ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
ABSTRAK
viii
CONTENT
ix
LIST OF TABLES
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS
xv
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Tourism Development and Empowerment
1
1.2
Research Background and Justification
2
1.3
Research Statement
4
1.4
Research Aim and Objectives
4
1.5
Conceptual Framework of the Research
5
1.6
Scope of Research
6
1.7
Research Approach
8
1.8
Theoretical and Methodological Direction
13
1.9
Significance of the Research
14
1.10 Chapter Summary
2
15
OVERVIEW OF LOCAL EMPOWERMENT AGENTS IN
COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM
2.1
Introduction
16
2.2
Empowerment for Sustainable Tourism Development
17
2.2.1 Definition of Empowerment
17
2.3
Understanding of Local Empowerment in CBT Setting
18
2.4
Empowerment Framework
23
x
2.5
2.4.1 Economic Empowerment
24
2.4.2 Psychological Empowerment
25
2.4.3 Social Empowerment
26
2.4.4 Political Empowerment
26
The Role of Developing Social Relationships in Empowerment at
the Individual and Community Level
27
2.6
Sustainable Development In Community Based Tourism
29
2.7
Homestay In CBT Context
30
2.8
Local Empowerment Agents in Community Based Tourism
30
2.8.1 Role of Governement and Their Agencies
31
2.8.2 Role of Non Governmental Organizations
32
2.9
Relationship between Agents of Empowerment and Community
Based Tourism
32
2.10 Understanding of Actor Network Theory (ANT) in Tourism
Context
33
2.10.1 Actor Network Theory and Tourism
35
2.11 Chapter Summary
3
37
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
3.2
Case Study as a Research Strategy
38
3.1.1 Rationale for Selecting Case Study Research
39
CBT Case Studies: Introducing the Actors/Agents
40
3.2.1 Case Study 1: Banghuris Homestay
40
3.2.1.1 Roles of Department of Agriculture (DOA) in
Banghuris Homestay, Selangor
3.2.2 Case Study 2: Miso Walai Homestay
42
43
3.2.1.2 Roles of WWF Norway in Miso Walai Homestay,
Sabah
46
3.2.1.2 Roles of WWF Norway in Miso Walai Homestay,
Sabah
46
3.2.3 Assessing the Role of Local Empowerment Agents
43
3.3
Research Approach
49
3.4
Data Collection Techniques
52
xi
4
3.4.1 Gathering Information and Developing Questionnaires
52
3.4.2 In-Depth Interviews as the Data Collection Technique
52
3.4.3 Research Field
53
3.5
Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation
56
3.6
Chapter Summary
58
RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1
Analysis of Local Empowement Agents in CBT
60
4.2
Analysis of Economic Empowerment
63
4.2.1 Case Study 1: Banghuris Homestay, Selangor
63
4.2.2 Case Study 2: Miso Walai Homestay, Sabah
65
Analysis of Social Empowerment
69
4.3.1 Case Study 1: Banghuris Homestay, Selangor
70
4.3.2 Case Study 2: Miso Walai Homestay, Sabah
71
Analysis of Psychological Empowerment
73
4.4.1
Case Study 1: Banghuris Homestay, Selangor
73
4.4.2
Case Study 2: Miso Walai Homestay, Sabah
75
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
5
Analysis of Political Empowerment
77
4.5.1
Case Study 1: Banghuris Homestay, Selangor
78
4.5.2
Case Study 2: Miso Walai Homestay, Sabah
79
Discussion on Findings
79
4.6.1
Economic Empowerment
87
4.6.2
Social Empowerment
88
4.6.3
Psychological Empowerment
89
4.6.4
Political Empowerment
89
Chapter Summary
90
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
5.1
Research Finding Summary
92
5.1.1 Objective 1
92
5.1.2 Objective 2
92
5.1.3 Objective 3
92
5.1.4 Result For Research Finding Summary
95
5.1.5 Overall Research Finding Summary
95
xii
5.2
5.3
Implications Of The Research
97
5.2.1 Theoretical Implications
97
5.2.2 Practical Implications
98
Chapter Summary
BIBLIOGRAFY
101
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
NO. TABLES
TITLE
PAGE
Table 1.1 Propositions of Community Empowerment
3
Table 1.2 Vital Data
7
Table 1.3 Primary Data
9
Table 1.4 Secondary Data
10
Table 1.5 Research Tentative Schedule
15
Table 2.1 Dimensions of Community Empowerment
22
Table 2.2 Local Community Empowerment Variables
23
Table 2.3 The Concept of Four Phases of Translation
36
Table 3.1 Tourism Resources, Activities and Program in Banghuris Homestay
42
Table 3.2 Government Roles in Banghuris Homestay
43
Table 3.3 Tourism Resources, Activities and Program in Miso Walai Homestay 45
Table 3.4 Qualitative Approach
50
Table 3.5 Selecting Key Informant as Respondents
54
Table 4.1 Local Empowerment Agents in Community-based Tourism Program
60
Table 4.2 The relationship of Actor Network Theory in Local Empowerment
61
Table 4.3 Summary of Theme 1 (Economic Empowerment)
62
Table 4.4 Summary of Theme 2 (Social Empowerment)
70
Table 4.5 Summary of Theme 3 (Psychological Empowerment)
73
Table 4.6 Summary of Theme 4 (Political Empowerment)
77
Table 4.7 Analysis Summary of Economic Empowerment
80
Table 4.8 Analysis Summary of Social Empowerment
72
Table 4.9 Analysis Summary of Psychological Empowerment
84
Table 4.10 Analysis Summary of Political Empowerment
86
Table 5.1 Summary of the Analysis Findings
96
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
NO. FIGURES
TITLE
Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework of the Research
PAGE
5
Figure 1.2 Research Flow Chart
12
Figure 1.3 Research Methodology in Qualitative Context
13
Figure 2.1 Five Principle Aspects of CBT
19
Figure 2.2 Power and Power Relations of Empowerment
22
Figure 3.1 Banghuris homestay, Sg. Pelek, Sepang, Selangor
41
Figure 3.2 Miso Walai homestay, Kinabatangan, Sandakan, Sabah
43
Figure 3.3 The process of developing Local Empowerment
49
Figure 3.4 The Theoretical Framework
52
Figure 3.5 Respondent Identification
54
Figure 3.6 Thematic Analysis in Qualitative Study
56
Figure 3.7 Developing Themes Based on Theory of Empowerment
57
Figure 4.1 Themes developed from the interview with the ‘key informants’
59
xv
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS
TERM
:
DEFINITION
CBT
:
Community-based Tourism
Coding
:
Extract key words from the analysis
Constant Comparison
:
Making comparison continuously
DOA
:
Department of Agriculture
Flexible Frames
:
Selecting respondents in a flexible manner
In-Depth Interview
:
JKKK
Explore an issue within the framework of
guided conversation.
Jawatankuasa Kemajuan Kampung
Key Informant
:
Experts to provide input for a situation
KOPEL
:
Koperasi Pelancongan
MOT
:
The Ministry of Tourism
MRRD
:
NGOs
:
Qualitative Evaluation Write Up
:
SFD
Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and
Development
Non-Governmental Organisations
The process of bringing order, structure and
meaning to the mass of collected data
Sabah Forestry Department
SKM
:
Suruhanjaya Koperasi Malaysia
SME
:
Small Medium Enterprise
Thematic Analysis
:
UNWTO
:
The World Tourism Organization
WWF
:
World Wildlife Fund
Identifying, analysing and reporting patterns
(Themes) within data.