) regulated ones or install suitable VSD
units at existing motors
• Seek and find possibilities for suitable building energy management via a centralized temperature
control for all rooms, connected to the reception computer
• Establish suitable heat insulation on the flat roof during the next rehabilitation phase
• Analyze the inductive load in the hotel, control existing cosphi (especially if below 0.85), and draft
measures to reduce inductive hotel load onto a cosphi value by about 0.95
• Increase by that measure the own power import capacity via Saudi Electric Company (SEC) cables
and avoid future penalty payments set by the Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority
(ECRA) and requested by SEC
Volume 2
CS 4-9
Figure CS 4-7:
Power Distribution Shares for the M-Hotel, Riyadh
CASE STUDY 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
CS 4-10
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
4.3.6.2
Long-Term Measures
The following are long-term measures that could be instituted to save energy:
• Install a suitable combined heat and power–generating motor (CHP) generator by at a minimum 50
kW and at a maximum 70 kW electrical capacity (payback by approximately 3.5 to 4 years)
• Upgrade the CHP generator for absorption cooling via intelligent heat usage and absorption cooling
management for acclimatization of the central lobby and floor space (around 1,300 m3 cooling
space)
• Upgrade the quality (specific energy consumption as investment target) for any new energyconsuming hotel equipment such as AC splitting units, HW boilers, refrigerators, and lamps
• Seek and find possibilities for suitable building-energy management via a centralized temperature
control in all rooms and decreasing the cooling demand in non-used rooms by 60 percent with
potential simple payback in 3 to 4 years
4.3.6.3
Cost and Benefit Analysis of EE Measures
The predictable payback times for EE proposals for short-term solutions will be between 6 months and
2.5 years, for mid-term solutions between 2 to 3 years, and for long-term solutions between 3 to 8
years, depending on internal hotel commitment during implementation and considering opportunity
cost for the saved energy resources.
Extra benefits from carbon dioxide (CO2) abatement could be integrated via existing (and predicted)
cost for CO2 reduction but at the moment deliver rather weak economic support because of
international CO2 trading market rules and an over-supply of CO2 certificates.
Table CS 4-4 shows the concluded list of commonly selected and agreed-upon priority EE proposals
identified for the M-Hotel in Riyadh.
Extra benefits achievable from CO2 abatement could be integrated in a potential project financing
concept via existing (and predicted) cost for CO2 reduction. At the moment, these abatements may
deliver only rather weak economic support because of actual (over-balanced) international CO2 trading
rules.
4.3.7
EE Health and Safety Policy Issues
The following institutional regulations were identified for potentially having an impact on a planned EE
investment or refurbishment for the M-Hotel (as a pilot example for KSA) plus for institutional and
management consequences on a planned respective widening of similar EE refurbishments:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Consider construction licensing (by MoH) needed for construction of new houses or making
significant extension in/to the existing building frame; checking of sufficient SBC climate insulation
standard
Consider SEC regulation on installation and operation of power generators (for emergency cases) in
production facilities
Consider ECRA regulation on PF determination and respective SEC compensation inquiries resulting
from client size and specific load situation
Consider Saudi Standard Organization (SASO) regulation on specific energy consumption and
certified determination of commercial EE labels for new energy equipment
Consider KSA emission control regulations for flue-gas monitoring, water handling, and waste
management to be followed by M-Hotel Riyadh hotel management
Confirm acceptance for EU ISO 14000 and ISO 50001 certificates with respect to international EMS
targets, plus for respective health and safety norms
Volume 2
CS 4-11
CASE STUDY 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 4-4: EE Proposals Identified for the M-Hotel in Riyadh
Considered consumption sector:
electricity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exchange incandescent bulbs with
energy-saving LED lamps (here for
200 bulbs by 60W with LED by 10W)
AC package (2x25 kW) operation for
hotel lobby better adapted to
outside temperature and hotel
service occupation
Installation of PF compensation for
achieving cosphi >0.9 (existing cosphi
assumed to be 0.76); explanation
seen in Annex
VSD inverter load regulation for all
big (elevator and pump) motors
(here for three elevator motors by
3.5 kW capacity each)
a) EMS for total hotel building
b) EMS for replaced AC splitting units
Solar-thermal roof or window
shading HW collectors for sanitary
HW preparation
Install a co-generation unit by 50
kW-el/55 kW-th to replace SEC
power import and 10 electric HW
boilers (2.5 kW-el) and use new heat
buffers (2x3000 l) for permanent HW
supplies and solar heat
TOTAL
4.3.8
Detailed EE measures
Physical
savings
(MWh-el/a)
Cost
savings
(EUR)
Expected
payback
(years)
Replace incandescent bulbs
with new LED lamps
25.0
1,100
4.30
AC optimization via specific PLC
programming tool per main
feeder
78.0
1,890
3.20
PF compensation with
installation of a condenser unit
(136 kVA-r) at main SEC cable
feeder
VSD installations at motor
supply board
1,060.8
7,886
1.20
29.0
1,220
2.15
PLC for hotel EMS optimization
35 new ACM packages
Install at minimum 20 m2
collectors by 2 m2
204.8
144.0
24.0
9,800
6,300
960
1.55
2.21
8.10
9,450
+
6,350
9.80
225.0 +
Install a 50kW-el tri-generation
unit and connect to HW and AC
250.0
supplies
(MWh-th)
MWh-el
2,149.8
EE Recommendations
The following economic sectors in KSA were considered as suitable areas of promotion of next regional
EE interest and dissemination of successful implementation experience:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Analyze existing medium-size family hotels in KSA with reference to considered similar city regions
and comparable energy and water demand and supply structures
Define EE proposals by comparison of existing specific sector demand with international
benchmarks
File a list of most suitable EE investments analyzed from typical pilot restaurant clients
Collect information (listing) of existing or planned medical centers of healthcare units to be
contacted for dissemination
Define employment issues seen in case of further hotel market development in KSA
Specify demand for secondary legislation to support EE and renewable energy (RE) markets in KSA
A provisional list of at a minimum 10 regional hotels and about 80 to 90 hotels throughout KSA by
comparable size and similar service structure as M-Hotel has been analyzed for the total KSA EE market.
The achievable savings could be about 22 GWh-el for the regional level and about 204 GWh-el on the
national KSA level when taking the existing pilot’s annual electricity demand of about 3.96-5 MWh as a
benchmark.
CS 4-12
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 4: M-Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
As final consequence, a correlation list of needed EE equipment for implementation of the proposed EE
measures in the considered hotel and restaurant service sector group against a similar list of
management improvement or technical EE service equipment to be provided by KICP sponsors could be
created.
These EE potential solutions should create a basis for starting operational work of external EE service
facilities like Energy Services Companies (ESCOs) operating successfully in Europe (EU), in Central and
Eastern European (CEE) states, and in U.S. cities (New York City), too.
To assist a sound implementation and monitoring of the identified EE measures, it is strongly
recommended that energy managers be established in private companies and public utilities that have
a power consumption above 10 MWh annually by law or specific regulation.
This means when consideration is given to increasing fuel prices for any reason, the consumption tariffs
will have to be adapted through the national tariff regulation accordingly.
Volume 2
CS 4-13
Case Study 5:
A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Case Study 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
5.1 Introduction
When comparing the energy consumption of shopping centers internationally, it is remarkable how the
energy performance indicators are very different. According to various studies, the energy consumption
ranges from 200 to 600 kWh/m2. The location of the shopping center has less influence than the
construction type, the year it was built, and the type of clients.
Scandinavian shopping centers, for example, are in the same range as Turkish or Indian shopping centers
(200–400 kWh/m2). The heat energy demand in northern countries corresponds roughly to the cooling
energy demand in southern countries. In Southeast Asia, the consumption is usually higher because the
entertainment areas play a very important role there. High-performance cinemas or large aquariums
with high energy consumption are nearly standard there.
Because of the very different construction of shopping centers, comparisons are difficult. According to
several studies, an energy-efficient shopping center has a yearly consumption in the range of 200–250
kWh/m2.
One common energy efficiency (EE) objective among several studies on modern shopping centers in
Europe and India is to reach the target of 150 kWh/m2.
A Mall in Jeddah, KSA, with annual energy consumption of 284 kWh/m2, is still reasonably energy
efficient, although there is room for improvement, as this report will show.
The comparative figures originate from the following studies:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Evaluating performance indices of a shopping center and implementing HVAC control principles to
minimize energy usage [2003]. Authors: (a) Caglar Selcuk Canbay, Energy Engineering Program,
Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce Koyu, Urla, 35437 Izmir, Turkey; (b) Arif Hepbasli, Faculty of
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey; (c)
Gulden Gokcen, Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Izmir Institute of
Technology, Gulbahce Koyu, Urla, 35437 Izmir, Turkey
Energy efficiency in shopping malls. Energy use and indoor climate. University dissertation from
Chalmers University of Technology [2010]. Author: Sofia Stensson, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola,
Chalmers University of Technology
Energy Conservation in Commercial Complexes, Reference Book: Electrical India, Vol. 47 No. 10,
October 2007
Energy Conservation of Commercial Facilities (Department Stores, General Merchandise Stores, and
Shopping Centers). The Energy Conservation Center, Japan
Road Map for Enhancing Energy Efficiency in New Buildings, Shabnam Bassi, Bureau of Energy
Efficiency Government of India
Green Shopping, C&A Eco-Store, Altmannshofer, Robert.
The energy consumption of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA is slightly below the international average, mainly
because the mall is relatively new. A Mall in Jeddah, KSA was built in 2007 and the building envelope is
still state of the art.
For the main consumers of energy, air conditioning and lighting, more energy-efficient technologies are
available. However, they are more expensive than those in a Mall in Jeddah, KSA.
In the area of lighting, light-emitting diode (LED) lamps have become quite technically and economically
mature. In the area of cooling, the use of absorption chillers (operated with waste heat) and a
composite cooling system, instead of the installed separate cooling packages, would be more energy
efficient. When installing the new generators in the last year, the combination with absorption chillers
would have been a good choice.
Volume 2
CS 5-1
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
This energy audit provides a first assessment of the EE of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA. The objective is to
identify the areas and technical devices in which savings are believed to be present or are obviously
present.
A very extensive review of technical details is not feasible within this energy audit. This would require
contacting the specialist companies (e.g., the maintenance company of the refrigeration units) to
compile extensive documentation. For the purpose of analyzing the essential savings potential of a Mall
in Jeddah, KSA, this energy audit is sufficient.
Because the energy cost of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA is largely determined by the cost of electricity, the
focus of this energy audit is on the potential savings in this area.
During several on-site inspections, the main technical installations were analyzed (as far as access was
granted), as were mall operations and several documents that were provided by a Mall in Jeddah, KSA’s
management.
5.1.1
Energy Efficiency Optimization Measures
Table CS 5-1, Figure CS 5-1, and Figure CS 5-2 provide an overview of the potential savings.
Table CS 5-1:
Measure
Short-term measures
Energy monitoring system
(complete)
Energy management system
according to ISO 50001
Energy-saving concept for all
involved parties
Intelligent lighting controlling
system
Increasing internal temperature
(in zones or complete)
Controlling inside temperature
in dependence on the outside
temperature
Peak load management system
Overview of the Potential Savings
Possible energy
savings in the
respective area
Estimated Estimated
average
average
savings in savings in
SR
tons CO2
7.50%
100.00%
5,157,423
1,333,194
3,904
7.50%
100.00%
5,157,423
1,333,194
3,904
7.50%
100.00%
5,157,423
1,333,194
3,904
20.00%
30.00%
4,125,938
1,066,555
3,123
7.00%
50.00%
2,406,797
622,157
1,822
5.50%
50.00%
1,891,055
488,838
1,432
0.00%
0.00%
0,000
200,000
0
40.00%
1.00%
275,063
71,104
208
4.00%
7.50%
206,297
53,328
156
17.50%
50.00%
6,016,993
1,555,393
4,555
17.50%
50.00%
6,016,993
1,555,393
4,555
25.00%
7.50%
1,289,356
333,298
976
30%–50% of lighting
40.00%
30.00%
8,251,876
energy
Increasing the roof insulation 5%–15% of cooling
10.00%
50.00%
3,438,282
energy
Changing inefficient drives
5%–10% of energy for
7.50%
7.50%
386,807
the drives
CO2 = carbon dioxide; ISO = International Organization for Standardization; SR = Saudi Ryal
2,133,110
6,247
888,796
2,603
99,990
293
Glass doors at refrigerated
shelves in supermarket
Periodic maintenance of the
drives
Medium-term measures
Absorption chillers working
with waste heat
Shadowing for sunlightexposed parts of the building
Frequency converters at the
large drives
Long-term measures
Changing lamps to LED
CS 5-2
5%–10% of overall
energy
5%–10% of overall
energy
5%–10% of overall
energy
15%–25% of lighting
energy
5%–10% of cooling
energy
4%–7% of cooling
energy
Estimated part of Estimated
Savings the identified area average
used for at the total energy savings in
calculation consumption
kWh
none (saves only
costs)
30%–50% of cooling
energy of refrigerator
shelves
3%–5% of energy for
the drives
10%–25% of cooling
energy
10%–25% of cooling
energy
20%–30% of energy
for the drives
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Savings are just half of the equation; the investment costs and the payback time are another matter. In
particular, the complexity of implementation plays an important role.
Table CS 5-2 shows the roughly estimated economic figures.
Table CS 5-2:
Measure
Economic Figures of Measures
Possible energy
Savings
Estimated
Investment
savings in the
used for average savings costs (CAPEX)
respective area calculation
in SR/year
SR
Operative costs
(OPEX)
(Difference to
Payback
existing
technology)
Time,
SR
year
Short-term measures
Energy monitoring system
(complete)
Energy management system
according to ISO 50001
Energy-saving concept for all
involved parties
5%–10% of
overall energy
5%–10% of
overall energy
5%–10% of
overall energy
7.50%
1,333,194
400,000
20,000
0.32
7.50%
1,333,194
250,000
25,000
0.21
7.50%
1,333,194
200,000
15,000
0.16
Intelligent lighting controlling
system
15%–25% of
lighting energy
20.00%
1,066,555
250,000
2,500
0.24
Increasing internal temperature
(in zones or complete)
Controlling inside temperature
in dependence on the outside
temperature
Peak load management system
5%–10% of
cooling energy
4%–7% of cooling
energy
7.00%
622,157
1,000
0
0.00
5.50%
488,838
25,000
0
0.05
0.00%
200,000
200,000
15,000
1.08
40.00%
71,104
100,000
5,000
1.48
4.00%
53,328
0
100,000
1.88
10%–25% of
cooling energy
10%–25% of
cooling energy
20%–30% of
energy for the
drives
17.50%
1,555,393
8,000,000
0
5.14
17.50%
1,555,393
10,000,000
20,000
6.44
25.00%
333,298
2,000,000
0
6.00
30%–50% of
lighting energy
5%–15% of
cooling energy
5%–10% of
energy for the
drives
40.00%
2,133,110
15,000,000
0
7.03
10.00%
888,796
7,500,000
0
8.44
7.50%
99,990
2,000,000
0
20.00
Glass doors at refrigerated
shelves in supermarket
Periodical maintenance of the
drives
Medium-term measures
Absorption chillers working
with waste heat
Shadowing for sunlight-exposed
parts of the building
Frequency converters at the
large drives
Long-term measures
Changing lamps to LED
Increasing the roof insulation
Changing inefficient drives
none (saves only
costs)
30%–50% of
cooling energy of
refrigerator
shelves
3%–5% of energy
for the drives
The complexity of implementation and the payback times of the short-term measures is shown in Figure
CS 5-1.
Volume 2
CS 5-3
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 5-1:
Short-Term Measures, Savings, and Complexity of Implementation
The complexity of implementation and the payback times of the long-term measures are illustrated in
Figure CS 5-2.
The measures with short payback time and low complexity are the most interesting. For measures with
short to medium payback time and higher complexity, a detailed analysis is recommended.
All mentioned savings cannot be added simply, because they influence each other. For example, a
reduced operating time of lighting reduces the savings by replacing the lamps. Details of the savings
potential are found in Section 5.3.
Figure CS 5-2:
CS 5-4
Long-Term Measures, Savings, and Complexity of Implementation
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
5.1.1.1
Short-Term Measures
The internal temperature should be checked in all zones. Some areas are quite cold, so the
temperatures can be increased slightly there.
Another possibility for saving cooling power would be to control the inside temperature in relation to
the outside temperature. If the outside temperature is very hot, the inside temperature can be set
higher, because the perceived temperature difference is still high.
Currently, there is little transparency in the energy consumption. Irregularities and increased energy
consumption will not be noticed. The read-out of the meters is not questioned regarding EE. Therefore,
it is highly recommended that an energy monitoring system be installed that integrates the meters of
the main energy consumers.
A detailed measurement and analysis of the operation of the generators revealed that they should be
adjusted optimally to their running time and mode of operation. Furthermore, an investigation should
assess whether it is economical to install absorption chillers and use the waste heat from the generators
for them, as well as for which areas these absorption chillers can be used.
An energy management system (EnMS), according to International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) 50001, should be implemented. This will ensure optimization potentials because the EE of all
essential consumers must be investigated during this implementation. During the implementation of an
EnMS, employees can be sensitized to the importance of saving energy to ensure further savings. The
sensitization of employees also can be attained with appropriate training.
Glass doors should be installed at the refrigerated shelves in the supermarket to prevent high cooling
losses.
5.1.1.2
Medium-Term Measures
The energy monitoring system recommended under the short-term measures should be expanded with
additional consumers and units to increase the transparency of consumption further.
The building automation system should be adapted and expanded along with the energy monitoring
system, for example, by ensuring a demand-oriented and energy-efficient control of cooling and lighting
within the building’s automation system.
With intelligent lighting controlling light dimming according to individual demand in several zones,
further savings can be achieved.
An energy-saving concept should be developed together with all involved parties (contractor, mall
management, and clients) to clarify how all parties can benefit from the energy savings, so all are
motivated to achieve these savings.
All larger drives should be investigated to determine whether an upgrade with frequency converters is
economically possible.
The required purchase of electricity by the utility (in addition to the produced electricity by the
generators) should be minimized. This can be achieved by a peak load management system, which limits
the peak loads by intelligently shifting the consumption.
When Saudi Arabia implements a penalty rule for consuming too much reactive power, reactive power
compensation equipment should be installed.
5.1.1.3
Long-Term Measures
In the long term, the energy monitoring system should be extended to all major consumers and all units.
Existing lamps should be changed to LED lamps step by step, especially when converting individual
areas. Outdoor lighting also should be converted to LED lamps.
Volume 2
CS 5-5
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
All major engines that consume high amounts of energy in operation should be replaced with energyefficient ones.
For the building surfaces that are exposed directly to sunlight, shadowing can be economical. The heat
load can be reduced with shadowing primarily on the southern walls and roof surfaces. Increasing the
roof insulation also can be economical in the long term.
5.2 Existing Status
5.2.1
Description and Specifications
Location
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Total area (built area)
242,200 m2
Total area (including parking lots)
384,000 m2
Area of occupied construction ground
80,666 m2
Building type
Concrete base with steel-supported roof glass construction
Number of floors
3
Number of internal tenants
450
Number of large internal tenants
5
Number of small internal tenants
445
Number of parking spaces
4,000
Customers per month in 2012
1,000,000
Expected customers in 2014
14,000,000
Open hours (daily)
10:00 a.m.–12:00 a.m.
Open hours (weekend)
10:00 a.m.–01:00 a.m.
Electricity consumption in 2012
68.8 GWh (284 kWh/m2)
Electricity costs in 2012
17.7 million Saudi Ryal
5.2.2
5.2.2.1
Energy Supply and Consumption
Electrical Supply
The transformer capacity of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA is 3 x 12 MVA (36 MVA). It transforms the voltage
from 13.8 to 0.4 kV. Figure CS 5-3 depicts the three 12-MVA transformers.
In 2013, 18 new 1-MW generators for an independent power supply were installed. The generators
should cover >90 percent of the electrical consumption. The maximum peak demand of the center is
approximately 20 MW. With the 18 generators, 18 MW can be guaranteed and additional power is
necessary only during peak times. These generators are contracted, and all maintenance costs, including
the diesel costs, are paid by the contractor.
Each generator has a power factor of 0.8. The transformers are arranged in two clusters of nine
generators each, gen set 4 and gen set 9 (Figure CS 5-4). The self-generated power by diesel is cheaper,
is more independent from the electric grid, and prevents blackouts. This technology is connected in
parallel and is synchronized to the power grid of the utility.
CS 5-6
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 5-3:
Figure CS 5-4:
Volume 2
The Three 12-MVA Transformers
One of the Two Generator Rooms Containing Nine Generators
CS 5-7
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
From an ecological standpoint, this solution causes a little more carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions than
receiving the power directly from the utility, because of a usually higher performance factor by
generating electrical power in large plants. Table CS 5-3 shows the CO2 emissions before and after the
installation of the generators, by considering the emission factors for electricity in Saudi Arabia.
Table CS 5-3:
Comparison of CO2 Emissions with and without Generators
Consumption in 2012
CO2 emission electricity mix in Saudi Arabia
Contingent
CO2 equivalent diesel
Performance factor generators
CO2 emission electricity with performance factor
Contingent
CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions without
generators
CO2 emissions with
generators
68,765,637 kWh/y
0.757 kg/kWh
100.00%
0.314 kg/kWh
0.00%
52,056 tons/y
68,765,637 kWh/y
0.757 kg/kWh
10.00%
0.314 kg/kWh
40.00%
0.785 kg/kWh
90.00%
53,788 tons/y
Based on the existing data, we cannot estimate
whether the dimensions of the generators are
correct or whether they are overdimensioned.
Another possibility would have been to use
owned generators for base load only and buy
peak load on demand. However, because
blackouts sometimes occur in Saudi Arabia, the
decision was to use the 18-MW construction.
The waste heat from the generators is not being
used currently, though it could be used for
absorption chillers. We recommend investigating
the installation of additional absorption chillers
for economic feasibility, perhaps through the
contractor of the generators.
The 18 generators are arranged on six ring main
units (RMU) with three generators each. In these
six clusters, one to three generators are always
running, depending on the needed power. Figure
CS 5-5 illustrates the technical specifications of
the generators.
Currently, the mall is not able to get detailed load
curves from the generators, but hourly values are
available. Figure CS 5-6 and Figure CS 5-7 show
the running times of the 18 generators over 13
days.
Figure CS 5-8 shows the sum of the generators in
detail. Here, the daily peaks are easily seen. The
daily demand is between 8 MW and 9 MW.
However, the generators do not currently provide
the complete electricity of the mall.
CS 5-8
Figure CS 5-5: Technical Specifications
of the Generators
Volume 2
Figure CS 5-6:
Generators in Generator Station 9, Its Sum, and the Overall Sum of All 18 Generators (Hourly Values)
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Volume 2
CS 5-9
Figure CS 5-7:
Generators in Generator Station 4 and Its Sum
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CS 5-10
Volume 2
Figure CS 5-8:
Sum of All Generators from Gate 4 and Gate 9
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Volume 2
CS 5-11
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
To estimate how much the total demand of the mall would be, Table CS 5-4 compares the mean values
of the 2012 annual consumption and the averages of daily consumption shown in Figure CS 5-8.
Table CS 5-4:
Estimation of the Power Demand of the Entire Mall
Determining the required number of generators
Electricity consumption 2012
Hours per year
Average consumption per hour
Average of the consumption of all generators
Percentage of the consumption of all generators
Daily peak load
Daily peak load if generators supply a complete Mall in Jeddah, KSA
Number of generators that have to operate simultaneously
68,765,637 kWh/y
8,760 h
7,850 kWh
5,270 kWh
67.13%
8,000 kW
11,916 kW
12
Extrapolated to the total consumption of the mall, these data result in a maximum daily load of
approximately 12 MW. This demand may be even higher on some days, but with seven generators per
gate (14 MW), there should be sufficient power available. Therefore, two generators are currently
available as reserve at each gate.
After the RMU, the distribution continues to the (approximately 20) main distribution points (MDP).
After the MDP, the secondary distribution points continue and feed into the units. One shop in the
center can have one or more units. The office tower, the supermarket, and the hotel have units, too.
They have several feed-ins.
The peak load of the center is approximately 20 MW; theoretically, external power from the utility is
necessary only for the difference between 18 MW (maximum power of the generators) and the 20-MW
peak demand.
The electricity consumption is approximately 69 GWh/y. The area is 242,000 m2 (382,000 m2, including
parking areas), which equates to approximately 284 kWh/m2/y. This is the international average and
comparable to other big shopping centers. The high electricity consumption results primarily from the
large number of cooling devices.
5.2.2.2
Existing Meters and Data Basis
Meters from the utility are installed at the three transformers. At the next level, for each RMU, one
meter is installed, as shown in Figure CS 5-9. These meters have a pulse output that is currently not
used.
At the MDPs, every distribution station has one or more meters (ABB DIN rail meters with pulse output)
for one or more distribution points (approximately 40 to 50) (Figure CS 5-10).
At the unit level, every unit also has one meter (ABB DIN rail meters with pulse output) (Figure CS 5-11).
The existing meter structure at a Mall in Jeddah, KSA is principally good. Every unit has its own meter,
and all meters have digital pulse outputs.
A Mall in Jeddah, KSA theoretically is able to read the digital meters in up to 5-minute intervals to
provide suitable load curves. However, currently, the employees read the meters once a month for
billing purposes only.
In principle, it should be possible to export the 15-minute values through a .csv file into the energy
monitoring system, JEVis. However, the readout did not work when we were on site.
CS 5-12
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 5-9:
Utility Meter in One of the RMUs
Figure CS 5-10: One of the MDP Meters with Pulse Outputs
Volume 2
CS 5-13
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
No meters are available to determine the electricity consumption of the mall. The consumption of the
mall will be determined by subtracting all client meters from the overall consumption.
Figure CS 5-11: Feed-In into the Units, Also with Meters with Pulse Outputs
5.2.2.3
New Prepaid Meters in 2014
The mall administration will install 450 prepaid meters in 2014. The meters should calculate when the
prepaid money is used up and issue an alarm for the client a few days earlier.
We strongly recommend using this opportunity to consider a measurement point concept and an energy
monitoring system (see Section 5.3) for getting more transparency when reading the new meters.
5.2.2.4
Energy Consumption
For the calculations in this report, the energy consumption from 2012 will be considered. However, it
should be noted that the consumption will increase in the following years, depending on the number of
visitors.
In 2012, approximately 12 million people visited a Mall in Jeddah, KSA, which is about 1 million per
month. This year, 13 million visitors are expected, increasing to 14 million visitors in 2014.
The consumption numbers for the whole mall and the four biggest clients are shown in Table CS 5-5,
Table CS 5-6, Table CS 5-7, Table CS 5-8, and in Figure CS 5-12, Figure CS 5-14, and Figure CS 5-15. Figure
CS 5-13 illustrates the energy balance of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA for 2012.
CS 5-14
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 5-5:
Large client 1: Office building
Month
Electricity Consumption and Cost of Three Large Clients in 2012
Reference Year: 2012 (monthly values from January 2009 to September 2013 available)
January
2012
February
2012
March
2012
April
2012
May
2012
June
2012
July
2012
August
2012
September
2012
October
2012
November
2012
December
2012
Total
2012
Note: The Islamic calendar differs in the length of the months and the total length of the year from the European calendar. To make the consumption of each month comparable, all months were normalized to 30 days.
100,184.00 85,675.00 SR 84,465.00 SR 88,788.00 SR
102,037.00 98,619.00 SR
101,058.00 96,296.00 SR 1,079,712.00
Debit for Islamic month
75,536.00 SR 79,076.00 SR 79,939.00 SR 88,039.00 SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.18 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR 8,640.00 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.20 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR 9,600.00 SR
100,517.00 97,099.00 SR 99,538.00 SR 94,776.00 SR 1,061,472.00
Remaining cost
74,016.00 SR 77,556.00 SR 78,419.00 SR 86,519.00 SR 98,664.00 SR 84,155.00 SR 82,945.00 SR 87,268.00 SR
SR
SR
Price/kWh for remaining
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
consumption
4,082,585
kWh for remaining cost
284,677 kWh 298,292 kWh 301,612 kWh 332,765 kWh 379,477 kWh 323,673 kWh 319,019 kWh 335,646 kWh 386,604 kWh 373,458 kWh 382,838 kWh 364,523 kWh
kWh
4,178,585
Total kWh
292,677 kWh 306,292 kWh 309,612 kWh 340,765 kWh 387,477 kWh 331,673 kWh 327,019 kWh 343,646 kWh 394,604 kWh 381,458 kWh 390,838 kWh 372,523 kWh
kWh
Average price per kWh
0.2581 SR
0.2582 SR
0.2582 SR
0.2584 SR
0.2586 SR
0.2583 SR
0.2583 SR
0.2584 SR
0.2586 SR
0.2585 SR
0.2586 SR
0.2585 SR
Days considered in the debit
29
29
33
28
32
29
31
29
29
29
29
29
356
(see below)
Normalized days for comparison
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
360
Consumption with normalized
4,237,037
302,769 kWh 316,854 kWh 281,465 kWh 365,106 kWh 363,260 kWh 343,110 kWh 316,470 kWh 355,496 kWh 408,211 kWh 394,611 kWh 404,316 kWh 385,369 kWh
days
kWh
Large client 2: Hotel
Month
89,976.00 SR
720.00 SR
800.00 SR
88,456.00 SR
0.26 SR
340,215 kWh
348,215 kWh
0.2584 SR
29.66666667
30
353,086 kWh
Reference Year: 2012 (monthly values from January 2009 to September 2013 available)
January
2012
February
2012
March
2012
April
2012
May
2012
June
2012
July
2012
August
2012
September
2012
October
2012
November
2012
December
2012
Total
2012
Note: The Islamic calendar differs in the length of the months and the total length of the year from the European calendar. To make the consumption of each month comparable, all months were normalized to 30 days.
105,879.00 91,735.00 SR
109,894.00
113,452.00
132,637.00
137,794.00
147,781.00
145,491.00
139,311.00
135,545.00
113,876.00
105,542.00 1,478,937.00
Debit for Islamic month
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.18 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR 8,640.00 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.20 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR 9,600.00 SR
104,359.00 90,215.00 SR
108,374.00
111,932.00
131,117.00
136,274.00
146,261.00
143,971.00
137,791.00
134,025.00
112,356.00
104,022.00 1,460,697.00
Remaining cost
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
Price/kWh for remaining
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
consumption
5,618,065
kWh for remaining cost
401,381 kWh 346,981 kWh 416,823 kWh 430,508 kWh 504,296 kWh 524,131 kWh 562,542 kWh 553,735 kWh 529,965 kWh 515,481 kWh 432,138 kWh 400,085 kWh
kWh
5,714,065
Total kWh
409,381 kWh 354,981 kWh 424,823 kWh 438,508 kWh 512,296 kWh 532,131 kWh 570,542 kWh 561,735 kWh 537,965 kWh 523,481 kWh 440,138 kWh 408,085 kWh
kWh
Average price per kWh
0.2586 SR
0.2584 SR
0.2587 SR
0.2587 SR
0.2589 SR
0.2589 SR
0.2590 SR
0.2590 SR
0.2590 SR
0.2589 SR
0.2587 SR
0.2586 SR
Days considered in the debit
29
29
33
28
32
29
31
29
29
29
29
29
356
(see below)
Normalized days for comparison
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
360
Consumption with normalized
5,786,271
423,497 kWh 367,221 kWh 386,203 kWh 469,830 kWh 480,278 kWh 550,480 kWh 552,138 kWh 581,105 kWh 556,516 kWh 541,532 kWh 455,316 kWh 422,156 kWh
days
kWh
Volume 2
Average
2012
Average
2012
123,244.75
SR
720.00 SR
800.00 SR
121,724.75
SR
0.26 SR
468,172 kWh
476,172 kWh
0.2588 SR
29.66666667
30
482,189 kWh
CS 5-15
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Large client 3: Supermarket
Month
Reference Year: 2012 (monthly values from January 2009 to September 2013 available)
January
2012
February
2012
March
2012
April
2012
May
2012
June
2012
July
2012
August
2012
September
2012
October
2012
November
2012
December
2012
Total
2012
Average
2012
Note: The Islamic calendar differs in the length of the months and the total length of the year from the European calendar. To make the consumption of each month comparable, all months were normalized to 30 days.
220,255.00
238,672.00
241,757.00
261,973.00
232,471.00
261,973.00
275,191.00
272,069.00
284,208.00
259,491.00
244,282.00 3,182,898.18 265,241.5153
Debit for Islamic month
390,556 kWh
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.18 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR 8,640.00 SR
720.00 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.20 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR 9,600.00 SR
800.00 SR
389,036.18
218,735.00
237,152.00
240,237.00
260,453.00
230,951.00
260,453.00
273,671.00
270,549.00
282,688.00
257,971.00
242,762.00 3,164,658.18
263,721.52
Remaining cost
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
Price/kWh for remaining
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
consumption
1,496,293 841,288 kWh 912,123 kWh 923,988 kWh
1,001,742 888,273 kWh
1,001,742
1,052,581
1,040,573
1,087,262 992,196 kWh 933,700 kWh
12,171,762
1,014,314
kWh for remaining cost
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
1,504,293 849,288 kWh 920,123 kWh 931,988 kWh
1,009,742 896,273 kWh
1,009,742
1,060,581
1,048,573
1,095,262
1,000,196 941,700 kWh
12,267,762
1,022,314
Total kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
Average price per kWh
0.2596 SR
0.2593 SR
0.2594 SR
0.2594 SR
0.2594 SR
0.2594 SR
0.2594 SR
0.2595 SR
0.2595 SR
0.2595 SR
0.2594 SR
0.2594 SR
0.2594 SR
Days considered in the debit
29
29
33
28
32
29
31
29
29
29
29
29
356 29.66666667
(see below)
Normalized days for comparison
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
360
30
Consumption with normalized
1,556,165 878,574 kWh 836,476 kWh 998,559 kWh 946,633 kWh 927,179 kWh 977,170 kWh
1,097,153
1,084,731
1,133,029
1,034,686 974,172 kWh
12,444,527
1,037,044
days
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
CS 5-16
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 5-6:
Large client 4: Entertainment area
Electricity Consumption of Large Client No. 4 and Calculations for Total Consumption in 2012
Reference Year: 2012 (monthly values from January 2009 to September 2013 available)
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
Month
Note: The Islamic calendar differs in the length of the months and the total length of the year from the European calendar. To make the consumption of each month comparable, all months were normalized to 30 days.
Debit for Islamic month
47,600.00 SR 48,365.00 SR 50,995.00 SR 55,194.00 SR 59,600.00 SR 66,529.00 SR 74,661.00 SR 78,473.00 SR 70,512.00 SR 75,783.00 SR 60,332.00 SR 56,301.00 SR 744,345.00 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.18 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
720.00 SR
8,640.00 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.20 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
800.00 SR
9,600.00 SR
Remaining cost
46,080.00 SR 46,845.00 SR 49,475.00 SR 53,674.00 SR 58,080.00 SR 65,009.00 SR 73,141.00 SR 76,953.00 SR 68,992.00 SR 74,263.00 SR 58,812.00 SR 54,781.00 SR 726,105.00 SR
Price/kWh for remaining
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
consumption
kWh for remaining cost
177,231 kWh 180,173 kWh 190,288 kWh 206,438 kWh 223,385 kWh 250,035 kWh 281,312 kWh 295,973 kWh 265,354 kWh 285,627 kWh 226,200 kWh 210,696 kWh 2,792,712 kWh
Total kWh
185,231 kWh 188,173 kWh 198,288 kWh 214,438 kWh 231,385 kWh 258,035 kWh 289,312 kWh 303,973 kWh 273,354 kWh 293,627 kWh 234,200 kWh 218,696 kWh 2,888,712 kWh
Average price per kWh
0.2570 SR
0.2570 SR
0.2572 SR
0.2574 SR
0.2576 SR
0.2578 SR
0.2581 SR
0.2582 SR
0.2580 SR
0.2581 SR
0.2576 SR
0.2574 SR
Days considered in the debit
29
29
33
28
32
29
31
29
29
29
29
29
356
(see below)
Normalized days for comparison
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
360
Consumption with normalized days 191,618 kWh 194,662 kWh 180,262 kWh 229,755 kWh 216,923 kWh 266,932 kWh 279,979 kWh 314,455 kWh 282,780 kWh 303,752 kWh 242,276 kWh 226,237 kWh 2,929,632 kWh
Sum consumption of the four large consumers
Average
2012
62,028.75 SR
720.00 SR
800.00 SR
60,508.75 SR
0.26 SR
232,726 kWh
240,726 kWh
0.2576 SR
29.66666667
30
244,136 kWh
Reference Year: 2012 (monthly values from January 2009 to September 2013 available)
January
February
March
2012
2012
2012
Month
Sum consumption with normalized
2,474,050
1,757,312
1,684,406
days
kWh
kWh
kWh
Average price per kWh
0.2583 SR
0.2582 SR
0.2584 SR
Total consumption of a Mall in
5,000,000
4,930,361
5,832,129
Jeddah, KSA
kWh
kWh
kWh
Remaining consumption for mall
2,525,950
3,173,049
4,147,723
and shops
kWh
kWh
kWh
pink marked values are estimated !!!
April
2012
2,063,250
kWh
0.2585 SR
4,992,085
kWh
2,928,835
kWh
May
2012
2,007,094
kWh
0.2586 SR
5,984,180
kWh
3,977,086
kWh
June
2012
2,087,702
kWh
0.2586 SR
5,886,324
kWh
3,798,622
kWh
July
2012
2,125,757
kWh
0.2587 SR
6,640,558
kWh
4,514,801
kWh
August
September
October
November
2012
2012
2012
2012
2,348,208
2,332,237
2,372,924
2,136,593
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
0.2588 SR
0.2587 SR
0.2588 SR
0.2586 SR
6,500,000
6,000,000
6,000,000
5,500,000
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
4,151,792
3,667,763
3,627,076
3,363,407
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
pink marked values are estimated !!!
December
2012
2,007,935
kWh
0.2585 SR
5,500,000
kWh
3,492,065
kWh
Total
2012
25,397,467
kWh
68,765,637
kWh
43,368,170
kWh
Average
2012
2,116,456
kWh
0.2586 SR
5,730,470
kWh
3,614,014
kWh
Schedule of billings for the client:
Month
From
19/12/11
To
17/01/12
Days
29
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Islamic calendar contains 354 days
18/01/12
17/02/12
22/03/12
20/04/12
23/05/12
22/06/12
entry missing
entry missing
entry missing
entry missing
entry missing
16/02/12
21/03/12
19/04/12
22/05/12
21/06/12
23/07/12
entry missing
entry missing
entry missing
entry missing
entry missing
29
33
28
32
29
31
29
29
29
29
29
356
January
Volume 2
Based on our on-site visit with personnel, we
estimate that the mall area consumes about
30% of the whole consumption. This value
makes the following separations possible:
Consumer
Total consumption of a Mall in Jeddah,
KSA
Losses
Consumption mall area
Consumption office building
Consumption hotel
Consumption supermarket
Consumption entertainment area
Than remains for the rest of shops
%
100.00%
Total 2012
68,765,637 kWh
3.00%
30.00%
6.16%
8.41%
18.10%
4.26%
30.07%
2,062,969 kWh
20,629,691 kWh
4,237,037 kWh
5,786,271 kWh
12,444,527 kWh
2,929,632 kWh
20,675,510 kWh
CS 5-17
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The considered prices per kWh/y are as presented in Figure CS 5-12.
0.18 SR/kWh
0.20 SR/kWh
0.26 SR/kWh
Figure CS 5-12: Electricity Consumption of the Large Clients, Other Clients, and Sum of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA in 2012
0–4,000 kWh
4,000–8,000 kWh
> 8,000 kWh
CS 5-18
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 5-13: Energy Balance of the Year 2012 for a Mall in Jeddah, KSA
This distribution of consumption leads to the following Sankey diagram (Figure CS 5-13).
Volume 2
CS 5-19
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 5-7:
Electricity Consumption of Four Large Clients in 2010
Large client 1: SEDCO office building
Month
Debit total
January
2010
February
2010
March
2010
April
2010
May
2010
June
2010
July
2010
August
2010
September
2010
October
2010
November
2010
December
2010
Total
2010
Average
2010
74,324 SR
85,198 SR
85,964 SR
88,564 SR
97,420 SR
116,873 SR
129,762 SR
129,660 SR
106,962 SR
119,599 SR
97,635 SR
87,951 SR
1,219,912 SR
101,659 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.18 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
8,640 SR
720 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.20 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
9,600 SR
800 SR
72,804 SR
83,678 SR
84,444 SR
87,044 SR
95,900 SR
115,353 SR
128,242 SR
128,140 SR
105,442 SR
118,079 SR
96,115 SR
86,431 SR
1,201,672 SR
100,139 SR
Price/kWh for remaining
consumption
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
kWh for remaining cost
280,015 321,838 kWh 324,785 kWh 334,785 kWh 368,846 kWh 443,665 kWh 493,238 kWh 492,846 kWh
kWh
405,546 kWh 454,150 kWh 369,673 kWh 332,427 kWh 4,621,815 kWh 385,151 kWh
Total kWh
288,015 329,838 kWh 332,785 kWh 342,785 kWh 376,846 kWh 451,665 kWh 501,238 kWh 500,846 kWh
kWh
413,546 kWh 462,150 kWh 377,673 kWh 340,427 kWh 4,717,815 kWh 393,151 kWh
Remaining cost
0.26 SR
Large client 2: Enmar Hotel
Month
Debit total
January
2010
February
2010
March
2010
April
2010
May
2010
June
2010
July
2010
August
2010
September
2010
October
2010
November
2010
December
2010
Total
2010
Average
2010
27,884 SR
44,571 SR
71,476 SR
70,848 SR
77,932 SR
121,529 SR
153,055 SR
133,707 SR
115,636 SR
117,038 SR
88,345 SR
76,342 SR
1,098,363 SR
91,530 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.18 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
8,640 SR
720 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.20 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
9,600 SR
800 SR
26,364 SR
43,051 SR
69,956 SR
69,328 SR
76,412 SR
120,009 SR
151,535 SR
132,187 SR
114,116 SR
115,518 SR
86,825 SR
74,822 SR
1,080,123 SR
90,010 SR
Price/kWh for remaining
consumption
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
kWh for remaining cost
101,400 165,581 kWh 269,062 kWh 266,646 kWh 293,892 kWh 461,573 kWh 582,827 kWh 508,412 kWh
kWh
438,908 kWh 444,300 kWh 333,942 kWh 287,777 kWh 4,154,319 kWh 346,193 kWh
Total kWh
109,400 173,581 kWh 277,062 kWh 274,646 kWh 301,892 kWh 469,573 kWh 590,827 kWh 516,412 kWh
kWh
446,908 kWh 452,300 kWh 341,942 kWh 295,777 kWh 4,250,319 kWh 354,193 kWh
Remaining cost
0.26 SR
Large client 3: DANUBE supermarket
Month
Debit total
January
2010
February
2010
March
2010
April
2010
May
2010
June
2010
July
2010
August
2010
September
2010
October
2010
November
2010
December
2010
Total
2010
Average
2010
209,031 SR
197,884 SR
192,357 SR
190,537 SR
209,591 SR
250,834 SR
278,475 SR
256,810 SR
217,325 SR
249,022 SR
223,452 SR
222,012 SR
2,697,330 SR
224,778 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.18 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
8,640 SR
720 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.20 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
9,600 SR
800 SR
207,511 SR
196,364 SR
190,837 SR
189,017 SR
208,071 SR
249,314 SR
276,955 SR
255,290 SR
215,805 SR
247,502 SR
221,932 SR
220,492 SR
2,679,090 SR
223,258 SR
Price/kWh for remaining
consumption
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
kWh for remaining cost
798,119 755,246 kWh 733,988 kWh 726,988 kWh 800,273 kWh 958,900 kWh
kWh
1,065,212 981,885 kWh
kWh
830,019 kWh 951,931 kWh 853,585 kWh 848,046 kWh
10,304,192 858,683 kWh
kWh
Total kWh
806,119 763,246 kWh 741,988 kWh 734,988 kWh 808,273 kWh 966,900 kWh
kWh
1,073,212 989,885 kWh
kWh
838,019 kWh 959,931 kWh 861,585 kWh 856,046 kWh
10,400,192 866,683 kWh
kWh
Remaining cost
CS 5-20
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Large client 4: OCEANICA kid’s entertainment
Month
Debit total
January
2010
February
2010
March
2010
April
2010
May
2010
June
2010
July
2010
August
2010
September
2010
October
2010
November
2010
December
2010
Total
2010
Average
2010
45,712 SR
56,877 SR
54,872 SR
52,792 SR
58,071 SR
80,415 SR
94,635 SR
84,243 SR
87,122 SR
65,500 SR
58,255 SR
46,807 SR
785,301 SR
65,442 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.18 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
8,640 SR
720 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.20 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
9,600 SR
800 SR
44,192 SR
55,357 SR
53,352 SR
51,272 SR
56,551 SR
78,895 SR
93,115 SR
82,723 SR
85,602 SR
63,980 SR
56,735 SR
45,287 SR
767,061 SR
63,922 SR
Price/kWh for remaining
consumption
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
kWh for remaining cost
169,969 212,912 kWh 205,200 kWh 197,200 kWh 217,504 kWh 303,442 kWh 358,135 kWh 318,165 kWh
kWh
329,238 kWh 246,077 kWh 218,212 kWh 174,181 kWh 2,950,235 kWh 245,853 kWh
Total kWh
177,969 220,912 kWh 213,200 kWh 205,200 kWh 225,504 kWh 311,442 kWh 366,135 kWh 326,165 kWh
kWh
337,238 kWh 254,077 kWh 226,212 kWh 182,181 kWh 3,046,235 kWh 253,853 kWh
Remaining cost
0.26 SR
Sum consumption of the four large consumers
Month
Sum consumption
Volume 2
January
2010
1,381,504
kWh
February
2010
1,487,577
kWh
March
2010
April
2010
May
2010
June
2010
July
2010
August
2010
1,565,035
kWh
1,557,619
kWh
1,712,515
kWh
2,199,581
kWh
2,531,412
kWh
2,333,308
kWh
September
2010
2,035,712
kWh
October
2010
2,128,458
kWh
November
2010
1,807,412
kWh
December
2010
1,674,431
kWh
Total
2010
22,414,562
kWh
Average
2010
1,867,880
kWh
CS 5-21
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 5-8:
Electricity Consumption of Four Large Clients in 2011
Large client 1: Office building
Month
Debit total
January
2011
February
2011
March
2011
April
2011
May
2011
June
2011
July
2011
August
2011
September
2011
October
2011
November
2011
December
2011
Total
2011
Average
2011
120,992 SR
81,829 SR
87,837 SR
89,239 SR
92,859 SR
98,550 SR
103,462 SR
89,240 SR
95,407 SR
100,796 SR
74,253 SR
84,424 SR
1,118,888 SR
93,241 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y
0.18 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
8,640 SR
720 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y
0.20 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
9,600 SR
800 SR
119,472 SR
80,309 SR
86,317 SR
87,719 SR
91,339 SR
97,030 SR
101,942 SR
87,720 SR
93,887 SR
99,276 SR
72,733 SR
82,904 SR
1,100,648 SR
91,721 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
4,233,262 kWh 352,772 kWh
Remaining cost
Price/kWh for remaining
consumption
kWh for remaining cost
459,508 kWh 308,881 kWh 331,988 kWh 337,381 kWh 351,304 kWh 373,192 kWh 392,085 kWh 337,385 kWh
361,104 kWh 381,831 kWh
279,742 kWh 318,862 kWh
Total kWh
467,508 kWh 316,881 kWh 339,988 kWh 345,381 kWh 359,304 kWh 381,192 kWh 400,085 kWh 345,385 kWh
369,104 kWh 389,831 kWh
287,742 kWh 326,862 kWh 4,329,262 kWh 360,772 kWh
September
2011
November
2011
Large client 2: Hotel
Month
January
2011
Debit total
February
2011
March
2011
April
2011
May
2011
June
2011
July
2011
August
2011
October
2011
December
2011
Total
2011
Average
2011
93,360 SR
76,003 SR
79,915 SR
80,937 SR
101,989 SR
120,198 SR
147,799 SR
155,781 SR
120,639 SR
112,645 SR
119,479 SR
120,680 SR
1,329,425 SR
110,785 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y
0.18 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
8,640 SR
720 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y
0.20 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
9,600 SR
800 SR
91,840 SR
74,483 SR
78,395 SR
79,417 SR
100,469 SR
118,678 SR
146,279 SR
154,261 SR
119,119 SR
111,125 SR
117,959 SR
119,160 SR
1,311,185 SR
109,265 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
5,043,019 kWh 420,252 kWh
Remaining cost
Price/kWh for remaining
consumption
kWh for remaining cost
353,231 kWh 286,473 kWh 301,519 kWh 305,450 kWh 386,419 kWh 456,454 kWh 562,612 kWh 593,312 kWh
458,150 kWh 427,404 kWh
453,688 kWh 458,308 kWh
Total kWh
361,231 kWh 294,473 kWh 309,519 kWh 313,450 kWh 394,419 kWh 464,454 kWh 570,612 kWh 601,312 kWh
466,150 kWh 435,404 kWh
461,688 kWh 466,308 kWh 5,139,019 kWh 428,252 kWh
September
2011
November
2011
Large client 3: Supermarket
Month
Debit total
January
2011
February
2011
March
2011
April
2011
May
2011
June
2011
July
2011
August
2011
October
2011
December
2011
Total
2011
Average
2011
346,844 SR
242,565 SR
267,475 SR
271,568 SR
259,932 SR
271,776 SR
286,559 SR
269,675 SR
260,142 SR
260,828 SR
246,593 SR
249,969 SR
3,233,926 SR
269,494 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y
0.18 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
8,640 SR
720 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y
0.20 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
9,600 SR
800 SR
345,324 SR
241,045 SR
265,955 SR
270,048 SR
258,412 SR
270,256 SR
285,039 SR
268,155 SR
258,622 SR
259,308 SR
245,073 SR
248,449 SR
3,215,686 SR
267,974 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
kWh for remaining cost
1,328,169 927,096 kWh
kWh
1,022,904
kWh
1,038,646 993,892 kWh
kWh
1,039,446
kWh
1,096,304
kWh
1,031,365
kWh
Total kWh
1,336,169 935,096 kWh
kWh
1,030,904
kWh
1,046,646
kWh
1,047,446
kWh
1,104,304
kWh
1,039,365 1,002,700 kWh
kWh
Remaining cost
Price/kWh for remaining
consumption
CS 5-22
1,001,892
kWh
994,700 kWh 997,338 kWh
1,005,338
kWh
0.26 SR
942,588 kWh 955,573 kWh 12,368,023 kWh
1,030,669
kWh
950,588 kWh 963,573 kWh 12,464,023 kWh
1,038,669
kWh
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Large client 4: Entertainment area
Month
Debit total
January
2011
February
2011
March
2011
April
2011
May
2011
June
2011
July
2011
August
2011
September
2011
October
2011
November
2011
December
2011
Total
2011
Average
2011
55,549 SR
43,522 SR
46,249 SR
46,209 SR
53,373 SR
62,233 SR
66,861 SR
67,164 SR
74,869 SR
66,286 SR
48,580 SR
52,462 SR
683,357 SR
56,946 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y
0.18 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
8,640 SR
720 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y
0.20 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
9,600 SR
800 SR
54,029 SR
42,002 SR
44,729 SR
44,689 SR
51,853 SR
60,713 SR
65,341 SR
65,644 SR
73,349 SR
64,766 SR
47,060 SR
50,942 SR
665,117 SR
55,426 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
2,558,142 kWh 213,179 kWh
Remaining cost
Price/kWh for remaining
consumption
kWh for remaining cost
207,804 kWh 161,546 kWh 172,035 kWh 171,881 kWh 199,435 kWh 233,512 kWh 251,312 kWh 252,477 kWh
282,112 kWh 249,100 kWh
181,000 kWh 195,931 kWh
Total kWh
215,804 kWh 169,546 kWh 180,035 kWh 179,881 kWh 207,435 kWh 241,512 kWh 259,312 kWh 260,477 kWh
290,112 kWh 257,100 kWh
189,000 kWh 203,931 kWh 2,654,142 kWh 221,179 kWh
September
2011
November
2011
Total consumption of the four large consumers
Month
Total consumption
Volume 2
January
2011
2,380,712
kWh
February
2011
1,715,996
kWh
March
2011
April
2011
May
2011
June
2011
July
2011
August
2011
1,860,446
kWh
1,885,358
kWh
1,963,050
kWh
2,134,604
kWh
2,334,312
kWh
2,246,538
kWh
2,128,065
kWh
October
2011
2,087,673
kWh
1,889,019
kWh
December
2011
1,960,673
kWh
Total
2011
24,586,446
kWh
Average
2011
2,048,871
kWh
CS 5-23
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 5-9:
Electricity Consumption of Four Large Clients in 2013
Large client 1: Office building
Month
Debit total
January
2013
February
2013
March
2013
April
2013
May
2013
June
2013
July
2013
August
2013
September
2013
October
2013
November
2013
December
2013
Total
2013
Average
2013
88,093 SR
93,517 SR
147,623 SR
89,773 SR
111,812 SR
114,878 SR
127,505 SR
109,398 SR
110,325 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.18 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.20 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
86,573 SR
91,997 SR
146,103 SR
88,253 SR
110,292 SR
113,358 SR
125,985 SR
107,878 SR
108,805 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
Remaining cost
Price/kWh for remaining
consumption
kWh for remaining cost
332,973 kWh 353,835 kWh 561,935 kWh 339,435 kWh 424,200 kWh 435,992 kWh 484,558 kWh 414,915 kWh
418,480 kWh
Total kWh
340,973 kWh 361,835 kWh 569,935 kWh 347,435 kWh 432,200 kWh 443,992 kWh 492,558 kWh 422,915 kWh
426,480 kWh
Large client 2: Hotel
Month
Debit total
January
2013
February
2013
March
2013
April
2013
May
2013
June
2013
July
2013
August
2013
September
2013
October
2013
November
2013
December
2013
Total
2013
Average
2013
103,332 SR
95,122 SR
122,259 SR
110,676 SR
134,102 SR
134,327 SR
151,866 SR
151,510 SR
125,399 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.18 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.20 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
101,812 SR
93,602 SR
120,739 SR
109,156 SR
132,582 SR
132,807 SR
150,346 SR
149,990 SR
123,879 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
Remaining cost
Price/kWh for remaining
consumption
kWh for remaining cost
391,585 kWh 360,008 kWh 464,381 kWh 419,831 kWh 509,931 kWh 510,796 kWh 578,254 kWh 576,885 kWh
476,459 kWh
Total kWh
399,585 kWh 368,008 kWh 472,381 kWh 427,831 kWh 517,931 kWh 518,796 kWh 586,254 kWh 584,885 kWh
484,459 kWh
Large client 3: Supermarket
Month
Debit total
January
2013
February
2013
March
2013
April
2013
May
2013
June
2013
July
2013
August
2013
September
2013
October
2013
November
2013
December
2013
Total
2013
Average
2013
179,503 SR
268,482 SR
345,174 SR
200,926 SR
277,146 SR
274,450 SR
277,761 SR
251,527 SR
259,371 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.18 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.20 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
177,983 SR
266,962 SR
343,654 SR
199,406 SR
275,626 SR
272,930 SR
276,241 SR
250,007 SR
257,851 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
kWh for remaining cost
684,550 kWh
1,026,777
kWh
1,321,746 766,946 kWh
kWh
1,060,100
kWh
1,049,731
kWh
1,062,465 961,565 kWh
kWh
991,735 kWh
Total kWh
692,550 kWh
1,034,777
kWh
1,329,746 774,946 kWh
kWh
1,068,100
kWh
1,057,731
kWh
1,070,465 969,565 kWh
kWh
999,735 kWh
Remaining cost
Price/kWh for remaining
consumption
CS 5-24
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Large client 4: Entertainment area
Month
Debit total
January
2013
February
2013
March
2013
April
2013
May
2013
June
2013
July
2013
August
2013
September
2013
October
2013
November
2013
December
2013
Total
2013
Average
2013
52,111 SR
48,918 SR
60,309 SR
45,607 SR
60,472 SR
82,468 SR
71,279 SR
75,674 SR
62,105 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.18 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
720 SR
Contains 4,000 kWh/y 0.20 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
800 SR
50,591 SR
47,398 SR
58,789 SR
44,087 SR
58,952 SR
80,948 SR
69,759 SR
74,154 SR
60,585 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
0.26 SR
Remaining cost
Price/kWh for remaining
consumption
kWh for remaining cost
194,581 kWh 182,300 kWh 226,112 kWh 169,565 kWh 226,738 kWh 311,338 kWh 268,304 kWh 285,208 kWh
233,018 kWh
Total kWh
202,581 kWh 190,300 kWh 234,112 kWh 177,565 kWh 234,738 kWh 319,338 kWh 276,304 kWh 293,208 kWh
241,018 kWh
Total consumption of the four large consumers
Month
Total consumption
Volume 2
January
2013
1,635,688
kWh
February
2013
1,954,919
kWh
March
2013
April
2013
May
2013
June
2013
July
2013
August
2013
2,606,173
kWh
1,727,777
kWh
2,252,969
kWh
2,339,858
kWh
2,425,581
kWh
2,270,573
kWh
September
2013
October
2013
November
2013
December
2013
Total
2013
Average
2013
2,151,692
kWh
CS 5-25
Figure CS 5-14: Electricity Consumption of Four Large Clients in the Last 3.5 Years
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CS 5-26
Volume 2
Figure CS 5-15: Total Electricity Consumption of All Four Large Clients (Top, Stacked; Bottom, Percentage Portions)
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Volume 2
CS 5-27
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The monthly consumptions show the seasonal dependencies resulting from the cooling energy in
summer. We assume the yearly peaks in January result from the yearly additional payments, because
the consumption is calculated from the costs.
5.2.2.5
Energy Cost
The yearly energy cost for electrical power without the rented generators is approximately 17.7 million
Saudi Ryal. The expected cost after substituting with the 18 new generators would be approximately
12 million Saudi Ryal.
The electrical consumption of the entire mall is approximately 69 GWh/y.
The prices per kWh/y are as follows:
0–4,000 kWh
4,000–8,000 kWh
> 8,000 kWh
0.18 SR/kWh
0.20 SR/kWh
0.26 SR/kWh
To calculate the cost reduction, we used an average price of 0.2585 SR/kWh.
5.2.3
Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors
The factors for electricity will be calculated and estimated from official institutions. The following factors
for electricity are from The Climate Registry (www.theclimateregistry.org):
•
•
•
•
2009: 757 g CO2/kWh
2010: Data not available
2011: Data not available
2012: Data not available.
For this report, we used the value from 2009. Using these values, the electricity consumption in 2012
was 68,765,637 kWh, which created 52,055 tons of CO2.
5.2.4
Who Benefits from Energy Efficiency?
One important question is: Which party benefits from less energy consumption?
The generators belong to the contractor. The contractor takes care of the maintenance and sells the
diesel. The more hours the generators are running, the more maintenance is necessary and the more
diesel is consumed. Therefore, the contractor has no interest in saving energy.
The shops, including the office tower and the hotel, have no short-term benefit from the mall reducing
its energy consumption. Only when the shops participate in the energy cost reduction of the mall (e.g.,
through lower energy prices) could there be a win-win situation. However, this would be a long-term
process.
First, the areas and building sectors that belong to a Mall in Jeddah, KSA should be analyzed. Later, if the
identified optimization measures are successfully implemented, the shops possibly may reduce their
energy costs, too. Then it would be much easier to find a common solution for all participants.
The mall’s costs are lower if it consumes less energy, according Saudi Arabia law. Therefore, a model
must be developed that allows the three parties—the mall, the clients, and the contractor—to benefit.
For example, when the contractor incurs less cost through less energy consumption, part of these
savings can be passed along to the mall. The mall can then pass along part of their savings to the clients.
CS 5-28
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
5.3 Results
In the following sections, the possibilities for saving energy are described in more detail.
5.3.1
Cooling Technology
Cooling of the mall is probably the most energy-consuming process at a Mall in Jeddah, KSA. We have no
detailed information about its consumption, but we estimate that the cooling consumes approximately
50 percent of the electrical power.
Table CS 5-10 shows the average temperature in Jeddah and the estimated corresponding consumption
of the cooling devices per month.
Table CS 5-10: Climate Data for Jeddah, 1961–1990a (Source: NOAA, via Wikipedia)
a
Source: U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association, via Wikipedia.
To estimate the necessary average consumption for cooling the mall, the daily mean temperatures from
Table CS 5-10 are used in Table CS 5-11 and illustrated in Figure CS 5-16.
Table CS 5-11: Average Temperatures and Corresponding Estimated Percentages of Cooling Consumptiona
Month
Average temperature
Estimated consumption
for cooling
January
25.0 °C
5.00%
February
23.5 °C
3.50%
March
25.1 °C
5.00%
April
27.6 °C
8.00%
May
29.6 °C
10.00%
June
30.3 °C
11.00%
July
32.4 °C
12.00%
August
32.1 °C
12.00%
September
30.7 °C
11.00%
October
29.1 °C
10.00%
November
27.0 °C
8.00%
December
24.7 °C
4.50%
Year
28.1 °C
100.00%
a
Source: U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association, via Wikipedia.
Volume 2
Estimated consumption
for cooling
2,100,000 kWh/a
1,470,000 kWh/a
2,100,000 kWh/a
3,360,000 kWh/a
4,200,000 kWh/a
4,620,000 kWh/a
5,040,000 kWh/a
5,040,000 kWh/a
4,620,000 kWh/a
4,200,000 kWh/a
3,360,000 kWh/a
1,890,000 kWh/a
42,000,000 kWh/a
CS 5-29
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 5-16: Average Temperatures and Corresponding Estimated Percentages of Cooling Consumption
There is no combined cooling system installed; the complete cooling is realized using single devices. In
an entire Mall in Jeddah, KSA, approximately 2,000 split units and 234 additional larger cooling packages
are installed, as shown in Figure CS 5-17 and Figure CS 5-18.
The split devices have an average cooling capacity of approximately 2.5 American tons (12,000) =
30 KBTU/h. This corresponds to 8.8 kW of cooling power. Calculating with a coefficient of performance
of 3.5, the electrical power would be approximately 2.5 kW.
The cooling demand depends on the number of visitors. During the weekend, when more visitors are
inside the mall, the cooling demand is higher.
The advantages of independent split cooling units are as follows:
•
•
Easy and flexible to install
Easily expandable
The disadvantages of independent split cooling units are as follows:
•
•
•
No economic possibility for using heat recovery
Higher losses than one large, single combined device
Higher maintenance effort
Using the estimation that 50 percent of the electrical power is used for cooling purposes, this would
result in a savings potential of between 5.2 GWh and 6.9 GWh per year.
CS 5-30
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 5-17: Larger Cooling Packages on the Roof
Figure CS 5-18: Smaller Split Devices on the Roof
Volume 2
CS 5-31
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
A combined cooling system results in a savings potential of 15 percent to 20 percent, compared with
single cooling devices.
The cooling units have no heat recovery systems. With modern cooling devices, at least 50 percent of
the input energy can be recovered as heat energy; normally, even more can be recovered. In a warm
country such as Saudi Arabia, there usually is not much need for heating energy, but the heat can be
used, for example, in absorption chillers.
5.3.1.1
Absorption Chiller with Waste Heat Usage
Absorption chillers use the physical absorption process to get cooling power from the brought-in heat,
(e.g., waste heat from another process). Thus, the necessary energy to produce cold is free, in principle,
if waste heat is available.
Because the split devices and cooling packages currently used work with electrical energy, we assume
that the electrical power for the complete cooling is approximately 50 percent of the electrical
consumption of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA. Absorption chillers require less electrical power for the pumps in
the absorption process. Therefore, the operating costs are very low if an absorption cooling device can
be operated with waste heat.
One possibility for operating absorption chillers would be to use the waste heat of the rented
generators. If it were possible to replace all existing chillers with absorption chillers and operate them
with the waste heat of the 18 generators, the theoretical savings potential would be approximately 50
percent of the electricity costs. This is not realistic in practice, but it may be possible to install two
absorption chillers in each of the two generator rooms for the cooling of some areas of the mall.
Under the assumption that four absorption chillers with 440 kW cooling power each can supply
20 percent of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA’s cooling demand in the yearly average, the savings shown in Table
CS 5-12 were estimated.
Table CS 5-12: Estimated Savings by Using Absorption Chillers
Absorption cooling machine with waste heat usage of generators
Price for electricity €/kWh
Price for electricity SR/kWh
Electricity consumption per year
Estimated percentage of cooling
Thereof realized with absorption cooling
Savings potential
Electricity consumption per year for cooling
Savings potential kWh/year
Savings potential €/year
Savings potential SR/year
Savings potential CO2/year
Estimated cost for four absorption cooling machine, 440 KW
cooling power, including reconstruction measures
Payback period
Before
After
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
68,765,637 kWh/a
50.00%
0.00%
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
68,765,637 kWh/a
50.00%
20.00%
17.50%
28,365,825 kWh/a
34,382,819 kWh/a
6,016,993 kWh/a
311,079 €/a
1,555,393 SR/a
4,554,864 kg/a
8,000,000.00 SR
5.14 years
For the small shops, a reconstruction of the cooling systems would be difficult; for large units, such as
the supermarket or the hotel, it could be useful.
Alternatives to absorption chillers are trigeneration units, which produce electricity, heat, and cooling
power in one device.
CS 5-32
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
We recommend the following procedure:
•
•
•
•
Analyze the maximum power demand and whether seven generators in each gate are sufficient for
supplying the mall.
Analyze the possible consumers for the cooling of four absorption chillers or trigeneration units.
Calculate the reconstruction costs for replacing two generators with two absorption chillers or
trigeneration units in each gate.
Calculate the payback time.
It also would be useful if the contractor were to operate the absorption chillers or trigeneration units.
5.3.1.2
Increasing the Internal Temperature
In some areas of the mall (and in some shops), it is quite cold. In comparison, buildings are not as
strongly air-conditioned in Europe, for energy-saving reasons. Considering that for each degree Celsius
that could be cooled less, approximately 7 percent of energy consumption would be saved, there are
significant savings by following this practice.
Table CS 5-13 presents a calculation showing the amount of savings by increasing the temperature by
1 °C inside the whole building complex.
Table CS 5-13: Savings by Increasing the Temperature
Increasing the internal temperature
Price for electricity €/kWh
Price for electricity SR/kWh
Electricity consumption per year
Estimated percentage of cooling
Savings potential when increasing the temperature by 1 °C
Electricity consumption per year for cooling
Savings potential kWh/year
Savings potential €/year
Savings potential SR/year
Savings potential CO2/year
Estimated cost for checking which zones can be increased
Payback period
Before
After
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
68,765,637 kWh/a
50.00%
0.00%
34,382,819 kWh/a
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
68,765,637 kWh/a
50.00%
7.00%
31,976,021 kWh/a
2,406,797 kWh/a
124,431 €/a
622,157 SR/a
1,821,946 kg/a
1,000.00 SR
0.00 years
Another possibility to save cooling power would be to control the inside temperature relative to the
outside temperature. If the outside temperature is very hot, the inside temperature can be set higher,
because the perceived temperature difference is still high.
5.3.1.3
Using Cold Night Air in Winter
In the winter months, the building should be cooled by fresh outside air as much as possible. During the
nights, the building can be precooled with fresh outside air without using the chillers.
5.3.1.4
Refrigerated Shelves
The refrigerated shelves in the supermarket do not have glass doors, so the cold air can escape easily
into the sales area, resulting in high energy losses. Glass doors on the refrigerated shelves would save
up to 50 percent in energy (depending on the cooling temperature and the opening intervals).
Volume 2
CS 5-33
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
5.3.1.5
Temperatures in Refrigerated Shelves and Freezers
The temperature readouts from the installed thermometers on the different cooling devices indicate
that the devices will not be operated at levels that are too cold, which occurs frequently. The
temperature of the freezers was about −18 °C, and the refrigerated shelves were between 4 and 7 °C.
5.3.2
Lighting
In shopping malls, usually many lamps are installed. This is primarily the result of marketing. Well-lit
shops and walkways invite shopping more than dark ones. Therefore, because good lighting is necessary,
we were not able to assess whether the savings from less lighting would outweigh the possible lower
revenues by using too little lighting. However, the energy consumption depends strongly on the type of
lamps: Modern LED lamps, for example, offer as much light as halogen lamps, yet consume significantly
less energy.
The second aspect to saving energy in the area of lighting is to use it on an on-demand basis.
Another issue to consider is the heat emission by the lamps. The more energy intensive a lamp is, the
more heat it usually emits. This means that energy-efficient lamps save, additionally, on cooling energy.
5.3.2.1
Lighting in the Mall
Within the mall area, the lighting is operated based on demand (e.g., during daylight, the lighting is
turned on only in the darker areas). This is accomplished by the use of light sensors. However, there are
only “on” and “off” switches; dimming the lighting is not performed, even though most lamps can be
dimmed.
With intelligent lighting control, the lighting of individual areas can be dimmed precisely to the desired
light intensity. Compared with the existing on/off switches, this can save 15 percent to 25 percent in
energy costs, as shown in Table CS 5-14.
Table CS 5-14: Savings by Using Intelligent Light Controlling
Savings through intelligent light controlling
Price for electricity €/kWh
Price for electricity SR/kWh
Electricity consumption per year
Estimated percentage of electricity for lighting
Savings potential through intelligent light controlling
Savings potential kWh/year
Savings potential €/year
Savings potential SR/year
Savings potential CO2 / year
Estimated cost for an intelligent lighting controlling system
Payback period
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
68,765,637 kWh/a
30.00%
20.00%
4,125,938 kWh/a
213,311 €/a
1,066,555 SR/a
3,123,335 kg/a
250,000.00 SR
0.23 years
It may also be economically feasible to retrofit an existing intelligent lighting control, depending on the
control type that is currently in use.
Most of the lighting in the mall is provided by halogen lamps (Figure CS 5-19), which were state of the
art at the time of construction. Meanwhile, LED lamps are well engineered, produce a pleasant light,
and can be used in many areas. With LED lamps, savings of up to 50 percent compared with halogen
lamps can be realized. The significantly longer lifetime of LED lamps also saves on maintenance costs.
CS 5-34
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 5-19: Halogen Lamps in the Mall
Replacing the existing lamps would be expensive because the lamp sockets are not the same; therefore,
complex reconstruction would be necessary. The payback time for this measure would be >5 years.
We recommend calculating the profitability of using LED lamps if, for any reason, reconstruction occurs
in some areas of the mall.
5.3.2.2
Lighting in the Supermarket
The lighting in the supermarket is especially intensive, as shown in Figure CS 5-20. Here, a great number
of lamps are installed, and compared with European supermarkets, it is very bright in some areas.
We assume that 20 percent to 30 percent of the lamps can be switched off in the supermarket without
any negative effect on the clients’ behavior. Switching off 20 percent of the lamps would save 20 percent
of energy.
Another possibility would be to dim the lighting in some areas, which could also save up to 20 percent of
energy.
LED lamps are not currently installed in the supermarket. Replacing the current lighting with LED lamps
should be considered when reconstructions occur, because LED lamps save up to 50 percent of energy.
Volume 2
CS 5-35
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 5-20: Intensive Lighting in the Supermarket
5.3.2.3
Lighting in Smaller Stores
In the many smaller shops, the installed lighting is (as usual) individual and usually dictated by the
parent company. For this reason, possible savings here depend primarily on the marketing concept of
the parent company. The most important recommendation for the smaller shops would be to use the
existing lamps on a demand basis as much as possible and use energy-efficient lamps if available.
5.3.3
Water Consumption
Two 600-m3 water tanks and one 400-m3 tank exist on site. The 1,600-m3 water tanks are necessary for
the fire-fighting system, which uses the same tanks.
5.3.3.1
Domestic Water
In general, the groundwater temperature is approximately 28 °C, which is sufficient for washing hands.
However, because of the risk of Legionella contamination, the water must be heated regularly.
Therefore, different water heaters are integrated into the system. The restaurants, as well as the hotel,
have their own domestic water connection and heaters. The hotel needs warm water for 255 rooms. In
general, a Mall in Jeddah, KSA has high water consumption for routine cleanliness.
It would be very useful to find possibilities for heating the water with waste heat (e.g., using the waste
heat of the generators or from some large air-conditioning devices).
The current energy necessary for heating the water is not known; therefore, no savings potential could
be calculated.
CS 5-36
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
5.3.4
5.3.4.1
Optimization of Electrical Machines
Using Energy-Efficient Drives
In general, the energy-efficiency class should be considered when purchasing new drives. If a motor has
a high power input or many operating hours, replacing the motor can be economical. Replacing
standard motors with high-efficiency motors is economical, especially for devices with high operating
hours (>3,000 h/y). Ventilation systems, exhaust systems, and pumps usually have many operating
hours, so using high-efficiency motors would be economical for these.
The heat losses from electric motors can be reduced by using high-quality materials and low
manufacturing tolerances. Today, EFF2 (i.e., improved efficiency) motors are usually installed by the
manufacturers. Electric motors in older devices usually represent only the EFF3 standard (i.e., standard
efficiency). An EFF1 motor is recommended especially for installations with >3,000 operating hours per
year.
Energy-efficient motors usually offer a 5 percent to 7 percent higher efficiency factor. The price is
20 percent to 30 percent higher than for standard drives. In combination with high operating hours, this
leads to significant energy reduction and cost savings, as shown in Table CS 5-15.
The following EE classes are available:
•
•
•
•
IE1 = Standard efficiency (>90 percent)
IE2 = High efficiency (>94 percent
IE3 = Premium efficiency (>96 percent)
IE4 = Super premium efficiency (>97 percent)
In addition, because of the lower temperature and better manufacturing quality, the lifetime of the
motors increases.
Other positive reasons for using energy-efficient motors are as follows:
•
•
•
•
The reliability increases.
The maintenance costs decrease.
The power factor increases.
The noise level decreases.
Table CS 5-15: Savings from Energy-Efficient Drives
Using energy-efficient drives
Standard motors
Price for electricity €/kWh
Price for electricity SR/kWh
Electricity consumption per year
Estimated percentage of electrical consumption for drives
Savings potential through an efficient motor
0.0517 €/kWh
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
68,765,637 kWh/a 68,765,637 kWh/a
7.50%
7.50%
7.50%
Savings potential kWh/year
Savings potential €/year
Savings potential SR/year
Savings potential CO2/year
Estimated cost for efficient drives
Payback period
Volume 2
Efficient motors
-
386,807 kWh/a
19,998 €/a
99,990 SR/a
292,813 kg/a
2,000,000.00 SR
20.00 years
CS 5-37
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The sample calculation shows that, because of the low electricity cost, the payback period is relatively
long. The payback period for different drives depends primarily on its operation times and the size of
the drive.
5.3.4.2
Using Variable-Speed Drives
A motor usually has one or two fixed speeds, which generate either 100 percent or 50 percent
consumption of electrical power. Combined with a variable-speed drive (VSD) controller (also called a
variable frequency controller), a motor can save much energy. Using such a controller, the motor speed
can be controlled exactly to the demand (e.g., 35 percent, 63 percent, or 75 percent).
If, for example, the demand is 60-percent power, a two-step engine must run at 100-percent speed. In
combination with a VSD, it can be regulated to 60-percent speed. This creates, theoretically, a savings of
40 percent. In practice, it is less because of losses and the energy consumption of the VSD. However, on
average, a VSD can save 30 percent in energy.
Because of the high cost of a VSD, it is only economical for large drives with many operating hours. The
calculation in Table CS 5-16 is an example of installing a VSD on a large drive.
Table CS 5-16: Savings from Using Variable-Speed Drives
Savings potential for variable speed controller at the large drives
Price for electricity €/kWh
Price for electricity SR/kWh
Electricity consumption per year
Estimated percentage of electrical consumption for drives
Savings potential through VSD at the large drives
Savings potential kWh/year
Savings potential €/year
Savings potential SR/year
Savings potential CO2/year
Estimated cost for VSD for the large drives, including installation costs
Payback period
Without VSD
With VSD
0.0517 €/kWh
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
68,765,637 kWh/a 68,765,637 kWh/a
7.50%
7.50%
25.00%
-
1,289,356 kWh/a
66,660 €/a
333,298 SR/a
976,042 kg/a
2,000,000.00 SR
6.00 years
The larger the engine and the more operating hours, the shorter the payback period will be.
5.3.4.3
Maintenance of Drives
Many types of motors need regular maintenance to keep their EE. Measurements show that up to 5
percent in energy costs can be saved through better maintenance of drives. Of course, good
maintenance also increases the reliability and the lifetime of the drives.
5.3.5
Development and Implementation of an Energy Monitoring System
To get a good overview of the energy flows, an energy monitoring system is needed. This system can be
implemented quite easily after a metering point concept is implemented.
By continuously controlling the energy data, a good understanding of the energy-consuming processes is
achieved. This way, errors and nonoptimized processes can be identified quickly to prevent unnecessary
energy consumption and high costs over a long time. With different analyzing functions, such as
reporting tools, visualization tools, benchmarking tools, and alarm management, a controlling system
helps reduce energy costs significantly.
CS 5-38
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
For the purpose of managing and evaluating energy consumption, an energy monitoring system should
cover the following points:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Automatic (periodic, or continuous) readout of the energy and process data from the connected
systems
Automatic monitoring, analysis, calculation, and visualization of the data
Alarms for critical or unusual events, exceeding limit values, and so forth, with escalation and
prioritization of alarms
Comparisons of energy and process data from different sources
Long-term archiving of all data and possible export to other systems
Report tool that summarizes all relevant data (for the management, energy managers, and so forth)
Visualization of the individually developed performance indicators of the organization.
At every system design step, the requirements of the ISO 50001 standard should be considered.
The first step is to conduct a measurement point concept.
5.3.5.1
Measurement Point Concept
One essential prerequisite for the development of an effective energy monitoring system is good
preparation. This includes a measuring point concept for analyses of locations at the company where
measurement actions should be installed or expanded. The main benefit would be to achieve maximum
transparency of energy flows with the lowest possible investment.
In general, the principle of measurement point planning ranges from rough to fine. First, the essential
consumers or areas are determined; if necessary, the second step is planning for additional meters in
several areas, or measuring techniques can be conducted.
Thus, a measurement concept occurs at three intensity levels:
•
•
•
Connecting the meters of major consumers or areas to the system
Connecting the remaining meters, which are already available
Installing additional meters at areas of interest.
The main components of an energy monitoring system for collection, storage, and analysis of the
significant energy data are as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Different meters for different types of media
If necessary, current transformers for electricity meters
If necessary, additional input/output modules with several digital or analog inputs
Data logger for collecting all data and for temporary storage
Database for long-term archiving of all data
Energy monitoring software for analyzing, visualization, alarming, and so forth.
In smaller properties, single points can be measured and read individually with independent data
loggers; the results can be collected from the energy monitoring system. However, in a large system, the
linking of all measurement points with a bus system is usually the better choice. A bus system has the
significant advantages of easy expandability, bundling of different functions in one network, easier
cabling in larger networks, lower installation costs, and lower communication costs.
Within a measuring point concept, an individual system solution for the requirements of the
organization should be created under the following parameters:
•
•
•
Determination of the key measurement points and further interesting data points
Useful and necessary measurement intervals and best methods of measurement
Best-suited installation locations, meter types, protocols, and so forth
Volume 2
CS 5-39
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
•
•
•
•
•
Minimal wiring and installation effort
Optimal integration of the solution into the existing infrastructure
Definition of data transfer and interfaces according to the existing infrastructure
Consideration of modular extensibility
Consideration of the requirements of the ISO 50001 standard.
When buying new equipment, it is important also to consider being equipped with the appropriate
interfaces and/or measurement technology.
5.3.5.2
Assessment of Investment and Savings
The overall cost of an energy monitoring system varies, including the cost of installation and software.
The costs depend heavily on the number and type of measurement points. Free (open source) software
solutions are available. If the infrastructure (cables, routers, switches) is already present, the installation
costs are lower.
A very rough estimate is an overall price of approximately €800 (4,000 Saudi Ryal) for each new
measurement point.
The existing meter structure at a Mall in Jeddah, KSA is good: Every unit has its own meter, and the
meters have digital outputs that can be read at any time. Therefore, the costs are much lower because
many of the existing meters can still be used.
However, currently, the collected data are used for billing purposes only; each shop is billed monthly.
Load curve and consumption details, which currently are not considered, would be available with a
respective energy monitoring system.
The higher the energy consumption of the division, department, or plant, the more accurately and
frequently the data should be recorded. In low-energy areas, a weekly manual reading may be sufficient,
but in high-consumption areas, continuous recording and monitoring are mandatory.
The implementation of an energy monitoring system and the effective work with the resulting energy
data indicate that an organization could save 5 percent to 15 percent in its annual energy costs.
Assuming that it is possible, with the insights from a modern energy monitoring system, to achieve a
7.5-percent savings in total consumption, the reductions shown in Table CS 5-17 result.
However, these savings cannot be compared with the mentioned potentials, because the energy
monitoring system is not “actively” saving, but shows, instead, the potential for savings. Energy
management software provides information to implement the identified measures and control their
success. It also helps identify further potentials and find new failures faster. Well-placed alarms can
avoid many unnecessary costs.
To share the cost over several years, an energy monitoring system can be implemented in different
stages, such as the three following stages:
1. Short-term measure: Establish an energy monitoring system for the main meters and the
clients.
2. Middle-term measure: Establish an optimized building automation system in combination with
the energy monitoring system.
3. Long-term measure: Extend these systems for all clients and all buildings in a Mall in Jeddah,
KSA.
CS 5-40
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 5-17: Savings Potential by Implementing an Energy Monitoring Syste
Savings potential by implementing of an energy
monitoring system
Price for electricity €/kWh
Price for electricity SR/kWh
Electricity consumption per year
Assumed savings potential 7.5%
Assumed savings potential in Euro
Assumed savings potential in SR
Assumed savings potential in CO2
Price for water €/m³
Water consumption per year
Assumed savings potential 7.5%
Assumed savings potential in Euro
Savings potential kWh/year
Savings potential m³/year
Savings potential €/year
Savings potential SR/year
Savings potential CO2/year
Estimated cost for a complete energy monitoring system
Payback period
5.3.6
Before
After
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
68,765,637 kWh/a
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
63,608,214 kWh/a
5,157,423 kWh/a
266,639 €/a
1,333,194 SR/a
3,904,169 kg/a
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
-
5,157,423 kWh/a
unknown
266,639 €/a
1,333,194 SR/a
3,904,169 kg/a
400,000.00 SR
0.30 years
Peak Load Management System
A load management system for peak load limitation is meaningful when an additional price for the peak
load has to be paid (or when the load peaks cause other problems). At a Mall in Jeddah, KSA, when
more electrical load is necessary and the generators are able to deliver, the electricity from the utility
has to be paid, which is more expensive. Therefore, a load management system seems useful for a Mall
in Jeddah, KSA.
Figure CS 5-21, Figure CS 5-22, and Figure CS 5-23 show a sample (from another shopping mall) of how
to analyze the possible peak load limitation.
To assess whether a peak load management system is economical, the following assumptions must be
made:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Volume 2
The contracted generators cover 90 percent of the electricity demand.
The remaining 10 percent must be purchased from the utility.
The price for electricity from the contractor is 25 percent lower that from the utility.
With a peak load management system, only 4 percent of the electricity demand must be
purchased from the utility (which is probably relatively easy by a short-term limitation of the
cooling and ventilation systems).
CS 5-41
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CS 5-42
Figure CS 5-22: Sample Graphic of Peak Power Reduction
Figure CS 5-21: Sample Load Curve
Using threshold lines to analyze possible reductions, we find the following results:
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 5-23: Sample Graph of Peak Power Reduction (Magnified)
After magnifying the graph (Figure CS 5-23), checking the duration of peaks is easy; peaks up to 30
minutes can usually be shifted.
Volume 2
CS 5-43
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 5-18 shows the savings that result, keeping these assumptions in mind.
Table CS 5-18: Savings Potential by Implementing a Peak Load Management System
Savings potential by implementing a peak load
management system
Price for electricity €/kWh/yt utility
Price for electricity SRA/kWh/yt utility
Price for electricity €/kWh/yt contractor (-25%)
Price for electricity SRA/kWh/yt contractor (-25%)
Electricity consumption per year
Electricity consumption from contractor (90%)
Electricity consumption from utility (10%)
Electricity consumption from contractor (96%)
Electricity consumption from utility (4%)
Electricity costs in €
Electricity costs in SR
Before
After
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
0.0414 €/kWh
0.2068 SR/kWh
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
0.0414 €/kWh
0.2068 SR/kWh
68,765,637 kWh/a
61,889,073 kWh/a
6,876,564 kWh/a
68,765,637 kWh/a
2,915,250 €/a
14,576,252 SR/a
66,015,012 kWh/a
2,750,625 kWh/a
2,872,588 €/a
14,362,941 SR/a
Savings potential in Euro
Savings potential in SR
42,662 €/a
213,311 SR/a
Estimated cost for implementing a peak load management system
Payback period
200,000.00 SR
0.94 years
Our recommendation is to consider the previous assumptions. If the savings are approximately 200,000
Saudi Ryal, a peak load management system will be economical. The cost for such a system depends
strongly on the number of devices to be controlled. A typical price is about 200,000 Saudi Ryal.
5.3.7
Base Load Reduction
A base load analysis is an investigation of the continuous load of a branch. Often there are machines or
devices that unnecessarily consume electricity continuously. These consumers would be detected by a
base load analysis. To estimate whether a base load analysis is useful, the detailed load curves are
necessary.
5.3.8
Improvement of the Power Factor
We estimate the current power factor of a Mall in Jeddah, KSA to be 0.76. To avoid excessive reactive
power, it would be useful to shift the power factor to 0.9. For this purpose, the reactive power can be
reduced with banks of capacitors.
Currently in Saudi Arabia, there is no penalty rule for consuming too much reactive power, but this is
expected in the future. When the reactive power costs money, too, savings can be achieved by
compensation of reactive power.
If the power factor of 0.9 would be reached by compensation equipment, the savings shown in Table CS
5-19 could be reached.
Because currently there is no penalty rule for consuming too much reactive power, the savings are not
considered in the overview.
CS 5-44
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 5-19: Savings by Compensation of Reactive Power
Savings by compensation of reactive power
Price for active electrical work €/kWh
Price for active electrical work SR/kWh
Estimated price for reactive electrical work €/kWh (third of
active price)
Price for reactive electrical work SR/kWh (third of active price)
Electricity consumption per year
Estimated maximum active power load
Full load hours
Voltage level
Power factor (cos phi)
Degrees
sin phi
Maximum current (P / (U * cos phi))
Reactive power (U * I * sin phi)
Reactive electrical work (U * I * sin phi * full load hours)
Savings through compensation
Without
compensation
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
0.0172 €/kWh
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
0.0172 €/kWh
0.0862 SR/kWh
68,765,637 kWh/a
12,000 kW
5,730 h
400 V
0.7600
40.53 °
0.6499
39,474 A
10,262 kVAr
58,803,668 kVArh
0.0862 SR/kWh
68,765,637 kWh/a
12,000 kW
5,730 h
400 V
0.9000
25.84 °
0.4359
33,333 A
5,812 kVAr
33,305,490 kVArh
25,498,178 kVArh
Savings potential kVArh/year
Savings potential €/year
Savings potential SR/year
Savings potential CO2/year
Estimated cost for a compensation system
Payback period
5.3.9
With
compensation
25,498,178 kVArh
439,419 €/a
2,197,093 SR/a
19,302,120 kg/a
2,000,000.00 SR
0.91 years
Implementation of an Energy Management System
Analogous to the management systems for quality (ISO 9001) and environment (ISO 14001) for the
energy sector, the ISO 50001 for energy management is adopted.
The main objective of an EnMS, shown in Figure CS 5-24, is to assist organizations in building sustainable
systems and processes to improve their EE. Systematic energy management leads to reduction of energy
consumption, energy costs, and greenhouse gas emissions. An EnMS in an organization is a continuous
improvement process and, thus, is an important component in achieving the ambitious international
climate targets in the coming years.
To create an incentive for implementing EnMSs, many countries are setting up funding programs. In
some countries, the implementation in large companies is even required by law or is connected with tax
relief.
An EnMS should not only be a duty for a company, however, but also be used for planning the reduction
of the energy consumption and, therefore, the energy costs. It also can be used effectively for a positive
public image of the company. It is important that an EnMS be a “living” system that the employees work
with; otherwise, the desired goals and successes are difficult to reach.
In comparison to the ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 systems, an EnMS is financed by the continuous
improvement process itself, which means that the amount of savings normally exceeds the costs of
implementing the system.
Volume 2
CS 5-45
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 5-24: The Plan-Do-Check-Act Circle of an Energy Management System
The following items are necessary to implement a sustainable EnMS:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Definition of the energy policy and objectives of the organization
Formation of an energy management team
Preparation of project plans, resource plans, schedules, budget plans, and so forth
Analysis of EnMS-relevant functions, processes, consumers, and energy flows
Development of individual energy performance indicators
Analysis of EE and measurement of point concepts
Installation of the most adequate measurement technology
Implementation and maintenance of an energy monitoring system
Training of staff involved in parallel with the implementation of the EnMS
Development of individual energy evaluations and specific energy reports
Internal audits and consultation with management
Regular management reviews
Support for the continuous improvement process
Precertification according to ISO 50001
Certification by accredited certifiers.
A well-implemented and “living” ENMS will lead to continuous savings. It will reduce energy costs by 5
percent to 20 percent, depending on the type of company and its current EE status.
To estimate the amount of savings by an EnMS, we calculated the following example (Table CS 5-20),
with a savings of 5 percent through a “living” EnMS.
CS 5-46
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 5-20: Savings Potential by Implementing an Energy Management System
Savings potential by implementing an energy management
system
Price for electricity €/kWh
Price for electricity SR/kWh
Electricity consumption per year
Assumed savings potential 7.5%
Assumed savings potential in Euro
Assumed savings potential in SR
Assumed savings potential in CO2
Price for water €/m³
Water consumption per year
Assumed savings potential 7.5%
Assumed savings potential in Euro
Before
After
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
68,765,637 kWh/a
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
0.0517 €/kWh
0.2585 SR/kWh
63,608,214 kWh/a
5,157,423 kWh/a
266,639 €/a
1,333,194 SR/a
3,904,169 kg/a
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
-
5,157,423 kWh/a
unknown
266,639 €/a
1,333,194 SR/a
3,904,169 kg/a
Savings potential kWh/year
Savings potential m³/year
Savings potential €/year
Savings potential SR/year
Savings potential CO2/year
Estimated cost for implementing an EnMS
Payback period
250,000.00 SR
0.19 years
The cost of implementing an EnMS at a Mall in Jeddah, KSA is difficult to predict. Too many factors are
involved, such as the current status of the company and the amount of work the company can do
without external help. For example, if the company has already implemented an EnMS according to ISO
14001, the implementation of an EnMS would be easier and cheaper to realize because of similar
existing structures.
Many activities for implementing an EnMS also can be handled by the company’s own personnel and
must not be handled by external consultants. However, using the company’s own personnel incurs cost,
and if experienced external experts can work twice as efficiently, this can be profitable as well.
The main costs of implementing an EnMS are caused by the following:
•
•
•
•
The effort in creating the documentation
The effort in conducting the EE analysis
The hardware and software for the energy controlling system
The certification.
A rough estimate for the complete cost of implementing an EnMS at a Mall in Jeddah, KSA is 200,000–
300,000 Saudi Ryal.
5.3.10 Specification for the Purchase of Machinery and Equipment
The EE of new machinery and equipment should be included in the purchase decision. The differences in
the power consumption can reach 50 percent. Therefore, cheaper equipment can be significantly more
expensive than energy-efficient equipment over the years.
Often, the fuel consumption and maintenance costs over the lifetime of a machine are significantly
higher than their actual cost. In general, whether more efficient alternatives are available should be
considered with every purchase, such as the following:
Volume 2
CS 5-47
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
•
•
•
•
•
Energy-saving personal computers instead of conventional desktop computers
LED lighting instead of standard lamps, halogen lamps, or energy-saving lamps
Energy-efficient electric drives instead of pneumatic drives
Natural ventilation instead of air conditioning or electrical ventilation
Water heating system with heat-recovery heat instead of electrical heating.
5.3.11 Sensitization of Employees
Employees who work consciously with regard to energy use and pay attention to EE can contribute
significantly to savings. Teaching employees about the company’s energy goals and showing them the
contribution by each individual can motivate them according to the motto: “We can achieve something
together.” Information about current energy consumption and the progress and success of previous
efficiency measures is important.
To further increase the motivation of employees regarding EE, perhaps a participation in the savings is
possible. Part of the savings could be paid as “energy-saving bonuses” or be used to organize an event
for employees. Idea competitions, in which good ideas for EE are awarded, is another good way to
motivate a company’s employees.
Informing and training employees about energy-efficient behavior in the workplace is a crucial target for
creating a culture of energy-efficient behavior in a company. A Mall in Jeddah, KSA also can spread EE
advice within its regular monthly leaflet.
5.3.12 Optimizing the Building Envelope
Because the building is relatively new (built in 2007), it can be assumed that the building envelope is the
current state of the art. However, data are lacking on the building construction. A purely visual
impression reveals that the roof is not insulated optimally, as shown in Figure CS 5-25. The large glass
areas on the roof allow much heat input to the building, which increases the need for air conditioning;
on the other hand, this saves energy for lighting.
5.3.12.1 Shadowing at Southern Wall Windows and at Specific Southern Roof
Areas
For the building surfaces that are exposed directly to sunlight, shadowing could be economical. The heat
load at the southern walls and roof surfaces can be reduced significantly with shadowing measures,
saving 20 percent to 30 percent in cooling energy in the concerned areas.
CS 5-48
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 5: A Mall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 5-25: Thin Roof Insulation
5.3.12.2 Increasing Roof Insulation
In general, measures implemented on the building envelope, such as better insulation or better heat
protection glazing, will save energy, but these measures have long payback periods.
Volume 2
CS 5-49
Case Study 6:
Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Case Study 6: Case Study 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia: Midsize, Traditional Clinics and Hospital
in the City-Coast Area, Jeddah
6.1 Introduction
The selected pilot hospital in Jeddah represents a typical and traditional midsize and high-class medical
service facility with about 100 patient rooms (approximately 300 beds) and several service facilities,
such as a blood bank, laundry service, several operation facilities, and specific treatment facilities
including an X-ray station and magnetic resonance tomography diagnostics.
The Jeddah hospital is a private medical service entity and has been in operation since 1978. It was
established during the first prospering phase of the economy of KSA and is in line with the Saudi
healthcare standard, which defines minimum norms for healthcare and regional city clinic services.
Table CS 6-1: Technical Fact Sheet of the Pilot Hospital, Jeddah
Item
Type of hospital
Technical size
Power consumption
2012
Specific power
consumption
Water consumption
2012
Specific water
consumption
Hot water preparation
Clinic patients per
month
Cited references:
Howard, Jeffrey
HVAC handbook
UBA study
Prof. M. Kubessa
HTWK-Leipzig
Worldbank/IFC
EC OPET-CS Network
Description
Volume
Characterization
Clinics/hospital/college/gym
Three buildings, five to seven
floors, massive construction,
noninsulated roof
36,571
90 bedrooms, 300 beds
36,800 m2
79,000 m3
Midsize
About 600 employees
50,000
kWh/bed/y
96,800
m3/y
161
m3/bed/y
Appears to be
significant
Exclusively from power
50,000 (summer)
60,000 (winter)
55,000/mo = 1,800/d
Occupancy rate
How to make an energy audit
Recknagel-Sprenger-Schramek
Energy efficiency in hospitals
Collected commercial and
industrial energy benchmarks
Handbook on energy efficiency
benchmarks
Collected public, commercial, and
industrial energy benchmarks
Stanford University
Oldenburgverlag
Web search analysis
BEA Energy Agency
Publication No 1289/2001
Publication of John Wiley &
Sons
Publication of EC DG
TREN/OPET network
2009
2008 edition
2009 edition
2006 edition
MWh
~50% above total EU
level
2009 edition, updates
in 2011, 2013
1999 edition, updated
in 2005 and 2010
EU = European Union; HVAC = heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; UBA = Umweltbundesamt; Federal
Environment Agency; BEA = Berlin Energy Agency; IFC = International Finance Corporation; TREN/OPET =
Transport and Energy/Organizations for the Promotion of Energy Technologies.
The hospital comprises three main buildings that were erected, or refurbished, in three main phases
beginning in 1978, continued in 1985, and, in the interim, completed in 2004/2005. The latest
modernization (reconstruction) was completed in 2005, just before the implementation of the Saudi
Building Code (SBC), SBC-601. This code is aimed at regionally adapted construction and defines climate
protection and energy efficiency (EE) standards for building, including minimum levels of
heating/cooling insulation and efficient operation of new private and public buildings in KSA.
Volume 2
CS 6-1
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The estimated thermal cooling demand of the hospital was, in accordance with the SBC monitoring
procedure and using 3,900 cooling degree days (CDD) for the specific climate demand, calculated to be
about 155 MWh-th annually, corresponding to an occupied building volume of the three main buildings
at around 80,000 m3.
To adapt the expected savings results as close as possible to international consumption standards, the
following International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards were respected: ISO 9000 for
sound management organization, ISO 14000 for environmental preparedness, and ISO 50001 for sound
energy management. In addition, best available technology (BAT) was applied for alternative EE
proposals in the monitored client facility only.
Table CS 6-2: Proposed EE Measures at Pilot Hospital, Jeddah
EE Proposals Identified for the Pilot Hospital in Jeddah
Physical
Cost
Considered consumption sector savings savings CO2 red Payback
electricity
EE measure
kWh/a
EUR/a ton CO2/a years
1
Exchange ICB lamps by energyReplace 500 ICB w cap
62,500
2.750
44
1.82
saving LED lamps
60W by 10W LED
2
AC operation better adapted to
AC-optimization via PLC
330.000 13,200
233
0.91
outside temperature and hospital pogr tool p main AC unit
occupation
3
Upgrade of existing PF
PF optimization via PLC
555,600 22,224
393
0.63
compensation for achieving
tool for four main feeders
cosphi >0.9 in Building B
4
VSD inverter load regulation of all VSD installations at
71.456
2.858
51
2.13
big (elevator and pump) motors,
motor-drive supply board
expl of 29 elevator motors by 3.5
kW
5
a) EMS for internal Pediatric
Analysis and design of
227,500
9,100
161
1.32
Building (B) temperature regime
hospital sector-specific
useful (18K design temp)
demand
b) EMS for main old building (A)
35% savable by
341,250 13,650
241
1.03
seems useful
optimizing system
c) EMS for new Building C (sister
Replace 40 splitting AC by
252,000 10,080
178
1.39
home, gym) seems useful
four central AC chillers
6
Solar-thermal roof or windowInstall at min 40 m2
56,000
2,240
40
8.9
shading HW collectors for repl
collectors/building by 2
electric sanitary HW preparation
m2
7
PV roof (and/or wall shading)
Install at min 40 m2 PV
10,000
400
7
9.0
installation w direct HVAC feeding panels by 1 m2 (4 kW)
per building
8
Install trigeneration unit by 200–
Install a pilot 250 kW-el
3,420,000 136,800
2.418
1.9
300 kW-el
trigeneration system of
power generation, HW,
cooling
TOTAL
5.326.306 213.302
3.766
CO2 = carbon dioxide; ICB = incandescent bulb; PLC = programmable logic controller; PF = power factor; VSD =
variable speed drive; HW = hot water; PV = photovoltaic
The described technical production and consumption patterns characterize the Jeddah pilot hospital as
a well-positioned and active market player in the medical service business, as well as an energy- and
water-intensive facility with locally high levels of specific energy and water consumption.
The investigated specific power consumption for medical services has been estimated to be 14,000
kWh/patient/y; for hospital services, 27,000 kWh/bed/y; and for college boarding, 9,000 kWh/bed/y.
CS 6-2
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The reported specific water consumption was about 2.7 m3/bed/y. Compared with international
consumption levels with those hospitals of roughly similar size and climate conditions, these values are
nearly double the consumption values of southern European Union (EU) medical facilities.
The main benefits achievable from implemented EE measures (see Figure CS 6-1) were detected in the
electricity consumption sector of hospital operation. Due to the existing main supply structure for
electricity applications, an increased specific demand for cooling, ventilation, hot water (HW)
preparation, and lighting had been analyzed at the pilot hospital in Jeddah during site visits. The
identified savings proposals might assist in a technically more efficient hospital operation and/or an
increased number of treated patients, due to reduced service times in hospital premises and
apartments.
Figure CS 6-1: Main Benefits from EE Proposals for the Jeddah Pilot Hospital
6.1.1
Jeddah Hospital: Local Service Component
In the case of the selected Jeddah hospital, the KICP team expects to receive, technologically and
through consumption dynamics, comparable results for a typical midsize hospital site in a key economic
region of KSA. In addition, it expects information about which sectors could be best investigated for
future EE proposals throughout the medical service sector in the country.
An internationally based, comparative efficiency analysis will give a more complete picture of where
KSA average hospital service standards stand compared with international and regional hospital
businesses.
The organization scheme (see Figure CS 6-2) describes a rather simple but efficiently organized service
facility covering four key medical service areas and offering two clinical service areas, including a
medical education and training center (college building) with a specialized gym and physical-training
area, as well as medical nursery sectors for urgent medical cases such as a blood bank and an
emergency operation center that has the necessary supplies to operate in all possible circumstances
according to internationally requested norms and standards.
The Jeddah pilot hospital management has obtained several certificates from different national and
international organizations proving the medical service quality.
The hospital and clinic services are achieved by a sound and up-to-date division for data collection and
clinic information dissemination for interested patients and commercial clients.
Volume 2
CS 6-3
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
There is a specific facility service division that organizes and guarantees all technical supplies needed for
smooth hospital operation. The existing collaboration between these technical facility services and the
business-reporting department could be complemented by a hospital energy manager who coordinates
the collected accountant data with physical (online) metering at the hospital. This setup would enable
the hospital management to control and compare all detailed consumption patterns by technical
(temperature) and business management drivers (number of patients) on a day-to-day basis.
The respective Saudi Electric Company (SEC) metering for monthly energy billing is done by online
metering at the main feed-in distribution points.
6.2 Business Description
The Jeddah pilot hospital represents a typical, private, midsize Saudi medical service facility that offers
diagnostic clinical and in-depth medical treatment services, combined with hospital and specialized
service rooms dedicated to specific diseases diagnosed by the hospital staff.
The existing hospital business comprises different medical and clinical service and informational aspects
and has a strong reputation for quality in the region. The hospital uses three main, connected buildings
for execution of different polydiagnostics, and four main, selected medical treatment service areas: a
general clinic, and maternity, pediatrics, and cancer treatment units. A physical therapy area is available
for patients to use in cases of muscle or back conditions.
6.2.1
Hospital Data
Table CS 6-3 Technical Fact Sheet for the Pilot Jeddah Hospital
Unit
Area/Volume
m2/m3
Available total service area in three buildings
36,800
m2
Occupied construction ground square buildings
12,300
m2
Estimated construction volume of the main buildings
85000.0
m3
Three existing six-floor massive buildings with ground floor and flat roof construction
Existing hospital beds, no.
300 rooms
Max. 600
Beds
Reported clinic patients, average no.
1,800 to 2,000 Patients per day
Reported consumed electricity in 2012
All buildings
36,571
MWhel
Installed transformer capacity
12 MVA
8 feeders
Latest reported power peak load
SCECO-SEC
~7 MW
0.4 kV
Latest reported average annual power load
MVA
4.5
Biggest energy clients
HVAC services, HW services, radiography department,
kitchen, laundry, blood bank, MRS/CT imaging
Installed emergency diesel power generator sets
7
0.4–0.6 MVA
Perkins/Cum
mins
Description of hospital/clinics area
Capacity
Building name
Unit
Total m2
Building A
m2
14,400
Original service clinics building having four main medical Six floors
service departments
Building B
m2
12,800
Specialized service clinics for maternity and pediatric
Seven
treatment and respective medical diagnosis departments
floors
m2
11,400
Six floors
Building C
Service building for specific medical treatment by
different medical diagnosis services departments (MRT,
CT, radiography, blood bank)
Gym and training college and medical boarding school
Five floors
Building D
m2
10,600
Operational Description
Max = maximum; SCECO = Saudi Consolidated Electric Company; HVAC = heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning; HW = hot water; MRS = magnetic resonance spectroscopy; CT = computed tomography; MRT =
magnetic resonance tomography; CT = computed tomography
CS 6-4
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The selected and assessed Jeddah pilot hospital is located in the central harbor region of Jeddah city
near the Corniche area and is a direct neighbor to KSA and U.S. government institutions. The midsize,
traditional, family hospital is well known in the city for its excellent medical services. Founded in 1978,
extensions for an increased number of service beds and more specific surgery (pediatric services and
medical-sister college education and boarding center) were made in 1985 and 1999, respectively. The
hospital construction as a combination of two main, interconnected, quadric building blocks six to seven
stories high follows international structuring. The clinics and hospital currently serve between 1,800 and
2,000 patients per day, using the services of more than 100 doctors and 300 patient rooms with a
maximum of 600 beds at 25 medical service sectors.
The hospital services comprise a clinic area, mainly located in Building A, and a hospital area, mainly
dedicated to the maternity and pediatric hospital at Building B. Building C comprises an education and
accommodation center for training of medical service students, and Building D mainly is a sports and
gym center.
With a reported occupancy rate of 90 percent annually, which is an average over about 4 years, the
hospital operates efficiently and has a reputation for quality service in KSA.
6.2.2
Location and Construction Specifications
The hospital buildings cover a total square ground of about 4,000 m2 (average, 70 × 57 m2) per floor,
and a total business construction volume of about 67,000 m3, which needs to be air conditioned to a
client-regulated temperature between 20 and 25 °C by existing one- or two-room/apartment connected
splitting air conditioner (AC) units, established mainly on the roof of the hospital.
The hospital reception lobby and the main floors and stair wells are air conditioned via two main air
chillers (water cooled) on the hospital roof, feeding cooled air via air blowers and suitable water
circulation at the base of the big, water reserve tank in the hospital ground floor (100 m3 at around
16 °C).
The hospital was constructed with a brick-filled concrete skeleton taking the static loads of each floor
area. There seems to be minimum outside heat insulation at the Jeddah hospital outside walls below
the plate cover, but no specific window noise insulation, particularly not for the hospital floor and
balcony areas.
There are specific sun-reflecting and -shading effects found at the hospital construction by edging the
outside walls against windows by a specific angle to avoid high sun impact.
The reported heat (sun) protection of the flat hospital roof (Building B outside the extra water-tank
housing) seems to be of a poor insulation standard and could be improved easily during any next
renovation with a suitable, modern, mineral insulation material.
The hospital covers about 3,200 m2 for the three key buildings and comprises about 90 patient rooms
with a maximum of 300 beds plus 20 extra patient apartments (about 25 m2) for specific family-service
purposes.
Each hospital patient room (with two to six beds) is connected to a central AC package unit via cooling
pipes (for bigger rooms) or has been equipped alternatively with a split AC unit to enable completely
separate, situation-adapted temperature regulation.
Each service room normally is equipped with or connected to (package) AC for cooling purposes, mainly
supplied with Fuji-Thailand (1.5-kW fan, 40-kW package compressors) that are installed on the flat roof
of the hospital. They are connected to the rooms via several canals (so-called riser-connectors) jointly
with pipes for water supply and electric feeding cables.
The water supply of each room/apartment has been arranged by the same connection canals, using
three water-storage tanks on the roof, two units of 4 m3 each, inside a separate roof housing. The water
Volume 2
CS 6-5
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
is pumped up to the roof tanks from a 100-m3 underground tank, which is supplied partly by central
water pipes from the National Saudi Water Company (NWC), Riyadh, and partly by water-tank lorries.
The electricity supply for each hospital room has been wired with the main feeding cables through the
riser-connectors that start from the ground floor. There, the two main grid transformers (13.8 kV/0.4 kV,
1 MVA capacity) are installed in a separate substation unit room to feed each room by separate cable
through a respective switchboard and analog metering unit.
For emergency purposes, there are four diesel generator sets (Perkins Power Corp., Orange Park,
Florida, United States) with capacity of 400 kVA (old Building A serving the main consumers: operating
center, elevator motors, lighting, water pumps) in case of grid supply problems. This generator set
guarantees the operation of the main water-tank (300 m3), three emergency pumps (30 kW capacity
each) for a limited time.
The hospital kitchen is operated with liquid petroleum gas (LPG) using a 10-m3 tank outside the hospital
building. A small laundry service is used for bed linen. For internal cleaning, the respective laundry
water and energy demand an average consumption of 3 L water per kilogram of linen and about 5 kWh
electricity per kilogram of linen, as (virtual) energy demand has been used in this report.
The hospital employs about 600 service staff (93 for the restaurant/hospital and room services, in three
shifts; about 350 for medical and treatment services; 80 fulfill the technical facility operation; and about
70, or approximately 12 percent, work in the hospital administration).
The hospital management has reported a patient occupation rate for clinic services at 90 percent of
total capacity and at 70 percent to 80 percent monthly from all available service beds during the past 2
years, corresponding to about 18,000 to 20,000 patients annually.
The hospital management has reported a generally positive business development during the past 3 to
4 years, with only a small impact from the international financial crisis during the years 2008/2009. This
value reflects effective marketing and a sound client reputation of the general hospital services
throughout the country.
6.2.3
Climate Impact, Temperature, and Humidity Analysis
To make estimations on the internal hospital AC (for example, cooling demand), the reported annual
outside temperature schedule and the investigated humidity data were considered to have the biggest
impact on the typical cooling demand for residential and commercial buildings inside Jeddah city. The
inside target temperature in KSA is usually <20 °C, whereas the SBC announces regional and seasonal
dependent target temperatures >20–25 °C.
As Figure CS 6-2 shows, and which could be considered geographically and methodologically
representative for the pilot hospital in Jeddah, there is probably, in both cases, a strong impact of the
outside temperature (and humidity) on the cooling demand for this type of commercial service building,
especially during the months of May and September.
The existing outside wall insulation of the pilot hospital was reported to be sufficient to reach and
guarantee a stable inside temperature of 22 °C during the regional autumn/winter without extra
heating, and the same for the time between October and March.
The existing outside roof insulation of the pilot hospital (all buildings) has been identified as insufficient
with regard to SBC requirements, and could only be compensated for with overestimated operation
times of the existing air chillers, especially for the lobby and floor areas.
The humidity effect remains a factor for the housing climate in KSA, mainly during the winter, reaching
60 percent and higher values, and may be further specified by considering the respective dewing points
for the classic AC on base of compressors during the spring/summer seasons.
CS 6-6
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Temperatures
Humidity
Figure CS 6-2: Metered Temperatures and Humidity Data at Jeddah Airport, September 2012
Through September 2013
6.2.4
Existing Supply Structure and Metering
Main ACs at Roof Building A
3
Water Reserve Drums (10 m ) on Roof
Emergency Generators, 400 kVA
Unregulated Elevator Motor, 15 kW
Elevator Traction Machine (29 in total)
SEC Feeding Load Meter in Ground Floor Installed Data Logger at Main AC Feeder
Pilot Hospital, Building B
Pilot Hospital, Building B
Figure CS 6-3: Existing Supply Structure and Metering
Volume 2
CS 6-7
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The main power supply for the main buildings at the pilot hospital Jeddah Building A is realized via four
key cable connections, 0.4 kV, fed from respective SEC outside transformers (15/0.4 kV, each with a
capacity of 1.5 MVA) and alternatively via five emergency generators with a capacity of 400 kVA,
located in the hospital basement (Figure CS 6-3).
The power supply for the main buildings, at Building B, is realized via three (plus one) main connection
cables, with a voltage of 0.4 kV and fed from respective SEC outside transformers (each with a capacity
of 2 MVA) and, alternatively, via three emergency diesel generators with a capacity of 400 kVA. A
similar power grid connection appears to have been established for Building A.
6.2.5
EE Building Construction Analysis
The construction of all the main buildings is based on concrete skeleton frames filled with suitable brick
tiles. The roofs of the three main buildings are constructed with different concrete plates and insulated
against sun radiation with ceramic pearl layers between the plates and a protecting cover layer. The
facades of the three main buildings are covered with glass windows of different sizes, which make up
approximately 28 percent of the building surface area.
The supplies’ connection for all main media is installed via main riser canals inside the hospital building
(parallel to the elevator pipes) for power cables, information technology, AC connections, and water
supplies. The interconnection of the buildings has been established mainly via underground tunnels
from each basement floor.
There have been no recognized or only small shadow-creation design activities at the facades and on
the roofs of the pilot hospital, probably leading to slightly overestimated AC operation times and
capacity demand.
The latest reconstruction of the pilot hospital within the years 2004–2005 should have already followed
the new SBC construction standard from 2006, but the design and approval for these investments were
made years before.
Table CS 6-4 shows a very rough model calculation of the heat insulation for the existing building
structure and a consequent draft calculation of the resulting cooling demand, using estimates for the
heat resistance u-values and the standard CDD for Jeddah city (Jeddah airport).
The summarized model of cooling demand for the total pilot hospital, using 3,900 CDD and 18 oC as
inside target temperature for Jeddah city (per SBC-601), has been estimated at 115.8 GWh-th annually.
This figure roughly corresponds with the reported total cooling capacity at 15.4 MW-th, which had been
generated through several (package and split) AC units with a share of 70 percent and with air chillers at
30 percent.
The demonstrated technical consumption-model analysis of the main three buildings of the pilot
hospital in Jeddah presents a construction-based demand analysis using available construction data and
estimated u-values of the buildings’ heat insulation quality.
Finally, 3,900 CDD has been applied as the value for the temperature/time dependence of the local
building cooling demand, with consideration of separate business areas with their own cooling
demand/load dynamics.
CS 6-8
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 6-4: The Summarized Cooling Demand for the Pilot Hospital with 3,900 CDD for Jeddah City Has Been
Estimated at Around 115.8 GWh-th Annually
Rough Cooling Demand Analysis According
to Construction Terms
Concrete (frame) skeleton
Brick filling of nonstatic walls
Roof construction, flat without cooling
insulation
Outside edging walls
Windows and balcony doors
Floors, balconies, corridors, and stair wells
Different group sizes for hospital singlerooms (40 m2) and smaller (90 m2) and
bigger apartments
Four main riser canals for cables, AC
connection, and water supplies (~1.5 m Ø)
Kitchen (n = 3) operation square
Laundry operational impact
Five restaurants at 120 m2 each
Conference room on sixth floor
Six air-chiller units on roof with circulating
water pumps
135 AC units on roof, 30 kBTU each
Transformer station with switchboard and
seven emergency generators
Total
Estimated
Area/Volume
m2/m3
u-value,
W/m2/K
Usage, %
32000.0 m3
29600 m3
7800 m2
2.40
1.32
2.6
100
100
90
17,800
13,072
14,264
13700 m2
2,600 m2 (34%)
5,970 m2
3 floors by
2,600 m2
1.15
2.2
1.9
2.1
90
78
78
19,722
6,800
7,200
9,200
(basement)
All 6 floors, about
25 m length
340 m2
360 m2
600 m2
140 m2
30 kW
2.9
100
1,500
2.3
2.8
2.1
100
100
50
100
95
4,500
4,800
4,400
1,500
6,500
3.5 kW
Technical losses
95
100
4,500
Summarized
hospital cooling
demand
MWhth/y
Section Model Cooling
Demand, MWh-th/y
115,758
6.3 Occupancy Rates, Power Consumption, and Outside
Temperature Analysis
To analyze the main drivers of the growing electricity demand at the pilot hospital premises in Jeddah
city, the following analytical approach was used to estimate the potential impact of patient occupancy
rates and outside temperature on the existing reported power consumption in the pilot hospital
buildings.
Figure CS 6-4 demonstrates the relationship between the monthly power demand and the temperature
dynamics in relation to the monthly average outside temperature and to the average number of
patients treated within the pilot hospital in Jeddah during 2012.
There seems to be no direct correlation between the patient occupancy rate (fluctuation by 10 percent
to 15 percent between summer and winter) and the monthly power consumption at the pilot hospital
during 2012. In contrast, a clear impact from the outside temperature could be recognized, mainly
explainable through the high AC share (about 60 percent) from the total hospital electricity
consumption pattern.
Volume 2
CS 6-9
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Figure CS 6-4: Analytical Comparison of Relative Outside Temperature, Occupancy Rate, and Monthly Power
Consumption at the Pilot Hospital in Jeddah for 2012 (36.571 MWhel Total)
The analyzed specific consumption patterns (about 6.500 kWh/bed/y) were determined to be
reasonable when considering the specific cooling techniques applied in the pilot hospital and
considering their existing coefficient of performance efficiencies.
6.4 Modeling (LP Analysis) of the Electricity Demand
The modeling for the power demand in the pilot hospital in Jeddah has been drafted in accordance with
capacity values and load factors seen and understood during the site visits (Table CS 6-5). Some deficits,
specifically for the daily and weekly AC and HW operation dynamics, are due to missing data.
The reported total annual electricity consumption of the pilot hospital of 36.371 MWh/y (542
kWh/m2/y) corresponds to the upper band of international, specific, hospital energy consumption with
comparable climate conditions and occupancy rates.
Due to the specific climate conditions, AC supplies play a dominant role (about 60 percent of the total),
as it represents the easiest way to reach a nearly constant living climate inside the clinics and hospital in
accordance with the SBC-601 normative.
Possibilities for savings exist in implementation of more-efficient AC equipment, in demand-adapted
decreased AC operation for non-nursery areas (target temperature), and in replacement or extension of
AC processes by alternative, more-efficient chiller technologies (lobby areas), allowing the integration
of waste heat from trigeneration generator sets via sound-absorption cooling technology for air cooling
purposes.
Two other important possibilities for energy savings were identified: optimized power factor (PF)
operation and additional power factor compensation (PFC) installations where necessary, and via the
replacement of electricity for “fuelling” HW boilers with waste heat from running new trigeneration
generator sets.
CS 6-10
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Table CS 6-5: Modeling of the Annual Power Demand at Pilot Hospital by Sector, Capacity, and Time
Consumption Model of Energy-Electricity Relevant Equipment for Pilot Hospital in Jeddah
Electric Demand
Unit
Sector
Electricity Consumer Number
Common hospital
Building 1
90 hospital rooms
ACS lobby
Water pumps
Lightning
Refrigerators
Lobby, floors,
stairs
29-elevator
motors
Lighting supplies
Hospital rooms
Blood bank
MRT, CT, X-Raydepartments
Conference
rooms
Outside parking
Capacity
kW/unit kW/ kVA
1000
5000
25
375
4,5
324
35
420
9,5
570
7,5
300
23,5
470
30
90
Transformers/PF
AC packages
AC splitting units
Air chillers lobby
ACs board houses
ACs guest houses
Water pumping
Emergency water
pumps
Kitchen lighting
Kitchen refrigerators
Kitchen cooking
Kitchen ventilation
5
15
90
12
60
40
20
3
55
12
12
10
0,04
0,8
5,5
F-hospital elevators
29
Central LED lightning
AC fans per unit
Refrigerator units
Electric boilers 90
rooms
HW central boilers
Lamps-bulbs rooms
LED lights
12 refrigerators
Extra drives and
supplies
Extra services conf
Hours/
Day
Cap.
Factor
Year 2012
Occup
Rate
80%
Op
Annual
Hours/a Consumption
(Installed
load)
kWh
314,5
2.572.480,0
6930
2.598.750,0
6930
2.245.320,0
7980
3.351.600,0
7315
4.169.550,0
7315
2.194.500,0
5040
2.368.800,0
952
85.680,0
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
2
24
22
22
24
22
22
18
16
0,036
0,9
0,9
0,95
0,95
0,95
0,8
0,85
2,2
9,6
66
5
7
7
7
7
16
22
16
16
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
4536
6237
4536
4536
9.979,2
59.875,2
299.376,0
22.680,0
6,5
188,5
7
16
0,6
3494,4
1.354.681,6
650
90
90
60+29
3,5
1,6
32,5
315
144
177
7
7
7
7
24
12
22
16
0,95
0,9
0,5
0,8
7182
3402
3465
4032
233.415,0
1.459.270,0
498.960,0
713.664,0
200
720
267
12
21
2
0,04
0,05
3,6
12,5
400
28,8
13,35
43,2
262.5
7
7
7
7
6
20
16
18
22
20
0,8
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
5600
4536
5896,8
7207,2
4860
2.240.000,0
130.636,8
78.722,3
311.351,0
862.440,0
40
6
20
0,5
2700
108.000,0
Outside parking
lighting
Maint. workshop Service rooms
Service pumps
HW service boilers
Garden lightning
Garden tent ACs
Garden refrigerators
Prov. model total
Reported av. total
2012
30
50
0,5
25
7
10
0,9
2835
70.875,0
35
10
5
25
3
5
0,5
2
2
0,1
5
1,6
17,5
20
10
2,5
15
25
3891,15 kW
4.382,0 kW
7
7
7
7
2
7
10
16
24
12
18
22
0,9
0,9
0,8
0,9
0,9
0,9
2835
4536
6720
3780
1458
6237
49.612,5
90.720,0
67.200,0
9.450,0
21.870,0
155.925,0
36.350.785
36.370.946
The analyzed sector electricity consumption
based on demand modeling has been
compared with and validated through
collected sample load data (Figure CS 6-5).
The drafted, provisional, daily load curve at
the pilot hospital in Jeddah shows a single
maximum per weekday (maybe with two
peaks at weekend) and a rather high share
of inductive load, due to different heavy
motor operations, to be compensated by
PFC.
Volume 2
Days/
Week
Op
hours
8300
Electricity consumption shares hospital 2012
with in total 36,4 GWH
4,6% 3,7%
2,8%
4,3%
5,8%
5,4%
58,6%
9,2%
3,7%
Figure CS 6-5: Analyzing the Annual Power Consumption
Shares for the Pilot Hospital in Jeddah, 2012
CS 6-11
Figure CS 6-6: Analyzing the Daily/Weekly Power Consumption at the Pilot Hospital, Jeddah
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CS 6-12
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
6.5 Proposed Energy Efficiency Measures
6.5.1
•
•
•
•
•
Instruct all hospital room service staff about possibilities and prospects of saving energy and water
without technological constraints
Regularly draft and update a small company leaflet reporting expected and achieved energy and
water savings to staff and guests
Switch down (or off) all nonused ACs in empty rooms or apartments
Switch down (or off) all nonused lights in empty (conference and service) rooms
Emphasize collection of EE proposals from staff and guests
6.5.2
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Medium-Term Measures
Exchange (all) original bulbs with EE savings (best would be LED) lamps (with about 70 percent
expected savings)
Exchange single-glass doors and windows with double-glass (as done on ground floor, street side)
Replace unregulated motors by VSD-regulated ones or install suitable VSD units at existing motors
Seek possibilities for suitable building energy management via a centralized temperature control for
all rooms, connected to the reception computer
Establish suitable heat insulation on the flat roof during the next rehabilitation phase
Analyze the inductive load in the hospital, control existing cosphi, especially if <0.85, and draft
measures to reduce inductive hospital load onto a cosphi value by about 0.95. Increase by that
measures own import capacity via SEC cables and avoid future penalty payments to SEC
6.5.3
•
Short-Term Measures
Long-Term Measures
Install a suitable combined heat and power-generating (CHP) unit with, at minimum, 250 kW and, at
maximum, 300 kW electrical capacity (payback of about 5 years)
Upgrade the CHP generator set for absorption cooling via an intelligent heat usage (e.g., HW) and
absorption-cooling management for AC of the central lobby and floor space (around 1,000 m3)
Seek possibilities for suitable building energy management via a centralized temperature control in
all rooms, decreasing the cooling demand in non-used rooms by 60 percent with potential simple
payback of 3 to 4 years
6.5.4
Cost and Benefit Analysis for the EE Measures
A simplified cost-benefit calculation was made, due to uncertain primary cost values, using actual
electricity tariffs. Opportunity cost values were used for saved fuel and power from renewable energy
applications only.
The predictable payback times for EE proposals from short-term measures will be between 6 months
and 2.5 years; may achieve values by 2 to 4 years for EE measures from medium-term measures, and 3
to 8 years for EE measures from long-term measures, depending on the internal hospital commitment
during implementation and when considering opportunity costs for the saved energy resources.
Extra benefits from carbon dioxide (CO2) abatement could have been integrated into any payback
assessment via existing (and predicted) costs for CO2 reduction. Currently, this would deliver only rather
weak additional economic support, due to decreased, actual, international CO2 trading rules.
The summarized potential EE benefits achievable at the pilot hospital in Jeddah have been estimated to
be equal to 5,326.3 MWhel/y, corresponding to 3,975 tons of reduced CO2 emissions.
6.6 Environmental Impact and Health and Safety Policy
The following institutional regulations have been identified to potentially have an impact on any
planned EE investment or refurbishment (and institutional/management consequences):
Volume 2
CS 6-13
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
•
•
•
•
•
•
Construction licensing (following the SBC rules) needed for construction of new houses or making a
significant extension in an existing building frame
SEC regulation on installation of own generator sets (for emergency cases) in production facilities
Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority (ECRA) regulation on PF determination and
inquiries resulting from client size
KSA regulation for controlling emissions and monitoring flue gases, water handling, and waste
management, adapted by pilot hospital management
U.S. Joint Commission International Accreditation (JCIA) of medical health and safety standards
adapted to KSA condition
KSA gender regulation and female employment standards
Table CS 6-6: EE Proposals Identified and Benefits Achievable for the Pilot Hospital in Jeddah
Considered Consumption Sector: Electricity
1 Exchange ICB lamps for energy-saving LED
lamps ( 500 60-W ICB with 10-W LED)
2 AC-package operation better adapted to
outside temperature and hospital service
occupation
3 Upgrade existing PFC for achieving cosphi >0.9
(existing cosphi assumed to be 0.75)
EE Measure
Replace old ICBs with new
LED lamps
AC optimization via PLC
programming tool per main
feeder
PF optimization (and
automation) using a
specific PLC tool per main
SEC cable feeder
4 VSD inverter load regulation of all big (elevator VSD installations at motor
and pump) motors (e.g., 29 3.5-kW elevator
supply board
motors)
5 a) Energy Management System (EnMS) for
Detailed analysis of sectorinternal pediatric Building B temperature
specific demand
regimen to improve the sector AC efficiency
b) EnMS for main old Building A to improve
Design of a suitable EMS
the sector VAC AC efficiency
logistics adapted to specific
building functions
c) EnMS for new Building C useful to combine Supply and install adapted
and harmonize different building demands
remote EnMS control
system
6 Solar-thermal roof or window shading with
Install at minimum 20 m2
solar panel collectors for sanitary HW
collectors by 2 m2
preparation
7 PV roof (and/or) wall-shading installation with Install at minimum 40 m2
direct HVAC feeding of specification AC units
PV panels by 1 m2
per building
8 Install a 250–300 kWel trigeneration unit to
Install a 250-kWel
replace two electric HW boilers (2 × 150 kWel) trigeneration unit and
used as a heat buffer and one bigger 300-kW- connect to HW and AC
th AC package unit by absorption cooling
supplies
(efficiency very design-dependent) for
permanent lobby AC
Total
savings
ICB = incandescent bulb; PLC = programmable logic controller; PV = photovoltaic
Physical
Savings
Cost
Savings
Payback
MWh/y
€
Years
62.500
2,625
0.7
330.000
13,300
1.24
650.000
27,300
0.5
81.200
3410.4
1.49
750.000
31,500
1.43
24.000
per
building
10.000
960
5.2
420
8.3
1,500+
1,975
MWh-el
63,000
+
82,950
4.5
5,326.3
Nearly 50 percent of the pilot hospital’s service staff is women; this gives a clear, positive picture of this
internal employment policy.
CS 6-14
Volume 2
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
The management from the pilot hospital applied for and acquired three major accreditations in the field
of hospital quality from 2005 to 2010. Existing certificates at the pilot hospital include:
•
•
•
Central Board of Accreditation for Healthcare International in KSA; previously managed by the
Makkah Region Quality Program. Accredited in May 2005.
The U.S.-based JCIA was given on July 27, 2006. JCIA is a comprehensive assessment for hospitals
and encompasses 14 standards, including assessment of patients, how medical care is delivered to
patients, quality and patient safety, governance and leadership, facility management and safety,
and how hospitals control infections. This hospital was the first facility in the private sector in the
Western region of KSA to receive JCIA and was re-accredited in 2009. The hospital is now in the
process of being re-accredited by JCI (www.jointcommissioninternational.org).
The Australian Council for Healthcare Standards International (ACHSI) accreditation was given on
May 8, 2008. It is the belief of the pilot hospital that multiple accreditations will increase
performance credibility and will ensure that the best standards of care are met in a more
comprehensive manner. The Evaluation and Quality Improvement Program (EQuIP) was developed
and is conducted by the ACHSI. By working within the EQuIP framework, members create a quality
improvement culture within which to implement, monitor, and continually improve medical service
processes and systems. The pilot hospital was in the process of being re-accredited by ACHSI in
2013 (www.achs.org.au/ACHSI).
6.7 Replication Case Basis Seen for Similar Hospital Service Clients in
KSA
The following economic sectors in KSA are envisaged as suitable areas for promotion of the next EE
interest and dissemination of successful experience:
•
•
Analysis of existing mid-age KSA hospitals and medical service centers in the Jeddah region and for
KSA via Internet search by similar or bigger size with reference to considered region and business
with comparable energy and water demand and supply structure. From that search, a respective
replication client list could be drafted:
− In Jeddah: about 11 similar hospitals exist
− In total KSA: about 80 to 90 similar hospitals exist
Filing a list of the EE investments analyzed as most suitable for the typical, identified pilot-hospital
clients, using a simple comparative prioritization mechanism
6.8 Conclusion and Recommendation
The identified possible savings need a more practical organizational and technical support for regional
dissemination, respecting local institutional/organizational, medical service quality, and climate and
geographic conditions.
Promotion at the central and regional level of efficient dissemination of KICP study results is necessary
(specifically industrial/commercial information supporters such as hospital associations, chambers of
commerce, and trade associations) using all forms of information exchange, organization transfer, and
professional networking inside and outside the KICP member board in KSA.
A minimum of 10 regional hospitals and about 80 to 90 hospitals in different regions of KSA were
analyzed by comparable size and working with a similar service structure. The estimated total savings
potential in KSA, based on the investigated savings at a pilot hospital in Jeddah, would amount to 53
GWhel at the regional level and about 450 GWhel at the national KSA level, when taking the existing pilot
annual electricity demand of about 36 GWh as a size-based benchmark for the investigated hospital.
Volume 2
CS 6-15
CASE STUDY 6: Pilot Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
These EE potential savings should create a certain basis for starting operational work on external EE
service facilities such as Energy Services Companies (ESCOs) operating successfully in Europe and in U.S.
cities (e.g., New York City).
To assist sound implementation and monitoring of the identified EE measures, it is strongly
recommended that energy managers be established in private companies and public utilities with
power consumption >10 MWh annually, by law or by specific regulation.
Most of the proposed savings measures show a reasonable payback when applying current fuel prices
and energy tariffs in KSA. Thus, when the existing fuel prices are increased, the consumption tariffs will
have to be adapted accordingly.
This legislative process should be accompanied and strengthened by a specific EE department in the
premises of the state regulator, ECRA.
CS 6-16
Volume 2
Through Inspiration, Discovery
An Economic Development Publication