The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT Vision The Royal College is dedicated to the best health for Canadians and to leadership in specialty medicine. The vision of the Royal College is founded on innovation, the ongoing pursuit of excellence and the highest ethical values of our profession. Through the teamwork of its Fellows, volunteers and employees, the Royal College achieves its vision in a variety of ways, including • advocacy for quality health care, • broad membership involvement, • innovative technology, • the highest standards of specialty medical education, • partnerships and collaboration, • appropriate funding, and • efficient management. Mission The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada is an organization of medical specialists dedicated to ensuring the highest standards and quality of health care. Contents Message from the President: Supporting our physicians and the provision of quality care At a glance Who we are, what we do and how we do it What does it mean to be a member of the Royal College? The year in review—putting our mission into action Supporting excellence and innovation Providing leadership in specialty medical education and practice Promoting sound health policy for optimal patient care Advancing quality specialty care through lifelong learning Enhancing our services and infrastructure Communicating effectively Our governance Our leadership Message from the CEO: Rejuvenation and renewal to support our mission Financials 2 4 6 7 13 16 17 19 20 22 23 24 26 PAG E 1 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT Message from the President Organizations must undergo review to ensure they remain relevant and responsive in terms of serving stakeholders and successfully achieving their goals. For this reason, the College’s Council initiated the governance review and strategic planning processes in September 2006. A strong governance structure can help us ensure the system guiding our decision-making processes is efficient, effective, engages our members and supports the College’s strategic direction. The strategic planning process enables us to focus the College’s energy toward priorities, and assess and adjust our direction in response to the changing environment. These processes build on the College’s existing strengths to ensure relevance to our members, the provision of high quality care by specialists, and our ability to remain a leader in specialty medicine. A notable initiative between the Royal College and the College of Family Physicians of Canada is another step in the right direction to help support our physicians and the provision of quality care. The initiative, Family Physicians and Other Specialists— Working and Learning Together, shines a spotlight on intraprofessional collaboration and communication—a key element to ensuring that every Canadian has access to high-quality care. The initiative identified 13 recommendations to meet today’s challenges in strengthening the relationships between family physicians and other specialists. PAG E 2 NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD Supporting our physicians and the provision of quality care From a broader perspective in terms of collaboration and strategic planning, the Royal College has been an active member of the Canadian Medical Forum (CMF)—a nine member partnership that meets twice a year to provide a forum for consultation, consensus building, strategy development and joint action on issues such as physician human resources and medical professionalism. The College also established a working group in 2006 to find ways to help medical specialists better serve First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities. The improvement of health care within these communities is one of the Royal College’s strategic objectives and builds on the Aboriginal health initiative begun by former Royal College president Dr. John McDonald, FRCPC. In building and fostering this momentum, we are fortunate to have the support of more than 1,800 committed medical specialists and other professionals who volunteer to support every area of the College’s work with their immense contributions of time, expertise and energy. They enable us to achieve our objectives in our core business areas—postgraduate medical education, continuing professional development, and health and public policy—and their contributions are the foundation of our success. In closing, I would like to welcome our CEO, Dr. Andrew Padmos, FRCPC, who joined us in September 2006. His conviction, vision and insight will be invaluable to the Royal College as we focus on the goals set before us. I would also like to convey my appreciation to Dr. Jim Hickey, FRCPC, for acting as interim CEO for the first nine months of the year, while maintaining his duties as director of Fellowship Affairs. Jim’s term at the helm was a significant factor in sustaining the morale and dedication of College staff, and the profile and integrity of the organization itself. And, on behalf of the Council and all the College’s members, I thank the staff for their continued commitment to excellence and for their part in the successes we enjoyed in 2006. Louise Samson, MD, FRCPC Learn more about the College’s governance review and strategic planning processes at http://rcpsc.medical.org. PAG E 3 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT Who we are The Royal College is a member-based, national, not-for-profit organization. For more than 75 years, we have been a leader in specialty medicine, advancing the highest standards of postgraduate medical education and practice. Established in 1929 by a special Act of Parliament to oversee the medical education of specialists in Canada, we have since expanded our reach to become a stronger voice of specialty medical education in Canada, advocating on behalf of specialty medicine on issues such as health human resources, patient safety, medical education, revalidation and lifelong learning. What we do By ensuring the highest standards and quality of health care, the College contributes to the improved health of Canadians on behalf of its members in various ways throughout their professional life cycles: as residents, as practising physicians, as educators, researchers and administrators, and in retirement. We set standards for specialty training and education We assess and accredit residency programs We assess residents’ education and training The Royal College prescribes the requirements for specialty education in 60 areas of medical, surgical and laboratory medicine plus two special programs. A leader in specialty medicine, we respond to and help shape the medical education environment to ensure our future medical specialists are competent and equipped to better meet the health needs of society. By regularly reviewing the training programs and resources of over 600 specialty residency programs in 17 faculties of medicine, we ensure that they continue to meet the standards set by the College. The College assesses the training and credentials of approximately 2,500 medical graduates annually to determine their eligibility to take the Royal College certification examinations. We certify specialists in more than 60 disciplines We develop and administer examinations to more than 2,300 candidates annually. Physicians who complete our postgraduate residency education requirements and who pass the examinations are granted Royal College certification—evidence that they have met a single national standard for competency in specialty care. We provide continuing education assistance We provide funding opportunities and public recognition for the advancement of specialty medicine and the benefit of our members. By distributing more than $700,000 annually through the awards and grants program, promoting research and recognizing the contribution of members to medicine and health care, we help young and established professionals advance their careers. We uphold professional development and lifelong learning We maintain high standards in continuing professional development through the Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program for Fellows and the CPD program for other specialists. Both programs provide a framework that promotes the enhancement of practice-based learning and specialty-specific knowledge, skills, attitudes, performance and, ultimately, health outcomes. We also support and apply educational research related to lifelong learning, innovations supporting knowledge transfer and the integration of learning in professional practice. We advocate for and support the development of sound health policy We provide management support to national specialty societies We conduct health policy analyses and research, and advocate with external stakeholders including the federal/provincial/territorial governments and other medical organizations for sound health policy to meet societal health needs. The College provides comprehensive and professional association management services to medical specialist organizations and facilitates liaison between the Royal College and the national specialty societies. PAG E 4 NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD At a glance How we do it • Our successes are largely dependent upon the contribution and dedication of over 1,800 volunteers. These medical specialists and other professionals offer their time, energy and wide-ranging skills, providing indispensable expertise, experience and perspectives to virtually all areas of the College—especially the development and administration of the certification examinations. Royal College volunteers fill many roles, from sitting on committees and task forces, to serving as accreditation surveyors and examiners, from volunteering as educators in accredited specialty residency programs to contributing to the Annual Conference program. • Our members’ support makes it possible not only to review and sustain our programs but also to chart new territory. Members’ financial support helps sustain our vital work in upholding quality postgraduate medical education and high standards in specialty medicine practice, ensuring the next generation of medical specialists are fully trained to take their place in Canada’s health care system. • As the voice of over 40,000 members, the College contributes to shaping key issues in specialty medicine and health care by engaging governments, partners and stakeholders in dialogues on patient safety, timely access to care, physician health and well-being, and health human resources. • Our operations are carried out through the hard work of 150 full- and part-time staff, and with the oversight of our dedicated Council members. As the voice of over 40,000 members, the College contributes to shaping key issues in specialty medicine and health care by engaging governments, partners and stakeholders in dialogues on patient safety, timely access to care, physician health and well-being, and health human resources. PAG E 5 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT What does it mean to be a member of the Royal College? Whether they care for patients, teach and supervise students, or engage in research or administration, the Fellowship designation signifies that Fellows of the Royal College have successfully met high standards for specialty training and are committed to lifelong learning. Fellows Medical and surgical specialists certified by the Royal College are invited to join the College as Fellows. Several categories of membership for Fellows—including part-time, active, senior, retired and international— offer flexible options and adjusted rates for members at different stages in their professional lives. Fellowship means • professional recognition—Fellows of the Royal College are readily identified by the internationally recognized professional designations of FRCPC (Fellow of The Royal College of Physicians of Canada) and FRCSC (Fellow of The Royal College of Surgeons of Canada) that set them apart from other physicians and give patients, peers, and licensing and credentialing authorities assurance of their abilities; • commitment to lifelong learning—Fellows engaged in clinical practice or related professional activities in administration, education or research are required to participate in the College’s Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program. Participation in the MOC program provides visible testimony of Fellows’ commitment to lifelong learning and their willingness to be accountable to their peers, regulatory authorities and patients for how they are maintaining their competence and performance related to their professional activities; • affiliation with more than 40,000 like-minded professionals who share many of the same interests, challenges and concerns; and • opportunity to participate in over 60 committees, ranging from education to health policy, professional development to ethics, thereby influencing the direction of specialty medicine in areas relevant to their professional interests. Resident Members As a result of a focused membership drive, Resident Member recruitment for the Royal College increased by 25 per cent in 2006 over the previous year. Medical residents who are registered with the postgraduate office of a Canadian medical school, are enrolled in a Royal College-accredited residency program and have not previously been certified by the College are invited to join the College as Resident Members. Resident membership offers unique opportunities for residents in specialty medicine to • gain valuable insight into the issues affecting specialty medicine, • learn about the role of the College in maintaining high standards in residency education and contributing to health policy, • interact with and learn from physicians and surgeons already established in their careers, and • provide their input and perspectives to the discussions and decision-making processes by sitting on committees and task forces. Membership breakdown—2006 Fellows 3 7,1 5 5 Resident Members 3 ,494 Total members 40,649 3.2% Members worldwide 9.5% Canada United States Overseas 87.1% PAG E 6 NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD The year in review—putting our mission into action The College’s many initiatives and activities have two things in common: they serve to fulfill our mission and to create value for our members by working on their behalf to improve the health of Canadians. Supporting excellence and innovation Providing forums for exchanging ideas and pursuing knowledge The College’s Annual Conference supports and promotes our vision and mission as reflected in our core activities of postgraduate medical education, continuing professional development, and health and public policy. The Conference includes pre-conference faculty development programs and workshops for program directors and administrators, as well as the Accredited Providers Conference that provides education support sessions for the accredited providers of continuing professional development programs in Canada. PAG E 7 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT 2006 Annual Conference—exploring leadership in specialty medicine CanMEDS is an initiative designed to improve patient care by articulating a comprehensive definition of the competencies needed for medical education and practice. The CanMEDS framework is organized around seven Roles: Medical Expert (central Role), Communicator, Collaborator, Health Advocate, Manager, Scholar and Professional. The CanMEDS competencies have been integrated into the Royal College’s accreditation standards, objectives of training, final in-training evaluations, exam blueprints and the Maintenance of Certification program, and adapted around the world and in other professions. More than 700 participants attended the 2006 Annual Conference, which offered a wide variety of practical and inspiring sessions under the theme of Leadership in specialty medicine: Enhancing and assessing physician competencies. Participants discussed leadership skills and learned to integrate them into their daily routines. Educators gained new tools for assessing CanMEDS competencies as well as tips for training tomorrow’s leaders. Highlights included Royal College lecturer Sister Elizabeth Davis, an award-winning speaker and expert on leadership, who shared her vision of what a leader should be—a visionary, prophet, decisionmaker, inspirer, facilitator, partner, implementer and evaluator. The closing presentation— delivered by Royal College incoming president Louise Samson, MD, FRCPC, and Louise Nasmith, MD, FCFP, president of the College of Family Physicians of Canada—focused on collaboration between health professionals, a key element to achieving high-quality patient care. Read the transcripts of the plenary sessions: http://rcpsc.medical.org/meetings/2006/index.php. The opening plenary session at the 2006 Annual Conference included presentations by (L to R) Victor Neufeld, MD, FRCPC; Peter Minich, MD, FRCSC; Sister Elizabeth Davis, RSM; and was chaired by then-president Stewart Hamilton, MD, FRCSC; and moderated by William Fitzgerald, MD, FRCSC. PAG E 8 NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD Recognizing and supporting physicians through awards and grants The Royal College, with the support of medical schools, national specialty societies, other organizations and individual donors, helps Fellows and Resident Members further their continuing education through a program of national and regional awards and grants. By providing recipients with opportunities to obtain advanced expertise and training, honouring the contributions of our physicians, and acknowledging excellence in the profession, the awards and grants program supports physicians in their careers. In 2006, we distributed over $768,000 in awards, grants, fellowships, visiting professorships, clinical traineeships, continuing medical education and medical research for the benefit and advancement of specialty medicine. These were funded in part through the generosity of our donors who, in 2006, contributed more than $71,600 to the College’s Educational Endowment Fund. Complete descriptions of all awards and grants, as well as recipient biographies, are available online at http://rcpsc.medical.org/awards/index.php. Jeff Reiss, MD, FRCPC (right) presented the Prix d’excellence for Region 2—Manitoba and Saskatchewan—to Rudy Danzinger, MD, FRCSC (left). 2006 recipients Honorary—National James H. Graham Award of Merit Mentor of the Year Dr. Samuel O. Freedman, Montreal, Que. Dr. Piotr M. Czaykowski, Winnipeg, Man. Dr. Simon Davidson, Ottawa, Ont. Dr. André Denault, Longueuil, Que. Dr. Paul Kneafsey (deceased), Calgary, Alta. Dr. Akbar Panju, Hamilton, Ont. Dr. Gerald Sparkes, Saint John, N.B. Duncan Graham Award Dr. Ian Hart, Ottawa, Ont. Honorary—Regional Prix d’excellence John Steeves, MD, FRCSC (right), presented the Mentor of the Year award for Region 5—Atlantic Canada—to Gerry Sparkes, MD, FRCSC (left), a plastic surgeon with Atlantic Health Sciences Corporation. Dr. David Allan (deceased), Huntsville, Ont. Dr. Robert Baillie, Sydney, N.S. Dr. Rudy Danzinger, Winnipeg, Man. Dr. Jamie D. Graham, Corner Brook, N.L. Dr. Ken Grant, Charlottetown, P.E.I. Dr. Philip Gordon, Toronto, Ont. Dr. Elizabeth MacDonald, Saint John, N.B. Dr. Conrad Pelletier, Montreal, Que. Dr. Ted Wilkins, Vancouver, B.C. PAG E 9 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT Competitive—National Medical Education Research Grants Visiting professorships Royal College Medal Awards Dr. Hema Patel, Westmount, Que. Dr. Ashley Vergis and Dr. Lawrence Gillman, Winnipeg, Man. Mr. Luc Côté, Quebec, Que. Dr. Peter J. McLeod, Montreal, Que. Dr. Martin Friedlich, Ottawa, Ont. Dr. Tara J.T. Kennedy, Toronto, Ont. Dr. Mackenzie Quantz and Dr. Pavan Koka, London, Ont. Dr. Adam Dubrowski, Toronto, Ont. McLaughlin-Gallie Visiting Professorship Medicine: Dr. Mark Loeb, Hamilton, Ont. Surgery: Dr. Sandro B. Rizoli, Toronto, Ont. Canadian Research Award for Specialty Residents Medicine: Dr. Sean McMurtry, Edmonton, Alta. Surgery: Dr. Bradley Jacobs, Toronto, Ont. K.J.R. Wightman Award for Research in Ethics Dr. Sarita Verma, Kingston, Ont. Grants Faculty Development Grants Royal College Visiting Professorship in Medical Research Dr. William A. Ghali, Calgary, Alta. Janes Visiting Professorship in Surgery Dr. James T. Rutka, Toronto, Ont. Fellowships RCPSC Kilborn Memorial Visiting Professorships Royal College Fellowship for Studies in Medical Education Dr. Allen Finley, Halifax, N.S. Dr. Marisa Finlay, Toronto, Ont. Dr. Ayelet Kuper, Toronto, Ont. Dr. Nicole Tenn-Lyn, Toronto, Ont. Wightman Visiting Professorship in Medicine Dr. Jason Park, Winnipeg, Man. RCPSC/AMS Donald Richards Wilson Award Dr. José Guillem, New York Dr. Nancy Dudek, Ottawa, Ont. Dr. Blye Frank, Halifax, N.S. Dr. Franco A. Carnevale, Montreal, Que. Medical Education Travelling Fellowship RCPSC/AMS CanMEDS Research and Development Grants Walter C. MacKenzie-Scotiabank Fellowship in Surgery Dr. Véronique Godbout, Calgary, Alta. Dr. Éric Drouin, Montreal, Que. Dr. Roger Wong, Vancouver, B.C. Dr. Peter C.W. Kim, Toronto, Ont. Dr. Peter Minich, Toronto, Ont. Detweiler Travelling Fellowship Dr. Shawn Aaron, Ottawa, Ont. Dr. Sumit Agrawal, London, Ont. Dr. Carla S. Coffin, Calgary, Alta. Dr. Paul W.M. Fedak, Toronto, Ont. Dr. Philip Jong, Toronto, Ont. Dr. Gilaad Kaplan, Calgary, Alta. Dr. Warren Lee, Toronto, Ont. Dr. Paul Renfrew, Calgary, Alta. International Travelling Fellowship Dr. Elizabeth Hillman and Dr. Donald Hillman, Manotick, Ont. PAG E 1 0 NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD Dr. William Geerts, Toronto, Ont. Honouring outstanding contributions to health care The Royal College awards Honorary Fellowship to distinguished physicians, surgeons and laypersons in recognition of their outstanding contributions in health care and related areas. In 2006, five Honorary Fellows were admitted to the College. Her Excellency the Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean, CC, CMM, COM, CD, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada In recognition of our royal patronage, the College bestows Honorary Fellowship on Her Majesty the Queen’s representatives in Canada. Madame Jean was recognized for her role as a great humanitarian and advocate for women and children in crisis. Lorne A. Babiuk Professor, Colleges of Agriculture, Medicine, School of Public Health; Vice-President of Research, University of Alberta In recognition for his contribution as an international authority of veterinary virology and immunology to ensure the safety of Canada’s food supply. Lieutenant-General the Honourable Roméo Dallaire, OC, CMM, GOQ, MSC, CD (Ret’d), Senator In recognition for his work as a tireless promoter of human rights and dignity for all and as an advocate for those affected by conflict. Dr. Philip B. Berger Chief, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical Director, Inner City Health Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto; Associate Professor, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto In recognition of his exceptional example of leadership, compassion and advocacy for the disadvantaged in our society. Stewart Hamilton, MD, FRCSC, Dr. Lizo Ebden Mazwai then-president of the Royal College, with President of the College of Medicine of South Africa; Professor of General Surgery, Chief Specialist, Lieutenant-General the Honourable Chairman of the Division of Surgery, and Dean of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University of Technology Roméo Dallaire, OC, CMM, GOQ, MSC, CD and Science—Eastern Cape, South Africa (Ret’d), Senator, FRCPSC, who was inducted In recognition for his contributions to developing educational capacity in the Republic of South Africa and as an Honorary Fellow in 2006. his leadership in the medical and surgical communities of South Africa. PAG E 1 1 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT Celebrating the achievements of new Fellows Royal College Council members, past-presidents and representatives of sister colleges from around the world lined the stage at the 2006 Convocation ceremony to welcome new Fellows into the College. Each year, the College holds a Convocation ceremony at the Annual Conference to officially induct recently certified specialists who have accepted the College’s invitation to Fellowship. The ceremony is a celebration of a significant milestone in the professional life of these new specialists. It is also an opportunity to officially welcome them as new Fellows, and recognize the support that their spouses, family members and friends have provided them throughout their medical education and training. During this event we also recognize the College’s Honorary Fellows and commemorate the achievements of our award winners for the year. More than 400 people (family and friends of our new Fellows, Royal College Council members, pastpresidents and representatives of sister colleges from around the world) attended the 2006 Convocation ceremony where 68 physicians and surgeons received their certificates as Fellows of the College. The convocation address delivered by Lieutenant-General the Honourable Roméo Dallaire and the presentation of Honorary Fellowships and awards that followed were inspiring reminders of the successes and accomplishments that can be attained by dedicated professionals. PAG E 1 2 NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD Providing leadership in specialty medical education and practice Practical tools to teach, assess and personify CanMEDS The CanMEDS physician competency framework has changed the landscape of medical education over the past decade. Officially adopted in 1996 to support the College’s mission of ensuring the highest quality of health care for Canadians, this framework has since become a national standard for specialty medicine. Other health professions in Canada and in several countries around the world have adopted and tailored the CanMEDS framework for their own use. The number of requests, from within Canada and around the world, for CanMEDS resources, workshops, copyright permissions and collaboration in joint endeavours has increased in recent years. In 2006, more than 40 CanMEDS workshops and presentations were delivered to medical educators, practising physicians and specialty committees across Canada to address this demand for knowledge. In September 2006, The CanMEDS Assessment Tools Handbook: An Introductory Guide to Assessment Methods for the CanMEDS Competencies was officially launched at the Royal College Annual Conference. Since then more than 1,900 copies have been distributed worldwide. The handbook provides medical educators, clinical teachers and those using the CanMEDS framework for assessing physician competencies with a map and compass to help them meet the needs and expectations of the medical students and residents they are training. The handbook includes a brief overview of contemporary tools—from written tests to encounter cards—for each of the CanMEDS Roles and highlights key references that educators will find helpful. The development of this handbook is another step forward in standardizing and facilitating the full integration and implementation of the CanMEDS competencies into Canadian medical education and practice. Additional CanMEDS information and resources are available on the College website: http://rcpsc.medical.org/canmeds/index.php. PAG E 1 3 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT Enhancing patient care through CanMEDS In addition to the creation and dissemination of CanMEDS teaching and assessment tools for medical educators and practising physicians, several projects are in progress to help medical educators teach the CanMEDS Roles and to help Fellows link their professional development activities to the CanMEDS Roles. These projects, which will ultimately enhance the way physicians care for their patients, include • train-the-trainer faculty development workshops to provide educators with the skills and knowledge to teach and assess each of the CanMEDS Roles, • revising specialty standards documents to incorporate the CanMEDS competencies into the training requirements for all 60 specialities, and • embedding CanMEDS Roles and competencies within continuing professional development so that physicians can develop learning activities to expand their knowledge about the efficacy and assessment of CanMEDS competencies in practice. Developing competency-based education for better patient care Another example of the influence of CanMEDS on patient care is a new project with the Canadian Patient Safety Institute (CPSI). CPSI has enlisted the expertise of the Royal College’s CanMEDS team to coordinate the development of a safety competencies framework that will cross multiple health professions. The groundwork for this initiative began in 2006 with the formation of the project steering committee and the establishment of project goals, objectives and timelines. Future deliverables include recruiting working groups to define the patient safety competencies and the preliminary publication of a bilingual safety competencies framework. This project is key to ensuring patient safety competencies are integrated into all levels of national training standards and continuing professional development. Examining the effectiveness of postgraduate medical education through the Core Competency project The Royal College and the College of Family Physicians of Canada have embarked on the Core Competency project in an effort to enhance the quality and effectiveness of postgraduate medical education (PGME) in Canada, specifically as it applies to quality of the PGME system, early career decision-making and flexibility in training. At the centre of this study is the question of whether a common educational foundation, through a logical progression of training that covers the breadth of knowledge and experience, is required for Canadian specialists. To gain a better understanding of the functionality of the existing PGME system, its alignment with the needs of residents, medical students and society, and to explore the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed approach, the project initiated an extensive literature review and is collecting commentaries from a targeted group of key stakeholders about their views on the issues that affect the success of PGME in Canada and on areas for improvement. More information is available online at http://rcpsc.medical.org/residency/competency/index.php. PAG E 1 4 NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD Addressing physician shortages: enhancing alternate routes to certification In 2006, the Royal College assessed the training and credentials of approximately 2,500 medical graduates to determine their eligibility to take the Royal College certification examinations. In 2000, the Royal College—recognizing there was a shortage of medical specialists in Canada—created alternate routes to certification to help integrate international medical graduates into the Canadian medical workforce. The Royal College awards certification through the traditional route to physicians who successfully complete their residencies in Canadian Royal College-accredited training programs and pass the College’s certification examination in their respective specialities. The College also offers alternate routes to ensure a fair and transparent process for the verification of credentials and assessment of training for qualified international medical graduates (IMGs) to obtain full Royal College certification. In 2006, we modified our assessment process for IMGs to better meet their needs and to facilitate the certification of qualified IMGs to address Canada’s current shortage of medical specialists. The existing process of assessing the international PGME systems in which an IMG applicant trained was replaced with a new system centred on the individual competency assessment of IMGs. Over the past year, we developed— and in fall 2006 adopted—a new set of criteria for the assessment of an international medical graduate’s individual training, practice activities and clinical competence. The criteria include • completion of an undergraduate medical degree deemed acceptable by the Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research; • specialist certification in the country of origin with a minimum of three years of training; • a comprehensive screening evaluation conducted through the auspices of the provincial regulatory authority including oral and written examinations, an assessment of the applicant’s practice activities and a CanMEDS competency review; • completion of at least two years in an accredited Canadian residency program with at least one year at a senior residency level (PGY 3-5); • a passing grade on one of three examinations—Medical Council of Canada Evaluating Examination, Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination I and II or the United States Medical Licensing Examination parts I to III; and • proficiency in either English or French. Information about the College’s pathways to certification is available online at http://rcpsc.medical.org/residency/certification/img_e.php. PAG E 1 5 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT Promoting sound health policy for optimal patient care Achieving responsible self-sufficiency: statement on physician HR The College is addressing ethical questions about reliance on international medical graduates, educational opportunities in Canada and Canada’s ability to meet its own medical workforce requirements. Fluctuations in the supply and distribution of physicians and surgeons in Canada impede access to care, unduly strain the existing workforce and potentially threaten patient safety. Measures implemented at the provincial/territorial and regional levels to address medical workforce shortages at times include the recruitment of doctors from outside the country. In April 2006, the College issued a statement on appropriate physician resources for Canada, focused on achieving responsible self-sufficiency. The College is addressing the ethical questions about reliance on international medical graduates (IMGs), educational opportunities in Canada and Canada’s ability to meet its own medical workforce requirements. Our statement advocates • achieving balance between domestic education and training of medical professionals and immigration policies; • encouraging the return of Canadians who train outside Canada with opportunities for fair assessment of credentials and access to post-MD training; • developing ethical policies for including IMGs into the Canadian medical workforce when domestic education and training do not provide an adequate number of medical professionals—policies that do not interfere with free, legitimate movement of individuals throughout the world; • developing a national approach to recruitment, regulation and access to licensure to create a more level playing field across Canada; • paying greater attention to the education and practice infrastructure to redress workforce shortages; and • designing practice models and work environments that support interdisciplinary collaboration, mutual respect and trust as solutions to the problems of medical workforce shortages in Canada. Read the full statement at http://rcpsc.medical.org/publicpolicy/physician-resources/Workforce-Selfsufficiency_e.pdf. PAG E 1 6 NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD Fostering collaborative relationships among health care professionals The need for strong, collaborative relationships among health care professionals to improve patient care, patient safety and professional satisfaction is more pressing today than ever as Canada’s health care environment continuously evolves. In 2006, the Royal College and the College of Family Physicians of Canada paid renewed attention to the challenges created by physician human resource shortages and other factors impacting physician working relationships: the doctor’s lounge where physicians once conferred has all but disappeared and, with increased workloads, physicians have less time to talk to each other about their patients’ needs. In addition, the referral and consultation mechanisms between family physicians and other specialists need to be reviewed to optimize patient care. In August 2006, the Royal College and the College of Family Physicians of Canada released the discussion paper Family Physicians and Other Specialists: Working and Learning Together. The paper outlines 13 recommendations that form the basis for a long-term action plan to foster and support desired behaviours and best practices for the current and next generation of physicians. The plan will also help physicians optimize their intraprofessional relationships for the benefit of patients and physicians alike. For more information, visit http://rcpsc.medical.org/publicpolicy/FamilyPhysicians_and_other_specialists_e.php. Advancing quality specialty care through lifelong learning Providing a framework for professional development The practice of every medical specialty offers a tremendous capacity for growth and discovery that ultimately enhances the care and services medical specialists provide to their patients. Professional development is part of the foundation of maintaining excellence in practice and encompasses learning across a range of areas including clinical education, practice management, ethical decision-making, evidencebased care and managed-care principles. As a self-regulated profession, physicians and surgeons are expected to maintain their knowledge and skills throughout their careers. The Royal College’s professional development program, Maintenance of Certification (MOC), supports the continuing professional development of Fellows throughout their careers by providing a framework that helps them maximize their efforts: it helps them plan practical needs-based professional development activities and document the outcomes of those activities in a convenient and efficient way. PAG E 1 7 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT Promoting learning outcomes and practice improvements In 2006, significant changes were made to the MOC program to help Fellows link their participation in continuing professional development activities to identifying, assessing and documenting learning outcomes that address their professional needs. By documenting learning outcomes, not just learning activities, Fellows can demonstrate how they enhanced their knowledge, skills or performance over time and assess whether the learning activity was efficient and effective for their needs. The new requirements also focus on applying learning outcomes to practice, identifying and implementing practice improvements and promoting learning that incorporates the CanMEDS competencies. Developing programs and tools to support lifelong learning To support these program changes, the Maintenance of Certification (MOC) Program Guide was updated to reflect and explain the new program requirements and provide answers to frequently asked questions. Innovative online tools and features within MAINPORT—the College’s online portal for documenting continuing professional development (CPD) activities—were developed to help Fellows plan their learning activities, track their total learning hours, and document their learning outcomes and specific learning activities in a simple and convenient way. The portal’s new Pro-File feature (previously known as Web Diary) also includes new ways to report learning. The CanMEDS framework was also incorporated within Pro-File to enable Royal College members to link their learning to CanMEDS Roles. Explore the MOC program and tools offered in MAINPORT at http://rcpsc.medical.org/opd/index.php. Learning on the run The Royal College’s Centre for Learning in Practice is creating a series of booklets on lifelong learning for physicians. Each booklet contains detailed examples that illustrate how the concepts, tools and strategies integrated within the MOC program can facilitate and support learning stimulated within complex, busy practices. Learning on the run is based on the premise that learning takes place in the office, the operating room, the emergency room—wherever physicians practise. It may occur with or without a previously identified need. Learning can be an individual activity or can be supported and enhanced by participating in a group or interprofessional health care team. It provides opportunities for sharing practical knowledge and experiences, and is a prime example of the way adults learn through discovery and inquiry. PAG E 1 8 NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD Enhancing our services and infrastructure Business transformation for improved efficiencies and service The Item Bank will facilitate secure online collaboration for the College’s exam board members who develop the certification exam questions. One of the College’s key assets is its knowledge base, which is only valuable if it can be managed and disseminated efficiently and appropriately. The College has continued its work to update its information management practices and information technology systems to support efficiencies in serving our members. This is a major undertaking that integrates our organizational structure, business processes, website, internal networks, other digital and communication technologies and applications that are required to support and enhance the day-to-day operations of the College. Much of the past year was spent assessing and ensuring that the infrastructure and resources required to support the information technology (IT) portion of the business transformation initiative are firmly in place. We also began to identify and prioritize our technological and business requirements. The ultimate goal of this review is to assure the integrity and functionality of the final product and minimize potential risk to the organization. Next steps, which will span 2007–08, include finalizing our requirements and selecting and integrating IT solutions that meet those requirements. In addition to the IT review, we continued to develop the Item Bank, an application that will facilitate secure online collaboration between exam board members in the development of exam questions. Traditionally, exam board members travel to Ottawa from all corners of the country to meet and develop examination questions. The Item Bank, to be launched early in 2007, will enable our volunteers to participate remotely without taking time away from home or practice. This will make the process of developing exam questions more convenient and cost-effective. Since the application ensures version control, exam question development will become more secure, maintaining the integrity of the examinations. New membership category introduced Recognizing that not all Fellows benefit from the same services and benefits of membership, depending on their practice status and location, the College offers different categories of membership and fee structures. For example, the College offers reduced fee and benefit packages to Fellows residing and practising outside Canada, those engaged in further postgraduate training, and retired Fellows. In 2006, the College introduced a part-time membership category to meet the needs of the approximately 500 members who work less than 20 hours per week or less than six months of the year in any medical or health related professional activity. PAG E 1 9 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT Convenient access and enhanced member services In 2006, more than 2,000 Fellows, Resident Members and newly certified specialists shared their feedback through our membership surveys. The Royal College is committed to delivering its services in ways that are effective, efficient and convenient for our members. Recognizing that our members lead busy lives and work outside traditional business hours, we introduced and expanded several support and service options to meet their needs at their convenience. For example, the Education Support Centre offered extended hours to assist Fellows with the submission of their Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program credits and credit validation requirements. A 24-hour dues line and online services such as membership application and renewal provide secure and expedient methods for members to keep their membership information and status up to date. Electronic confirmation of status letters and online ordering of replacement certificates make it easier and timelier for members to receive, forward and provide documentation when required. Communicating effectively Listening to and learning from our members In order to recruit, retain and serve our members, it is important that we understand the needs and interests of our current and prospective members, conditions and trends in the environments in which they work, and whether our products and services address those needs and conditions. In 2006 we conducted three targeted surveys of current and prospective members. A print and online survey for Fellows in Canada and the U.S. sought to better understand their satisfaction levels with the College and the services we provide. Key findings indicated that Fellows • perceive the Royal College in a positive light; • are generally satisfied with the work and level of service offered; and • strongly agree that being a Fellow of the Royal College enhances their credibility as a physician/surgeon, is expected by their peers and increases public confidence. However, survey results also identified a need to increase awareness of the College’s mandate and the value for membership. An online survey for residents and another for newly certified specialists sought to determine their satisfaction with the level of our customer service and benefits, their needs and interests, and their intent and motivation to join the College. Key findings from both of these surveys indicated that while these potential Fellows are generally satisfied with College’s customer service, the benefits and services offered to these groups need to be enhanced and better promoted. The College also needs to promote its role and initiatives to these groups and provide clearer information regarding the examination process. The response rates for the surveys ranged from 25–30 per cent, well within industry standards. The beneficial information they provided will help us enhance value for membership. This information is also being used to adapt our membership and communication strategies and to inform the governance review and strategic planning processes and program/service development. PAG E 2 0 Read the survey results online at http://rcpsc.medical.org/membership/2006surveys/index.php. NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD Exchanging ideas with members In 2006, the College continued to publish four main publications: a quarterly magazine, Royal College Outlook; a quarterly members’ newsletter, Dialogue; a newsletter for educators, OE News; and the annual report. However, while the College’s publications and website provide practical routes to share information with our members and key stakeholders, truly effective communication requires two-way participation. In fall 2006, the College’s CEO initiated regular e-mail messages to members through which he shared his vision and ideas for the organization, as well as relevant news and developments. More significantly, these messages invited members to share their thoughts on these topics. Both the nature and volume of responses indicate members’ appreciation for the opportunity to weigh in on topics that affect them as members and as medical specialists. Whether positive or critical, the feedback received about our programs, initiatives and services has been shared with the College’s leadership for consideration when reviewing our operations. Regular two-way dialogue with members will continue to be a focus of the College’s communication strategy in 2007. Refining our communications to meet members’ needs In this age of instant communication, organizations are challenged to find effective ways to communicate with their members. Print publications, while still popular, are giving way to electronic formats that offer greater efficiency, cost-saving opportunities and more frequent communications. Following this trend, 2006 marked the end of the print version of our newsletter, Dialogue; in 2007 an electronic version will be e-mailed to members and posted on our members-only section of our website. A campaign to capture members’ e-mail addresses resulted in more members making use of electronic channels to stay up-to-date on College news and interact with our service areas. What satisfied our members yesterday may not capture their interests or reflect their needs today; therefore, we must continually monitor and refine our communications accordingly. Royal College Outlook is an example of a product we are refining to better serve our members. Survey results collected in 2006 indicated that although highly regarded, the magazine competed unsuccessfully for members’ time. At the end of 2006, publication was suspended while we explore the viability of other publication options. Our communication focus over the next few years will be on maximizing member satisfaction through targeted and consistent messages, awareness building and enhancing our external relations. To support these priorities, and realizing that a strong marketing and image strategy is integral to providing value to our members over the long-term, we have started the groundwork for a branding initiative. The research and audit phase will take place in 2007 and development of the brand will continue through 2008. PAG E 2 1 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT Our governance Council The Council is responsible for the policies, decisions and actions of the organization. Its members include 24 elected Fellows, representing each of the Royal College’s five electoral regions, and one Resident Member. Up to five public members and three Fellows-at-large may also be appointed. The College’s electoral regions Region 1 British Columbia, Alberta, the Yukon and Northwest Territories Region 2 Saskatchewan and Manitoba New committee appointments typically come into effect at the time of the Annual Business Meeting held every fall. This list of Council members reflects those who held office until the end of September 2006. President Dr. Stewart M. Hamilton, FRCPC Region 3 Ontario and Nunavut Region 4 President-elect Dr. Louise Samson, FRCPC Quebec Region 5 New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador Members Region 1 Dr. Máire Duggan, FRCPC Dr. Louis Hugo Francescutti, FRCPC Dr. Euan Malcolm S. Frew, FRCSC Dr. Gerry Todd, FRCSC Region 2 Dr. George John Garbe, FRCPC Dr. Jeffrey Perry Reiss, FRCPC Dr. Brian Ulmer, FRCSC Left to right Back: Jerry O’Hanley, Jeffrey Reiss, Valérie Leblanc, David McKnight, Louise Samson, Markus Martin, André Robidoux, Richard Johnston, Sharon Peters, Louis Francescutti, Euan Frew, George Garbe, Máire Duggan, Ken Romanchuck, Michael Sharpe, Richard Reznick, Andrée Boucher, John Fuller, William Fitzgerald Front: Brian Ulmer, Jean Gray, Stewart Hamilton, John McDonald*, Vincent Bernier, Cecil Rorabeck Not shown: Gerry Todd, Dominique Dorion, Sister Elizabeth Davis, Bernard Shapiro * Term ended September 2005 PAG E 2 2 NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD Region 3 Dr. John Fuller, FRCPC Dr. Richard Uren Johnston, FRCSC Dr. David McKnight, FRCPC Dr. Richard Keith Reznick, FRCSC Dr. Cecil Rorabeck, FRCSC Dr. Michael David Sharpe, FRCPC Region 4 Dr. Vincent Bernier, FRCPC Dr. Andrée Boucher, FRCPC Dr. Dominique Dorion, FRCSC Dr. Markus C. Martin, FRCSC Dr. André Robidoux, FRCSC Region 5 Dr. William Fitzgerald, FRCSC Dr. Jean Gray, FRCPC Dr. Jerry O’Hanley, FRCSC Dr. Sharon Douglas Peters, FRCPC Fellows-at-large Dr. Ken Romanchuk, FRCSC Public members Sister Elizabeth Davis Mr. Bernard Shapiro Resident member Dr. Valérie LeBlanc Our leadership Executive Committee Regional Advisory Committees Chief Executive Officer The Executive Committee makes recommendations to Council on major policy issues and oversees the implementation of policies and the general functions of the College. Within the authority delegated by Council, the Executive Committee acts on Council’s behalf between Council meetings. Regional Advisory Committees (RACs) represent each of the College’s five electoral regions. RACs function as a vehicle for two-way communication and consultation with the College and offer a regional perspective to discussions, acting as a sounding board and advising in the development of College policies and programs where appropriate. RAC membership is composed of Fellows, Resident Members, Council members and representatives from faculties of medicine and other medical organizations. Dr. Andrew Padmos, FRCPC Standing and other committees Director, Human Resources Standing committees report directly to Council and oversee the work of more than 60 other committees, sub-committees and task forces. Standing committees include the Audit Committee, Nominating Committee, Education Committee, Professional Development Committee, Fellowship Affairs Committee and Corporate Affairs Committee. Ms. Bonnie Seidman, CHRP This lists reflects those who held office until the end of September 2006. President Dr. Stewart M. Hamilton, FRCSC President-elect Dr. Louise Samson, FRCPC Vice-president, Corporate Affairs Dr. Brian Ulmer, FRCSC Vice-president, Education Director, Education Dr. Deborah Danoff, FRCPC, FACP Director, Fellowship Affairs Dr. James E. Hickey, FRCPC Director, Financial and Administrative Services Mr. Tim Julien, CA, CAE Director, Information Management/Information Technology Ms. Christine O’Connor Director, Professional Development Dr. Craig Campbell, FRCPC Dr. Cecil Rorabeck, FRCSC Vice-president, Fellowship Affairs Dr. Jean Gray, FRCPC Vice-president, Professional Development Dr. Vincent Bernier, FRCPC Chief Executive Officer Dr. Andrew Padmos, FRCPC PAG E 2 3 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT Message from the CEO In 2006, the Royal College found itself navigating a sea of corporate change and challenges in the health system. With change comes opportunities for rejuvenation, renewal and refocus. Such changes at the College included the creation of two new director positions and replacing two directors following their retirement, as well as my appointment as CEO in September 2006. In addition, the “business transformation initiative”, which has its roots in information technology upgrades, continues to be an intense and comprehensive enterprise affecting all corners of the College. This important initiative will allow the College to advance itself as a high-performing organization and be more responsive to the needs of our members. The College is built on a strong foundation, which has enabled it to successfully navigate these waters and thus successfully launch the governance review and strategic planning processes at the end of 2006. Throughout these changes, the College has steadfastly carried out its regular work in support of our long-standing priorities—medical education that meets societal health needs, member engagement, leadership for the effective delivery of specialty medicine and sound health policy— and did so while maintaining the high standards for which the College is known. In this year of transition, the navigational image that permeates this annual report is fitting. Our members are our home base, our point of origin. The best health for Canadians and leadership in specialty medicine is our destination. The many ways we provide value to members throughout their professional life cycles and the many ways we work for the best health of Canadians on behalf of our members are the routes to our destination. In 2006, we followed through on our commitment to listen to and engage our members by conducting three targeted member surveys and initiating two-way communication channels. The feedback we received is evidence of the passion and loyalty our members feel for their vocation as medical specialists and their affiliation with their College. This feedback will greatly enhance and influence our work at the Royal College. PAG E 2 4 NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD Rejuvenation and renewal to advance our mission In 2006, we provided leadership in medical education and practice with the launch of new CanMEDS resources to assist physicians and educators in applying and assessing the essential physician competencies. With the College of Family Physicians of Canada, we’ve committed to fostering optimal intraprofessional relationships for the benefit of physicians and patients alike. We also advanced quality specialty care through our professional development program that promotes learning outcomes and practice improvement throughout our professional life cycles, for optimal patient care. I’d like to thank Council and its Executive Committee for their vision, guidance and support during this time of transition. Of course, our success is achieved through the efforts of many staff, members and volunteers; however, I’d like to especially acknowledge the dedication and leadership of our past-president, Dr. Stewart Hamilton, FRCSC, whose term ended in September 2006. Of his many accomplishments, he will be best remembered for his role in taking the College outside of Ottawa through the Presidential Outreach program. At this time, I would like to welcome our 39th and first female president, Dr. Louise Samson, FRCPC, who, with her passion and enthusiasm, has been instrumental in the launch of the governance review and strategic planning processes and whose focus on collaboration and interprofessionalism will greatly contribute to the College’s future successes. And, certainly, none of our achievements would be possible without the ongoing and substantial contributions of our Resident Members and Fellows and our committed staff who carry out this work. As I look ahead to 2007 and beyond, I see the College ready for achievement and leadership in an expanding universe replete with opportunities to enhance our role and influence in the medical community. Through our organizational renewal (reflected in the business transformation, governance review and strategic planning processes) we will capitalize on those opportunities and expand our services to members and to the public they serve by setting the best standards in postgraduate medical education and more firmly supporting our members in their professional practice and careers. Andrew Padmos, MD, FRCPC PAG E 2 5 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT Collins Barrow Chartered Accountants/Comptables agréés Auditors’ Report on Summarized Financial Statements To the Members of The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada The accompanying summarized statements of net assets, operations and changes in net assets are derived from the complete financial statements of The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada as at December 31, 2006 and for the year then ended on which we expressed an opinion without reservation in our report dated March 9, 2007. The fair summarization of the complete financial statements is the responsibility of the College’s management. Our responsibility, in accordance with the applicable Assurance Guideline of The Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants, is to report on the summarized financial statements. In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements fairly summarize, in all material respects, the related complete financial statements in accordance with the criteria described in the Guideline referred to above. These summarized financial statements do not contain all the disclosures required by Canadian generally accepted accounting principles. Readers are cautioned that these statements may not be appropriate for their purposes. For more information on the entity’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows, reference should be made to the related complete financial statements, which are available from the Director of Financial and Administrative Services. Chartered Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants March 9, 2007 This office is independently owned and operated by Collins Barrow Ottawa LLP. The Collins Barrow trademarks are used under license. PAG E 2 6 NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD PAG E 2 7 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada Summarized Statement of Net Assets December 31 (in thousands) 2006 2005 restated Assets Current Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses $ 6,938 853 329 $ 8,120 20,091 15,091 2,464 6,514 Investments Capital Deferred pension costs In trust 7,597 956 230 8,783 17,310 15,514 2,560 5,236 $ 52,280 $ 49,403 $ 2,305 624 38 $ 3,066 517 38 Liabilities and Net Assets Current Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Deferred revenue Unexpended grants 2,967 3,621 1,772 3,570 1,178 1,090 1,703 3,489 1,201 1,016 7,610 7,409 6,514 5,236 12,310 15,091 4,115 2,464 1,209 8,390 15,514 4,035 2,560 2,638 35,189 33,137 Long-term Deferred rental revenue Deferred contributions Employee severance pay Supplemental employee retirement plan In trust Net assets Unrestricted Invested in capital assets Endowments Pension plan funding differential Internally restricted $ PAG E 2 8 NAVIGATING THE WAY FORWARD 52,280 $ 49,403 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada Summarized Statement of Operations For the year ended December 31 (in thousands) 2006 2005 restated Revenue Fellowship dues Examination fees Investment Association Management fees Assessment fees External organizations Rental $ 14,492 5,267 2,550 1,323 1,236 520 440 $ 13,602 5,202 1,331 1,192 1,281 654 432 25,828 23,694 9,910 5,884 3,403 3,140 2,118 9,302 4,791 3,615 3,373 2,001 24,455 23,082 Expenses Education Corporate Affairs Fellowship Affairs Chief Executive Office Professional Development Excess of revenue over expenses for the year $ 1,373 $ 612 Summarized Statement of Changes in Net Assets For the year ended December 31 (in thousands) Net assets, beginning of year, as restated 2006 $ Excess of revenue over expenses for the year Increase in net assets held for endowment purposes Net assets, end of year $ 33,815 2005 restated $ 32,522 1,373 612 1 3 35,189 $ 33,137 PAG E 2 9 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 2006 ANNUAL REPORT This annual report is a publication of the Communications and External Relations office, The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Senior Editor: Karen McCarthy, Director of Communications and External Relations Managing Editor: Cheryl Smith, Senior Communications Coordinator Design, Layout and Production: Tracy Noonan R.G.D., Smiling Cat Productions Photography Credits: Cover image—Getty Images Printed in Canada by St. Joseph Communications, with 100 per cent vegetable-based inks. © 2007 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada ISSN 1199-9950 The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada Charitable number: 119128858RR0001 774 Echo Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5N8 Tel.: 613-730-8177 / 1-800-668-3740 Fax: 613-730-8830 info@rcpsc.edu An electronic version of this document is available on our website: http://rcpsc.medical.org. Ce document est également disponible en français.