Unit One Worksheet – Geology
WS – DGE – U1
Name_________________________________________________ Period__________________
Chapter One
Matching.
Match the definition or example with the letter of the field of earth science that best
correlates to it. A term may be used more than once.
_______1. Study of Earth’s atmosphere
A)
B)
C)
D)
_______2. Study of Earth’s hydrosphere
Astronomy
Geology
Meteorology
Oceanography
_______3. Study of Earth’s geosphere
_______4. Earth science branch that involves determining when volcanoes will erupt
_______5. Earth science branch that involves predicting a tornado
_______6. Earth science branch that involves studying the development of mountain chains
_______7. Earth science branch that involves monitoring rainfall trends
_______8. Earth science branch that involves monitoring tidal wave heights
_______9. Earth science branch most closely related to climatology
_______10. Earth science branch most closely related to hydrology
_______11. Earth science branch that would be involved in predicting the path of a comet
_______12. Earth science branch most involved in exploring oil deposits
_______13. Earth science branch that involves examining fault lines
_______14. Earth science branch that utilizes the Hubble Telescope
_______15. Earth science branch that best studies water currents
_______16. Earth science branch most closely related to tectonics
_______17. Earth science branch most closely related to geochemistry
_______18. Earth science branch most involving the lithosphere and asthenosphere
_______19. Earth science branch that would most utilize submarines
_______20. Earth science branch that would most likely NOT involve the biosphere
page 1 – WS – DGE – U1
Multiple Choice.
_______21.
Select the answer that best completes the statement and write the letter for that
answer in the space provided.
The largest ecosystem is called the ___.
(A) atmosphere (B) biosphere (C) geosphere
(D) hydrosphere
_______22.
Which of the following would an astronomer most likely study?
(A) the height of tides during a full moon
(B) an iridium-laden rock layer produced by meteorites
(C) the amount of solar energy absorbed by a tree
(D) a comet’s path through the solar system
_______23.
The relationships shown in the diagram below would most likely be studied by a(n)
___.
(A) astronomer
(B) ecologist
(C) geologist
(D) meteorologist
_______24.
The field of earth science involved with studying the processes that change Earth’s
composition is ___.
(A) climatology (B) geochemistry (C) hydrology (D) paleontology
_______25.
The field of earth science involved with studying ancient environments is ___.
(A) climatology (B) geochemistry (C) hydrology (D) paleontology
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
26.
Compare AND contrast the lithosphere and asthenosphere.
27.
Compare AND contrast continental crust and oceanic crust.
28.
What kinds of interactions occur between Earth’s hydrosphere and atmosphere?
page 2 – WS – DGE – U1
Carbon Cycle
Short Answer. Answer the following question.
29.
Summarize the carbon cycle, particularly the main components of the cycle that put carbon in
the atmosphere and those that return it to the ground.
Chapter Two
30.
Why might a Landsat satellite be used instead of a weather satellite?
31.
Explain advantages and disadvantages of using VLBI.
32.
What features are mapped by the Topex/Poseidon satellite? Describe the mapping process.
Book reference:
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
33.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum? Sequence ALL the forms of electromagnetic radiation
from largest frequency to smallest frequency.
page 3 – WS – DGE – U1
Section 21.1
Matching.
Match the era or time with the description that best correlates to it. An era or time may be
used more than once.
______34. Geologic era that lasted from 4.6 billion years
ago to 540 million years ago
______35. Geologic era that lasted from 540 million years
ago to 245 million years ago
A)
B)
C)
D)
Cenozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
Paleozoic Era
Precambrian time
______36. Geologic era that lasted from 245 million years ago to 66 million years ago
______37. Geologic era that lasted from 66 million years ago to today
______38. Means “middle life”
______39. Means “ancient life”
______40. Means “recent life”
______41. Rocks of this era or time make up the oldest layers of the geologic column
______42. “Age of the Reptiles”
______43. Contains six periods and two subperiods
______44. One of two eras that contains three periods
______45. Contains two periods and seven epochs
______46. Contains no periods
______47. Earliest and longest geologic era or time
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
What two categories are used to distinguish rock layers?
48.
___________________________________________________________________________
49.
___________________________________________________________________________
What three criteria are used for establishing divisions of geologic time?
50.
___________________________________________________________________________
51.
___________________________________________________________________________
52.
___________________________________________________________________________
page 4 – WS – DGE – U1
What four main divisions are used for classifying geologic time?
53.
_________________________
55.
_________________________
54.
_________________________
56.
_________________________
57.
What is meant by a geologic column, and how can it be used?
Book reference:
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
58.
Explain why the use of living faunas is acceptable for defining the periods and epochs of the
Cenozoic Era.
59.
Which era was marked by the biggest extinction event in Earth’s history? Explain this
extinction.
Section 21.2
Matching.
Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used more
than once.
_______60. Angular unconformity
_______65. Nonconformity
_______61. Bedding plane
_______66. Principle of uniformitarianism
_______62. Disconformity
_______67. Relative age
_______63. Law of crosscutting relationships
_______68. Unconformity
_______64. Law of superposition
page 5 – WS – DGE – U1
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
I)
The boundary between two sedimentary rock beds
Age of an object compared with the ages of other objects
Principle that a rock layer is older than the layers above it and younger than the layers below it
Principle that a fault or intrusion is always younger than the rock layers that it cuts through
Principle that geologic processes that are occurring now were also occurring in the past
Break in the geologic record when rock layers are removed by erosion
Break in the geologic record in which stratified rock rests on unstratified rock
Break in the geologic record in which a boundary exits between layers of rock that have not been
deposited continuously
Break in the geologic record in which a boundary exists between horizontal and tilted layers of
rock
Multiple Choice.
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
Refer to the following diagram for questions 69 – 72.
_______69.
The boundary labeled “A” represents a(n) ___.
(A) bedding plane
(C) angular unconformity
(B) disconformity
(D) nonconformity
_______70.
Point “B” represents a type of rock feature called a(n) ___.
(A) bedding plane
(C) angular unconformity
(B) disconformity
(D) nonconformity
_______71.
Compared to the sizes of particles in layers 2 and 3, and assuming that no layers have
been overturned, the size of particles in layer 1 should be the ___.
(A) largest
(C) same as the other layers
(B) smallest
_______72.
The principle that can be used to determine the relative age of layers 1 through 3 is the
___.
(A) law of crosscutting relationships
(C) principle of uniformitarianism
(B) law of superposition
(D) principle of conformity
page 6 – WS – DGE – U1
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
What are three indications of where a rock layer was originally?
73.
_____________________________________________________________________
74.
_____________________________________________________________________
75.
_____________________________________________________________________
76.
When may the law of superposition not work?
Matching.
Match the definition or example with the term that best correlates to it. A term may be
used more than once. Refer to the diagram below to answer.
_______77. Law or principle used to compare the
relative age of layer 1 compared to layer 2
_______78. Law or principle used to compare the
relative age of layer 3 to layer 4
_______79. Law or principle used to show that events
in the present occurred in the past
_______80. Second oldest rock layer in the diagram
_______81. Youngest rock layer in the diagram
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
I)
Law of Superposition
Law of Crosscutting Relationships
Principle of Uniformitarianism
Intrusion
Fault
Layer 1
Layer 3
Layer 4
Layer 5
_______82. Igneous rock that flows between rock layers to separate them
_______83. “2” is an example of this
_______84. If “2” caused the left and the right to move apart, it would be this.
_______85. Rock layer older than rock layer 1
_______86. Rock layer immediately younger than rock layer 4
page 7 – WS – DGE – U1
Book reference:
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
87.
Explain how the principle of uniformitarianism is used to interpret Earth’s past.
88.
How would a geologist use the principle of superposition to determine the relative ages of the
rocks of the Grand Canyon?
Section 21.3
Multiple Choice.
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
Refer to the following diagram for questions 89 – 90.
_______89.
The sediment layers in the diagram are called ___.
(A) molds (B) imprints (C) casts (D) varves
_______90.
How many years of deposition are probably represented in the diagram?
(A) 3.5
(B) 5
(C) 6.5
(D) 7
_______91.
Elements that emit atomic particles and energy are called ___.
(A) radioactive (B) stable (C) magnetic (D) fluorescent
_______92.
Nickel-63 has a half-life of 92 years. How much nickel-63 would remain in a 20 gram
sample at the end of 184 years?
(A) 2.5 g
(B) 5 g
(C) 7.5 g
(D) 10 g
page 8 – WS – DGE – U1
_______93.
Nickel-63 has a half-life of 92 years. How much nickel-63 would remain in a 20 gram
sample at the end of 276 years?
(A) 2.5 g
(B) 5 g
(C) 7.5 g
(D) 10 g
_______94.
Which of the following elements is most appropriate for dating a sample that is between
8,000 and 20,000 years old?
(A) uranium-238
(C) potassium-40
(B) thorium-234
(D) carbon-14
_______95.
The most accurate method of finding the absolute age of a rock is by ___.
(A) varve count dating
(C) erosion rate dating
(B) radioactive decay dating
(D) superposition dating
_______96.
Potassium-40 has a half-life of 1.3 billion years. A rock originally contained 8 grams of
potassium-40 but now only contains 2 grams of the element. How many half-lives have
passed?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
97.
Why are calculations of absolute age based on rates of deposition not very accurate?
98.
Explain how radioactive dating is used to estimate absolute age.
Book reference:
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
99.
A scientist finds the charred remains of a tree in a layer of volcanic ash thought to be from the
eruption of Mt. Mazama some 6600 years ago. Most scientists would you use carbon-14 to
date these remains. Why would uranium-238 not be used? Be specific.
page 9 – WS – DGE – U1
100.
Potassium-40 decays to the noble gas argon-40. What problems might arise when these
radioactive isotopes are used for age dating?
Section 21.4
Matching.
Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used
more than once.
_______101. Amber
_______106. Mummification
_______102. Coprolite
_______107. Paleontologist
_______103. Evolution
_______108. Paleontology
_______104. Gastrolith
_______109. Petrification
_______105. Index fossil
_______110. Trace fossil
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
I)
J)
Fossilized stone found within the digestive system of a dinosaur or other reptile
Fossilized waste material from an animal
Physical adaptations of organisms over time
Example: track, footprint, boring, or burrow
Example: ammonite or trilobite fossil
The study of fossils
Scientist who studies fossils
Preservation of a dead organism by drying
Preservation of a dead organism by replacing organic materials with minerals
Hardened tree sap in which fossils may be preserved
Multiple Choice.
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
Refer to the following diagram for questions 111 – 112.
page 10 – WS – DGE – U1
_______111. Which of the following rock layers in the diagram have the same relative age?
(A) 1 and 6
(B) 2 and 9
(C) 3 and 7
(D) 5 and 10
_______112. The tilted break that occurs at an angle down the rock layers is a ___.
(A) bedding plane
(B) angular unconformity
(C) fault
_______113. Fossils found exclusively in the rock layers of a particular geologic age are called ___.
(A) index fossils
(C) metamorphic fossils
(B) gastrolith fossils
(D) complete fossils
_______114. Which of the following is an example of a trace fossil?
(A) an intact shark tooth
(C) a petrified log
(B) a dinosaur footprint
(D) an insect in amber
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
What four requirements must be met in order for a fossil to be considered an index fossil?
115.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
116.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
117.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
118.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
119.
Why are tar beds good sources of animal fossil remains?
Book reference:
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
120.
What is a key bed, and why is the eruption of Mt. St. Helens in 1980 a result of a formation of a
key bed?
page 11 – WS – DGE – U1
121.
How might a mold or cast of a fossil helps scientists to interpret the type of environment it lived
in?
Chapters 22 to 24
Multiple Choice.
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
_______122. The inner planets may have lost their original atmospheres of lighter gases because of
an intense solar ___.
(A) wind
(B) flare
(C) prominence
(D) nebula
_______123. The process of photosynthesis increases the amount of ___ in Earth’s atmosphere.
(A) nitrogen gas (B) oxygen gas (C) carbon dioxide (D) water vapor
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
List three reasons why the earth was hot when it first formed.
124.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
125.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
126.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
127.
Explain the following statement: “Volcanic eruptions aid in the creation of an atmosphere.”
128.
Explain how Earth was formed up to and including the first atmosphere Earth had.
page 12 – WS – DGE – U1
129.
Explain the formation of Earth’s second atmosphere, including all relevant gases.
130.
How were Earth’s oceans formed? Explain all relevant contributions.
Matching.
Match the era with the definition that best correlates to it. An era may be used more
than once.
Eras:
(A) Cenozoic Era
(B) Mesozoic Era
______131.
Contains the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian
periods
______132.
Contains the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods
______133.
Contains the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quarternary Periods
______134.
Contains no periods
______135.
Contains seven epochs
______136.
Era when the first reptiles appeared
______137.
Era in which angiosperms appeared
______138.
Era in which continental shields appeared
______139.
Era in which vertebrates first appeared
______140.
Era in which Pangaea was formed (came together)
______141.
Era containing the “Age of Fishes”
______142.
Contains the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian Subperiods
______143.
Era in which ammonites developed
______144.
Era containing the least amount of fossils because of extreme changes in the earth
(C) Paleozoic Era
(D) Precambrian Time
page 13 – WS – DGE – U1
______145.
Era in which lemeroids appear
______146.
Era in which the most water covered Earth
______147.
Era in which the dinosaurs died because of a meteorite impact or severe climatic
changes
______148.
Era when the first dinosaurs appeared
______149.
Era when the first humans appeared
______150.
Longest era
______151.
Era when Earth was first formed
______152.
Era when echinoderms appeared
______153.
Era when the first mammals appeared
______154.
Era when marine invertebrates first appeared
______155.
Era in which glaciation occurred
______156.
Era in which amphibians first appeared
Multiple Choice.
Select the answer that best completes the statement and write the letter for that
answer in the space provided.
_______157. The Devonian Period is also known as the Age of ___.
(A) Birds
(B) Reptiles
(C) Mammals
(D) Fishes
_______158. The presence of cross-bedded sandstone may indicate the region where it is present
once was a(n) ___.
(A) ocean
(B) mountain
(C) desert
(D) lake
_______159. The fossil record indicates that ___ thrived during the Paleozoic Era.
(A) reptiles
(C) advanced forms of marine life
(B) mammals
(D) marine algae and bacteria
_______160. The most common Precambrian fossils were called ___.
(A) ammonites
(B) stromatolites
(C) trilobites
(D) vargonites
_______161. The Mesozoic Era was also known as the Age of ___.
(A) Birds
(B) Reptiles
(C) Mammals
(D) Fishes
_______162. The Miocene Epoch was also known as the Golden Age of __.
(A) Birds
(B) Reptiles
(C) Mammals
(D) Fishes
page 14 – WS – DGE – U1
Short Answer. Answer the following question.
163.
How did the ice ages affect animal life during the Cenozoic Era?
Book reference:
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
164.
What is the main characteristic that separates dinosaurs from all other reptiles?
165.
How do paleontologists distinguish between fossils of mammals and fossils of reptiles?
166.
What kind of tectonic deformation characterized the Cenozoic Era?
167.
The positioning of Antarctica over the south pole helped trigger the Cenozoic ice ages. There
would be a major rise of sea level if all the ice on Antarctica melted. If Antarctica were to move
north of the south pole, as India did, it is likely that all the ice on the continent would melt.
Explain why the movement of Antarctica should or should not be considered in predicting how a
sea level change would affect the climate today.
168.
Explain why Pangaea drifted apart.
169.
What do scientists hypothesize were the main causes of the Late Permian mass extinction?
page 15 – WS – DGE – U1
Chapter 17
Matching.
Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used more
than once.
_______170. Asthenosphere
_______181. Ocean trench
_______171. Continental crust
_______182. Oceanic crust
_______172. Continental drift
_______183. Pangaea
_______173. Convection
_______184. Panthalassa
_______174. Convection current
_______185. Plate tectonics
_______175. Convergent boundary
_______186. Rift valley
_______176. Divergent boundary
_______187. Sea floor spreading
_______177. Island arc
_______188. Subduction zone
_______178. Lithosphere
_______189. Terrane
_______179. Mid-Atlantic Ridge
_______190. Theory of suspect terranes
_______180. Mid-ocean ridges
_______191. Transform fault boundary
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
I)
J)
K)
L)
M)
N)
O)
P)
Q)
R)
S)
T)
U)
V)
Oceanic mountain range with a steep, narrow valley along its center
Collection of oceanic mountain ranges that wind around Earth
Hypothesis stating that the continents once formed a single landmass, separated, and drifted to
their present locations
Direct collision of one plate with another plate creates this kind of boundary.
Two plates moving away from each other creates this kind of boundary.
A layer of plastic rock lying beneath the lithosphere
Theory that the lithosphere is made up of plates that float on the asthenosphere and that the
plates are possibly moved by convection currents
Theory that continents are a patchwork of pieces of land that have individual geologic histories
Single landmass thought to have been the origin of all modern-day continents
Made up of oceanic crust, continental crust, and the rigid upper mantle
Narrow, steep valley formed as lithospheric plates separate
Deep oceanic valley that forms along a subduction zone
Piece of land with a geologic history distinct from that of the surrounding land
Region where one lithospheric plate moves under another lithospheric plate
Material that makes up landmasses
Material that makes up the floor of the ocean
Boundary formed where two lithospheric plates slide past each other
A series of volcanic islands formed along an ocean trench
Transfer of heat through movement of liquids and gases
Movement in a liquid or gas through uneven heating
Movement of the ocean floor away from either side of a mid-ocean ridge
Giant ocean surrounding Pangaea
page 16 – WS – DGE – U1
Multiple Choice.
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
_______192. Which scientist first proposed that the continents were once joined in a single landmass?
(A) Hess
(B) Geist
(C) Dietz
(D) Wegener
_______193. When examining rocks from both sides of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, scientists found
evidence for the phenomenon of ___.
(A) suspect terranes
(C) volcano formation
(B) magnetic reversal
(D) convection currents
_______194. What evidence found in tropical regions of southern Africa and South America most
strongly supports the theory that the continents were once joined?
(A) coal deposits
(C) glacial debris
(B) mountain chains
(D) land bridges
_______195. Seafloor spreading occurs at ___.
(A) subduction zones
(B) terrane boundaries
(C) transform faults
(D) divergent boundaries
_______196. Paleomagnetism of the ocean floor is used to identify the ___.
(A) number of plate boundaries
(B) approximate time the rock cooled and hardened
(C) relative strength of Earth’s magnetic field
(D) kind of rock that forms Earth’s crust
_______197. As rock moves away from a mid-ocean ridge, it is replaced by ___.
(A) continental crust
(B) molten rock
(C) suspect terranes
(D) older rock
_______198. What discovery did scientists make in the 1940’s when they compared continental rocks
to rocks near centers of seafloor spreading?
(A) The continental rocks were younger.
(B) The rocks near spreading centers has unique magnetic properties.
(C) The rocks at spreading centers were younger.
(D) The continental rocks has unique mineral properties.
_______199. The Palo Alto Hills are probably an example of ___.
(A) a landmass bridge
(C) a glacial landform
(B) an island arc
(D) a suspect terrane
_______200. Where in Earth do convection currents occur?
(A) in the lithosphere
(C) along a subduction zone
(B) in the asthenosphere
(D) along a rift valley
_______201. The theory of suspect terranes provides an explanation of how ___.
(A) continents form
(C) magma spreads
(B) convection currents occur
(D) faulting occurs
_______202. Which of the following is located at a convergent plate boundary?
(A) eastern coast of South America
(C) San Francisco Bay area
(B) Himalayan Mountains
(D) Mid-Atlantic Ridge
page 17 – WS – DGE – U1
_______203. The type of collision that occurs when two lithospheric plates converge is determined
primarily by plate ___.
(A) density
(B) temperature
(C) size
(D) magnetism
_______204. The rift valley of the Red Sea is an example of a ___.
(A) convergent boundary
(C) subduction zone
(B) divergent boundary
(D) transform fault
_______205. The theory of plate tectonics is most directly based on which of the following
interactions?
(A) continental plates moving over oceanic plates
(B) the Panthalassa plate being subducted under the Pangaea plate
(C) suspect terrane plates moving over magma
(D) lithospheric plates riding on the asthenosphere
_______206. Continental-continental plate collisions produce ___.
(A) island arcs
(C) deep-sea trenches
(B) rift valleys
(D) very tall mountain ranges
_______207. Crust is neither created nor destroyed along ___ boundaries.
(A) convergent
(B) divergent
(C) transform fault
_______208. The driving forces of tectonic plates are related to convection currents in Earth’s ___.
(A) crust
(B) mantle
(C) inner core
(D) outer core
_______209. Features found at divergent boundaries include ___.
(A) ocean ridges
(C) crumpled mountains
(B) deep-sea trenches
(D) island arc volcanoes
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
210.
Explain how scientists know that Earth’s magnetic poles have reversed themselves many times
during Earth’s history.
211.
Explain how mountains on land can be composed of rocks that contains fossils of animals that
lived in the ocean.
212.
Explain the interaction between the asthenosphere, lithosphere, and plate movement.
page 18 – WS – DGE – U1
Book reference:
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
213.
Why was Wegener’s hypothesis rejected by most scientists during his time?
214.
How do ancient glacial deposits in Africa, India, Australia, and South America support the idea
of continental drift?
215.
Compare AND contrast normal magnetic polarity and reversed magnetic polarity.
216.
How have earthquake data been used to explore the size of convection currents that cause
plate movement?
page 19 – WS – DGE – U1
Chapter Five
Matching.
Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used
more than once.
_______217. Batholith
_______225. Porphyry
_______218. Dike
_______226. Rock cycle
_______219. Extrusive igneous rock
_______227. Sediment
_______220. Igneous rock
_______228. Sedimentary rock
_______221. Intrusive igneous rock
_______229. Sill
_______222. Laccolith
_______230. Stock
_______223. Lava plateau
_______231. Volcanic neck
_______224. Metamorphic rock
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
I)
J)
K)
L)
M)
N)
O)
Largest type of igneous rock intrusion
Flat-bottomed intrusion that pushes overlying rock layers into an arc
Raised, flat-topped area made of layers of hardened lava
Igneous intrusion comprising an area of less than 100 km2
Sheet of hardened magma that forms between and is parallel to layers of rock
Solidified central vent of a volcano
Rock formed from other rocks as a result of intense pressure, heat, or chemical processes
Fragments that result from the breaking of rocks, minerals, and organic matter
Igneous rock comprised of both large and small crystals
Igneous intrusion that cuts across rock layers
Rocks formed from molten lava that hardens on Earth’s surface
Rocks formed from molten magma that cools below Earth’s surface
Rock formed from hardened deposits of sediment
Series of processes in which rock changes from one type to another and back again
Rock formed from cooled and hardened magma
page 20 – WS – DGE – U1
Multiple Choice.
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
Refer to the following diagram for questions 232 – 233.
_______232. The type of rock represented by rectangle A in the diagram is ___ rock.
(A) igneous
(B) sedimentary
(C) metamorphic
_______233. The arrow labeled B represents heat and ___.
(A) condensation
(B) evaporation
(C) pressure
(D) vaporization
_______234. Magma that reaches Earth’s surface is called ___.
(A) pyroclast
(B) lava
(C) coprolite
(D) gastrolith
_______235. The processes responsible for changing sediments into sedimentary rock are
compaction and ___.
(A) foliation
(B) cementation
(C) intrusion
(D) stratification
_______236. Which of the following is an igneous rock?
(A) limestone
(B) gypsum
(C) gneiss
page 21 – WS – DGE – U1
(D) basalt
Refer to the following diagram for questions 237 – 238.
_______237. The structure labeled X in the diagram is a ___.
(A) sill
(B) dike
(C) stock
(D) batholith
_______238. The structure labeled Y in the diagram is a ___.
(A) sill
(B) dike
(C) stock
(D) batholith
_______239. Which of the following is one of the three families of igneous rocks?
(A) clastic
(B) foliated
(C) gabbro
(D) diorite
_______240. Felsic rocks are high in ___.
(A) quartz
(B) silica
(C) biotite
(D) calcite
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
241.
Does every rock go through the complete rock cycle, from igneous rock to sedimentary rock to
metamorphic rock and back to igneous rock, each time around? Explain using at least two
specific examples.
The sedimentary rock limestone is changed into marble, a metamorphic rock. Name the three
processes that cause this change.
242.
_____________________________________________________________________
243.
_____________________________________________________________________
244.
_____________________________________________________________________
page 22 – WS – DGE – U1
245.
What determines whether an igneous rock will have large crystals or small crystals?
Name the three families of igneous rocks.
246.
_____________________________________________________________________
247.
_____________________________________________________________________
248.
_____________________________________________________________________
249.
An unidentified light-colored igneous rock is made up of orthoclase feldspar and quartz. To
what family of igneous rocks does it belong? Explain.
Book reference:
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
250.
Geologists have found zoned pyroxene crystals that have magnesium-rich cores and iron-rich
outer layers. Which has a higher melting temperature: magnesium-rich pyroxene or iron-rich
pyroxene? Explain your reasoning.
251.
Explain the formation and composition of an ultramafic rock.
252.
Why is gold often found in veins of quartz that are in and around igneous intrusions?
page 23 – WS – DGE – U1
253.
Would quartz or plagioclase be more likely to form a well-shaped crystal in an igneous rock?
Explain your answer.
Chapter Six
Matching.
Match the definition with the term that best correlates to it. No definition will be used more
than once.
_______254. Breccia
_______262. Evaporite
_______255. Cementation
_______263. Foliated
_______256. Chemical sedimentary rock
_______264. Fossil
_______257. Clastic sedimentary rock
_______265. Metamorphism
_______258. Compaction
_______266. Organic sedimentary rock
_______259. Concretion
_______267. Regional metamorphism
_______260. Conglomerate
_______268. Stratification
_______261. Contact metamorphism
_______269. Unfoliated
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
I)
J)
K)
L)
M)
N)
O)
P)
Describing a metamorphic rock without visible bands
Describing a metamorphic rock with visible bands
Changing of one type of rock to another by heat, pressure, and chemical reactions
Change in the structure and mineral composition of rock surrounding an igneous intrusion
Type of metamorphism that affects rocks over large areas during periods of tectonic activity
Sedimentary rock formed from minerals left after water evaporates
Sedimentary rock formed from rounded gravel or pebbles cemented together by minerals
Elastic sedimentary rock comprised of angular fragments cemented together by minerals
Rock formed from the remains of living things
Process in which air and water are squeezed out of sediments, resulting in the formation of
sedimentary rock
Process in which dissolved minerals left by water passing through sediments hold the sediments
together
Layering of sedimentary rock
Trace or remains of a plant or an animal in sedimentary rock
Rock formed from fragments of preexisting rocks
Rock formed from minerals that have been dissolved in water
Nodule of rock with a different composition from that of the main rock body
page 24 – WS – DGE – U1
Multiple Choice.
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
_______270. The crystal-filled rock in the diagram above is a ___.
(A) diode
(B) agode
(C) enode
(D) geode
_______271. Chalk is a type of ___.
(A) coal
(B) quartzite
(C) limestone
(D) shale
_______272. Which of the following is an organic sedimentary rock?
(A) basalt
(B) coal
(C) conglomerate
(D) sandstone
_______273. Ripple marks in sandstone may form by the action of ___.
(A) wind
(B) magma
(C) heat
(D) intrusion
_______274. Which of the following is an example of a medium-grained clastic sedimentary rock?
(A) conglomerate
(B) breccia
(C) evaporate
(D) sandstone
_______275. Which of the following are formed by the chemical precipitation of minerals from water?
(A) sandstones
(B) coal beds
(C) salt beds
(D) shale
_______276. Which of the following would have the greatest porosity?
(A) gneiss
(B) quartzite
(C) sandstone
(D) shale
_______277. The appearance of the metamorphic rock in the diagram above indicates that it should
be classified as ___.
(A) extricated
(B) foliated
(C) unfoliated
_______278. Where does most metamorphic rock form?
(A) deep below Earth’s surface
(C) within volcanoes
(B) on Earth’s surface
(D) on lake beds
_______279. Which of the following is classified as metamorphic rock?
(A) basalt
(B) diorite
(C) limestone
(D) schist
page 25 – WS – DGE – U1
Short Answer. Answer the following question.
You suspect that a rock you have found is sedimentary rock. What features would you look for to
confirm your identification? List at least four.
280.
____________________________________________________________________
281.
____________________________________________________________________
282.
____________________________________________________________________
283.
____________________________________________________________________
In what two ways do rocks get a foliated structure?
284.
_____________________________________________________________________
285.
_____________________________________________________________________
286.
Explain how quartzite gets its unfoliated structure.
287.
The metamorphic rock phyllite breaks into flat sheets. Is phyllite foliated or unfoliated? Explain.
Book reference:
Short Answer. Answer the following questions.
288.
Sand is often found between the larger grains of conglomerates, but large particles are seldom
found in sandstone. Why is this?
289.
Would foliated metamorphic textures in rocks have undergone contact metamorphism? Explain.
page 26 – WS – DGE – U1
290.
How might a sedimentary rock turn into another kind of sedimentary rock without first becoming
igneous or metamorphic?
291.
How does quartzite differ from schist?
292.
Why is coal an organic sedimentary rock?
293.
Why do chemical sedimentary rocks form primarily in areas that have high rates of evaporation?
294.
The original concentration of dissolved minerals in a restricted ocean basin was enough to form
only a thin evaporite layer. How, then, is it possible that thick evaporite layers formed there?
295.
Why do sediment deposits tend to form layers?
page 27 – WS – DGE – U1