Compiled by Dinos Levantis
Issued by BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys © 2011
All Data in this booklet should be used as guidance only
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any form
or means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written
permission of BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys.
Details correct at time of going to press.
Introduction
Marine survey reports frequently contain engineering terminology which can often be
unfamiliar to the non engineers in the wider spectrum of the shipping industry.
In an attempt to bridge this gap we have produced this small guide book which covers some
of the common terminology used for ships, their engines and ship’s related operation, often
encountered in survey reports. By no means should this booklet be considered a complete
dictionary encompassing the entire terminology. Such a dictionary would in any case be
rather large and cumbersome to use.
The intention was to keep it simple and easy to use, providing a quick reference through
easily understood illustrations. A blank page has been left next to each illustration for the
user to write additional notes and queries they may have which our technical staff are more
than happy to advise on.
We would like to especially thank the Piraeus Office Administration staff for their enormous
help and patience in preparing this booklet.
This is the first version, (Ver. 01) of this booklet and we would gladly welcome any
suggestions from the users which will help us enhance any future versions.
Dinos Levantis MSc
BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys (Incorporating The Salvage Association)
1
2
CONTENTS
Page
GENERAL
BMT MARINE & OFFSHORE SURVEYS................................................................
GENERAL CONTACT DETAILS (HEAD OFFICE LONDON)……………………………............
GLOBAL SURVEYOR LOCATIONS………………………….………………................................
REGIONAL HUB OFFICES……………………………….…………………....................................
UNITS…………………………………………………………………………….......................................
NAVIGATION……………………………………………………………………....................................
COMMON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DATA …………………………………...........................
COMMON MARINE ENGINEERING DATA…………………………………............................
WEATHER DATA-BEAUFORT SCALE……………………………………..................................
CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS…………………………………………………..................................
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA (BOW CONSTRUCTION)…………………….......................
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA (DOUBLE BOTTOM – DECK
CONSTRUCTION)………………………………………………………………..................................
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA (STERN & RUDDER CONSTRUCTION)….....................
STEERNG GEARS..........................................................................................…….....
ANCHOR & CHAINS…………………………………………………........……..............................
3
4
5
6
8-9
10
11-13
14
15
16-17
18
19
20
21
22
HULL
GENERAL CARGO CARRIER………………………………………………….................................
BULK CARRIER…………………………………………………………………....................................
HATCH COVERS……………………………………………………………….....................................
CONTAINER CARRIER…………………………………………………………..................................
GAS CARRIER……………………………………………………………………...................................
PASSENGER FERRY……………………………………………………………...................................
OCEAN GOING TUG BOAT……………………………………………………................................
DOUBLE SKIN OIL CARRIER………………………………………………….................................
24
26-28
30
32
34
36
38
40
MACHINERY
TYPICAL ENGINES FOR PROPULSION……………………………………….............................
CROSSHEAD TYPE ENGINE PARTS…………………………………………...............................
TRUNK PISTON TYPE – V- ENGINES………………………………………….............................
TYPICAL PISTON & CRANKSHAFT ARRANGEMENT……………………...........................
CAMSHAFT ARRANGEMENT………………………………………………..................................
TURBOCHARGER…………………………………………………….…………..................................
ENGINE SCAVENGE AIR & EXHAUST ARRANGEMENT………………….........................
PROPELLERS & TAILSHAFT………………………………………………….................................
WATER JET THRUSTERS………………………………………………………................................
STEAM TURBINE………………………………………………………………...................................
VERTICAL OIL FIRED & COMBINED BOILER……………………………..............................
42
44-46
48-50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………....................................
68-69
GENERAL
BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys Ltd
(Incorporating The Salvage Association)
3
BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys Ltd is a leading international marine surveying and technical
consultancy, operating from a worldwide network of offices. The company incorporates the
world-renowned casualty expertise of The Salvage Association and BMT Murray Fenton.
The Salvage Association was founded in 1856 in London and has been closely operating with
the London insurance market.
Our services include casualty surveys, report and investigations work on behalf of Hull &
Machinery, P&I, Liability and cargo insurers. Our spectrum of work includes surveys of
incidents affecting every type of vessel from a yacht to the largest ULCC and the most
complex LNG or chemical carrier.
BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys Ltd is a leading marine consultant providing warranty
services for the Cargo, Offshore Energy, Construction, Liability and Hull & Machinery
insurance markets. Additional services include; risk management, risk assessments including
environmental and emissions risks, feasibility studies; risk audits of vessel and engine room
operations, shipbuilding and repair facilities and their procedures; assessments of port
operations, wreck removal and navigation.
Our global network of surveyors are ready to immediately assist in the event of marine
casualties, collisions, stranding, sinking’s, salvage, wreck removal, machinery investigations,
warranty, P&I and risk assessment.
4
CONTACT DETAILS FOR PIRAEUS & VARNA
LONDON Office – HEAD OFFICE
Marlow House
1A Lloyd’s Avenue
London, EC3N 3AL
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 207 648 9650
Fax: +44 207 929 5564
Email: london@bmtmarinerisk.com
Global Support Services
London
Tel: +44 (0)020 7648 9655
Mobile: +44 (0)7831 879675
Email: gss_staff@bmtmarinerisk.com
Email: smartin@bmtmarinerisk.com
Global Support Services
New York
Tel: +1 212 587 9307
Mobile: +1 646 283-0626
Email: grocco@bmtmarinerisk.com
For direct contact with our regional
offices please refer to page 6 of this
guide or visit our website to download
our International contact directory
www.bmtmarinerisk.com
GENERAL
GENERAL
GLOBAL SUVEYOR NETWORK
Marine Expertise:
Anytime, Anywhere
Global Surveyor Network
5
6
REGIONAL HUB OFFICES
GENERAL
GREECE
Hellas Branch
5-7 Fillelinon Street
185 36 Piraeus
Greece
SOUTH AFRICA
13 Foregate Square
Table Bay Boulevard
Cape Town 8000
South Africa
Tel: +30 210 42 92 690
Fax:+30 210 42 92 691
Email: piraeus@bmtmarinerisk.com
or hellas@bmtmarinerisk.com
Tel: +27 21 421 3172/3
Fax: +27 21 421 3166
Email: cape_town@bmtmarinerisk.com
NEW YORK
20 Broad Street
7th Floor, Suite A
New York, NY 10005-2615
USA
SINGAPORE
3 HarbourFront Place
No 03-01/04 HarbourFront
Tower Two
Singapore 099254
Tel: +1 212 587 9300
Fax: +1 212 587 9301
Email: new_york@bmtmarinerisk.com
Tel: +65 6517 6860
Fax: +65 6274 4881
Email: singapore@bmtmarinerisk.com
DUBAI
Dubai World Trade Centre Building
13th Level, PO Box 9222
Dubai
United Arab Emirates
Tel: +971 4 331 3100
Fax: +971 4 331 4121
Email: dubai@bmtmarinerisk.com
For further information please visit our website www.bmtmarinerisk.com
GENERAL
NOTES
7
8
UNITS
GENERAL
Length
1 nm = 1852 m = 1.852 km
1 yd = 3 ft = 36 in = 0.9144 m
1 m = 100 cm = 10 dm = 1000 mm = 3,2808 ft
1 μm =0.001 mm
1 cable = 185.20 m = 0.1 nm
1 fn = 1.8288 m
1 shackle of anchor cable = 15 fm = 27.5 m
Nm
km
m
cm
dm
mm
μm
ft
in
yd
cable
fn
Nautical mile
kilometer
meter
centimeter
decimeter
millimeter
micron
foot
inch
yard
cable length (international)
fathom
lit
gal
pt
barrels
litre
gallon (UK)
pint (UK)
barrels (US)
Kgf
Lbf
Kpond
N
KN
Kilogram force
Pound force
Kilopond
Newton
Kilo-Newton
atm
bar
KPa
psi
in Hg
mm Hg
Atmosphere
Bar
Kilo-Pascal
Pound per square inch
Inches of Mercury
Millimeters of Mercury
Volume
3
3
1 m = 1000 dm
= 1000 lit
= 219.9692 gal (UK)
= 1759.7547 pt (UK)
3
= 35.31467 ft
= 6.2898 barrels (US)
Force
1 Kgf = 9.80665 N = 2.2046 lbf = 1 Kpond
1 tonf = 1000 Kgf = 9806.65 N = 9.80665 KN
1 tonef (UK long tons) = 1.01605 tonf (metric)
Pressure / Stress
1 atm = 1.01325 bar
2
= 101325 N/m
2
= 0.101325 N/mm
2
= 1.03322 Kgf/cm
2
= 10332.27 Kgf/m
= 101.325 KPa
2
= 2116.21658 lbf/ft
2
= 14.6959 psi (lbf/in )
= 29.9213 in Hg
= 760.0021 mm Hg
GENERAL
UNITS
Temperature
1 C° = 33.8 F° = 274.15 K
9
C°
F°
K
Degree Celsius
Degree Fahrenheit
Degree Kelvin
W
HP
PS
Watt
Horse Power
Metric Horse power
Flow rate
3
1 lit/min = 0.000589 ft /sec
3
= 0.0000167 m /sec
3
= 0.06012 m /hr
= 13.1981 gal/hr (UK)
Velocity
1 Knot = 0.51444 m/s
= 1.852 km/hr
= 1.6878 ft/sec
Power
1 KW = 1000 W
= 1.3410 HP
= 1.3596 PS (Metric Horse power)
Moment / Torque
1 Kgf m = 9.80665 Nm
= 0.009807 KNm
= 7.233 lbf ft
= 0.001 tonf m
10
NAVIGATION
GENERAL
Parallels of Latitude
Meridians of Longitude
o
LONDON 51 30’ North
N
o
NEW YORK 74 00’ West
S
W E
LONGITUDE
LATITUDE
30o 15o 0o
15o
30o
0
o
CAPE TOWN 33 55’ South
GREENWICH MERIDIAN
o
CAPE TOWN 18 22’ East
Most charts are drawn to MERCATOR’s PROJECTION, to represent
the spherical world on a flat sheet of paper with all the meridians
of longitude made parallel. To keep the same land shapes the
parallels of latitude are increased in proportion.
This gives rise to say 600 sea miles being measured on a chart
being a bigger measurement at the top of the chart than at the
bottom.
This is because 1 sea mile = 1 minute of latitude and the latitude
scale gradually increases towards the top of the chart. This is why
distances are ALWAYS measured on the latitude scale opposite
your position.
[Ref. 1]
0
10
Rise of Floor
Frame Numbers
Aft Peak Bulkhead
WL
Main Deck
Summer Load line
Main Deck
Beam
100
Bilge Keel
Camber
Lbp (Length between perpendiculars)
Loa (Length Overall)
Draft
Freeboard
Base Line
Depth
Collision Bulkhead
Sheer forward
200
WL
GENERAL
COMMON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DATA
11
12
COMMON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DATA
GENERAL
Wave length
Wave crest
Wave trough
Wave height
Main Deck structure in tension
Bending HOGGING CONDITION
Bottom structure in compression
Main Deck structure in compression
Bending SAGGING CONDITION
Bottom structure in tension
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
Shear Force
Shear Force
Weight
Weight
Weight
Weight
Weight
The ocean wave geometry resembles a trochoidal shape. The ship structure is designed to withstand
the extreme stresses due to the applied forces when balanced on such a wave having the ship’s length
in both hogging and sagging conditions.
In a sea way, the structure will be continuously subjected to deformation in all directions. The
generated stresses will alternate and the material forming the structure will therefore be subjected to
fatigue. A well designed structure having a well conceived geometry and being of suitable material is
expected to withstand the fatigue stresses for a substantial period of time.
GENERAL
COMMON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DATA
13
Δ = DWT + Lightship
Where Δ is the displacement, DWT is the deadweight, (cargo capacity including fuel and stores, crew
and effects), and the Lightship is the weight of the structure as built including, water in the boilers and
lubes in machinery to working level.
In all normal calculations the lightship figure is taken to be the same as stated in the vessel’s approved
trim and stability booklet. The lightship is also the figure used for scrap estimations.
Δ = Lbp x B x Tm x ρ x Cb
Where Lbp is the length between perpendiculars, B is the beam, Tm is the mean draft, ρ is the density of
sea water (about 1025 Kg/m3) and Cb is the block coefficient, (for most cargo type ships between 0.65 to
0.9 – passenger cruisers, 0.55 to 0.63).
The larger the block coefficient the more box shaped the vessel is. Thus for a perfect box type structure
Cb is 1, and off course the resistance is larger.
Tm = (Tf + Ta)/2
Where Tm is the midship draft, Tf and Ta are the drafts forward and aft, respectively.
Heel angle, (radians) = wl / GMT x Δ
Where wl is the moment of the weight causing the heel, (the weight times the transverse distance from
midship), GMT is the transverse metacentric height and Δ is the total displacement. The formula works
in radians, (1 rad = 57.3 degrees) and can be accurate for small angles.
Ship’s motions at sea
The ship’s centre of gravity has six degrees of freedom, three linear and three angular as illustrated in
the fig below. In a seaway it can experience all six motions simultaneously.
An object resting anywhere in the structure is subjected to forces resulting from these motions. The
magnitude of these forces are calculated using Newton’s well known formula F = m x α, where “m” is
the mass of the object and “α” is the acceleration of its centre of gravity.
Yawing motion
Rolling motion
Pitching motion
Heaving motion
Vertical axis
G
14
COMMON MARINE ENGINEERING DATA
GENERAL
Indicated Power (KW) = Pm x A x L x N x K x n / 0.6
Where Pm is the mean indicated pressure per cylinder in Bar
A is the sectional area of the cylinder in m2
L is the length of stroke in m
N is the engine speed in rpm
K is the type of stroke per revolution (i.e. 1 for two stroke engines and 0.5 for four stroke engines)
n is the number of cylinders
Brake Power = Mechanical efficiency x Indicated power
The mechanical efficiency of a well designed turbocharged engine can be 90%
Bunkers
Bunker fuel is technically any type of fuel oil used aboard ships. In the maritime field the type of
classification used for fuel oils is:
 IFO (Intermediate fuel oil) A blend of gasoil and heavy fuel oil, with less gasoil than marine diesel oil
o IFO 380 - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 Centistokes at 50°C
o IFO 180 - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 Centistokes at 50°C
o LS 380 - Low-sulphur (<1.5%) intermediate fuel oil
o LS 180 - Low-sulphur (<1.5%) intermediate fuel oil
 HFO 380 (Heavy fuel oil) - Pure or nearly pure residual oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 Centistokes
 MGO (Marine gas oil) - made from distillate only
 MDO (Marine diesel oil) - A blend of heavy gasoil that may contain very small amounts of black
refinery feed stocks, but has a low viscosity up to 12 cSt so it does not need to be heated for use in
internal combustion engines.
Parameter
Unit
3
Max Density at 15°C
kg/m
Max Viscosity at 50°C
mm²/
s
°C
Max Pour point, Winter
MGO
MDO
IFO 180
RMH 380
RMK 380
890.0
900.0
991.0
991.0
1010.0
6.0
11.0
180.0
380.0
380.0
Ambient
Ambient
30
30
30
General recommended
cSt
Ambient Ambient
10~15/
10-15/
10-15/
injection viscosity and
/°C
110~ 118 130 ~ 142 130~142
temperature
1 mm²/s = 1 cSt Viscosity (Kinematic) is a measure of the resistance of the fuel. In everyday terms
viscosity is "thickness".
TYPICAL ENGINE OPERATING PARAMETERS
Parameter
Unit
Values
Max Exhaust Temperatures
°C
500
General recommended Lub. Oil pressure for 2-stroke engines
Kg/cm2
3.5~4.2
General recommended Lub. Oil pressure for 4-stroke engines
Kg/cm2
2.0~3.0
Jacket water outlet temperature
°C
65~68
Type of system oil used for 2-stroke engines
SAE Viscosity
30
Type of cylinder oil used for 2-stroke engines*
SAE Viscosity
70 or 50
Type of system oil used for 4-stroke engines
SAE Viscosity
40
*Changeover from TBN 70 to TBN 50 only when operating for more than one week on <1% sulfur
GENERAL
Beaufort
Number
WEATHER DATA – BEAUFORT SCALE
Descriptive
Term
Mean wind
speed equivalent
Knots
Deep Sea Criterion
m/sec
0
Calm
<1
0-0.2
1
Light air
1-3
0.3-1.5
2
Light breeze
4-6
1.6-3.3
3
Gentle
breeze
7-10
3.4-5.4
4
Moderate
breeze
11-16
5.5-7.9
5
Fresh breeze
17-21
8.0-10.7
6
Strong breeze
22-27
10.813.8
7
Near gale
28-33
13.917.1
8
Gale
34-40
17.220.7
9
Strong gale
41-47
20.824.4
10
Storm
48-55
24.528.4
11
Violent storm
56-63
28.532.6
12
Hurricane
64
and
over
32.7
and over
Sea like a mirror
Ripples with the appearance of scales are
formed without foam crests
Small wavelets, still short but more
pronounced crests have a glassy appearance
and do not break
Large wavelets cress begin to break foam of
glassy appearance, perhaps scattered white
horses
Small waves becoming longer fairly frequent
white horses
Moderate waves taking a more pronounced
long form many white horses are formed
(chance of some spray)
Large waves begin to form the white foam
crests are more extensive everywhere (some
spray)
Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking
waves begin to be blown in streaks along the
direction of the wind
Moderately high waves of greater length
edges of crest begin to break into spindrift
foam is blown in well marked streaks along
the direction of the wind
High waves dense streaks of foam along the
direction of the wind crests of waves begin to
topple, tumble and roll over, spray may affect
visibility
Very high waves with long overhanging crests
the resulting foam in great patches is blown in
dense white streaks along the direction of the
wind on the whole, the surface of the sea
takes a white appearance the tumbling of the
sea becomes heavy and shock like visibility
affected
Exceptionally high waves (small and medium
sized ships might be for a time lost to view
behind the waves) the sea is completely
covered with long white patches of foam lying
along the direction of the wind everywhere
the edges of the wave crests are blown into
froth visibility affected
The air is filled with foam and spray sea
completely white with driving spray visibility
very seriously affected
15
Probable
mean wave
height*
in metres
0.1 (0.1)
0.2 (0.3)
0.6 (1)
1 (1.5)
2 (2.5)
3 (4)
4 (5.5)
5.5 (7.5)
7 (10)
9 (12.5)
11.5 (16)
14 (-)
[Ref. 2]
Cushion
Approximate speed range potential
Knots
80-100
Sea
Air
Surface effect
Aerostatic c
Aircraft
Submerged
toils
60-40
Surface
piercing
Hydro toil
40-25
Planing hull
Hydrodynamic support
BERNOULLI
ARCHIMEDES
Conventional
Displacement
30-15
Submersibles
Small water plane
CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS
Submarine
15
Deep displacement
Special Displacement
Catamaran (Multi hull)
Hydrostatic support
(Displacement)
SEAGOING VESSELS
(Surface, Surface Effect, Sub-surface)
16
GENERAL
[Ref. 3]
GENERAL
CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS
17
The terms below refer to design restrictions imposed on a vessel, in order to be able to trade within
standard geographic areas
TYPE
DESIGN RESTRICTIONS
HANDYSIZE
DRY CARGO
DWT about 15,000 to 40,000 mt
HANDYMAX
DWT about 41,000 to 55,000 mt
SUEZMAX
DWT up to 150,000 mt
PANAMAX
DWT 60,000 – 80,000 mt
POST PANAMAX
And
CAPESIZE
DWT 81,000 – 250,000
AFRAMAX (Crude
and Product Oil
tankers)
TANKERS
DWT between 75,000 – 120,000 mt
COMMENTS
It is numerically the most common type of Bulk
carrier and in most cases is fitted with cranes
Most commonly they have 5 Cargo holds and 4
cranes of 30tonnes lifting capacity
Maximum permissible size which can cross the
Suez Canal
Maximum permissible size which can cross the
Panama Canal
Capers do not cross any of the world’s canals
Are largely used in the basins of the Black Sea,
Caribbean, China Sea and the Mediterranean
Non-OPEC exporting countries mainly require
the use of AFRAMAX tankers , because their
harbours and canals are too small to
accommodate VLCCs and ULCCs
Maximum permissible size which can cross the
Suez Canal
Do not cross any of the world’s canals
SUEZMAX
Similar size as the respective bulk carrier.
VLCC
Very large crude oil carrier (super Tanker
DWT between 150,000 – 320,000 mt)
Ultra large crude oil carrier (super Tanker
Do not cross any of the world’s canals
DWT between 320,000 – 550,000 mt)
CONTAINER VESSELS
Up to 13,500mt
Used when economic and size restrictions
(up to 1000 TEU)
imposed for larger sizes
Approx. between
Used when economic and size restrictions
13,500-31,000mt
imposed for larger sizes
(1,000-2,500 TEU)
Approx. between
Can cross Panama Canal
31,000-59,000mt
(2,500-5,000 TEU)
Approx. between
Cannot cross Panama Canal
59,000-113,000mt
(5,000-10,000 TEU)
Approx. between
Can cross Suez Canal
113,000-137,000mt
(10,000-12,000 TEU)
Above 137,000mt
Cannot cross Suez Canal
(Above 12,000TEU)
ULCC
SMALL FEEDER
FEEDER
PANAMAX
POST-PANAMAX
SUEZMAX
POST-SUEZMAX
18
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA
(BOW CONSTRUCTION)
Anchor chain
Hawse pipe
Anchor Windlass
GENERAL
Bulwark
Chain Stopper
Forecastle
deck
Main
deck
FOREPEAK
Soft nose
plating
FOREPEAK
Chain locker
TANK
TANK
Flame area
[Ref. 4]
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA
(DOUBLE BOTTOM –DECK CONSTRUCTION)
GENERAL
19
Hold Frames
(Transverse)
Inner – bottom
Longitudinal
Hold Frames
(Transverse)
Side Shell
Margin Plate
Inner – bottom
plating
Center
Strake
Frame Bracket
Side
Girder
Bottom
Longitudinal
Solid Floor
Center
Girder
Transversely
Longitudinally
Solid Floor
Nontight
Side Girder
Framed
Framed
Built up Section
Flat Bar
Inverted Angle
Bulb Plate
Tee or Part I
H-Beam with Flanges Removed
Additional Face Plate if needed
Flange
Plate
[Ref. 5]
20
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA
(STERN - RUDDER CONSTRUCTION)
GENERAL
BALANCE RUDDER WITH HEEL PINTLE
Steering Gear Flat
Rudder Stock
Stock Palm
Upper Pintle
After Peak Tank
Rudder BLADE
Stern Tube
Stern Frame
Heel Pintle
Frame 0
Skeg
SEMI SPADE RUDDER
Rudder Stock
Steering Gear Flat
Neck Hearing
After Peak Tank
Rudder Blade
Stern Frame
Stern Tube
Horn Pintle
Rudder Horn
Frame 0
GENERAL
STEERING GEARS
21
RAM STEERING GEAR SYSTEM
Hydraulic Cylinder
Ram
Rudder stock
Yoke
[Ref. 6]
ROTARY VANE STEERING GEAR SYSTEM
Rotor
Stator
Vanes
Rudder stock
[Ref. 7]
22
ANCHOR & CHAINS
GENERAL
Ring (Shackle)
Shank
Fluke / Palm
Bill/Pea
Arms
Throat
Crown
Blade
[Ref. 8]
Connection to Anchor
Common Link
Common Link
End Link
Common Link
Enlarged Link
Kenter Joining Shackle
Anchor Crown Shackle
Jaw and Jaw Swivel
Anchor Shank
Connection to Chain Locker
End Link
Common Link
Enlarged Link
Clinch Shackle
[Ref. 9]
GENERAL
NOTES
23
Bilge
plating
Vertical
welding
seams
Deck plating
[Ref. 4]
Keel plating
Tank top
plating
Tween deck
hatch
[Ref. 10]
GENERAL CARGO CARRIER
Shell frame
Longitudinal
welding
seams
Sheer
strake
plating
24
HULL
HULL
NOTES
25
BULK CARRIER
HULL
[Ref. 11]
26
HULL
NOTES
27
28
BULK CARRIER – HOLD ARRANGEMENT
Side transverse
HULL
Deck longitudinal
Deck transverse
(Topside) bottom transverse
Hatchside coaming
Hatchend coaming
Hatchend beam
Side longitudinal
(Topside)
bottom longitudinal
Cross deck beam
Topside tank bottom
Hold frame
Bilge hopper
Bottom transverse
Bilge hopper transverse
Side transverse
Lower stool
Bilge hopper
Longitudinal
Center girder
Inner bottom
Side girder
( tanktop of double bottom)
Solid floor
Side longitudinal
Bottom longitudinal
Tanktop (inner bottom) longitudinal
Transverse ring in bilge hopper
[Ref. 12]
Topside tank
transverse
web frame
Deck plating
Deck longitudinal
Hatch side
coaming
Topside tank plating
Vertical strake
Corrugated
type bulkhead
Topside tank
Topside tank
slopping plating
Side shell
longitudinal
Topside tank slopping
plating longitudinal
Bracket
Cargo Hold
Side shell
plating
Hopper
Transverse
web frame
Side shell frame
(Hold frame)
Where the cargo hold is used for
heavy ballast condition, the shell
frames have larger scantlings.
The same applies for tank top
plating if discharging is by means of
heavy crabs.
Bracket
Hopper tank Sloping
Hopper tank sloping
plating longitudinal
Double bottom tank
Bottom side girder
Side shell
longitudinal
Inner bottom
longitudinal
Bottom center girder
Inner bottom plating
(Tank top)
Bilge
plating
Bilge Keel
Bottom longitudinal
Hopper tank
Bottom shell
plating
Floor
Keel plate
[Ref. 13]
HULL
NOTES
29
30
HATCH COVERS
HULL
Transverse opening hatch cover
OPEN
PANELS
Longitudinal
direction
[Ref. 5]
Longitudinally opening hatch covers
PANELS
Hatch coaming
brackets
Hatch
coaming
Longitudinal
direction
[Ref. 4]
HULL
NOTES
31
[Ref. 10]
CONTAINER CARRIER
[Ref. 14]
Double bottom
32
HULL
HULL
NOTES
33
Water
ballast
The membrane type tank is based on having a thin
membrane supported by a layer of insulation within
the confines of the ship’s hull.
Saddles
Aluminium alloy
tank plating
[Ref. 10]
CARRIER
Insulation
Cargo temp
below -100
o
C
Protective
steel Dome
GAS
Types A, B and C tanks are known as independent tank
types, categorised in accordance to their design
pressure. They are completely self supporting and do
not form part of the ship’s hull.
34
HULL
HULL
NOTES
35
Retractable Stabilizer Fin
P&S
Inner ramp to lower car deck
[Ref. 10]
Bow Thrusters
PASSENGER FERRY
Stern Ramp
Inner ramp to upper car deck
Main Deck (Garage Deck)
Bow Door & Ramp
36
HULL
HULL
NOTES
37
38
OCEAN GOING TUG BOAT
Propeller fitted
in Kort nozzle
Towing winch
HULL
Bow Thruster
[Ref. 5]
Towing Hook
Towing wire
HULL
NOTES
39
Floor plating
End
bracket
Vertical web
cargo tank
Bracket toe
End
bracket
S
S
S
Longitudinal
bulkhead
Face
S
plating
‘
Web
plating
‘
Centerline
girder
Outboard
girder
Bilge keel
Bilge plating
Wing ballast
space
Side longitudinal
Side shell
Sheer strake
Deck Stringer plate
Double bottom
ballast space
Hopper plating
Inner hull
longitudinal
bulkhead
longitudinal
Wing cargo
tank
Inner Hull
longitudinal bulkhead
Deck longitudinal
Deck plating
Bottom
Keel
longitudinal
plating Bottom
shell plating
Inner bottom
End
longitudinal
bracket
Inner
Bracket
bottom
toe
Centre cargo
tank
Longitudinal bulkhead
longitudinal
Cross tie
Radius face plate
Web
Stiffening
‘
[Ref. 15]
[Ref. 10]
DOUBLE SKIN OIL CARRIER
Outboard
girder
Hopper web
plating
Horizontal girder in
wing ballast tank
Vertical Web in
wing ballast tank
Wing cargo tank
Deck transverse
Centre cargo tank
deck transverse
Section x-x
40
HULL
HULL
NOTES
41
Four stroke Trunk Piston
Medium speed engine
Range 200 – 850 rpm
Reduction Gear Box required
Type
[Ref. 16]
Crankcase
inspection
doors
TYPICAL ENGINES FOR PROPULSION
Two stroke Crosshead Type
Slow speed engine
Range 80 – 180 rpm
Crankshaft
Connecting Rod
Crosshead
Piston Rod
Piston
Turbocharger
42
MACHINERY
MACHINERY
NOTES
43
44
CROSSHEAD TYPE ENGINE PARTS
MACHINERY
Cylinder block
Engine
frame
Crankcase
inspection
doors
Main
Bearing
Keep
Bed plate
Crankshaft
line
[Ref. 17]
MACHINERY
NOTES
45
46
CROSSHEAD
TYPE ENGINE PARTS
MACHINERY
`
Piston rings
Piston
Cylinder liner
Piston
grooves
Stuffing box
[Ref. 18]
Piston rod
Crosshead pin
Crosshead bearings
Sliding shoes
Connecting rod
Crosshead assembly
Stuffing box unit
[Ref. 16]
Crankshaft
MACHINERY
NOTES
47
Lube Oil suction
Camshaft
Lubrication
[Ref. 16]
ENGINE
Lube oil first enters the main bearing journals, then
to crankpins, then through connecting rod to
Gudgeon pin and piston / liner
Lube Oil Filter
Camshaft
TRUNK PISTON TYPE – V-
Lube oil Cooler
Oil Pump
Pressure Reduction Valve
Lube Oil to rocker arms
Cylinder Cover (Head)
48
MACHINERY
MACHINERY
NOTES
49
50
TRUNK PISTON TYPE – V- ENGINE PARTS
MACHINERY
Slave piston
Master piston
Master and slave piston
articulated Type joint
Two connecting rods on one crank pin
[Ref. 16]
MACHINERY
NOTES
51
TYPICAL PISTON & CRANKSHAFT
ARRANGEMENT
52
MACHINERY
[Ref. 20]
Piston rings
Piston
Gudgeon
pin
Connecting rod top end
Gudgeon pin bearing
Connecting rod
Thrust pads
Bearing shells
Crankpin
Connecting rod big end
Big end bearing keep
Main
Journal
Timing gear
MAIN BEARING SHELLS
[Ref. 19]
MACHINERY
NOTES
53
CAMSHAFT
CAMS
CAMS
CAMSHAFT
driving gear
[Ref. 16]
54
CAMSHAFT ARRANGEMENT
MACHINERY
MACHINERY
NOTES
55
56
TURBOCHARGER
MACHINERY
Compressed air outlet – into the
Engine
Engine Exhaust
gas inlet
Engine Exhaust
gas outlet
Turbine wheel
Compressor wheel
Air Inlet Filter
Air Inlet
Turbocharger rotational
speed up to 20,000 rpm
[Ref. 20]
MACHINERY
NOTES
57
ENGINE SCAVENGE AIR &
EXHAUST ARRANGEMENT
58
MACHINERY
Rocker arm
Exhaust to
chimney
Exhaust valve
Protection
grids
Push rod
Air
Cooling water
space
Turbine wheel
Cylinder liner
Exhaust
gas
Compression wheel
Compressed
air
Piston
Scavenge air inlet
ports
Intercooler
Scavenge manifold
[Ref. 16]
MACHINERY
NOTES
59
60
PROPELLERS & TAILSHAFT
MACHINERY
FIXED PITCH PROPELLER
Propeller
Adjusting Ring
For Alignment
Aft Seal
Aft Bulkhead
Stern Frame
Fwd Seal
Coupling
Rope Guard
Propeller Shaft
Stern Tube Aft Bearing
Stern tube Fwd Bearing
Stern Tube
[Ref. 19]
CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLER
Propeller rotating blade
Moving piston
Hub body
Blade carrier
Tail shaft
Piston rod
Crankpin of blade carrier
[Ref. 21]
MACHINERY
NOTES
61
Outlet
Reversing Bucket
Pump impeller
Shaft &
Bearing
Steering hydraulic rams
Duct
Suction
WATER JET THRUSTERS
[Ref. 22]
Rotation is one direction
Reversing is by change of flow via vertical movement of bucket
Steering is by side way movement of outlet nozzle
Flange connection
to hull
Inlet duct
optimized for
each type of
vessel
62
MACHINERY
MACHINERY
NOTES
63
64
STEAM TURBINE
MACHINERY
Steam outlet
Steam Valves
Steam Inlet
Turbine Upper casing
Rotor shaft
with Blades
Glands
Fixed blades
(Nozzles)
Turbine Lower
Casing
[Ref. 23]
MACHINERY
NOTES
65
VERTICAL OIL FIRED & COMBINED
BOILER
66
Engine
exhaust inlet
MACHINERY
Engine Exhaust
Outlet
Hot Gas
Burner
Burner
Vertical
water tubes
[Ref. 24]
MACHINERY
NOTES
67
68
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NOTES
70
NOTES
71