ARVO 2014 Annual Meeting Abstracts 374 Myopia Tuesday, May 06, 2014 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Exhibit/Poster Hall SA Poster Session Program #/Board # Range: 3587–3614/A0036–A0063 Organizing Section: Anatomy/Pathology Program Number: 3587 Poster Board Number: A0036 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Relationship between axial length and 64 cells retinal thickness or optic disc-to-fovea angle in young healthy eyes Takehiro Yamashita, Taiji Sakamoto, Yuya Kii, Minoru Tanaka, Kumiko Nakao. Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan. Purpose: To determine relationship between axial length and 64 cells retinal thickness with posterior pole asymmetry scan (PPA) or optic disc-to-fovea angle (OFA) in young healthy eyes. Methods: A prospective study of 64 healthy right eyes was performed. All participants (mean age 25.6 ± 3.5) underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examination, including axial length, color fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The 64 cells retinal thicknesses were measured by the PPA of Spectralis SD-OCT. The OFA was calculated using the fundus photographs. The relationships between the retinal thickness of the 64 cells or the OFA and the axial length were investigated using linear regression analysis. Results: Retinal thicknesses of central 4 cells were not significantly correlated with the axial length (R=-0.07 to 0.01, p >0.05). Retinal thicknesses of almost other cells (54 cells) were significantly negatively correlated with the axial length (R=-0.25 to -0.56, p <0.05). The OFA was not significantly correlated with the axial length (R=-0.17, p=0.19). Conclusions: The retinal thicknesses of the central 4 cells and OFA were constant regardless of the axial length in young healthy eyes. Commercial Relationships: Takehiro Yamashita, None; Taiji Sakamoto, None; Yuya Kii, None; Minoru Tanaka, None; Kumiko Nakao, None Clinical Trial: UMIN000006040 Program Number: 3588 Poster Board Number: A0037 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Genome-wide scleral micro- and messenger-RNA profiling in the mouse myopia model Ravi Metlapally1, Hanna Park2, Kevin Wang1, Christopher C. Tan2, Jacob G. Light2, Machelle T. Pardue2, 3, Christine Wildsoet1, 4. 1 Optometry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; 2Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; 3Rehab R&D Center of Excellence, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; 4Vision Science Graduate Group, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Purpose: miRNAs (micro-RNAs) play critical roles in normal physiological as well as disease processes. Recent studies implicated miRNAs in scleral remodeling and normal ocular growth. Through the modulation of scleral extracellular matrix genes, miRNAs have potential to be therapeutic scleral targets for myopia prevention/ retardation strategies. As a first step, genome-wide miRNA and mRNA (messenger-RNA) expression profiles in myopic and control eyes of mice were studied using microarray analyses. Methods: C57BL/6J mice (n=7, P28), reared under a 12 hr lightdark cycle, were form-deprived (FD) unilaterally for 2 weeks. Refractive error and axial length measurements were made using photorefraction and 1310nm SD-OCT. Scleral RNA samples from FD and control eyes were processed for mirBASE version 19 miRNA (1279 miRNAs) and Affymetrix GeneChip Gene 2.0 ST (>28000 mRNAs) microarrays. Statistical analyses were performed using the NIA (National Institute on Aging) Array Analysis Tool. Briefly, raw data were background subtracted, log-transformed, normalized and average intensities as well as fold differences calculated. Group comparisons were made using ANOVA. Functional biological pathways were identified using WebGestalt software. Results: FD eyes showed myopic shifts in refractive error (mean interocular difference: -2.90 +/- 0.86D, p<0.05). Comparison of scleral RNA profiles for FD and control eyes revealed a total of 54 miRNAs and 261 mRNAs differentially expressed (fold change >1.25 fold in either direction, max FC=1.63 for miRNA, 2.7 for mRNA) (p<0.05, min p=0.0001). miRNAs of the let-7 family, previously implicated in matrix remodeling in other tissues, were upregulated in eyes developing axial myopia. Notable statistically significant (p<0.05) pathways showing over-representation of genes included intermediate filament organization, scaffold protein binding, detection of stimuli, calcium ion, G-protein, and photo-transduction pathways. Conclusions: A number of scleral mi- and m-RNAs showed differential expression linked to myopia in the mouse model, further supporting the involvement of miRNAs in scleral remodeling. The observed general trend of relatively small fold changes is perhaps indicative of a tightly controlled regulatory mechanism for scleral gene expression. Further validation and molecular studies aimed at understanding specific mechanisms related to myopia are planned. Commercial Relationships: Ravi Metlapally, None; Hanna Park, None; Kevin Wang, None; Christopher C. Tan, None; Jacob G. Light, None; Machelle T. Pardue, None; Christine Wildsoet, None Support: NIH-NEI K08EY022670 to RM, NIH-NEI R01016435 to MTP, NIH-NEI R01 EY012392 to CFW Program Number: 3589 Poster Board Number: A0038 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Spatial and temporal mapping of retinal sublayer and choroidal thicknesses in the chick using 3-dimensional segmentation with optical coherence tomography imaging Diane Nava1, 4, Akhila Raman1, Claudia Nieuwenhuis2, Anwar Nunez-Elizalde3, Christine Wildsoet1, 4. 1Vision Science Group, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; 2Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany; 3Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; 4Center for Eye Disease and Development, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Purpose: Interest in changes in thickness of the retina (RT) and choroid (CT) has grown in myopia research, yet studies using animal models typically use A-scan ultrasonography (US), which is limited to on-axis measurements, and blockface photography, which precludes longitudinal tracking. This study sought to exploit in vivo spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging to cover the latter deficiencies. Methods: Young chicks were fitted with either monocular +5 D single vision (SV) lenses or multifocal (MF) lenses with a +5 D peripheral defocus. For each eye, several overlapping rectangular and radial SD-OCT scans covering central and peripheral retina and choroid were collected (14x14 mm FOV, 100 b-scans, Bioptigen, NC). Scans were segmented to extract RT and CT using a custom automated algorithm or a manual segmentation software that uses defined boundaries from points projected from an 11 by 11 grid. The data were then reconstructed in 3D and smoothed using a pythonbased algorithm. 3D maps of overlapping scans were merged, after which the absolute nasal, temporal, superior and inferior fields were redefined using the angle of the pectin and the location of the area centralis (AC). Interocular and temporal thickness difference maps were obtained through registration. Data were compared to RT and CT from US, photographs of embedded blocks and 10 um vertical sections. ©2014, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permission to reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at pubs@arvo.org. ARVO 2014 Annual Meeting Abstracts Results: Peripheral choroidal thickening was detected in the MF group. RT and CT data obtained with our custom method were comparable to values obtained from manual calipers, US, blockface photography, and histological sections, with improved interobserver reliability and resolution. The retinal ganglion cell layer thickness maps show a peak superior and nasal to the tip of the pectin, consistent with histological data defining the AC, and served as a useful reference for validating segmentation algorithms and quantifying lens-induced regional CT changes. Conclusions: Our new methods for the visualization and quantification of chick SD-OCT data allows for fast and accurate characterization of point-to-point regional and temporal differences in RT and CT in vivo, providing valuable new insight into the effects of novel optical defocus manipulations, as well as ex vivo, providing a replacement for photography applied to blockfaces and histological sections. Commercial Relationships: Diane Nava, None; Akhila Raman, None; Claudia Nieuwenhuis, None; Anwar Nunez-Elizalde, None; Christine Wildsoet, None Support: NIH Grant EY12392, NIGMS Grant R25GM090110 Program Number: 3590 Poster Board Number: A0039 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Chick Retinal Pigment Epithelium Responds to Imposed Defocus in Minutes Yan Zhang, Albert Truong, Feng Zhao, Christine Wildsoet. Center for Eye Disease & Development, School of Optometry, Univ of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Purpose: We previously reported that gene expression of BMP2, 4, and 7 in chick RPE show differential regulation by optical defocus in as little as 2 hours, which suggest their involvement of RPE in the early stage of eye growth regulation. This study was conducted to further characterize the temporal profile of these defocus-induced BMP gene expression changes in the chick RPE Methods: White-Leghorn chicks wore monocular -10 or +10 D lenses from 14 days of age for 5, 15, 30 or 60 minutes. At the end of the lens treatment periods, chicks were sacrificed, eyes enucleated, RPE isolated and RNA extract. RNA was subjected to cDNA synthesis and then qPCR. Expression levels for lens-treated eyes were compared to those of their fellow eyes Results: As reported previously, differences in BMP gene expression were detected in chick RPE samples from eyes subjected to positive (+) versus negative (-) lens treatments. With positive lenses, 5 and 30 min of wear was sufficient to up-regulate the gene expression of BMP2 and BMP4 in treated eyes respectively, with up-regulation also detected at the other 3 time points for BMP2 and 60 minutes treatment for BMP4. For 5, 15, 30 and 60 min of +lens treatment, BMP2 was up-regulated 2.0-fold (p < 0.05, n = 5), 3.4-fold (p < 0.05, n = 7), 11.3-fold (p < 0.01, n = 7), and 5.0-fold (p < 0.001, n = 7), respectively, while BMP4 was up-regulated 7.8-fold (p < 0.05, n = 7) and 2.9-fold (p < 0.05, n = 7) after 30 and 60 minutes of treatment respectively. In contrast, BMP7 did not show differential expression with these short 5-60 min +lens treatments, and nor was differential expression detected with 5, 30, and 60 min of -lens treatment for these three BMPs. A trend of down-regulation of BMP2 was observed after 60 minutes of -lens treatment (6 out of 8 birds), but curiously, this gene showed significant up-regulation at 15 minutes (2.5-fold, p < 0.05, n = 8) Conclusions: This study provides further evidence for the involvement of the RPE in eye growth regulation signaling cascades. The differences in the temporal profiles of gene expression changes induced by positive versus negative lenses, i.e., positive lenses inducing very rapid changes, suggest different pathways are involved. Finally, differences in the temporal profiles of the three genes studied - BMP2, 4 and 7, suggest that they are regulated differently. These proteins may interact synergistically across time during eye growth regulation Commercial Relationships: Yan Zhang, None; Albert Truong, None; Feng Zhao, None; Christine Wildsoet, None Support: NIH grants R01EY012392 (CFW), K08EY023609 (YZ), K12EY017269 (YZ) Program Number: 3591 Poster Board Number: A0040 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Quantitative analysis of tessellated fundus and its association with choroidal thickness in healthy eyes Naoya Yoshihara, Takehiro Yamashita, Yuya Kii, Minoru Tanaka, Kumiko Nakao, Taiji Sakamoto. Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan. Purpose: To investigate the relationship between the tessellated fundus index (TFI) and choroidal thickness (CT) by the objective method. Methods: A prospective observational cross-sectional study comprised 100 right eyes of 100 healthy young Japanese participants. All participants (mean age 25.8 ± 3.9) underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examination, including axial length, color fundus photograph. The subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and the nasal choroidal thickness (NCT) being located 750 μm nasal from the fovea were measured using enhanced depth imaging of Spectralis OCT. Fundus color between the fovea and the optic disc was quantified on digital color fundus photographs as a surrogate of the degree of the tessellated fundus using Image J. The TFIs was calculated as the ratio of mean red-green-blue (RGB) intensity. We used following three formula; TFI1: (R-G)/R, TFI2: R/(R+G+B), TFI3: (R-G)/(R+G+B). The relationship between the TFIs and the choroidal thickness and the axial length was investigated using linear regression analysis. Results: The mean axial length was 25.3 ± 1.4 mm. The all TFIs were significantly associated with the SFCT or NCT (R=-0.20 to -0.24, p<0.05). The correlation coefficients between the TFI2 and SFCT or NCT were higher than the correlation coefficients between the TFI1 or TFI3 and SFCT or NCT. However, all the TFIs were not significantly associated with the axial length. Conclusions: The degree of tessellated fundus was increased as the choroidal thickness decreased in young healthy eyes. ©2014, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permission to reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at pubs@arvo.org. ARVO 2014 Annual Meeting Abstracts Commercial Relationships: Naoya Yoshihara, None; Takehiro Yamashita, None; Yuya Kii, None; Minoru Tanaka, None; Kumiko Nakao, None; Taiji Sakamoto, None Clinical Trial: UMIN000006040 Program Number: 3592 Poster Board Number: A0041 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Is Retinal Shape different in Asians and Caucasians? Estimation from Peripheral Refraction and Peripheral Eye Length Methods Pavan K. Verkicharla1, David A. Atchison1, Marwan Suheimat1, Katrina L. Schmid1, Ankit Mathur1, Edward A. Mallen2, Xin Wei3, Noel A. Brennan3. 1School of Optometry & Vision Science, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; 2School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom; 3 Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc., Jacksonville, FL. Purpose: Race appears to be associated with myopiogenesis, with East Asians showing high myopia prevalence. Considering structural variations in the eye, it is possible that retinal shapes are different between races. The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare retinal shapes between racial groups using peripheral refraction (PR) and peripheral eye lengths (PEL). Methods: A Shin-Nippon SRW5000 autorefractor and a Haag-Streit Lenstar LS900 biometer measured PR and PEL, respectively, along horizontal (H) and vertical (V) fields out to ±35° in 5° steps in 29 Caucasian (CA), 16 South Asian (SA) and 23 East Asian (EA) young adults (spherical equivalent range +0.75D to −5.00D in all groups). Retinal vertex curvature Rv and asphericity Q were determined from two methods: a) PR (Dunne): The Gullstrand-Emsley eye was modified according to participant’s intraocular lengths and anterior cornea curvature. Ray-tracing was performed at each angle through the stop, altering cornea asphericity until peripheral astigmatism matched experimental measurements. Retinal curvature and hence retinal co-ordinate intersection with the chief ray were altered until sagittal refraction matched its measurement. b) PEL: Ray-tracing was performed at each angle through the anterior corneal centre of curvature of the Gullstrand-Emsley eye. Ignoring lens refraction, retinal co-ordinates relative to the fovea were determined from PEL and trigonometry. From sets of retinal co-ordinates, conic retinal shapes were fitted in terms of Rv and Q. Repeated-measures ANOVA were conducted on Rv and Q, and post hoc t-tests with Bonferroni correction were used to compare races. Results: In all racial groups both methods showed greater Rv for the horizontal than for the vertical meridian and greater Rv for myopes than emmetropes. Rv was greater in EA than in CA (P=0.02), with Rv for SA being intermediate and not significantly different from CA and EA. The PEL method provided larger Rv than the PR method: PEL: EA vs CA 87±13 vs 83±11 m-1 (H), 79±13 vs 72±14 m-1 (V); PR: EA vs CA 79±10 vs 67±10 m-1 (H), 71±17 vs 66±12 m-1 (V). Q did not vary significantly with race. Conclusions: Estimates of Rv, but not of Q, varied significantly with race. The greater Rv found in EA than in CA and the comparatively high prevalence rate of myopia in many Asian countries may be related. Commercial Relationships: Pavan K. Verkicharla, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. (F); David A. Atchison, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. (F); Marwan Suheimat, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. (F); Katrina L. Schmid, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. (F); Ankit Mathur, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. (F); Edward A. Mallen, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. (F); Xin Wei, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. (E); Noel A. Brennan, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. (E) Support: Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. Program Number: 3593 Poster Board Number: A0042 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Identification of integrin receptor subunits in the guinea pig sclera Kevin Wang1, Ravi Metlapally1, Christine Wildsoet1, 2. 1School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; 2Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Purpose: Treatment for myopia, the result of excessive elongation of the globe, has been directed mostly at the symptoms and not at the core issue of elongation. The ocular dimensional changes reflect increased scleral remodeling, which is also associated with biomechanical weakening of the sclera. As integrins have been linked to scleral remodeling previously, they represent potential targets for myopia treatments aiming to slow ocular elongation. As a first step, this study aimed to characterize the integrin subunits in the guinea pig sclera, a common myopia model. Methods: Primers for α and β integrin subunits were designed using NCBI entries from a genome sequencing project, Primer3, and UCSC Genome Browser Bioinformatics. Total RNA was extracted from both intact scleral samples and fibroblasts cultured from guinea pig sclera. Reverse transcription was performed to produce cDNA and PCR used to amplify products of a predetermined size. Finally, PCR products were sequenced to confirm their identity. Results: PCR analysis of intact guinea pig scleral samples revealed twenty-four of the twenty-six known integrin subunits, corresponding to a possible twenty-two combinations of integrins, while only twenty-one of the twenty-six known subunits were detected in cultured scleral fibroblasts, allowing for nineteen potential integrin combinations. Specifically, scleral tissue expressed all known integrin alpha subunits except integrin αD and αE, which were also not expressed in scleral fibroblasts although expression of integrin αD and αE was confirmed in guinea pig liver. Integrins αL, αM, and αX were also not expressed in scleral fibroblasts. Both guinea pig scleral tissue and scleral fibroblasts expressed all known integrin beta subunits. All results were verified through sequencing. Conclusions: While the above results are similar to those of a previous study in the tree shrew, another popular myopia model, guinea pig sclera expressed all known mammalian beta integrin subunits while tree shrew sclera did not express β2-, β3-, β6-, and β7-integrin subunits. However, alpha integrin subunits found in tree shrew sclera were also found in guinea pig sclera. Data provided from this study will help guide future studies directed at understanding the relationship between scleral integrins and myopia. Commercial Relationships: Kevin Wang, None; Ravi Metlapally, None; Christine Wildsoet, None Support: T35EY007139 to KW, K08EY022670 to RM, R01EY012392 to CFW Program Number: 3594 Poster Board Number: A0043 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Changes in mRNA expression of Endothelial Growth Factor A, C, D and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1, 2, 3 during induction of deprivation myopia in chickens Marita P. Feldkaemper, Frank Schaeffel. Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Tuebingen, Germany. Purpose: It was previously reported that the vascular epithelial growth factor inhibitor Bevacizumab can slow the development of deprivation myopia in chickens and suppress choroidal thickening ©2014, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permission to reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at pubs@arvo.org. ARVO 2014 Annual Meeting Abstracts that normally occurs during recovery from deprivation myopia (Mathis and Schaeffel, ARVO 2013). Furthermore, Sheng, Zhu and Wallman (ARVO 2012) found that VEGF isoform V165 can transiently thin the choroid in chickens. We have further studied the role of VEGF in myopia by measuring the choroidal expression of different VEGF isoforms and their receptors, both after long-term deprivation and during recovery from myopia. Methods: 7 days old White Leghorn chicks were treated with (a) diffusers for 8 days on both eyes but diffusers were removed on one eye one hour before choroidal tissue analysis, (b) no treatment except for that one eye was occluded 1 hour before tissue analysis, (c) unilateral diffuser treatment for 16 days, (d) unilateral diffuser treatment for 15 days followed by removal of a diffuser for one day (n= 6 chicks in groups a-d). Semi-quantitative real-time PCR was used to quantify mRNA levels of VEGFA (transcript variant 1 and 2), VEGFC, VEGFD, VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3. Beta-actin and HPRT served as reference genes. Results: Most mRNA levels of the VEGF isoforms were not changed during deprivation myopia. Only VEGFD mRNA was significnatly up-regulated after 16 days of diffuser wear with a 46% increase in normalized mRNA expression (paired t-test, p=0.02). Neither recovery for 1 hour or of 1 day had any effect of the mRNA expression of the various VEGF genes. Conclusions: Changes in choroidal mRNA expression levels (VEGF D) were evident only after long-term treatment of the chickens with diffusers. This growth factor might therefore either play a role in the maintainance of the myopic state or its induction is related to early degenerative processes in high myopia. Commercial Relationships: Marita P. Feldkaemper, None; Frank Schaeffel, None Program Number: 3595 Poster Board Number: A0044 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM The association between initial choroid thickness and subsequent ocular growth rate in young chicks: Evidence for different choroidal mechanisms in growth inhibition vs stimulation Kristen Totonelly, Xiaoying Zhu, Pearl Thai, Rinita Zanzerkia, Debora L. Nickla. New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA. Purpose: Thick choroids are associated with ocular growth inhibition and thin choroids with growth stimulation. Whether this is relevant to the mechanisms underlying the signal cascade that mediates scleral growth in response to visual or pharmacological stimuli is unknown. These studies asked whether choroid thickness in young chicks predicts subsequent ocular growth rates under various conditions. Methods: We determined the correlation between choroid thickness and subsequent ocular growth rate (scleral GAG synthesis for group 6) under the following conditions. (1) Plus lens-wear for 4 days (d) (n=14). (2) Minus lens-wear for 5 d (n=16). (3) Diffuser-wear for 5 d (n=16). (4) Fellow untreated eyes (n=53). (5) Daily injections of quinpirole (n=12), apomorphine (n=17), atropine (n=11), pirenzepine (n=10), or a single injection of oxotremorine (n=27). (6) Eyecups of RPE, choroid and sclera cultured for 24 hrs (n=9). Some of these data are retrospective. Results: There was a negative correlation between initial choroid thickness and subsequent ocular growth rate in visual conditions in which eye growth was inhibited (plus lens: r=-0.662, p<0.01) and in untreated eyes (r=-0.393, p<0.005), but not when growth was stimulated (minus lens: r=0.08, p=0.72; diffusers: r=0.036, p=0.9). In untreated eyes and in eyes wearing diffusers or minus lenses there was also a correlation between initial choroid thickness and subsequent thinning (p<0.05); there was no such correlation for plus lenses. In eyecups, there was a negative correlation between choroid thickness and scleral GAG synthesis (r=-0.79, p<0.01). Drugs: There was a negative correlation between choroid thickness and growth rate in eyes injected with quinpirole (r=-0.72, p=0.008) but the data for apomorphine did not reach significance. There was no correlation for eyes injected with muscarinic agents. Conclusions: That initial choroidal thickness does not predict ocular growth rate under all conditions implies that thickness is not correlated with the efficacy of a mechanical barrier to a signal molecule. This is also supported by the negative correlation between thickness and quinpirole-mediated growth inhibition. Finally, the results support different roles for the choroid in growth stimulation vs inhibition. Commercial Relationships: Kristen Totonelly, None; Xiaoying Zhu, None; Pearl Thai, None; Rinita Zanzerkia, None; Debora L. Nickla, None Support: NIH EY013636 Program Number: 3596 Poster Board Number: A0045 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Gaze-Induced Axial Length Changes in Highly Myopic Eyes as Gauged by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quan V. Hoang1, Jonathan Tang1, Julie Goldman1, Jane Y. Pan2, 1, Stanley Chang1. 1Ophthalmology, Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY; 2Methodist Girls’ School, Singapore, Singapore. Purpose: To determine if axial length changes occur in highly myopic eyes undergoing the stress and strain of normal eye movement. Methods: A prospective imaging study was performed on highly myopic patients (> 26 mm of axial length) with a clinical diagnosis of staphyloma. 3-D MRI scans were acquired while subjects gazed in 5 directions (primary, nasal 15°, temporal 15°, superior 10°, inferior 10°). Volume renderings were manually reoriented so that the plane of the limbus (the cornea-sclera interface) was normal to the plane of the screen. Four axial length measurements were taken at 90-degree rotations around the central axis and averaged for each eye in every gaze. Eye axial lengths at each eccentric gaze were compared to the axial length in primary gaze using a fixed effects regression allowing for person-specific and eye-specific effects (n = 40). Results: Axial lengths were unchanged in temporal gaze when compared to primary gaze (p = 0.89). Axial lengths shortened in nasal gaze (-0.07 mm, p = 0.04, 95% CI -0.148 to 0.008) and in superior gaze (-0.08 mm, p = 0.03, 95% CI -0.163 to 0.003). Axial lengths increased by +0.12 mm when changing from primary to inferior gaze (p = 0.001, 95% CI [0.043 to 0.196]). Linear regressions for individual patients demonstrated that the F-test of the axial length measured in the four gazes were jointly different from the axial length measured in primary gaze. This difference was significant at the p < 0.05 level in 33 out of 40 eyes (82.5%). Conclusions: Eye lengthening appears to occur only in inferior gaze, which is of interest given past clinical studies suggesting an association between excessive near work and myopia development and progression. Commercial Relationships: Quan V. Hoang, None; Jonathan Tang, None; Julie Goldman, None; Jane Y. Pan, None; Stanley Chang, Alcon (F) Support: NIH 5 KL2 TR 81-8 (QVH) and an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness (New York, New York) ©2014, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permission to reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at pubs@arvo.org. ARVO 2014 Annual Meeting Abstracts Program Number: 3597 Poster Board Number: A0046 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Lack of oblique peripheral astigmatism in the chicken eye, comparison to the human eye and possible consequences for emmetropization Felix Maier1, Arne Ohlendorf2, Siegfried Wahl2, Frank Schaeffel1. 1 Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Section for Neurobiology of the Eye, Tuebingen, Germany; 2Institute for Ophthalmic Research, ZEISS Vision Science Lab, Tuebingen, Germany. Purpose: Primates display considerable off-axis astigmatism. In humans, its magnitude can be described by a parabolic function: astigmatism relative to the pupil axis = 3.28*10-3 * angle2 (Howland, 13th IMC in Tuebingen 2010). Howland also proposed that peripheral astigmatism may represent a cue for emmetropization, since either its tangential or radial axis are in better focus, depending on the spherical refractive error. It is known that the chicken eye emmetropizes independently in the center and the periphery but not whether it uses peripheral astigmatism. Methods: Infrared photorefraction was used to map out the refractions over the horizontal visual field, both in the vertical and horizontal meridians, in three 43 day old chicks (6 eyes) and three near emmetropic male human subjects (6 eyes, age 34.7 ± 6.8 years). Chicks were trained to accept that the operator turned their heads as desired by holding their beak. Videos were recorded and eye orientation and refractions were determined from the position of the first Purkinje image relative to the pupil center and the brightness slopes in the pupil. Human subjects were measured with a scanning photorefractor (Tabernero et al. 2009). Results: There was no significant difference in the amount of astigmatism in chicks and humans in the center of the visual field (0 deg: chicks -0.35±0.79 D, humans 0.65±0.60 D, p = 0.30). Similar to what was found by Howland, astigmatism increased in our subjects’ eyes to the periphery with the function: astigmatism = 2.21*10^-3*angle^2-0.0245*angle+1.589. Strikingly, in the chick eye astigmatism did not increase in the periphery. Highly significant differences were found in the peripheral astigmatism in humans and chicks (at 40 deg in the temporal visual field: humans 4.21±2.39 D, chicks -0.63±0.80 D, p < 0.001 (unpaired t-test) and at 20 deg in the nasal visual field: humans 3.69±1.16 D, chicks 0.74±0.44 D, p < 0.001; the trend is similar at 20 deg in the temporal visual field: humans 1.68±1.40 D, chicks 0.30±0.29 D, p = 0.07 and in the nasal visual field at 40 deg humans 5.17±3.71 D, chicks 0.78±0.11 D, p = 0.12). Conclusions: The chick eye is perhaps the first vertebrate eye without oblique peripheral astigmatism. While the optical design of the crystalline lens in the chick eye must be fascinating, the lack of peripheral astigmatism suggests that emmetropization cannot rely on it. Commercial Relationships: Felix Maier, None; Arne Ohlendorf, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH (E); Siegfried Wahl, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH (E); Frank Schaeffel, None Support: Werner Reichardt Centrum für Integrative Neurowissenschaften Pool Projekt 2012-12 Program Number: 3598 Poster Board Number: A0047 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Blue light protects against temporal frequency dependent refractive changes Stephanie Britton, Stephan Hanowsky, Frances J. Rucker. Biomedical Science and Disease, New England College of Optom., Boston, MA. Purpose: A previous experiment indicated that chicks exposed to luminance flicker without blue light showed a hyperopic shift at higher temporal frequencies and a myopic shift at lower frequencies. In this experiment we test the hypothesis that blue light is important in emmetropization by comparing the response of chicks to luminance flicker with and without blue light over a range of temporal frequencies. Methods: 4-5 day old White Leghorn chicks were exposed daily for three days (9am to 5pm) to sinusoidal luminance modulation at 80% contrast, at one of six temporal frequencies: 0, 0.2, 1, 2, 5, 10 Hz. Luminance flicker “without blue” light was created with in-phase modulation of red and green, while “with blue” flicker was created with in-phase modulation of red, green and blue light. Mean illumination was 680 lux. Chicks were maintained in a dark chamber overnight. Changes in ocular components were measured before and after the experiment with a non-contact ocular biometer (Lenstar LS 900), and refractive error was measured with a Hartinger Coincidence Refractometer. Photokeratometry was used to calculate corneal astigmatism and images were analyzed with Image J. Results: Refraction, eye length, and choroidal changes were dependent on temporal frequency (p<0.03 all) and on the interaction between frequency and blue light (p<0.03 all). Without blue, refractions were more hyperopic with higher temporal frequencies, and more myopic at lower temporal frequencies. There was a hyperopic shift (> 1 D) at 5 and 10 Hz, and a myopic shift (> -0.6 D) at ≤2 Hz, and an increase in astigmatism along J45 (p=0.04). With blue light, refraction remained constant (mean change -0.24 D). Without blue light, there was less eye growth at high frequencies and more at low frequencies. Eyes were 145 mm shorter at 10 Hz than they were at 0.2 Hz (p<0.003), while with blue, they were only 77 mm shorter. Without blue light, anterior chamber depths were deeper (p=0.006), while choroids were thinner at low and intermediate temporal frequencies, contributing to the myopic shift at low frequencies. At 5 Hz, choroids thinned 46 mm more without blue light, than with blue light (p=0.03). Conclusions: Emmetropization shows a temporal, blue light sensitivity. Blue light protects against temporal frequency dependent refractive changes through modification of eye length, choroidal thickness, anterior chamber depth and corneal curvature. Commercial Relationships: Stephanie Britton, None; Stephan Hanowsky, None; Frances J. Rucker, None Support: New England College of Optometry Internal Research Award Program Number: 3599 Poster Board Number: A0048 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM The effect of near additions and prismatic lenses on accommodative micro-fluctuations in Chinese myopic children Huiling Lin1, 3, Drobe Björn2, 3, Lin Meng1, 3, Jin Wanqing1, 3, Chen Yunyun1, 3. 1School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; 2R&D Optics Asia, Essilor International, Wenzhou, China; 3WEIRC (WMU-Essilor International Research Centre), Wenzhou, China. Purpose: To investigate the effects of near additions and prismatic lenses on accommodative micro-fluctuations and horizontal heterophoria in Chinese myopic children. Methods: 14 myopic children (SE: -0.75D to -3.75D) aged from 9 to 13 participated in the study. Accommodative micro-fluctuations and horizontal heterophoria were measured through multiple lenses by means of an open-field infrared autorefractor (WAM-5500, Grand Seiko Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan) and modified Thorington technique. Tested lenses were additions (-1.00, 0, +1.00, +2.00 and +3.00D on each eye) and horizontal prisms (3ΔBI, 2ΔBI, 1ΔBI, 0, 1ΔBO and 2ΔBO on each eye). Lens order was randomized. During accommodation measurements, children were looking at RSVP (rapid serial verbal presentations) of Chinese characters at 25cm. ©2014, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permission to reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at pubs@arvo.org. ARVO 2014 Annual Meeting Abstracts Results: RMS (root mean square) of accommodative response increased significantly in the condition of -1.0D near addition (0.28±0.11D) compared to plano lens (0.18±0.06D, p<0.001). No significant difference in RMS was found between plano and positive addition lenses (p > 0.05), even though smaller RMS were found for +1.0D and +2.0D lenses (respectively 0.14±0.05D, 0.13±0.15D). No significant difference in RMS was found between prismatic lenses (p=0.22). Heterophoria decreased (more exophoric) with plus-power addition lenses (p<0.001) and increased with base-in prismatic lenses (p=0.038). RMS was found to be correlated with the phoria state (r = 0.345, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Over-correction resulted in higher accommodative micro-fluctuations while plus-power addition lenses and prismatic lenses had no influence on accommodative micro-fluctuations. Phoria decreased with plus-power addition lenses and increased with base-in prismatic lenses. Commercial Relationships: Huiling Lin, Essilor International (F); Drobe Björn, Essilor International (E); Lin Meng, Essilor International (F); Jin Wanqing, Essilor International (F); Chen Yunyun, Essilor International (F) Program Number: 3600 Poster Board Number: A0049 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Transient changes in choroidal thickness to different levels of imposed myopic defocus Jinhua Bao1, 3, Bjorn Drobe2, 3, Ke Chen1, 3, Hao Chen1, 3. 1School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; 2R&D Optics Asia, Essilor International, Wenzhou, China; 3WEIRC, WMU-Essilor International Research Centre, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. Purpose: To investigate short-term changes in choroidal thickness and other ocular biometrics to imposed myopic defocus in young adults. Methods: Ocular biometrics of thirteen myopic young adult subjects was measured before and after 60 minutes of exposure to monocular defocus (right eye) while watching movies on a 5.5m distant screen. Choroidal and retinal thicknesses were measured by means of Lenstar SD-OCT (Heidelberg Spectralis OCT; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) and axial length by Lenstar LS 900 optical biometer (Lenstar LS 900; Haag Streit AG, Koeniz, Switzerland). Four different monocular defocus conditions were tested, each on a separate day: control (no defocus) and myopic defocus (+1D, +3D and +5D defocus). The fellow eye was optimally corrected for distance (no defocus). Results: After 60 minutes, choroidal thickness of the right eye exhibited a significant increase only for +3D and +5D defocus conditions (mean change, +1D: +7.53±7.80μm, p>0.05; +3D: +12.51±11.23μm, p=0.002; +5D: +11.74±8.45μm, p<0.001). Retinal thickness exhibited no significant change with any myopic defocus conditions (mean change, +1D: -1.17±2.52μm, +3D: -1.93±1.99μm, +5D: -1.77±3.49 μm; p>0.1). Optical axial length decreased significantly only after +5D defocus condition (mean change, +1D: +2.13±9.67μm, p>0.1; +3D: -1.93±9.05μm, p>0.1; +5D: -6.56±9.14μm, p=0.024). Choroidal thickness, retinal thickness and axial length of the left eye showed no significant change (p>0.05). Conclusions: Significant increase in choroidal thickness occurred in human subjects after 60 minutes of myopic defocus of 3D or more but not in axial length. Moreover, there is no evidence to support the notion that choroidal thickness elongation is proportional to the degree of myopic defocus. Commercial Relationships: Jinhua Bao, Essilor International (F); Bjorn Drobe, Essilor International (F); Ke Chen, Essilor International (F); Hao Chen, Essilor International (F) Program Number: 3601 Poster Board Number: A0050 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Comprehensive lesions of the retina surrounding the optic nerve enhance elongation and cause myopia in the guinea pig eye Sally A. McFadden, Callan Medcalf, Guang Zeng, John Holdsworth. Faculty of Science and IT, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia. Purpose: Disruption to detailed vision using form deprivation (FD) induces excessive eye elongation and myopia. The underlying mechanisms are local to the eye since FD myopia induces excessive growth after optic nerve section.1 Surprisingly, foveal photoablation does not inhibit FD myopia in young monkeys.2 However, the region around the optic nerve (the peripapillary zone or PPZ) expands early during myopia development and the overlying retina may carry the pertinent signals.3 We studied the effect of retinal photocoagulation lesions of the PPZ on both normal and myopic growth. Methods: Guinea pigs received FD alone (n = 16) or comprehensive PPZ lesions using multiple spots (laser strength of 100 mW for 50 ms, n = 9) the day prior to FD. FD involved wearing a diffuser over one eye from 6 to 13 days of age. PPZ lesions were also administered at the same age in a group not form deprived (n = 7). Refractive error (using a Nidek autorefractor after cycloplegia) and eye shape (based on retinal hemisections4) were assessed at the end of the rearing period. Results are presented as the relative differences between the two eyes. Results: FD alone resulted in –3.1D of relative myopia and 100 mm of relative eye elongation in the PPZ area with relative eye shrinkage (–47 mm) in the temporal retina. Greater myopia was observed after PPZ lesions combined with FD (–7.35D, 150 mm) and unlike normal FD, excessive growth also occurred in the mid periphery, particularly in nasal retina. PPZ lesions also induced relative myopia in animals not form deprived (–3.8D, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Retinal signals from the PPZ may be critical for normal refractive development and when eliminated, cause exaggeration of the central elongation so characteristic of myopic eyes. Without these signals, the eye also grows excessively in the periphery suggesting they are necessary for relative growth inhibition. 1. Smith EL et al. IOVS (2007), 48(9), 3914-3922. 2. Wildsoet CF, McFadden SA. IOVS (2010) 51 ARVO E-Abstract 1737. 3. Zeng G, McFadden SA. IOVS (2011) 52 ARVO E-Abstract 3923. 4. Zeng G et al. Vision Res. (2013), 76, 77-88. Commercial Relationships: Sally A. McFadden, None; Callan Medcalf, None; Guang Zeng, None; John Holdsworth, None Support: Port Waratah Coal Services, HMRI 13-23, UN NM G1300470, Ellex Medical Pty. Ltd. Program Number: 3602 Poster Board Number: A0051 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Longitudinal changes in corneal power and axial length in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) Cohort Mitchell Scheiman1, Li Deng3, Jane E. Gwiazda3, Qinghua Zhang2, Ruth E. Manny4, Karen D. Fern4, Eric Weissberg3. 1Coll of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, PA; 2Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY; 331 New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA; 4 College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX. Purpose: To describe changes in corneal power and axial length (AL) in the COMET cohort followed for 14 years, and explore the relationship between AL and corneal radius (CR) over this time period. Methods: 469 ethnically diverse, 6-11 year old children with -1.25 to -4.50 D of myopia were enrolled in COMET. Children wore ©2014, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permission to reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at pubs@arvo.org. ARVO 2014 Annual Meeting Abstracts either single vision (SVLs) or progressive addition lenses (PALs) for 5 years and were followed for an additional 9 years wearing PALs, SVLs, or contact lenses. Additionally, 206 non-myopic young adults matched by gender, ethnicity, and age with COMET myopes were recruited at the 12-year visit. Refractive error (cycloplegic autorefraction), corneal curvature (CC, auto-keratometry), and ocular component dimensions (A-scan ultrasound) were measured annually for COMET children, and once for the non-myopic, matched youngadult subjects. Linear mixed model was used to evaluate longitudinal changes based on all available records adjusting for covariates (gender, ethnicity, lens type, baseline age and baseline refraction). Unpaired t-test was used to compare myopes and non-myopes at the 12-year visit. The Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) between AL and CC was computed at each visit. The comparison of PCCs between myopes and non-myopes at the 12-year visit was conducted using Fisher’s transformation. Results: Longitudinally, COMET girls had significantly steeper CC than boys (p<0.0001). Caucasians had the steepest CC, and Hispanics the flattest (p=0.001). The correlation between AL and CC was -0.70 (p<0.0001) at baseline and decreased to -0.53 (p<0.0001) at the 14year visit. The average AL to CR ratio (AL/CR) was 3.15 at baseline and increased to 3.31 at the 14-year visit. In the cross-sectional analysis, the correlation between AL and CC for the COMET myopes at the 12-year visit was lower than for the matched non-myopes (r =-0.57 vs.-0.76; p<0.0001). In addition, the AL/CR in myopes was significantly higher than in non-myopes (3.30 vs. 3.00; p<0.0001). Conclusions: These data demonstrate significant gender and ethnicity differences in average corneal curvature as myopia progresses. In addition, our findings suggest that as axial length continues to increase in myopic children the cornea may be incapable of further flattening, contributing to myopia progression. Commercial Relationships: Mitchell Scheiman, None; Li Deng, None; Jane E. Gwiazda, None; Qinghua Zhang, None; Ruth E. Manny, None; Karen D. Fern, None; Eric Weissberg, None Support: EY11756, EY11754, EY11805, EY11752, EY11740, and EY11755 Clinical Trial: NCT00000113 Program Number: 3603 Poster Board Number: A0052 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM The effects of the relative strength of simultaneous competing defocus signals on emmetropization in infant rhesus monkeys Baskar Arumugam1, 2, Li-Fang Hung1, 2, Chi-ho To3, Earl L. Smith1, 2. 1 College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX; 2Vision CRC, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 3Center for Myopia Research School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dual focus lenses with unequal areas devoted to competing defocus signals on emmetropization in infant monkeys. Methods: The subjects were infant rhesus monkeys that, beginning at 3 weeks of age, were reared with Fresnel lenses that had unequal areas devoted to the two power zones. The treatment lenses had central 2 mm zones of zero power and concentric annular zones that had 33:66 area ratios for alternating powers of +3.0 D and 0 D (n=6; +3D/pl) or 66:33 ratios for powers of -3.0 D and 0 D (n=6; -3D/pl). The monkeys wore the treatment lenses over both eyes continuously until 153±3.4 days. Comparison data were obtained from monkeys reared with either dual focus lenses with approximately equal power areas (50:50 area ratios) or full field single vision lenses over both eyes (FF+3 D, n=6; FF-3 D, n=6). Refractive status, corneal power and axial dimensions were assessed every 2 weeks throughout the lens rearing period. Control data were obtained from 33 monkeys reared with unrestricted vision. Results: At the end of the treatment period, the median refractive error and average vitreous chamber depth for the +3D/pl lensreared monkeys were similar to those for animals reared with FF+3 D lenses (OD: +5.19 D vs +4.63 D, p=0.23 and 9.44±0.60 mm vs 9.58±0.32 mm, p=0.65) or similarly powered Fresnel lenses that had equal areas devoted to each power (OD: +5.25 D, p=1.0), but axially more hyperopic than those for control monkeys (OD: +2.50 D, p=0.0002; VC: 9.82±0.30 mm, p=0.03). On the other hand, for the -3D/pl monkeys, refractive development was dominated by the zeropowered portions of the lenses. The median refractive error for the -3D/pl monkeys was more hyperopic than that found in the FF-3D monkeys (OD: +2.94 D vs -1.19 D, p=0.02), but similar to that for monkeys reared with Fresnel lenses that had equal areas devoted to each power (OD: +3.13 D, p=0.94) and that observed in the control animals (p=0.24). Conclusions: The results demonstrate that even though the least hyperopic/most myopic power zones made up only about 1/3 of the surface area of the treatment lenses, their associated image planes dominated refractive development. Overall, the results indicate that imposing relative myopic defocus over a large part of the retina provides a strong signal for slowing eye growth. Commercial Relationships: Baskar Arumugam, None; Li-Fang Hung, None; Chi-ho To, Inventor (P); Earl L. Smith, Zeiss (P) Support: NIH Grants EY03611 and EY07551; Vision CRC Program Number: 3604 Poster Board Number: A0053 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Both Lens Induced Hyperopia and Recovery Increase the Amplitude of Diurnal Rhythm in Refractive Error Melanie C. Campbell1, 2, Kaitlin Bunghardt1, Marsha L. Kisilak1, 2, Elizabeth L. Irving2. 1Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; 2School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. Purpose: We have reported a larger amplitude of circadian variation in mean ocular refraction (MOR) in the previously goggled eye compared with the control eye on removal of positive or negative lenses. Here we compare the circadian rhythm present during lens induction of hyperopia in the goggled and control eyes with that following goggle removal. Methods: Short term changes in MOR were measured immediately before and after goggle removal following 6 days of emmetropization to lens induced hyperopia. Eleven birds, unilaterally treated with a +10D goggle on the day of hatching, were raised on a 14h/10h light dark cycle. On day 6, beginning at 8:30 am, Hartmann-Shack refractive error and A scan ultrasound axial length (to the retina) were measured every 4 hours, ending on day 9. The goggle was permanently removed after the 8:30am measurement on day 7. MOR was analyzed for the largest common pupil. Linear variations were subtracted and residual sinusoidal variations were fitted before and after goggle removal. Comparisons were made to previously presented results. Paired t tests were used, p≤0.05 for significance and if normalcy or equal variance tests failed, a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was performed. Results: On day 6 after partial emmetropization (+5.5D), sinusoidal amplitudes in goggled eyes vs control eyes were significantly larger for MOR and smaller for length. This implies a difference in the amplitude of power variation between goggled and control eyes. Control eyes were not different from eyes of control birds on day 6. Day 7 diurnal amplitudes for length and MOR after goggle removal were significantly larger than before removal. The eyes’ amplitudes no longer differed for length but MOR amplitude was larger in ©2014, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permission to reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at pubs@arvo.org. ARVO 2014 Annual Meeting Abstracts previously goggled eyes than in control eyes. Acrophases on days 6 and 7 for MOR of goggled eyes were significantly clustered, while those for control eyes were not (Rayleigh test). Conclusions: Unlike in previously reported emmetropization to -15D lenses, after 6 days, following incomplete emmetropization to +10D lenses, the amplitude of circadian rhythms differed in the control and goggled eyes. Nonetheless, following goggle removal, as for the -15D lenses, the amplitude of oscillation of mean ocular refraction in the treated eye increased. Circadian rhythms could provide enhanced signals to the direction of defocus both during goggling and following goggle removal. Commercial Relationships: Melanie C. Campbell, None; Kaitlin Bunghardt, None; Marsha L. Kisilak, None; Elizabeth L. Irving, Visioneering (F) Support: NSERC Canada Program Number: 3605 Poster Board Number: A0054 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Macrophage Activation Pattern in Human Myopic Choroidal Neovascular Membranes Khaled Nassar, El Shaymaa El Far, Julia Luke, Matthias Luke, Swaantje Grisanti, Salvatore Grisanti. Ophthalmology, Luebeck University, Luebeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Purpose: A little is known about the role of macrophages in myopic choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) pathogenesis. The present study aimed to characterize the pattern of macrophage activation in CNV caused by degenerative myopia compared to that caused by age related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: 20 surgically excised CNV derived from 15 AMD (5 classic and 10 occult CNV) patient and 5 patient with degenerative myopia were stained using CD68, CCR7 and CD163 antibodies staining for pan macrophages, classically activated macrophage (M1 macrophages) and alternatively activated macrophage (M2 macrophages); respectively. The immunopositive cell density was calculated per mm2 in 400x images. Results: All CNVs were untreated and subfoveally located. Macrophage infiltration was higher in the myopic CNV with a cell density of M: 268.4±117.78; M1: 137.8 ±189.5; M2: 453.6±313 cell/mm2. In classic AMD related CNV, the cell density of M macrophages were 251.6±72.8 cell /mm2, M1 macrophages: 131.4± 94.38, and M2 macrophages: 122.8±64.10 cell/mm2. In occult AMD related CNV, the cell density of M macrophages were 301± 159 cell /mm2, M1 macrophages: 167 ± 90 cell/mm2 and M2:167 ± 89 cell/ mm2. Alternatively activated macrophages were the dominant type in myopic CNV (p value: 0.043) and differ significantly from both classic and occult AMD CNV, (p value: 0.008, 0.01) respectively. Conclusions: Alternatively activated macrophages might play an important role in the myopic CNV pathogenesis. The identification of different activation patterns may be important for distinct therapeutic strategies. Fig. 1 Macrophage polarized activation. A simplified view of immune and tissue-derived signals inducing classical (M1) and alternative (M2) macrophage polarized activation. The main functional effects on macrophage functions, molecular markers and effector molecules are schematically represented in both cases. Fig. 2 Immunohistochemical detection of macrophage phenotypes (M1 and M2). A) Photomicrographs of myopic CNV depicting CD 163 (M2) positive macrophages (black arrow). Vascular channels are seen within the fibrous part of the membrane. B) Photomicrographs of occult CNV depicting CCR7 (M1) positive macrophages (black arrow),in close relation to RPE cells, scale bare 20mm. Commercial Relationships: Khaled Nassar, None; El Shaymaa El Far, None; Julia Luke, None; Matthias Luke, None; Swaantje Grisanti, None; Salvatore Grisanti, None Support: This study was supported in part by the “Jung-Stiftung Für Wissenschaft und Forschung” Foundation, Hamburg; Germany. The authors indicate no financial conflict of interest. Program Number: 3606 Poster Board Number: A0055 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Eye Dimensions during Lens Induced Myopia (LIM) and Recovery in the Chick Zheng Shao1, 2, Kaitlin Bunghardt1, Marsha L. Kisilak1, 2, Melanie C. Campbell1, 2. 1Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; 2School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. Purpose: The chick eye refocuses out of focus images, primarily through changes in ocular growth rates. We reported changes in eye power during recovery from lens induced myopia (LIM) in the chick eye. Here we analyze changes in eye dimensions in LIM and recovery. Methods: Nine Ross Ross chicks were unilaterally goggled (-15D) on the day of hatching. The goggle was removed on day ©2014, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permission to reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at pubs@arvo.org. ARVO 2014 Annual Meeting Abstracts 7. Retinoscopy and ultrasound were performed; measurements continued up to day 10 at 10 time points. Mean ocular refraction (MOR), axial length, the distance from the cornea to the back of the lens (CBL), lens thickness, and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) were measured; power changes were calculated. All data were fitted with linear functions of age, and paired t tests were performed. Results: During LIM, MOR of the goggled eye partially emmetropized (-11.3 D) to the goggle by day 7, primarily due to faster increases in VCD. The lengths and MORs predicted a -3.2 D power difference between treated and control eyes on day 7. The lens and CBL were significantly thicker in treated versus control eyes. After goggle removal, axial length, CBL, and lens thickness for the treated eye didn’t change significantly between days 7 and 8, while VCD decreased. Dimensions continued to increase in the control eye. Lens thickness was still significantly larger in the treated eye on day 8. Recovery from LIM was complete by day 9 and resulting dimensions did not differ significantly from the control eye for both days 9 and 10. Power decreased significantly between days 7 and 8 in the treated eye and relative to the control eye. After day 8, power of the treated eye didn’t change significantly while power of the control eye decreased, and they were not significantly different by day 9. Conclusions: By day 7 in LIM, the differences in axial length and MOR between eyes predict a slightly lower power in the goggled eye. The thicker lens and CBL are consistent with a small power decrease. During recovery, lens thickness and eye power, as well as length, are significantly different between treated and control eyes. Days 7 to 9, these properties do not change significantly in the treated eye but continue to change in the control eye. Differences between the treated and control eyes, in power and in dimensions, in addition to length, are present during LIM and recovery. After emmetropization is complete in recovery, none of the properties considered differ between the two eyes. Commercial Relationships: Zheng Shao, None; Kaitlin Bunghardt, None; Marsha L. Kisilak, None; Melanie C. Campbell, None Support: NSERC Canada Program Number: 3607 Poster Board Number: A0056 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Phase-dependent effects of brief periods of myopic defocus on the rhythms in axial length and choroid thickness in chicks Debora L. Nickla, Rinita Zanzerkia, Pearl Thai, Kristen Totonelly. Biosciences, New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA. Purpose: We have shown that the eye growth inhibition caused by 2-hr periods of myopic defocus is more effective when given during the mid-day than during the mid-night (Nickla & Totonelly, ARVO 2013). In this study we examined the effects of myopic defocus given at 4 times of day on the diurnal rhythms in eye length and choroid thickness. Methods: 12-d-old chicks wore monocular +10 D lenses for 2 hr periods at 5:30 am (“dawn”; n=11), 12:00 pm (“day”; n=8), 7:30 pm (“dusk”; n=11) or 12:00 am (“night”; n=6) for 5 d. Lights were on from 7:30 am-7:30 pm. Eyes were measured using ultrasound at the start, and at 6-hr intervals over 24 hrs on the last day (12pm, 6pm, 12am, 6am, 12pm). Refractions (RE) were measured on a Hartinger’s refractometer. To determine phase and amplitude, data from each eye was fit with a sine wave. Circular statistics were used for comparisons of phase. ANOVAs and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to determine between-group significance for growth changes. Results: Defocus during the day was more effective at inhibiting eye growth than at dawn or night (change/5d, X-C: ANOVA p=0.014; -174 mm vs -84 mm and -82 mm; p=0.042, p=0.075 respectively; RE: 3.8 D vs 1.1 and 2.8 D; p<0.05). This was associated with a phase- delay in the rhythm in axial length compared to normal (6:30 pm vs 2:45 pm; p<0.05; 1-tailed t-test). By contrast, defocus at night caused a phase-delay in the rhythm in choroid thickness (compared to dusk and day: 3:15 am vs 12:45 am (p=0.05) and 1:00 am (p<0.05, 1-tailed t-test)). It also abolished the diurnal rhythm in axial length due to an “acute” growth stimulation from 12 am to 6 am (night vs day, dawn and dusk, respectively: 119 mm vs -18 mm, -15 mm, 10 mm; ANOVA p<0.001; p<0.01). This effect did not occur in eyes receiving “normal” vision at night (27 vs 119 mm; p=0.005), in which growth was inhibited (629 vs 774 mm/7d; p<0.0001). In exp. eyes, the amplitude of the choroid rhythm was larger than controls in 3 groups (day: 110 vs 51 mm; night: 91 vs 46 mm; dawn: 131 vs 69 mm; p<0.05). Conclusions: The greater efficacy of myopic defocus at mid-day is associated with a phase shift in the axial length rhythm, moving it towards the choroid rhythm. The lesser efficacy of defocus at night results from an acute stimulation of eye growth. These results have implications for future behavioral therapies involving light exposure to prevent myopia. Commercial Relationships: Debora L. Nickla, None; Rinita Zanzerkia, None; Pearl Thai, None; Kristen Totonelly, None Support: NIH-EY013636 Program Number: 3608 Poster Board Number: A0057 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Predicting refractive error from ocular biometrics using structural equation modeling Christopher A. Clark, Ann E. Elsner, Benjamin J. Konynenbelt. School of Optometry, University of Indiana, Bloomington, IN. Purpose: Previous work has shown that retinal differences may exist due to refractive error. As an example, total retinal thickness has been shown to be relatively thicker centrally and thinner peripherally for myopes compared to emmetropes. These differences may be due to effects from axial elongation or potential variables influencing refractive development. If these changes are correct, they should be able to predict refractive error in subjects. Methods: Eighty subjects had a battery of tests performed including axial length, corneal topography, anterior chamber depth, peripheral refraction, peripheral partial coherence interferometry, and SD OCT for retinal thickness. The group was randomly split into two groups of forty subjects, one for model development and the other for model testing. Two designs were developed to predict central refractive error. The first group was the complete model using all available data. The second model was completed using only retinal thickness changes including thicknesses from the total retina (TRT), outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform, inner nuclear layer (INL), and the inner plexiform layer/ganglion cell layer. The second model had no data from axial length, corneal topography, etc. Structured equation modeling was done through SPSS (IBM, Endicott, NY.) Results: Structural equation modeling using retinal layer thickness only to predict refractive error had an R2 = 0.273, P = 0.008. Layers contributing significantly to the model included the TRT, INL and ONL both centrally and peripherally. Using the full model, including the axial length, the model improved R2 = 0.698, P = 0.001. As expected, axial length was the primary contributor to the full model. Conclusions: Differences in retinal thickness can be used to predict refractive error. This suggests that these differences are associated with refractive error and are real changes being detected. It appears like both central and peripheral retinal thickness differences may be important. Longitudinal work is needed to determine whether these differences are due to changes in refraction or if they may directly be influencing refractive development. ©2014, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permission to reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at pubs@arvo.org. ARVO 2014 Annual Meeting Abstracts Commercial Relationships: Christopher A. Clark, None; Ann E. Elsner, None; Benjamin J. Konynenbelt, None Support: EY022064 Program Number: 3609 Poster Board Number: A0058 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Quality of life of patients suffering from pathological myopia: overview of their social and emotional environment David Gaucher1, 2, Claire Chartier3, Michel Weber4, Francois Malecaze5, Salomon Y. Cohen6, Eric H. Souied7, Nicolas Leveziel8. 1 NHC, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France; 2Strasbourg university, Strasbourg, France; 3Novartis Pharma, Rueil Malmaison, France; 4Ophthamic department, University hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France; 5Toulouse University, Toulouse, France; 6CIL, Paris, France; 7Paris Est University, Creteil, France; 8Poitiers Université, Poitiers, France. Purpose: Pathological myopia may affect 2 to 4% of the French adult population. The aim of this survey is to better understand patients suffering from pathological myopia through their experiences, the impact of the condition on their daily lives, their attitudes and beliefs. This exploration will enable us to better meet the needs and expectations of those suffering from this debilitating condition, which we assume has a significant impact on quality of life and social integration. Methods: This qualitative survey was conducted in France from November to December 2013. Twenty patients suffering from pathological myopia, i.e. patients with myopia over -8 dioptres were interviewed. The sample is representatively split by sociodemographic criteria such as gender, age and region. A quantitative survey in 75 patients is planned in January 2014 to assess the impact of complications in the personal and professional life. Semistructured interviews lasting approximately one hour allowed patients to speak freely about their experiences. A discussion guide has been devised, covering the daily lives of patients as well as their care and the history of their condition. Results: The first inference is that pathological myopia is a “nonvisible” disease with professional and personal impact, which is underestimated in circles. The second is the difficult everyday reality faced by myopic patients, owing to a lack of understanding on the part of the public and the depreciation of the skills and abilities of those suffering from pathological myopia. Such are the inferences drawn from the first interviews conducted. Consequently, patients are using strategies to conceal the disease in professional and personal circles, so as to avoid isolation, and rejection and stigma exist. Possible adaptation strategies are emerging as a result of the initial interviews, such as research by key resource persons and development of other senses, such as touch. Conclusions: This is the first in-depth study into the daily lives of people suffering from pathological myopia. It aimed to analyse their social and emotional environment. The results allow health professionals and general public to be alerted to the emotional and social difficulties experienced by these patients, which are perhaps underestimated by ophthalmologists. Commercial Relationships: David Gaucher, NOVARTIS (C); Claire Chartier, Novartis Pharma (E); Michel Weber, Novartis (C); Francois Malecaze, Novartis (C); Salomon Y. Cohen, Allergan (C), Bausch and Lomb (C), Bayer (C), Novartis (C), Th√©a (C); Eric H. Souied, Novartis (C); Nicolas Leveziel, Bayer (C), Novartis (C), Th√©a (C) Program Number: 3610 Poster Board Number: A0059 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Right eyes are longer than left eyes: axial length findings from a large cataract cohort with consistent refractive findings from a large twin cohort Omar A. Mahroo1, 2, Pirro G. Hysi3, Obeda Kailani4, Juliet Thompson4, Christopher J. Hammond1, 3. 1Ophthalmology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; 2Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 3Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; 4 West Kent Eye Centre, Princess Royal University Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Purpose: Small inter-ocular differences exist in the incidence of certain conditions; for example, retinal detachments affect right eyes slightly more frequently. This cross-sectional study explored, in two large cohorts, whether right and left eyes differ in terms of axial length or myopia (both linked risk factors for retinal detachment). Methods: For the cataract cohort, axial lengths previously measured for 12,766 eyes of 8,195 consecutive patients over a 6.5 year period were analysed. Right and left eyes were compared (t test: paired for patients with measurements for both eyes; unpaired for those with measurements available for one eye). For the twin cohort, refractive error was compared between right and left eyes (paired t test) for 5,755 twin subjects from 3,199 families from the TwinsUK database. To adjust for relatedness within families, re-sampling was performed with one random member of each family (running 10,000 permutations). For 1,186 twins, eye dominance data were also available. Results: For 4,571 patients for whom axial lengths were available for both eyes, mean (SD) axial lengths were 23.55 (1.40) mm and 23.50 (1.40) mm for right and left eyes respectively (p=4.7x10-20). For 3,624 patients undergoing unilateral surgery, mean axial lengths were 23.56 (1.28 mm) and 23.47 (1.23) mm respectively (p=0.04). For twin subjects, right eyes were significantly more myopic than left eyes (p = 0.04). 65% of twin subjects for whom eye dominance data were also available were right-eye dominant. Although right eyes were on average more myopic for right eye dominant subjects, the laterality was reversed for left eye dominant subjects, but differences did not reach significance. Conclusions: Right eyes appear to be, on average, slightly, but significantly, longer than left eyes. Longer eyes tend to be more myopic and our refractive data were consistent with this. This represents a novel finding and, in terms of clinical significance, may explain the slight laterality imbalance in retinal detachments. An understanding of mechanisms underlying small differences in development of the two eyes would shed important light on the development of myopia; our finding that differences might be reversed for left eye dominant subjects suggests an interesting interaction with mechanisms driving eye dominance. Commercial Relationships: Omar A. Mahroo, None; Pirro G. Hysi, None; Obeda Kailani, None; Juliet Thompson, None; Christopher J. Hammond, None Support: Fight for Sight UK grants (OAM, PH); Wellcome Trust (CJH). TwinsUK also receives support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) BioResource Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London. ©2014, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permission to reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at pubs@arvo.org. ARVO 2014 Annual Meeting Abstracts Program Number: 3611 Poster Board Number: A0060 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Replication analysis of myopia-associated genes in Japanese cohort and in highly myopic patients using genome-wide association study Munemitsu Yoshikawa1, Kenji Yamashiro1, Masahiro Miyake1, 2, Maho Oishi1, Yugo Kimura1, Kyoko Kumagai1, Yumiko Akagi-Kurashige1, 2 , Hideo Nakanishi1, 2, Norimoto Gotoh1, 2, Nagahisa Yoshimura1. 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; 2Center for Genomic Medicine/Inserm U.852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. Purpose: Recently, two large consortium for myopia, Consortium for Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM) and 23andMe, reported the results of genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) on spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error and myopia age of onset and found that 29 SNPs and 35 SNPs were associated with myopia in Caucasians, respectively. In this study, we analyzed the associations of these myopia-associated genetic loci on axial length (AL) and SE in Japanese. Methods: We included 3,248 Japanese healthy volunteers from the Nagahama Study and 500 Japanese unrelated highly myopic (AL^26mm) patients from Kyoto University Hospital. From the results of above two GWAS, 50 genes were seemed to have associations with myopia. To investigate and replicate these associations in Japanese, we conducted 2 quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses using the Nagahama cohort and 1 GWAS using both cohorts. The QTL analyses were conducted on AL and SE and GWAS was conducted on the existence of high myipia. We genotyped 3,248 healthy volunteers using either Illumina OmniExpress2.5M or HumanHap610K, and GWAS was conducted on the existence of high myopia using either HumanHap550K or HumanHap660K. For each analyses, VEGAS (Versatile Gene-based Association Study) program were applied to perform gene-based association tests on myopiarelated 50 genes. Results: In our 2 QTL analyses and 1 GWAS, only 4 genes (RASGRF1, BMP4, GJD2, and CACNA1D) showed statistical significance in all three analyses and 7 genes (B4GALNT2, SH3GL2, SETMAR, ADAMTSL1, BICC1, SFRP1, and TOX) showed statistical significance in two of the three analyses, whereas 27 genes did not show significance in any of our study. In GWAS on high myopia, 17 genes showed statistical significance. However, only 6 genes showed statistical significance in QTL analyses on AL and SE among these 17 genes, respectively. On the other hand, QTL analyses on AL and SE showed statistically significant 11 genes each, and as many as 8 genes had statistical significance among these 11 genes in common. Conclusions: For previously reported myopia-related genes, we showed the results of gene-based tests on AL, SE, and existence of high myopia in our study cohort in Japan. Our data suggests that the genetic background of Caucasians and that of Japanese for myopia, and that of myopia and high myopia, could be different. Commercial Relationships: Munemitsu Yoshikawa, None; Kenji Yamashiro, None; Masahiro Miyake, None; Maho Oishi, None; Yugo Kimura, None; Kyoko Kumagai, None; Yumiko AkagiKurashige, None; Hideo Nakanishi, None; Norimoto Gotoh, None; Nagahisa Yoshimura, None Program Number: 3612 Poster Board Number: A0061 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Guinea pig optic nerve head Lisa A. Ostrin1, Christine Wildsoet2. 1College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX; 2School of Optometry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Purpose: The guinea pig is becoming an increasingly popular model of human myopia. The goal of this study was to characterize and compare the optic nerve head (ONH) and sclera of the guinea pig with other animal models of human myopia and glaucoma. Myopia carries an increased risk of glaucoma. The lamina cribrosa (LC) of the ONH has been implicated as a site of axon damage in glaucoma and in many species, is continuous with the sclera. It is plausible that it is also abnormal in myopia. Methods: Pigmented and albino guinea pig eyes (n=18, ages 2-3 months) were enucleated and the ONH and surrounding sclera dissected. After formalin fixation, four eyes were paraffin embedded for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Four eyes were cryoprotected and frozen for immunostaining. Primary antibodies included collagen types I-V, elastin, fibronectin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Remaining eyes were fixed in 2% gluteraldehyde. Two ONHs were stained with osmium tetroxide (OsO4) and embedded in resin for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Eight ONHs underwent alkali maceration with 10% NaOH to remove cellular tissue, before staining with OsO4 and dehydration for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the fiber organization. Results: H&E-stained sections showed retinal ganglion cell axons organizing into fascicles in the prelaminar and laminar region. Immunostained sections revealed collagen types I, III, IV and V in the ONH, as well as elastin, GFAP and fibronectin. SEM revealed the scleral canal to have a well-defined LC with radially-oriented collagen beams, with spaces between presumably occupied by ganglion cell axons and other support cells in the intact ONH. TEM images confirmed the latter, revealing collagen fibrils surrounding non-myelinated nerve bundles in the LC region, with myelination and decreased collagen posterior to the LC. Adjacent sclera was composed of crimped collagen fibers in a crisscross arrangement. The sclera and LC were qualitatively similar in structure in pigmented and albino guinea pigs. Conclusions: Unlike mice, another rodent model for myopia and glaucoma, the ONH of guinea pig includes a radially-organized, collagen-based LC, similar to that of the tree shrew, but different from primates in which organization is a porous collagenous meshwork. Nonetheless, the overall structural similarity of the LC suggests that the guinea pig is a suitable model for investigating the relationship between myopia and glaucoma. Commercial Relationships: Lisa A. Ostrin, None; Christine Wildsoet, None Support: NIH 5K08 EY022696, NIH R01 EY12392 Program Number: 3613 Poster Board Number: A0062 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging of the retinal pigment epithelium in myopic choroidal neovascularization Laura Dell’Arti1, 2, Diego Vezzola1, Giulio Barteselli1, 3, Chiara Mapelli2, Eleonora Benatti1, 2, Francesco Viola1, 2, Roberto Ratiglia1, 2. 1 University of Milan, Milan, Italy; 2Ophthalmology, clinical sciences and community health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; 3Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Center UCSD, San Diego, CA. ©2014, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permission to reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at pubs@arvo.org. ARVO 2014 Annual Meeting Abstracts Purpose: To analyze the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) appearance of inactive myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to evaluate its association with the lesion size and the treatment duration. Methods: We retrospective reviewed imaging studies of eyes with inactive myopic CNV after successful treatment. Imaging included infrared reflectance (IR), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography, and spectraldomain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 showed uniformity of the RPE (defined as continuous and highly reflective layer on SD-OCT) over the CNV, while group 2 showed an irregular RPE (defined as disrupted and poorly reflective layer on SD-OCT). The presence of perilesional hyper-reflective ring (PHR) in IR imaging was determined; the major diameter (MajD), the minor diameter (MinD) and the area of the lesion (A2) in early FA images were measured using the built-in caliper of the SD-OCT device. The number of treatments performed before CNV stabilization was assessed for every patient. Results: Eighty-one eyes of 72 patients were included. Group 1 and group 2 included 27 and 54 eyes, respectively. MajD, MinD and A2 of the CNVs were significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 (p<0.001). Group 2 patients needed greater number of treatments than group 1 patients (p<0.01). The presence of a PHR was detected more frequently in group 1 than in group 2 (p<0.01). Binary regression analysis showed that the only predictor for the presence of a uniform RPE after successful treatment was the size of the CNV. Conditional selection of variables showed that the best regression model for the presence of a regular RPE after successful treatment included size of the lesion and presence of the PHR. Conclusions: The uniformity of RPE and the presence of PHR turned out to be good prognostic factors for myopic CNVs. Size of myopic CNV influences the development of a uniform RPE over the lesion and, consequently, can condition the prognosis of the disease. Commercial Relationships: Laura Dell’Arti, None; Diego Vezzola, None; Giulio Barteselli, None; Chiara Mapelli, None; Eleonora Benatti, None; Francesco Viola, None; Roberto Ratiglia, None Results: Body length increased significantly with age for both strains (p<0.001). C57BL/6J mice had significantly larger body length (average at 10 weeks, 8.60 ± 0.21 cm) compared to 129S1/ SvJ (8.31± 0.13 cm) mice (p=0.011). Axial length also increased significantly during the development period (p<0.001). However, it was not found to be significantly different between the two strains across age (average at 10 weeks, 3.24 ± 0.07 and 3.26 ± 0.05 mm for C57BL/6J and 129S1/SvJ respectively). After normalizing to body length, 129S1/SvJ exhibited a significantly larger eye/body length ratio (average at 10 weeks, 0.039 ± 0.001) compared to C57BL/6J (average at 10 weeks, 0.037 ± 0.001) at all ages (p=0.025). Similar to body length, crystalline lens thickness normalized to body length significantly changed across both strains (129S1/SvJ > C57BL/6J, p<0.05). Four week old 129S1/SvJ (-4.92 ± 2.37 D) mice had significantly greater myopic refractions than C57BL/6J mice (+3.80 ± 1.45 D; p<0.001), but both strains reached similar hyperopic refractions by 14 weeks of age. A significant negative association was observed between the eye/body length ratio and refraction for all mice across both strains (slope = -0.0001, r 2 = 0.16, p<0.001). Conclusions: Body length significantly influences axial length in different mouse strains during development. The ratio of eye length to body length is important to refractive development, but not the only predictor of refractive error in mice. Commercial Relationships: Ranjay Chakraborty, None; Hanna Park, None; Christopher C. Tan, None; Megan Prunty, None; Machelle T. Pardue, None Support: NIH EY016435 (MTP), NIH P30 EY006360, Research to Prevent Blindness, and the Department of Veterans Affairs Program Number: 3614 Poster Board Number: A0063 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM Contribution of body length on axial length during normal eye development in C57BL/6J and 129S1/SvJ wild-type mouse strains. Ranjay Chakraborty1, 2, Hanna Park1, 2, Christopher C. Tan1, 2, Megan Prunty1, 2, Machelle T. Pardue2, 1. 1Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; 2Rehab R&D Center of Excellence, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA. Purpose: To determine the influence of body length on eye length in two different wild-type (WT) mouse strains during normal eye development. Methods: Measurements of body length, axial length, and refraction were retrospectively analyzed for two different WT mouse strains: 129S1/SvJ (n=6) and C57BL/6J (n=8) from 4 to 16 weeks of age. Body length, from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail were taken from digital images using image analysis software (ImageJ). Axial length (using an average refractive index of 1.433 for the entire eye) and refractions were measured using a 1310 nm spectral domain OCT (Bioptigen, Inc.) and an infrared photorefractor, respectively. To elucidate the effect of body length on eye length between strains, axial length was divided by the body length (eye/body length ratio) for all animals. ©2014, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permission to reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at pubs@arvo.org.